CE 152

Structural Theory II
Chapter 1
Introduction to Statically Indeterminate
Structures
1.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures
1.2. Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Instability of Structures
1.2.1. Static Determinacy of Internally Stable Structures
1.2.2. Static Determinacy of Internally Unstable Structures – Equations of Condition
1.2.3. Illustrative Problem 1-1
1.3. Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses
1.3.1. Internal Stability for Trusses
1.3.2. External Stability for Trusses
1.3.3. Illustrative Problem 1-2
1.4. Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Frames
1.4.1. Sidesway for Frames
1.4.2. Illustrative Problem 1-3
1.4.3. Illustrative Problem 1-4
1.5. Introduction to the Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
1.6. Review Exercises

After careful study of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:
1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of indeterminate structures.
2. Determine the determinacy and stability of structures.
3. Explain the basic principles and conditions for the analysis of indeterminate structures.

statically determinate structures

Ø the support reactions and internal forces can be determined from the equations of
equilibrium (including equations of condition, if any)
statically indeterminate structures
Ø have more support reactions and/or members than required for static stability
Ø the equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient for determining the reactions and internal
forces, and must be supplemented by additional relationships based on the geometry of
deformation of structures
compatibility conditions
Ø additional relationships needed in the analysis of indeterminate structures that ensure that
continuity of the displacements is maintained throughout the structure and that the
structure’s various parts fit together

1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

Ø the advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the
following
1. smaller stresses

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

2. greater stiffness

3. redundancies
§ statically indeterminate structures have the capacity for redistributing
loads when certain structural portions become overstressed or collapse in
cases of overloads due to earthquakes, tornadoes, impact, and other such
events

Ø the main disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures, over determinate structures,

are the following
1. stresses due to support settlements
§ support settlements do not cause any stresses in determinate structures;
they may induce significant stresses in indeterminate structures

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
2. stresses due to temperature changes and fabrication errors
§ these effects do not cause stresses in determinate structures but may
induce significant stresses in indeterminate structures

1.2 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Structures

Internally stable (or rigid)

Ø a structure that maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from the
supports

Internally unstable (or non-rigid)

Ø a structure that can’t maintain its shape and may undergo displacements under small
disturbances when not supported externally

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
1.2.1 Static Determinacy of Internally Stable Structures
Ø an internally stable structure is considered to be statically determinate externally if all
its support reactions can be determined by solving the equations of equilibrium
1. statically determinate externally
§ supported by exactly three reactions
§ examples of externally statically determinate plane structures
Structure Free Body Diagram

𝑟=3

𝑟=3

𝑟=3

𝑟=3

2. statically indeterminate externally

§ supported by more than three reactions
§ the reactions can’t be determined from the three equations of equilibrium
external redundants
Ø excess reactions necessary for equilibrium
degree of external indeterminacy
Ø the number of external redundants
𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
where 𝑖% = degree of external indeterminacy
𝑟 = number of support reactions
§ examples of externally statically indeterminate plane structures
Degree of External
Structure Free Body Diagram
Indeterminacy
𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖% = 4 − 3 = 1

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖% = 4 − 3 = 1

𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖% = 6 − 3 = 3

𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖% = 5 − 3 = 2

𝑖% = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖% = 6 − 3 = 3

3. statically unstable externally

§ if a structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions
§ the reactions are not sufficient to prevent all possible movements of the
structure in its plane
§ example of statically unstable externally plane structure
Structure Free Body Diagram

𝑟=2

Summary:
𝑟 < 3 the structure is statically unstable externally
𝑟 = 3 the structure is statically determinate externally
𝑟 > 3 the structure is statically indeterminate externally
4. geometrically unstable externally
§ unstable due to improper arrangement of supports
§ “by inspection”

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

1.2.2 Static Determinacy of Internally Unstable Structures – Equations of Condition

An internal hinge connecting two

members or portions of a structure
provide one independent equation of
condition.

One equation of condition:

Σ𝑀010 = 0 or Σ𝑀003 = 0

An internal roller connecting two Two equations of condition:

members or portions of a structure Σ𝐹510 = 0 or Σ𝐹503 = 0
provide two independent equations Σ𝑀010 = 0 or Σ𝑀003 = 0
of condition.

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
Summary:
𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒8 the structure is statically unstable externally
𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 the structure is statically determinate externally
𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 the structure is statically indeterminate externally
where 𝑒8 = number of equations of condition
= 1 for internal hinge
= 2 for internal roller
𝑖% = 𝑟 − (3 + 𝑒8 ) à degree of external indeterminacy

1.2.3 Illustrative Problem 1-1

Classify each of the structures shown as externally unstable, statically determinate, or statically
indeterminate. If the structure is statically indeterminate externally, then determine the degree of
external indeterminacy.

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
(a) 𝑟 = 5
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

𝑖% = 𝑟 − (3 + 𝑒8 ) = 5 − 3 = 𝟐

also, the structure is internally stable

(b) 𝑟 = 6
𝑒8 = 1

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 1 = 4

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

𝑖% = 𝑟 − (3 + 𝑒8 ) = 6 − 4 = 𝟐

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal hinge

(c) 𝑟 = 4
𝑒8 = 2

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 2 = 5

𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically unstable externally

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal roller

(d) 𝑟 = 5
𝑒8 = 2

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 2 = 5

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal hinges

(e) 𝑟 = 6
𝑒8 = 3

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 3 = 6

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal hinges

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
(f) 𝑟 = 4
𝑒8 = 1

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 1 = 4

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal hinges

(g) 𝑟 = 6
𝑒8 = 3

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 3 = 6

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically determinate externally

also, the structure is internally unstable due to the internal hinges

1.3 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses

A truss is considered to be statically determinate if the forces in all its members, as well as all the
external reactions, can be determined by using the equations of equilibrium.

If a plane truss contains 𝑚 members and 𝑗 joints and supported by 𝑟 (number of) external reactions:
1. If the number of unknowns (𝑚 + 𝑟) is equal to the number of equilibrium equations (2𝑗) –
that is, 𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 – all the unknowns can be determined by solving the equations of
equilibrium, and the truss is statically determinate.
2. If there are more unknowns (𝑚 + 𝑟) than the available equilibrium equations (2𝑗) – that is,
𝑚 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗 – all the unknowns cannot be determined by solving the available equations of
equilibrium, the truss is called statically indeterminate.
3. If the number of unknowns (𝑚 + 𝑟) is less than the number of equations of joint equilibrium
(2𝑗) – that is, 𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 – the truss is called statically unstable.

• Statically indeterminate trusses have more members and/or external reactions than the
minimum required for stability. The excess members and reactions are called redundants,
and the number of excess members and reactions is referred to as the degree of static
indeterminacy, 𝒊, which can be expressed as

𝑖 = (𝑚 + 𝑟) − 2𝑗

• The static instability may be due to the truss having fewer members than the minimum
required for internal stability or due to an insufficient number of external reactions or both.

Summary:
𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 statically unstable truss
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 statically determinate truss
𝑚 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗 statically indeterminate truss

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
1.3.1 Internal Stability for Trusses
If a plane truss of m members and j joints (including those attached to the supports), then if
𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3 the truss is internally stable and determinate
𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 the truss is internally unstable
𝑚 > 2𝑗 − 3 the truss is internally stable and indeterminate

1.3.2 External Stability for Trusses

If a plane truss is supported by 𝑟 (number of) external reactions, then if
𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒8 the truss is statically unstable externally
𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 the truss is statically determinate externally
𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 the truss is statically indeterminate externally

1.3.3 Illustrative Problem 1-2

Classify each of the plane trusses shown as unstable, statically determinate, or statically
indeterminate. If the truss is statically indeterminate, then determine the degree of static
indeterminacy. State also the internal and external stability and determinacy.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

(f) (g)

(h) (i)

(j)

(a) 𝑚 = 17
𝑗 = 10
𝑟=3

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 17 + 3 = 20
2𝑗 = 2(10) = 20

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 17
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(10) − 3 = 17

𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally stable and determinate

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

External:
𝑟=3
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and determinate

(b) 𝑚 = 17
𝑗 = 10
𝑟=2

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 17 + 2 = 19
2𝑗 = 2(10) = 20

𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 ∴ unstable

Internal:
𝑚 = 17
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(10) − 3 = 17

𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally stable and determinate

External:
𝑟=2
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally unstable

(c) 𝑚 = 21
𝑗 = 10
𝑟=3

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 21 + 3 = 24
2𝑗 = 2(10) = 20

𝑚 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (𝑚 + 𝑟) − 2𝑗 = 24 − 20 = 𝟒

Internal:
𝑚 = 21
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(10) − 3 = 17

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑚 > 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally stable and indeterminate

External:
𝑟=3
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and determinate

(d) 𝑚 = 16
𝑗 = 10
𝑟=3

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 16 + 3 = 19
2𝑗 = 2(10) = 20

𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 ∴ unstable

Internal:
𝑚 = 16
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(10) − 3 = 17

𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=3
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and determinate

(e) 𝑚 = 26
𝑗 = 15
𝑟=4

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 26 + 4 = 30
2𝑗 = 2(15) = 30

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 26
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(15) − 3 = 27

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=4
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and indeterminate

(f) 𝑚 = 10
𝑗=7
𝑟=3

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 10 + 3 = 13
2𝑗 = 2(7) = 14

𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 ∴ unstable

Internal:
𝑚 = 10
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(7) − 3 = 11

𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=3
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and determinate

(g) 𝑚 = 11
𝑗=7
𝑟=3

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 11 + 3 = 14
2𝑗 = 2(7) = 14

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 11
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(7) − 3 = 11

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally stable and determinate

External:
𝑟=3
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and determinate

(h) 𝑚 = 10
𝑗=7
𝑟=4

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 10 + 4 = 14
2𝑗 = 2(7) = 14

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically stable and determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 10
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(7) − 3 = 11

𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=4
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and indeterminate

(i) 𝑚 = 16
𝑗 = 10
𝑟=4

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 16 + 4 = 20
2𝑗 = 2(10) = 20

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically stable and determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 16
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(10) − 3 = 17

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=4
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and indeterminate

(j) 𝑚 = 19
𝑗 = 12
𝑟=5

Overall:
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 19 + 5 = 24
2𝑗 = 2(12) = 24

𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 ∴ statically stable and determinate

Internal:
𝑚 = 19
2𝑗 − 3 = 2(12) − 3 = 21

𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 ∴ internally unstable

External:
𝑟=5
𝑒8 = 0

3 + 𝑒8 = 3 + 0 = 3

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒8 ∴ externally stable and indeterminate

1.4 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Frames

Rigid frames, usually referred to simply as frames, are composed of straight members connected
either by rigid (moment-resisting) connections or by hinged connections to form a stable
configurations.

A frame is considered to be statically determinate if the bending moments, shears, and axial forces
in all members, as well as all the external reactions, can be determined by using the equations of
equilibrium and condition.

For a frame containing 𝑚 members and 𝑗 joints and supported by 𝑟 (number of) external reactions
with 𝑒8 equations of condition,

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
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Structural Theory II
1. If the number of unknowns is equal to the total number of equations (equilibrium equations
plus equation of condition) available, that is, 3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 , then all the unknowns can
be determined by solving the equations of equilibrium and condition, and the frame is
statically determinate.
2. If it has more unknowns than the available equations – that is, 3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 – all the
unknowns cannot be determined by solving the available equations, and the frame is called
statically indeterminate.
3. If the number of unknowns is less than the number of available equations – that is 3𝑚 + 𝑟 <
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 – the frame is called statically unstable.

• Statically indeterminate frames have more members and/or external reactions than the
minimum required for stability. The excess members and reactions are called redundants,
and the number of excess member forces and reactions is referred to as the degree of static
indeterminacy, 𝑖, which can be expressed as

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 + 𝑒8 )

Summary:
3𝑚 + 𝑟 < 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 statically unstable frame
3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 statically determinate frame
3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 statically indeterminate frame

1.4.1 Sidesway for Frames

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Axial deformations of the members of frames composed of common engineering materials are
generally much smaller than the bending deformations, the axial deformations of members are
neglected in the analysis, and the members are assumed to be inextensible (i.e., they cannot undergo
any axial elongation or shortening).

Consider the frame shown in (a). A qualitative deflected shape of the frame for an arbitrary load P is
also shown. From the figure, we can see that the fixed joints A and B can neither rotate nor translate,
whereas joint C, which is located at the hinged support, can rotate, but it cannot translate. As for
joint D, while it is free to rotate, its translation in any direction is prevented by members AD and CD,
which are assumed to be inextensible. Similarly, joint E is free to rotate, but since members BE and
DE cannot deform axially and since joints B and D do not translate, joint E also cannot translate. Thus
none of the joints of the frame can translate.

Now suppose that we remove member CD from the frame of (a) to obtain the frame shown in (b).
Since the axial deformations of columns AD and BE are neglected, joints D and E cannot translate in
the vertical direction. However, there are no restraints to prevent these joints from rotating, and
displacing in the horizontal direction, as shown in (b). Note that since the girder DE is assumed to be
inextensible, the horizontal displacements of joints D and E must be the same.

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
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Structural Theory II
The lateral displacements of building frames, like that of the frame of (b), are commonly referred to
as sidesways and the frames whose joints undergo translations are termed frames with sidesway,
whereas the frames without joint translations are called frames without sidesway. For an arbitrary
plane frame subjected to a general coplanar loading, the number of independent joint translations –
which are commonly referred to as the sidesway degrees of freedom, ss – can be expressed as
𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑗 − [2(𝑓 + ℎ) + 𝑟 + 𝑚]
where
𝑗 = number of joints
𝑓 = number of fixed supports
ℎ = number of hinged supports
𝑟 = number of roller supports
𝑚 = number of (inextensible) members

1.4.2 Illustrative Problem 1-3

Verify that each of the plane frames shown is statically indeterminate and determine its degree of
static indeterminacy.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
(a) 𝑚 = 5
𝑟=8
𝑗=6
𝑒8 = 0

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(5) + 8 = 23
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(6) + 0 = 18

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 23 − 18 = 𝟓

(b) 𝑚 = 4
𝑟=3
𝑗=4
𝑒8 = 0

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(4) + 3 = 15
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(4) + 0 = 12

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 15 − 12 = 𝟑

(c) 𝑚 = 6
𝑟=4
𝑗=6
𝑒8 = 0

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(6) + 4 = 22
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(6) + 0 = 18

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 22 − 18 = 𝟒

(d) 𝑚 = 10
𝑟=9
𝑗=9
𝑒8 = 4

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(10) + 9 = 39
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(9) + 4 = 31

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 39 − 31 = 𝟖

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Structural Theory II
(e) 𝑚 = 10
𝑟=9
𝑗=9
𝑒8 = 0

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(10) + 9 = 39
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(9) + 0 = 27

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 39 − 27 = 𝟏𝟐

(f) 𝑚 = 75
𝑟 = 24
𝑗 = 48
𝑒8 = 0

3𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3(75) + 24 = 249
3𝑗 + 𝑒8 = 3(48) + 0 = 144

3𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 + 𝑒8 ∴ statically indeterminate

𝑖 = (3𝑚 + 𝑟) − (3𝑗 − 𝑒8 ) = 249 − 144 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓

1.4.3 Illustrative Problem 1-4

Determine the sidesway degrees of freedom for the following frames.

𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑗 − [2(𝑓 + ℎ) + 𝑟 + 𝑚]
𝑗=3
𝑓=1
ℎ=0
𝑟=1
𝑚=2

𝑠𝑠 = 2(3) − [2(1 + 0) + 1 + 2] = 1
Ø frame with sidesway

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Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
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Structural Theory II

𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑗 − [2(𝑓 + ℎ) + 𝑟 + 𝑚]
𝑗=4
𝑓=2
ℎ=0
𝑟=1
𝑚=3

𝑠𝑠 = 2(4) − [2(2 + 0) + 1 + 3] = 0
Ø frame without sidesway

𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑗 − [2(𝑓 + ℎ) + 𝑟 + 𝑚]
𝑗=3
𝑓=1
ℎ=1
𝑟=0
𝑚=2

𝑠𝑠 = 2(3) − [2(1 + 1) + 0 + 2] = 0
Ø frame without sidesway

1.5 Introduction to the Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Fundamental Relationships
ð used for determinate and indeterminate structures
1. equilibrium equations
Ø relate the forces acting on the structure (or its parts), ensuring that the entire
structure as well as its parts remain in equilibrium
2. compatibility conditions
Ø relate the displacements of the structure so that its various parts fit together
3. member force-deformation relations
Ø involve the material and cross-sectional properties (𝐸, 𝐼, and 𝐴) of the members,
provide the necessary link between the forces and displacements of the structure

Indeterminate Structures
Ø solve the equilibrium equations in conjunction with the compatibility conditions of the
structure to determine its response
Ø equilibrium equations contain the unknown forces, whereas the compatibility conditions
involve displacements as the unknowns
Ø the member force-deformation relations are utilized to express either the unknown forces
in terms of the unknown displacements or vice versa

22 Chapter 1 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, [Link]

Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

equilibrium equation
consider joint 𝐴:
+→ Σ𝐹5 = 0
3 3
𝐹13 − 𝐹10 = 0
5 5
𝐹10 = 𝐹13
+↑ Σ𝐹a = 0
4 4
𝐹1T + 𝐹13 + 𝐹10 − 2000 = 0
5 5
4 4
𝐹1T + 𝐹10 + 𝐹10 − 2000 = 0
5 5
𝐹1T + 1.6𝐹10 = 2000
compatibility condition
ð vertical displacements of the ends 𝐴 of the three members connected to joint 𝐴 must
be equal to the vertical displacement Δ of joint 𝐴

4
𝛿10 = 𝛿13 = Δ sin 𝜃 = Δ f g = 0.8Δ
5
𝛿1T = Δ

𝛿10 = 𝛿13 = 0.8𝛿1T

member force-deformation relations

𝐹𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
𝐹10 𝐿10 𝐹10 (5) 𝐹10
𝛿10 = = =
𝐴𝐸 90000 18000
𝐹13 𝐿13 𝐹13 (5) 𝐹13
𝛿13 = = =
𝐴𝐸 90000 18000
𝐹1T 𝐿1T 𝐹1T (3) 𝐹1T
𝛿1T = = =
𝐴𝐸 90000 30000
UVW UV[ [Link]]
then, XYZZZ = XYZZZ = ^ZZZZ

23 Chapter 1 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, [Link]

Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝐹10 = 𝐹13 = 0.48𝐹1T
but
𝐹1T + 1.6𝐹10 = 2000

therefore, the axial forces can be computed:

𝐹1T + 1.6(0.48𝐹1T ) = 2000
1.768𝐹1T = 2000
𝐹1T = 1131.22 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

𝐹10 = 𝐹13 = 0.48𝐹1T = 0.48(1131.22)

𝐹10 = 𝐹13 = 542.99 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

axial deformations:
𝐹10 542.99
𝛿10 = = = 0.0302 𝑚
18000 18000
542.99
𝛿13 = = 0.0302 𝑚
18000
1131.22
𝛿1T = = 0.0377 𝑚
30000

vertical displacement of joint 𝐴:

Δ = 𝛿1T = 0.0377 𝑚

Method of Analysis
1. force (flexibility) methods
Ø generally convenient for analyzing small structures with a few redundants (i.e., fewer
excess members and/or reactions than required for static stability)
Ø used to derive the member force-deformation relations needed to develop the
displacement methods
2. displacement (stiffness) methods
Ø more systematic, can be easily implemented on computers, and are preferred for
the analysis of large and highly redundant structures

1.6 Review Exercises

24 Chapter 1 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, [Link]

Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures