DEVELOPMENT

Q.1 Which of the following is not a component of Human Development Report?

a. Birth rate c. Education
b. Life expectancy d. Per capita income
Answer: Birth rate
Q.2 Which of the following is a developmental goal for the landless rural laborers?
a. To get electricity and water
b. To educate their children
c. More days of work and better wages
d. To shift to the cities.
Answer: c. More days of work and better wage
Q.3 As per Human Development Report 2006, which neighboring country
has the highest income following:
a. Sri Lanka c. Pakistan
b. Nepal d. India
Answer: a. Sri Lanka
Q.4 Total income of the country divided by its total population is known as:
a. Capital Income c. Per capital Income
b. National Income d. GDP
Answer: c. Per capital Income
Q.5 India comes in the category of __________countries because its per
capita income in 2017 was US $ 1820 per annum. (2 times asked question)
a. Low-income countries c. rich countries
b. low middle income d. none of these.
Answer: b. low middle income
Q.6 What would be the development goals of a farmer who depend only on
rain for growing crops?
a. low-income countries c. Better irrigation facility
b. Timely rain d. Hand pumps.
Answer: c. Better irrigation facility
Q.7 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita
income of these families is 5000 Rs. If the income of three families is 4000
Rs, 7000 Rs, 3000 Rs respectively. What is the income of the fourth family?
(several times asked question)
a. 7500 Rs c. 2000 Rs
b. 3000 Rs d. 6000 Rs
Answer: d. 6000 Rs
Q.8 Which one of the following best describes Human Development Index (HDI)?
a. Improvement in science, information and technology
b. Improvement in health, education and income
c. Improvement in information and communication
d. None of these.
Answer: b. Improvement in health, education and income
Q.9 Find the incorrect option from the following:
a. For development, people look for a mix of goals.
b. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the
household and society decreases.
c. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a
variety of jobs or run a business.
d. If there is respect for women there would be greater sharing of housework
and greater acceptance of women working outside.
Answer: b. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in
the household and society decreases.
Q.10 Read the given table and find out in comparison to Kerala, which state
has the highest infant mortality rate.
States Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 live births (2016) Literacy Rate %
2011 Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 % persons) secondary stage (age 14
and 15 years) 2013-14
Haryana 33 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 38 62 43
a. Haryana c. Both Haryana and Bihar
b. Bihar d. None of these
Answer: b. Bihar
Q.11 Read the given statements in context of ‘National development’ and
choose the correct option. (2 times asked question)
a. It is measured by National Income.
b. It is measured by Average Income and Per Capita Income.
c. It is measured by Human Development Index.
d. It is measured by Net Attendance Ratio.
Answer: b. It is measured by Average Income and Per Capita Income.
Q.12 HDI stands for:
a. Heavy Developed Industrial. c. Highly Developed Infrastructure.
b. Human Development Index. d. Highest Development Index.
Answer: b. Human Development Index.
Q.13 Read the given data and find out children of which state has attained
maximum elementary school education?
States Per Capita Income for 2018-19 (in Rs) Infant Mortality Rate per
1000 live births (2018) Literacy Rate % 20117-18 Net Attendance
Ratio (per 100 % persons) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2017-18
Haryana 2,36,147 30 82 61
Kerala 2,04,105 7 94 83
Bihar 40,982 32 62 43
a. Haryana c. Haryana and Kerala both
b. Bihar d. Kerala
Answer: d. Kerala
Q.14 Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in
the______age group.
a. 7 and above c. 3 and above
b. 18 and above d. 21 and above
Answer: a. 7 and above
Q.15 How would you calculate Body Mass Index?
a. Dividing the weight by the square of the height
b. Dividing the height by weight
c. Dividing the weight by height
d. Adding height to the weight of the person.
Answer: a. Dividing the weight by the square of the height
Q.16 Which organization publishes the Human Development Report?
a. WHO c. UNDP
b. WTO d. IMF
Answer: c. UNDP
Q.17 Vijay is undernourished as his weight is 45 kgs and his height is 1.78
meters. Find out his Body Mass Index (BMI) from the following options.
a. 12.6 c. 14.7
b. 13.5 d. 15.2
Answer: c. 14.7
Q.18 Which one of the following is a useful measure for comparison between
countries by the World Bank?
a. National income c. Total income
b. Per capita income d. Income from tertiary sector
Answer: b. Per capita income
Q.19 There are four families in a country. Family A earns 20,000 Rs, Family
B earns 40,000 Rs, Family C earns 30,000 Rs and family D earns 50,000 Rs.
Calculate per capita income from the above data.
a. 30,000 Rs c. 40,000 Rs
b. 25,000 Rs d. 35,000 Rs
Answer: d. 35,000 Rs
Q.20 Per Capita Income =
a. Income from capital/Population c. National Income/Population
b. Income from taxes/Population d. Population/National Income
Answer: c. National Income/Population
Q.21 Development of a country can generally be determined by ________
a. its per capita income c. health status of its people
b. its average literacy level d. all the above
Answer: d. all the above
Q.22 Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries
based on __________.
a. Per capita income c. educational levels of the people
b. health status d. all of the above.
Answer: d. all of the above.
Q.23 Countries with per capita income of ________above in 2017, are called
rich countries.
a. US$ 12056 per month c. US$ 995 per annum
b. US$ 12056 per annum d. US$ 995 per month
Answer: b. US$ 12056 per annum
Q.24 Complete the following table with correct information regarding BMI.
Select the correct option for A and B.

BMI How to calculate BMI of a person who is undernourished

BMI of a person who is overweight
Body Mass Index A- ? less than 18.5 B- ?
a. A- Divide the weight of a person (in kg) by the square of the height (in
meters) B- less than 25
b. A- Divide the weight of a person (in gram) by the square of the height (in
meters) B- More than 25
c. A- Divide the weight of a person (in kg) by the square of the height (in
meters) B- More than 25
d. A- Divide the weight of a person (in kg) by the square of the height (in
meters) B- More than 50
Answer: c. A- Divide the weight of a person (in kg) by the square of the
height (in meters) B- More than 25
Q.25 Choose the incorrectly matched pair.
List – I List -II
a. Body Mass Index Average weight of population
b. Decent Standard of Living Human Development Index
c. Per Capita Income Average Income
d. National Income Total Income
Q.26 Assume that there are 100 families in a country, the average per capita
income of these families is 10,000 Rs and the average per capita income of
50 of these families is 5000 Rs. The average per capita income of the
remaining families is
a. 5000 Rs c. 15000 Rs
b. 10,000 Rs d. 20,000 Rs
Answer: c. 15000 Rs
Q.27 What Jawaharlal Nehru thought of as temples of independent India,
i.e., dams, have already displaced 11 million Indians. What is this an
example of?
a. Conflicting developmental goals c. Sustainable of development
b. Development of public facilities d. Human development
Answer: a. Conflicting developmental goals
Q.28 What are the different things that people seek in the society besides
good income?
a. Freedom and security in the c. Equal treatment in the society
society d. All of these
b. Respect in the society
Answer: d. All of these

Q&A

Question 1.
Define the term National Income?
Answer:
National income is defined as the total value of all final goods and services
produced with a country plus net income from transactions like (export and
import) with other countries.

Question 2.
Define GDP. (2012)
Answer:
GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the total value of all final goods and
services produced during a particular year in a country.

Discover more
educational
education
economic
Question 3.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? (2012)
Answer:
The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for
classifying different countries.

Question 4.
Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between
them? (2012)
Answer:
The total income of countries is not used to make comparisons between
them, because the population of different countries is different and does not
give a clear picture if comparisons are made on this basis.

Question 5.
Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in which age
group? (2012)
Answer:
The age group of 7 years and above.

Question 6.
Which state of India has the lowest infant mortality rate? (2013)
Answer:
Kerala
Question [Link] is Human Development Index? (2013)
Answer:Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of
a nation in terms of three important variables, namely—longevity, knowledge
and standard of living, that determine the quality of life.
Question [Link] the report published by UNDP which compares countries
based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income. (2013)
Answer:Human Development Report
Question [Link] term is used to describe the ‘average number of years a
person is expected to live at birth’? (2013)
Answer:Life Expectancy
Question [Link] is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one.
(2014)
Answer:It helps to compare the development of countries as per capita
income tells us whether people in one country are better off than others in a
different country.
Question [Link] do final goods and services mean? (2014)
Answer:The various production activities in the primary, secondary and
tertiary sector produce large number of goods and services for consumption
and investment are final goods and services.
Question [Link] is sustainable development essential? Give one reason. (2015)
Answer:Sustained development aims at economic development without
damaging the environment and at the same time conserving for the future.
Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not overexploited.
Question [Link] is per capita income of different countries calculated in
dollars and not in their own currencies by the World Bank? (Board Question)
Answer:Per capita income of different countries is calculated in dollars and
not in their own currencies because the dollar has been the strongest and
stablest currency since the end of the 2nd World War and it becomes easy to
compare the per capita incomes of various countries when these are
converted into a common currency, i.e., US dollar ($).
Question 14.“What may be development for one may not be development for
the other.” Explain with a suitable example. (Board Question)
Answer:Different persons have different notions of development because life
situations of persons are different. For example, Construction of dams leads
to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development. However many people
have to be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be development for
them.
Question [Link] is meant by sustainability of development? (Board Question)
Answer:This signifies that the level of economic development of a country
should be maintained or sustained in all the years. Development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
Question [Link]:
Infant mortality rate
Literacy rate
Net attendance ratio
BMI
Answer:
Infant mortality rate. It indicates the number of children that die before the
age of 1 year as a proportion of 1000 live children bom in that particular year.
Literacy rate. It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance ratio. It is the total number of children of age group 6 to 10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age
group.
BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It is calculated by dividing the weight of a
person in kilograms (kgs) by the square of his/her height in metres. It is an
indicator of the level of nourishment in adults.
Question [Link] do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with your own examples related to development. (NCERT Question)
Answer:Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between
countries. Since countries have different populations, comparing total income
does not tell what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we use
average income which is total income of the country divided by total
population.
The defect of average as a measure is that it does not show the distribution
(dispersion) of income between the rich and the poor.
Two countries may have the same average income but in one country almost
every family may enjoy more or less the same kind of income, whereas in the
other, some may be very rich and others very poor. The disparity between
rich and poor is an important feature that the average measure (per capita
income) does not consider.
Example: In terms of development, we can take the example of India, where
the metro towns are full of high-rise buildings and shopping malls while some
villages have not yet been provided with a basic necessity like electricity.
Question [Link] is per capita income? Mention any two limitations of per
capita income as an indicator of development. (2012)
Answer:The total income of a country divided by its total population gives the
Per Capita Income.
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that are needed to live well. So
income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and
services that citizens are able to use. For example, money can not buy a
pollution-free environment or ensure that one gets unadulterated medicines,
unless one can afford to shift to a community that already has all these
things.
Question [Link], with lower per capita income, has a better human
development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful
criterion at all and should not be used to compare States. Do you agree?
Discuss.
Answer:Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all to measure the
human development ranking of a state. High per capita income is not the
only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential things
required for a good life. Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health,
protection from infectious diseases, lowering of mortality rate, promotion of
literacy, etc. are essential for a good standard of living. In order to achieve
these, joint efforts have to be made by all members of a community, be it rich
or poor.
Kerala ranks higher compared to Punjab even with a lower per capita income
because—
mortality rate is lower
literacy rate is higher and
total number of children attending school (Classes I-V) is higher.
Question [Link] the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka
has better rank than India? (2014)
Answer:Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better rank than
India:

Per capita income—The per capita income of Sri Lanka in US dollars was
4,390 US dollars while that of India was 3,139 US dollars.
Life expectancy at birth—The life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka was 74,
higher than that of India at 64.
Gross enrolment ratio for three levels—Sri Lanka had Gross Enrolment ratio
of 69 while that of India was 60.
Question 22.‘Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals’. Elaborate
with examples. (2014)
Answer:All persons do not have the same notion of development or
progress. Each one of them seeks different things. The seek things that are
most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.
In fact at times two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.
A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he
also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.

To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such
as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks
to irrigate their land.

Question [Link] are common developmental goals? Give any two suitable
examples of common developmental goals. (2015)
Answer:There are certain goals which are the same or common for all.
These are common developmental goals. The developmental goals that
people have are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life. More income or more material goods do not always give us a
good quality life.

There are other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security,

opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job
security and good social life which are very important for a good quality life.
Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our
life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for
example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but
mean a lot to us.
Question 24.“Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to
live well” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any
three suitable arguments. (2015)
Answer:Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material
goods alone are not an adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money
cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to live well.

Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.
It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for
us.
Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not
adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment,
freedom, security, equal opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment,
good and safe working conditions etc.
Question [Link] from income, which other six things people look for as
important aspects of our lives? (2014, 2012)
Answer:High per capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life.
Money cannot buy all the essential things required for a good life. Pollution-
free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases,
lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, job security, good working
conditions, etc. are essential for a good standard of living.
Question [Link] what basis the rich and low income countries have been
categorized in the world? What are the limitations of this approach?
According to the World Development Report, 2006, India comes in which
category? Give reason for the same. (2015, 2014)
Answer:The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a
criterion for classifying different countries. Countries with per capita income
of ?4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year 2004) are called rich
countries and those with per capita income of ?37,000 or less are called low
income countries (India comes under low income countries; the per capita
income in India is ?28,000 per annum). Those falling in between ₹37,000 –
₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle category.

Limitations of this criterion.

While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two
countries may have identical average income, but one country may have
equitable distribution where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while
in the other country most citizens are very poor and very few are extremely
rich,
Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World
Bank has ignored certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on
income or cannot be . bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere,
provision of unadulterated medicines, etc.
Question [Link] do people look at a mix of goals for development? Explain.
Answer:Though income is one of the most important components of
development, but there are other important goals which people look at for
development—

People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or
to run businesses as entrepreneurs.
People seek a pollution free environment.
Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.
Long Answer Questions (LA) 5 Marks
Question [Link] do different persons have different notions of
development? Which of the following explanations is more important and
why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:The correct explanation is ‘Because life situations of persons are
different.’
Developmental goals are different for different categories of people because
of their different aspirations. Aspirations are based on their needs. At times
people may have conflicting developmental goals also. What may be
development for one may not be development for another. It may even be
destructive for the other.

Example, Industrialists may want construction of more dams for more

electricity, but this may lead to displacement of tribals who live in those areas
and thereby disrupt their lives.
Example, The inhabitants of Nandigram in West Bengal are mainly
agriculturists and their aspirations are to see development in the field of
agriculture, whereas to some it may appear that industrial advancement is
more necessary for national development.

Question [Link] does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of
measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990. (2015)
Answer:HDI Stand for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:

HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels

of the people, their health status and per capita income.
HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three
areas, i.e., life expectancy, educational level and per capita income.
Many improvements have been suggested in calculating HDI and many new
components have been added to Human Development Report.
Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important
in development is what is happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health
and well being of the people is most important.
Question [Link] with examples that there are other important
development goals also besides income. (2014)
Answer:More income or more material goods do not always give us a good
quality life. There are other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom,
security, opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free
atmosphere, job security and good social life which are very important for a
good quality life.

Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our
life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for
example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but
mean a lot to us. Another example, if we get a job in a far off place, before
accepting it we would try consider many factors apart from income such as
facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. Similarly,
for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case
that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of house work
and greater acceptance of women.

The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income
but also about other important things in life.
Question [Link] any five fields other than income where development is
needed. (2012)
Answer:Fields other than income where development is needed:

Education. The government must provide adequate education facilities in all

rural and urban areas. The government must necessarily focus on education
for girls so that all girls are able to acquire atleast secondary level schooling.
Running proper schools and providing quality education, particularly
elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
Health. Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of
government hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to
provide subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the poorer sections of
society.
Nutrition. An effective Public Distribution System—proper functioning of
ration shops and equitable distribution of foodgrains is very essential.
Transportation. A well developed public transport system to make it easy for
general public to commute.
Electricity. It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at
reasonable rates to the common man and prevent him from exploitation by
private companies.
Question [Link] with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per
capita income has a low literacy rate. (2016, 2017 D)
Answer:Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all to measure the
human development ranking of a state. High per capita income is not the
only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential things
required for a good life.

This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high per capita
income but a low literacy rate. Having money in one’s pocket cannot buy all
the goods and services that we need to live well. Money cannot ensure
education and literacy. Another reason for low literacy rate in Punjab could
be the lack of free and compulsory educational facilities. The government
needs to open more schools and provide other facilities so that all children
have a chance to study.
Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious
diseases, lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, etc. are essential
for a good standard of living. In order to achieve these, joint efforts have to
be made by all members of a community, be it rich or poor002E