C HAPTER

3 Metals and Non-metals

Learning Objectives
Topic-1 : Metals: Physical and Chemical Properties of Metal, Reactivity Series, Extraction of
Metals and Corrosion
Topic-2 : Non-metals: Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-metals, Reaction Between
Metals and Non-metals

Metals: Physical and Chemical Properties of Metal, Reactivity Series, Extraction

Topic 1 of Metals and Corrosion

Now-a-days we use large number of materials in our routine life. Only few of them occur naturally, rest are obtained by converting
naturally occuring raw material into more useful substances via chemical modification. At present the number of elements known to
us is around 118. Out of which 94 are naturally occuring. Element can be broadly classified as metals and non-metals.

METALS
Physical Properties of Metals:
— They are usually shiny and have metallic luster.
— They have a high density.
— They are ductile (they can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be pounded into thin sheets),
— They usually have a high melting point.
— They are usually hard and Solid at room temperature. (except mercury (Hy) which is liquid at room temperature).
— Metals are generally good conductors of heat, electricity and sound.
— Metals have high tensile strength.
Chemical Properties of Metals:
— Reaction with air : Many metals burn in the oxygen of the air to produce a metal oxide.
The more reactive a metal is, the more violent the reaction when it’s burnt in oxygen or air.
Example : 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ® 2MgO(s)
Many metals over a period of time tarnish in air. The metal slowly reacts with the oxygen of the air forming a dull layer of the
metal oxide on the surface of the metal. Metal like gold and silver are very unreactive with air.
Metal oxides are usually basic in nature but there are some metals which show both acidic and basic behaviour. i.e. reacts with
both acids and bases. These are called amphoteric oxides. e.g Al 2O3. Al2O3
Al2O3 + 6HCl ¾® 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH ¾® 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O
Metals such as zinc, tin, lead and beryllium can also form amphoteric oxides.
Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water to form alkalis sodium oxide and potassium oxide
dissolve in water to produce alkalis as follows.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ¾® 2NaOH(aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l) ¾® 2KOH(aq)
 76 Science

— Reaction of metal with water : Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are
soluble in water dissolve in it to form metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water.
In case of sodium and potassium, the reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen immediately catches
fire.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾® 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾® 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾® Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal. Magnesium reacts with
hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen. Al, Fe, Zn react with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen.
— Reaction of metal with acids : When an acid reacts with metal, a salt and hydrogen are produced:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾® MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The salt that is produced depends upon acid and metal reacting.
Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium all react violently with dilute sulphuric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid. The rate of
formation of bubbles of H2 was the fastest in case of magnesium.
The reactivity decreases in the order Mg > Al > Zn > Fe. Copper does not react with dilute HCl.
— Reaction of metal with nitric acid : Magnesium and manganese react with very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas. Dilute nitric
acid is added to zinc, aluminium and copper. Immediately thereafter, zinc and aluminum show no reaction. Copper, on the other
hand, reacts immediately and produces brown NO2 according to:
Cu + 2HNO3 + 2 H+ ¾® Cu2+ + 2 NO2 + 2H2O
Aluminum and zinc do not react even with concentrated nitric acid since a thick, hard to dissolve oxidation layer builds
(passive oxidation) that protects the metal against further assaults.
— Reaction of metal with solution of other metal salts: A metal will displace (take the place of) a less reactive metal in a metal
salt solution. For e.g.,
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ¾® FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Copper(II) sulphate is blue, iron sulphate is pale green in colour.
If a less reactive metal is added to a metal salt solution there will be no reaction.
Fe + MgSO4 ¾® no reaction

THE REACTIVITY SERIES

The arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their activities is known as activity series or electrochemical series. It is also
known as reactivity series.
Reactivity Series (or Activity Series) of Metals

Potassium K (Most reactive metal)

Sodium Na
Calcium Ca
Metals more Magnesium Mg
reactive Aluminium Al
than hydrogen Zinc Zn
Iron Fe Decreasing
Chemical
Tin Sn
reactivity
Lead Pb
[Hydrogen] [H]
Copper Cu
Metals less Mercury Hg
reactive than
Silver Ag
hydrogen
Gold Au (Least reactive metal)
Metals and Non-metals 77

Illustration 1 :
A metal reacts with oxygen and gives a compound, having a high melting point. The compound is soluble in water and
the reaction is not that violent to burn the evolved hydrogen. Predict the name of metal.
Sol. 2Ca + O2 ¾¾® 2CaO
CaO + H2O ¾¾
® Ca(OH)2

EXTRACTION OF METALS ON THE BASIS OF REACTIVITY SERIES

The reaction of metals or their position in activity series can also give a great idea about extraction of metals.
Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
Metals that are low in the activity series are very un-reactive. The oxides of these metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone.
For example, mercury is obtained from its ore, cinnabar (HgS), by the process of heating.
Reduction using heat :
Heat
2HgS + 3O2 ¾¾¾
® 2HgO + 2SO2
Heat
2HgO ¾¾¾
® 2Hg + O2
Mercuric oxide
Copper can also be obtained in a similar manner from its sulphide ore (Cu2S).
Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
Metals such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, etc., are in the middle of the reactivity series. These are moderately reactive metals and are
usually present as sulphides or carbonates. It is easier to reduce an oxide ore as compared to its sulphides and carbonates. If the
ore is not an oxide ore, it is first converted to the oxide by the process of calcination or by roasting.
Roasting : Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess air, so that oxygen gets added to
form the corresponding oxides. Sulphur impurities escape as gas. This process is known as roasting. e.g.
2ZnS + 3O2 ¾® 2ZnO + 2SO2
2PbS + 3O2 ¾® 2PbO + 2SO2
4FeS + 7O2 ¾® 2Fe2O3 + 4SO2
Calcination : In calcination process the ore is heated to a high temperature in the absence of air, or where air does not take part in
the reaction. Usually, carbonate ores or ores containing water are calcined to drive out carbonate and moisture impurities.
2ZnCO3 ¾® 2ZnO + CO2
The zinc oxide is then reduced to zinc by a suitable reducing agent such as carbon.
ZnO + C ¾® Zn + CO
Besides using carbon to reduce metal oxides to metals, highly reactive metals like sodium, calcium, aluminium etc. are also used as
reducing agents because they can displace the metal of lower reactivity from their compounds. e.g. when manganese dioxide is
heated with aluminium powder, the following reaction take place.
3MnO2 + 4Al ¾® 3Mn + 2Al2O3 + heat
A great amount of heat evolved in such reactions, hence such reactions are highly exothermic. Hence metals are produced in the
molten state.
Another example of this type of the reaction is the thermite reaction in which iron oxide reacts with aluminium to give iron and
aluminium oxide evolving large amount of heat
Fe2O3 + 2Al ¾® 2Fe + Al2O3 + heat

Extracting Metals Towards the Top of the Activity Series

Metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium high up in the reactivity series are very reactive and cannot be obtained
from their compounds by heating with carbon. Such highly reactive metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction of fused sodium
chloride in a “Downs cell”. Similarly, calcium is obtained by the reduction of fused calcium chloride
At cathode : Na+ + e– ¾® Na
At anode : 2Cl– ¾® Cl2 + 2e–
 78 Science

CORROSION OF METALS
We have learnt that metals that are chemically active get corroded in the presence of a moist atmosphere. Corrosion is an oxidation
reaction with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of water on the surface of a metal.
Rusting is the corrosion of iron on exposure to atmosphere
3
2Fe (s) + O (g) + xH2O (l) ¾¾
® Fe O .xH O (s)
2 2 2 3 2

i.e., rust is hydrated iron (III) oxide

Prevention of Corrosion
Iron and steel (alloy of iron) are most easily protected by paint which provides a barrier between the metal and air/water. Moving
parts on machines can be protected by a water repellent oil or grease layer. Covering the surface with enamel and lacquers is another
method.
= Alloying : Iron or steel along with other metals can also be protected by 'alloying' or mixing with other metals (e.g., chromium)
to make non-rusting alloys.
= Galvanizing : Coating iron or steel with a thin zinc layer is called 'galvanizing'. This layer is produced by electrolytic deposition.
Dipping the iron/steel object in molten zinc and using it as the negative cathode zinc is coated on it. Zinc preferentially corrodes
or oxidizes to form a zinc oxide layer that does not flake off like iron oxide rust.
= Electroplating : Electroplating is very common method to coat surface of iron metal to prevent corrosion. Electroplating is
the deposition of metals (or alloys) on top of a electronically conductive surface from an electrolyte contains the metals ions.
The process is usually done from aqueous electrolytes at room temperature. It is one of the most popular method to prevent
corrosion on steel. Chromium, nickel or aluminium are some common plating metals for corrosion protection.

Practice Exercise 1
Multiple Choice Questions Assertion & Reason Questions
1. Which of the following gas evolves when Mn reacts with
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 6-8) : Each of these questions contains
very dilute HNO3
an assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and
(a) NO2 (b) N2O
answer the question on the basis of following options. You
(c) NO (d) H2
have to select the one that best describes the two statements.
2. Which of the following metals does not occur in the native
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason
form?
is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(a) Gold (b) Silver
(c) Aluminium (d) Platinum (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is
3. Among Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn the metal that does not produce not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
hydrogen gas in reaction with hydrochloric acid is (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(a) Cu (b) Zn (d) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is correct.
(c) Mg (d) Fe 6. Assertion: Metals are electropositive elements.
4. Aqueous solution of CsO2 is : Reason: Metals form positive ions by losing electrons.
(a) Basic 7. Assertion: Potassium oxide is a basic oxide.
(b) Neutral Reason: Solution of potassium oxide in water turns red
(c) Acidic litmus blue.
(d) Amphoteric 8. Assertion: Sodium, potassium and magnesium are never
5. The major products of the following reaction, found as free elements in nature.
Heat
ZnS(s) + O2(g) ¾¾¾ ® .......... are Reason: Sodium, potassium and magnesium are reactive
(a) ZnO and SO2 elements.
(b) ZnSO4 and SO3 Very Short Answer Questions
(c) ZnSO4 and SO2
(d) Zn and SO2 9. Why do silver ornaments turns blackish after some time ?
10. Define chemical bond.
Metals and Non-metals 79

11. Name any two metals which are soft and can be cut with 25. Which metal can melt even in your hand. To which group
an ordinary knife. of the periodic table does it belong?
12. Name two metals which are used for making electric wires. 26. Which of the following displacement reaction cannot
13. Name two metals which form amphoteric oxides. occur?
14. List any two observations when Ferrous Sulphate is heated (i) CuSO4 + Mg ¾® MgSO4 (aq) + Cu
in a dry test tube? (ii) CuSO4(aq) + Zn ¾® ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu
15. Identify the products formed when 1 mL of dil. Hydrochloric (iii) ZnSO4 + Ag (aq) ¾® AgSO4 (aq) + Zn
acid is added to 1g of Sodium metal? (iv) 2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu ¾® Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(v) BaSO4 (aq) + Cu ¾® CuSO4 + Ba
16. 3MnO 2 + 4Al ¾® 3Mn + 2Al 2 O 3 .
State which is more reactive, Mn or Al, and why? Long Answer Questions
17. From amongst the metals sodium, calcium, aluminium, 27. Which of the following metals can displace hydrogen from
copper and magnesium, name the metal hydrochloric acid solution? Write appropriate equations
(i) which reacts with water only on boiling, and for reaction that occurs.
(ii) which does not react even with steam Al, Cu, Ag
18. Name two metals which react neither with cold water nor with Also write a short note on active metals which can displace
hot water but reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas. hydrogen from water.
19. Which one of the following metals does not react with 28. (i) Explain the process electrolytic refining.
oxygen even at high temperatures ? (ii) Differentiate between the roasting and calcination
(i) Calcium processes used in metallurgy. Give an example of
(ii) Gold each.
(iii) Sodium NCERT Intext Questions
Short Answer Questions 29. Give example of a metal which [New NCERT, Page-40]
20. Which of the following will conduct electricity in aqueous (a) is liquid at room temperature
solution and which not? (b) can be easily cut with knife
CaCl2, CH4, NaCl, CS2, Na2S (c) is the best conductor of heat
Give reasons for your choice. (d) is the poorest conductor of heat
21. An element reacts with oxygen to form an oxide which 30. Explain the meaning of malleable and ductile.
dissolves in water. The oxide formed also turn solution of [New NCERT, Page-40]
red Litmus blue. Is it a metal or non metal ? Explain it with 31. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil ?
the help of suitable example. [New NCERT, Page-46]
22. Metals are said to be shiny. Why do metals generally appear 32. Write the equations for the reactions of
to be dull? How can their brightness be restored? [New NCERT, Page-46]
23. Define Aqua-regia? State two important properties of it? (a) iron with steam
(b) calcium with water
24. Define metals? Which metal exists as liquid at room
(c) potassium with water
temperature. State any two important properties of metals.

33. You are provided with following information : [New NCERT, Page-46]
Solution to which metal is added
Metal
Iron (II) sulphate Copper (II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A No reaction Displacement —— ——
B Displacement —— No reaction ——
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Answer the following questions.
(a) Which is the most reactive metal ?
(b) What would you observe when B is added to solution of copper (II) sulphate ?
(c) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in order of increasing reactivity.
34. Which gas is produced when a reactive metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid ? Write the chemical reaction when iron
reacts with dilute H2SO4. [New NCERT, Page-46]
35. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate ? Write chemical equation that takes place.
[New NCERT, Page-46]
 80 Science

36. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points ? Metals oxide Zinc Magnesium Copper
[New NCERT, Page-49] Zinc oxide
37. Name two metals which are found in free state in nature ?
Magnesium oxide
[New NCERT, Page-53]
38. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from Copper oxide
its oxide ? [New NCERT, Page-53] [New NCERT, Page-55]
39. Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated 40. Which metals do not corrode easily?
with the following metals. In which case the displacement [New NCERT, Page-55]
reaction taking place ? 41. What are alloys? [New NCERT, Page-55]

Non-metals: Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-metals, Reaction Between

Topic 2 Metals and Non-metals

NON-METALS
The elements generally regarded as non-metals are:
Hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), The chalcogens: oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se)
The halogens : fluorine, (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine, (I), and astatine (At). The noble gases helium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon, radon oganesson etc.
All non-metals have these physical properties in common:
= They are dull.
= They are poor conductors of heat and electricity (they are insulators).
= They are weak and brittle (they easily break or shatter).
= They have a low density (they feel light for their size).
= They do not make a ringing sound when they are hit.

Illustration 2 :
Name a non-metal which is a good conductor of heat and electricity ?
Sol. Carbon in the form of graphite is the only non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity. Graphite is an allotrope of carbon
and is used for making electrodes.
Chemical Properties of Non-metals:
Non-metals are more reactive with metals than with other non-metals. Generally non-metal react with each other at a high temperature.
= Action of air : Non-metals do not react with air at room temperature except white phosphorus which burns in air at room
temperature to form its oxide. (other allotropic form of phosphorus, such as red or black do not burn).
Hydrogen burnts in air produces a “pop” sound to form water
Ignition
2H2 + O2 ¾¾¾¾ ® 2H2O
Carbon, sulphur etc. burn in oxygen to form their oxides.
Ignition
C(s) + O2(g) ¾¾¾¾ ® CO2(g)
These non-metal oxides react with water to form acids and are therefore acidic in nature.
e.g. CO2 + H2O(l) ¾® H2CO3 (aq)
Carbonic acid
= Action of water: Generally non-metals do not react with water. However chlorine dissolves in water and form an acidic
solution.
Sunlight
2Cl2 + 2H 2 O ¾¾¾¾® 2HCl + 2HOCl
or heat (Hypochlorous acid)
On passing steam over red hot coke (carbon), we get a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is known as
water gas.
C + H2O ¾¾ ® CO + H2
(Red hot) (Steam) (Water gas)
Metals and Non-metals 81

= Displacement of one non-metal by another from salt solution : Just like metals, non-metals also differ in their reactivities.
Among halogen family (i.e. Cl, Br, I and F) the most reactive is fluorine. The order of reactivity is F>Cl > Br > I. Chlorine can
displace Br and I from solutions of bromides (NaBr) and Iodides (NaI).
Cl2 + 2NaBr ¾¾ ® 2NaCl + Br2
= Reaction with acids : Non-metals do not react with acids. On heating with conc. sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid,
non-metals oxidised to form respective oxides.
heat
S(s) + 2H 2SO 4 (conc.) ¾¾¾
® 3SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l)
= Reaction with chlorine : Non-metals react with chlorine to form covalent chlorides.
Note : Phosphorus forms two types of chlorides.
2P + 3Cl2 ¾® 2PCl3
Phosphorus trichloride
2P + 5Cl2 ® 2PCl5
Phosphorus Pentaoxide
= Reaction with hydrogen : Non-metals when heated with hydrogen form hydrides. e.g.
Hydrogen combines with nitrogen in the presence of iron catalyst to form ammonia gas.
500° C
ˆˆˆˆˆ
†
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) ‡ˆˆˆˆˆ 2NH 3 (g)
Ammonia

REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Let us have a look at the electronic configuration of noble gases and some metals and non-metals.
A sodium atom has one electron in its outermost shell. If it loses the electron from its M shell then its L shell becomes the outermost
shell and that has a stable octet. The nucleus of this atom still has 11 protons but the number of electrons has become 10, so there
is a net positive charge giving us a sodium cation Na+.
Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outermost shell and it requires one more electron to complete its octet. If sodium and chlorine
were to react, the electron lost by sodium could be taken up by chlorine. After gaining an electron, the chlorine atom gets a unit
negative charge, because its nucleus has 17 protons and there are 18 electrons in its K, L and M shells. This gives us a chloride
anion C1–.
Na ® Na+ + e– Cl + e– ® Cl–
2,8,1 2, 8 (sodium cation) 2,8,7 2,8,8 (Chloride anion)
×× ××
–
Na + × Cl ×
× [Na+] × Cl××
×× ××

Sodium and chloride ions, being oppositely charged, attract each other and are held by
strong electrostatic forces of attraction to exist as sodium chloride (NaCl).
Illustration 3 :
Give two examples of ionic compounds.
Sol. Potassium chloride (K+Cl–) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) .
Properties for Ionic Compounds:
= Physical nature : Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard because of the strong force of attraction between the
positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when pressure is applied.
= Melting and Boiling points : Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points . This is because a considerable amount
of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attraction.
= Solubility : Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
= Conduction of Electricity : Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity because movement of ions in the
solid state is not possible due to their rigid structure. But ionic compounds conduct electricity in the molten state.
 82 Science

Practice Exercise 2
Multiple Choice Questions Case/Passage Based Questions
1. Which of following oxides is acidic in nature? DIRECTIONS (Qs. 9-13) : Read the following case/passage
(a) Al2O3 (b) Fe2O3 and answer the questions.
(c) P2O5 (d) As 4O10
Non-metals are the elements which are generally poor conductors
2. Non-metals can be identified by which of the following
of heat and electricity except for graphite which conducts
properties?
electricity. Most properties of non-metals are the opposite of
(a) They can break on beating with hammer
metals. They are neither malleable nor ductile. Non-metals form
(b) Their oxides are either acidic or neutral negatively charged ions by gaining electrons on reaction with
(c) They cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids metals. Non-metals form oxides which are either acidic or neutral.
(d) All of these Non-metals have a wide variety of uses. Non-metals are used in
3. Which of the following is not an allotropic form of carbon? the manufacture of rubber, for tires, in gunpowder, fireworks and
(a) Diamond (b) Graphite other material in fertilizers, as disinfectant.
(c) Coal gas (d) None of these 9. Name the nonmetals which is used in match box industry?
4. The element that cannot be used as a reducing agent is 10. What is aqua-Regia?
(a) carbon 11. What substance is commonly used in gas masks for
(b) aluminium protection against Harmful gases?
(c) sulphur 12. Which non-metal is commonly used in tear gas?
(d) sodium 13. Electrical wires have a coating of an insulating material.
5. A metal ‘X’ can dissolve in aqua regia. Aqua regia is made Name the material?
up of two acids typical containing three in (1 : 3) non-
metals. ‘A’, ‘B’ in one acid and ‘C’ in another acid. Which Very Short Answer Questions
of the following is incorrect. 14. Metals replace hydrogen from acid, whereas non-metals
(a) X should be gold. do not. Why?
(b) A can be nitrogen. 15. The atomic number of chlorine is 17. What is the number
(c) B can be hydrogen. of electrons in Cl– ?
(d) C can be chlorine. 16. Write chemical equations to show what happens when :
Assertion & Reason Questions (i) SO2 is passed into water
(ii) CO is passed over heated Fe2O3
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 6-8) : Each of these questions contains 17. Give one difference between covalent and ionic compound.
an assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and Illustrate your answer with a suitable example?
answer the question on the basis of following options. You Short Answer Questions
have to select the one that best describes the two statements.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason 18. Why are the two non-metals, carbon and hydrogen are
is a correct explanation of the Assertion. important chemical reference points with regard to the
method of metal extraction and reactivity towards acids.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is
19. Write the electron-dot structures for the following molecules:
not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(i) NaCl (ii) Cl2
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 20. Elements A and B belongs to 2 and 16 group of the periodic
(d) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is correct. table respectively. What will be the nature of the bond
6. Assertion : Non-metals are those which lack all the metallic formed between them?
attributes.
Long Answer Question
Reason : Non-metals are mostly gases sometimes liquids
and solids. 21. List in tabular form three chemical properties on the basis of
7. Assertion : Sulphur, phosphorus and iodine are solid at which we can differentiate between a metal and a non-metal.
room temperature NCERT Intext Question
Reason : The inter molecular force of attraction in sulphur,
phosphorus and iodine is greater than other non-metals. 22. (i) Write electron – dot str uctures for sodium,
8. Assertion : Non-metals usually gain electrons while magnesium and oxygen. [New NCERT, Page-49]
reacting with other elements. (ii) Show the formation of Na 2O and MgO by transfer of
Reason : they have low electronegativity and low electrons. [New NCERT, Page-49]
ionization energy. (iii) What are the ions present in these compounds ?
[New NCERT, Page-49]
CONCEPT MAP
Chemical Properties of Metals Chemical Properties of Non-Metals
· Form basic oxides with oxygen (Al · With chlorine form covalent compounds.
and Zn forms amphoteric oxides) · Do not react with acids on room temperature. On
· Form metal oxide and H2 gas with heatingoxidised to respective oxides.
Metals and Non-metals

H2O · Chlorine dissolves in water and form acidic

· Na and K reacts violently with cold solution.
water. · Hydrogen burns with a pop sound.
· Mg reacts only with hot water. · C and S form oxide with oxygen.
Metals and
· Al, Zn and Fe react with steam.
· Form salts and H2 gas with acids.
Non-Metals Physical Properties of Non-Metals
· Reactive metals displaces less · Poor conductors of heat and
reactive metals from their solution. Extraction of electricity, weak and brittle.
metals · Low density and non-sonorous.
Physical Properties of Metals
Ore
· Metallic lusture
Metals of Medium Metals of low
· Usually solid (except Hg which is a reactivity e.g., Zn, reactivity e.g.,
liquid) Metals of high Fe, Pb, etc. Hg, Ag, Au, etc.
· Show ductility and malleability. reactivity
e.g., K, Na,
· Good conduct or of heat and Ca, etc.
electricity.
Sulphide
Carbonate Sulphide ore
ore ore
Corrosion Reaction of Metals with Non-Metals
Calcination Roasting Roasting
· Metal loses the valence electrons
Oxidation with while non-metal accepts these Metal
atmospheric O2 and electron to form ionic bond.
moisture · Properties of ionic compounds : Oxide of
metal Purification
· Generally solids and exist in the form or metal
Prevented by : of crystals. Reduction to
· Paint · High melting and boiling points. metal Pure
· Oil/grease · Soluble in water, insoluble in metal
· Alloying kerosene, petrol etc. Purification
· Galvanizing of metal
· Conduct electricity in molten state and
· Electroplating not in solid state.
Pure metal
83
84 Science

Key Concepts, Definitions & Formulae

— Metals : The elements possessing characteristic properties such as lustre, malleability, ductility, thermal and electrical
conductivity, high tensile strength are called metals e.g., sodium, aluminium, iron, etc.
— Chemical Properties of Metals :
(i) Reaction of Metals with Acids:
Zn(s) + dil g H2SO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ­
(ii) Reaction of Metal, with solutions of other metal salts:

Zn + CuSO 4 (aq) ¾¾
® ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(iii) Reaction with Oxygen : Metals burn in the oxygen of the air to produce a metal oxide.
— Nature of Metal Oxides :
(a) Action of metal oxide with water : Oxides of some metals (i.e. Na, K, Mg etc.,) dissolve in water to yield soluble
hydroxides known as alkalies
(b) Action of metal oxide with acids : Metal oxides react with acids to form corresponding salts and water
(c) The oxides which exhibit the characteristics of both acids and bases are known as amphoteric oxides.
— Activity series : The relative electron releasing tendencies of some metals are summed up in the Activity series also called
Reactivity series.
— Non-metals: Non-metals are brittle, non-lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity e.g., sulphur, oxygen etc.
— Metals and non-metals react together and generally form ionic compounds comprise of a metal cation and non-metal anion.
Metals and Non-metals 85

NCERT Questions
1. Which of the following will give displacement reactions? Battery
Bulb
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal
(b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
Ans. (d) Copper will displace silver from silver nitrate solution
because copper lies above silver in reactivity series of metals.
Connecting wire A B
2. Which of the following methods is suitable for
Insert test sample Switch
preventing an iron frying pan from rusting?
Insert the sample of metal and non-metal between the
(a) Applying grease
terminals A and B as shown in figure. We will observe that
(b) Applying paint
the bulb glows, when the sample introduced is that of a
(c) Applying a coating of zinc
metals and the bulb does not glow when the sample
(d) All of the above
introduced is that of a non-metal.
Ans. (c) Though applying grease and applying paint do Note: Metals are good conductors of electricity whereas
prevent iron from rusting, we cannot apply these non-metals are bad conductors.
methods on a frying pan. Hence, applying a coat of (b) From these tests it can be easily concluded that
zinc is the most appropriate method to prevent an iron – metals are malleable where as non-metals are not.
pan from rusting. – metals are good conductors of electrictity whereas
3. An element can react with oxygen to give a compound non-metals are not.
with high melting point. This compound is also water 6. What are amphoteric oxides ? Give examples of two
soluble. The element is likely to be amphoteric oxides.
(a) Calcium (b) Carbon Ans. Amphoteric oxides are those oxides which can act both
(c) Silicon (d) Iron as an acid and a base.
Ans. (a) Calcium (Ca) combines with oxygen to form calcium Examples: Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO)
oxide (CaO) which has a high melting point and dissolves ZnO (s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾® ZnCl2 (aq) + H2O(l)
in water to form Ca(OH)2. (base) (acid) (salt) (water)
4. Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because ZnO (s) + 2NaOH (aq) ¾® Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2O(l)
(a) zinc is costlier than tin (acid) (base) (salt) (water)
(b) zinc has higher melting point than tin 7. Name two metals which can displace hydrogen from
(c) zinc in more reactive than tin dilute acids and two metals which can not do so.
(d) zinc is less reactive than tin Ans. Sodium and calcium can displace hydrogen from dilute
Ans. (c) Zinc is more reactive than tin (zinc is above tin in acids as they lie above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
reactivity series) so it will react with organic acids (present Copper and silver can not displace hydrogen from dilute
in food) to form poisonous compounds. To avoid this food acids as they lie below hydrogen in the reactivity series.
cans are coated with tin and not with zinc. 8. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated
5. You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wire and a switch: it. He collected the gas by inverting a test-tube over it as
(a) How would you use them to distinguish between shown in the figure.
samples of metals and non-metals ? What will be the action of gas on
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests to distinguish
between metals and non-metals.
Ans. (a) Using the hammer, strike both metal and non-metal
(solid) and observe if any sound is produced. Metals
produce sound when struck with hammer whereas non-
Test tube
metals do not produce sound when struck with hammer.
Note: Metals are sonorous; Non-metals are non- sonorous.
Also if we use hammer to convert the metal and non- Spatula containing
sulphur powder
metal(solid) in the form of sheet we will find that metals get
converted to a sheet but non-metals will break. [Metals Burner
are malleable and ductile while non-metals are brittle].
The given material can be used to distinguish between metal
and non-metal if we set up the electric circuit as shown below:
 86 Science

(a) dry litmus paper?(b) moist litmus paper ? by air, water or dil. acids. Because of their low reactivity
Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction and of their bright lustre, these are used for making
taking place. jewellary.
Ans. On heating sulphur will produce SO2 gas (b) Sodium, potassium and lithium react with water (or
S + O2 ¾® SO2(gas) moisture in air) producing a lot of heat along with evolution
(air) of hydrogen. As a result the hydrogen catches fire. To
This gas will react as follows : avoid this these metals are not kept in air and are kept
(a) It will not react with dry litmus paper. under kerosene (to avoid contact with air and water).
(b) It will change the colour of moist litmus paper from (c) When aluminium is exposed to air it reacts with oxygen
blue to red. (present in air) to form aluminium oxide (Al2O3). This Al2O3
Note: The colour change of litmus paper is due to the formed gets deposited on the surface of aluminium metal
formation of H2SO3 (sulphurous acid) by dissolution of in the form of a thin coating which acts as a protective
SO2 in H2O coating and due to its presence metal becomes unreactive.
[(SO2 + H2O ¾®H2SO3)] It is because of this that a highly reactive aluminium metal
9. What type of oxides are formed when non-metals is used for making cooking utensils.
combine with oxygen ? (d) Since we can easily reduce the metal oxides to the
Ans. When non-metals combine with oxygen the oxides formed metal using coke (C) or any other suitable reducing agent,
are either acidic or neutral e.g. so carbonates and sulphides are converted to the oxides
1 form by process of roasting or calcination.
C + O 2 ® CO (neutral oxide) 11. You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being
2
cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why these
C + O 2 ® CO2 (acidic oxide) sour substances are effective in clearing vessels.
10. Give reasons for the following : Ans. Copper metal reacts slowly with water, carbon dioxide and
(a) Platinum, silver and gold are used to make jewellary. oxygen (all these present in air) and forms basic copper
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil. carbonate [Cu(OH)2CuCO3] which gets deposited as a
(c) Aluminium is highly reactive metal but still used green coat on its surface. Lemon juice contains citric acid
for making cooking utensils. and tamarind juice contains tartaric acid. Both these juices
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted which contain an acid react with basic copper carbonate
into oxides during the process of extraction. to form soluble copper salts which are removed from the
Ans. (a) Platinum, silver and gold are very less reactive (found surface of copper metal and the surface of copper metal
near the bottom in reactivity series) and are not affected begins to shine.

12. Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical properties.
Ans. Differences in chemical properties of metals and non-metals:
Properties Metals Non-metals
Nature of oxides They generally form basic oxides which They form acidic oxides only
form alkalies with water.
For example:
4Na + O2 ® 2Na2O
Sod. Sod. oxide
Na2O + H2O ® 2NaOH
Sod. Hydroxide (alkali)

Electrochemical They are electropositive elements and They are electronegative elements
nature form cation. They are liberated at cathode and form anions. They are liberated
during electrolysis. Some metals like at the anode during electrolysis
chromium & manganese form some anions (exception: hydrogen).
also with other elements like oxygen.
Action of acids They generally dissolve in mineral acids They either do not dissolve in mineral
forming a salt with the evolution of a gas. acids or form the corresponding oxyids.
For example: Zn + H2SO4 ® ZnSO4 + H2 For example: P4 + 20HNO3 ®
4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O

Solubility They generally dissolve by a chemical Many non-metals dissolve without

reaction. any chemical change taking place.
For example: chlorine bromine or
iodine dissolves in water.
Metals and Non-metals 87

13. A man went door to door posing as goldsmith. He Aqua regia consists of 3 parts HCl to 1 part HNO3. It is an
promised to bring back the glitter on dull gold excellent oxidant, can dissolve gold and platinum, it
ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold
produces yellow fumes from the reaction of HCl and HNO3
bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution.
The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was to produce nitrosly chloride, NOCl, chlorine gas, Cl2 and
reduced drastically. The lady got upset and after a futile water H2O.
argument, the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you predict 14. Give reason as to why copper is used to make hot water
the nature of solution used by the imposter?
tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
Ans. The man has used an aqua-regia solution (mixture of conc.
HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio of 3 : 1 by volume). Gold Ans. Copper does not react easily with water unlike iron
dissolves in aqua-regia and forms gold (III) chloride, (constituent of steel) and it is better conductor of heat
AuCl3(auric chloride). Since gold actually reacted with than steel so it can be used to heat the water uniformly. It
aqua-regia so a loss in mass of gold bangles occurred. is less efficient in conserving heat but this disadvantage
Since the dull layer of gold was removed from its surface
is corrected with heat insulation.
so there was original shine on the bangles.

Previous Year Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions
1. The most common method of extraction of metals from
their oxide ores is : All India 2025, K Dilute
(a) Reduction with carbon sulphuric acid
(b) Reduction with hydrogen Zinc granules
(c) Reduction with aluminium
(d) Electrolytic reduction
2. A metal 'X' is used in thermit process. When 'X' is heated with (a) Carbon dioxide which extinguishes the burning candle.
oxygen, it gives an oxide 'Y', which is amphoteric in nature. 'X'
(b) Oxygen due to which the candle burns more brightly.
and 'Y' respectively are: All India 2024, Set-II, Ap
(c) Sulphur dioxide which produces a suffocating smell.
(a) Mn, MnO2
(d) Hydrogen which while burning produces a popping
(b) Al, Al2O3
sound.
(c) Fe, Fe2O3
(d) Mg, MgO 7. Which one of the following structures correctly depicts
3. A metal and a non - metal that exists in liquid state at the the compound CaCl2? All India 2023, Term-I, Ap
room temperature are respectively: Delhi 2024, K 2+
Cl
2–
Ca
2+
Cl
(a) Ca (b)
(a) Bromine and Mercury 2
+ –
(b) Mercury and Iodine (c) Ca
2+
Cl (d) Ca Cl
2
(c) Mercury and Bromine 2

(d) Iodine and Mercury 8. Metal oxides generally react with acids, but few oxides of
4. Bronze is an alloy of All India 2023, Set-I, K metal also react with bases. Such metallic oxides are:
(a) Copper and Zinc All India 2023, Set-I, K
(b) Aluminium and Tin I. MgO II. ZnO III. Al2O3 IV. CaO
(c) Copper, Tin and Zinc (a) I and II (b) II and III
(d) Copper and Tin (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
5. Which of the following oxide(s) is/are soluble in water to 9. Which of the following statements is true for an amphoteric
form alkalies? All India 2023, K oxide? Delhi 2023, Set-II, U
(i) Na2O (ii) SO2
(a) It reacts only with acid and does not form water.
(iii) K2O (iv) NO2
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) It reacts with acid as well as base to form salt and
(b) (i) only hydrogen gas.
(c) (ii) and (iv) (c) It reacts with both acids as well as base to form salt
(d) (iii) only and water.
6. Study the diagram given below and identify the gas formed (d) It reacts only with base and does not form water.
in the reaction. All India 2023, Ap
 88 Science

10. The pair(s) which will show displacement reaction is/are 13. Assertion (A) : Brass is prepared by first melting copper
All India 2022, Term-I, Ap and then dissolving tin into it in a definite proportion.
(i) NaCl solution and copper metal Reason (R) : The primary metal of brass is copper.
(ii) AgNO3 solution and copper metal All India 2025, K
(iii) Al2(SO4)3 solution and magnesium metal Case/Passage Based Questions
(iv) ZnSO4 solution and iron metal
(a) (ii) only (b) (ii) and (iii) DIRECTIONS (Qs. 14-17) : Read the following case/passage
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii) and answer the questions.
11. Observe the experimental setup carefully and give correct
Case/Passage-I
order of reactivity of these metals with dil. HCl : 14. The metals produced by various reduction processes are
All India 2016-2017, Term-I, Ap not very pure. Delhi 2024, A
They contain impurities, which must be removed to obtain
pure metals.
The most widely used method for refining impure metals is
electrolytic refining.
(a) What is the cathode and anode made of in the refining
of copper by this process?
(b) Name the solution used in the above process and
write its formula.
(c) How copper gets refined when electric current is
passed in the electrolytic cell?
OR
(c) You have two beakers ‘A’ and ‘B’ containing copper
sulphate solution. What would you observe after
about 2 hours if you dip a strip of zinc in beaker ‘A’
and a strip of silver in beaker ‘B’?
Give reason for your observations in each case.
Case/Passage-II
15. On the basis of reactivity metals are grouped into three
categories- All India 2023, Set-I, K
(i) Metals of low reactivity
(ii) Metals of medium reactivity
(iii) Metals of high reactivity
Therefore metals ae extracted in pure form from their ores
on the basis of their chemical properties.
Metals of high reactivity are extracted from their ores by
electrolysis of the molten ore.
(a) C > B > A > D (b) C > A > B > D Metals of low reactivity are extracted from their sulphide
(c) D > B > A > C (d) D > A > B > C ores, which are converted into their oxides. The oxides of
Assertion & Reason Questions these metals are reduced to metals by simple heating.
(a) Name the process of reduction used for a metal that
DIRECTION (Qs. 12-13) : Each of these questions contains gives vigorous reaction with air and water both.
an assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and (b) Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain
answer the question on the basis of following options. You aluminium from its oxide? Why?
have to select the one that best describes the two statements. (c) Describe briefly the method to obtain mercury from
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason cinnabar. Write the chemical equation for the reactions
is a correct explanation of the Assertion. involved in the process.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is OR
not a correct explanation of the Assertion. (c) Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. chemical equation for each.
(d) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is correct. Case/Passage-III
12. Assertion (A) : Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal 16. Metals are required for a variety of purposes. For the we
reacts with nitric acid. All India 2025, U need their extraction from their ores. Ores mined from the
Reason (R) : Nitric acid is a strong reducing agent and earth are usually contaminated with many impurities which
reduces the hydrogen produced in the reaction to water. must be removed prior to the extraction of metals. The
extraction of pure metal involves the following steps:
Metals and Non-metals 89

(1) Concentration of ore 20. (i) By the transfer of electrons, illustrate the formation
(2) Extraction of the metal from the concentrated ore of bond in magnesium chloride and identify the ions
(3) Refining of the metal present in this compound. All India 2020, U
(a) Name an ore of Mecury and state the form in which (ii) Ionic compounds are solids. Give reasons.
Mercury is present it. (iii) With the help of a labelled diagram show the
(b) What happens to zinc carbonate when it is heated experimental set up of action of steam on a metal.
strongly in a limited supply of air? 21. (a) Write electron dot structures of Ca (At. No. 20) and O
(c) The reaction of a metal A with Fe2O3 is highly (At. No. 8). All India 2020, K
exothermic and is used to join railway tracks. (b) Show the formation of calcium oxide by transfer of
(I) Identify the metal A and name the reaction taking electrons.
place. (c) Name the ions persent in these compounds.
(II) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of (d) List four important characteristics of these compound.
metal A with Fe2O3. 22. Give reasons :
OR (a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(c) We cannot use carbon to obtain sodium from sodium (b) Metals like sodium and potassium are stored under
oxide. Why? State the reactions taking place at oil. All India 2019, U
cathode and anode during electolystic reduction of
23. What are amphoteric oxides ? Give an example. Write
sodium chloride. All India 2023, Set-II, A
balanced chemical equations to justify your answer.
Case/Passage-IV
All India 2019, K
17. A student, took four metals P, Q, R and S and carried out
24. What would a student report nearly after 30 minutes of
different experiments to study the properties of metals. Some
placing duly cleaned strips of aluminium, copper, iron and
of the observations were: All India 2022, Term-I, A
— All metals could not be cut with knife except metal R. zinc in freshly prepared iron sulphate solution taken in
— Metal P combined with oxygen to form an oxide M2O3 four beakers ? All India 2019, A
which reacted with both acids and bases. 25. Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in
— Reaction with water. their free state in nature. Delhi 2019, U
P – with Did not react either with cold or hot water 26. An ore on treatment with dil. HCI gives the smell of rotten
but reacted steam egg. Name the type of this ore. How can the metal be
Q – Reacted with hot water and the metal started obtained from its concentrated ore? Delhi 2019, U
floating 27. Explain the following:
R – Reacted violently with cold water Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which does not
S – Did not react with water at all conduct electricity in solid state where as it does conduct
Based on the above observations answer the following: electricity in molten state well as in aqueous solution.
A. Out of the given metals, the one which needs to be stored Delhi 2019, U
used Kerosene is 28. Silver articles become black when kept in open for some
(a) P (b) R (c) S (d) Q time, whereas copper vessels lose their shiny brown
B. Out of the given metals, the metal Q is surfaces and gain a green coat when kept in open. Name
(a) Iron (b) Zinc the substances present in air with which these metals react
(c) Potassium (d) Magnesium and write the name of the products formed.
C. The increasing order of the reactivity of the four metals is: All India 2019, U
(a) P < Q < R < S (b) S < R < Q < P 29. A student added few pieces of aluminium metal to two test
(c) S < P < Q < R (d) P < R < Q < S tubes A and B containing aqueous solutions of iron
D. Metal which forms amphoteric oxides is sulphate and copper sulphate. In the second part of her
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S experiment, she added iron metal to another test tubes C
and D containing aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate
Short Answer Questions
and copper sulphate.
18. (a) What is a reactivity series of elements? How is it In which test tube or test tubes will she observe colour
developed? Arrange the following elements as they change? On the basis of this experiment, state which one
are arranged in the reactivity series : is the most reactive metal and why? All India 2018, A
Aluminum, Calcium, Copper, Lead All India 2025, K 30. Give reasons for the following :
(b) Write balanced chemical equation to show the (a) Metals are regarded as electropositive elements.
reaction of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminium. (b) When a piece of Copper metal is added to a solution
19. With the help of suitable chemical equations, list the two of zinc sulphate, no change takes place, but the blue
main difference between roasting and calcination. How is colour of copper sulphate fades away when a piece
metal reduced from the product obtained after roasting/ of zinc is placed in its solution.
calcination of the ore? Write the chemical equation for the All India 2016-2017, Term-I, U
reaction involved. Delhi 2023, Set-II, K
 90 Science

31. Write combination reactions that occur when the metal

barium reacts with the following non-metals.
(a) hydrogen
(b) sulfur
(c) nitrogen All India 2016-2017, Term-I, K
32. (a) Name the chief ore of iron. Write its formula. Al2(SO4)(aq ) CuSO4(aq )
(b) How is an iron ore concentrated ? Describe it briefly.
All India 2016-2017, Term-I, K
33. Write one example of each of the following : 2016
(i) Most malleable metal and most ductile metal. (I) (II)
(ii) The best conductor of heat and the poorest conductor
of heat.
(iii) A metal with highest melting point and a metal with
lowest melting point.
34. (i) A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z.
Y is the hardest natural substance whereas Z is a FeSO4(aq ) ZnSO4(aq )
good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y & Z.
(ii) An element X, on reaction with oxygen forms an oxide
XO2. The oxide when dissolved in water turns blue
litmus red. State whether element X is a metal or a (III) (IV)
non-metal. 2016
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV
35. A metal 'X' combines with a non-metal 'Y' by the transfer of
41. Give reasons for the following :
electrons to form a compound Z. 2016 (a) Metals conduct electricity.
(i) State the type of bond in compound Z. (b) Reaction of nitric acid with metals generally does not
(ii) What can you say about the melting point and boiling evolve hydrogen gas
point of compound Z? All India 2013-2014, Term-I, U
(iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene or petrol? 42. Magnesium when reacts with hot water starts floating.
(iv) Will this compound be a good conductor of electricity? Explain. All India 2013-2014, Term-I, U
36. You are given samples of three metals : Sodium, magnesium 43. Non-metals do not displace hydrogen gas when reacted
and copper. Suggest any two activities to arrange them in with acids/water explain.
order to their decreasing reactivity. 2016 All India 2013-2014, Term-I, K
37. (a) Name a non-metallic element which conducts 44. How can you obtain pure metal from metals of high
reactivity? All India 2013-2014, Term-I, U
electricity.
(b) Give reasons for the following : Long Answer Questions
(i) Metals conduct electricity.
45. (a) (i) Consider the following metals :
(ii) Reaction of nitric acid with metals generally does K, Ca, Al, Cu, Ag, Fe All India 2025, K
not evolve hydrogen gas. Select from the above metals, a metal which
All India 2015-2016, Term-I, U I. does not react with oxygen even at high
38. A student added zinc granules to copper sulphate solution temperature.
taken in a test tube. Write the observation and chemical II. reacts with oxygen at ordinar y
reaction behind this. All India 2015-2016, Term-I, U temperature and forms a protective oxide
39. State reason for the following : 2015 layer which prevents the metal from further
(i) Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen from the acids. oxidation.
(ii) Hydrogen is not a metal, yet it is placed in the activity III. catches fire when kept in the open.
series of metals. IV. does not burn in oxygen but the hot metal
is coated with a black coloured oxide layer.
(iii) Aluminium is more reactive than iron, yet its corrosion
(ii) What are amphoteric oxides? With the help of
is less than that of iron.
balanced chemical equations show that
40. A student took four test tubes I, II, III and IV containing aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
aluminium sulphate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate and (iii) What are alkalis? Give one example.
zinc sulphate solution, respectively. He placed an iron strip OR
in each of them. He found a brown deposit formed in which (b) (i) With the help of balanced chemical equations
test tube? Write the chemical equation. state the process of extracting (I) mercury from
All India 2014-2015, Term-I, Ap its ore called cinnabar, and (II) copper from its
sulphide ore.
Metals and Non-metals 91

(ii) Silver and copper articles slowly lose their shiny (c) NaCl is not a conductor of electricity in solid state
surfaces when exposed to air. Name the whereas it does conduct electricity in aqueous
compounds formed on (I) silver articles, and solution as well as in molten state
(II) copper articles in the form of coating. (d) Iron articles are galvanised
46. Write balanced chemical equations to explain what (e) Metals like Na, K, Ca and Mg are never found in
happens, when All India 2020, U their free state in nature.
(i) Mercuric oxide is heated. All India 2016-2017, Term-I, K
(ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is 49. (a) Why is an ionic bond also called an electrovalent
heated. bond ?
(iii) Aluminium is reacted with manganese dioxide. (b) What is an alloy ? Name the constituents of 22-carat
(iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium. gold. Why is 24-carat gold converted to 22-carat
(v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination. gold?
47. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium (c) Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
and aluminium to their respective metals. Why? Where All India 2015-2016, Term-I, U
are these metals placed in the reactivity series? How are 50. (a) Distinguish between ‘roasting’ and ‘calcination’.
these metals obtained from their ores? Take an example to Which of these two is used for sulphide ores and
why?
explain the process of extraction along with chemical
(b) Write a chemical equation to illustrate the use of
equations. Delhi 2020, U
aluminium for joining cracked railway lines.
48. Explain the following
(c) Name the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte used
(a) Reactivity of Al decreases if it is dipped in HNO3
in the electrolytic refining of impure copper.
(b) Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of Na or Mg
All India 2013-2014, Term-I, U

NCERT Exemplar
Multiple Choice Questions 7. The composition of aqua-regia is
(a) [Link] : Conc. HNO3
1. Which of the following property is generally not shown 3 : 1
by metals? (b) [Link] : Dil. HNO3
(a) Electrical conduction (b) Sonorous in nature 3 : 1
(c) Dullness (d) Ductility (c) [Link] : Conc.HNO3
2. The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is known as 3 : 1
(a) ductility (b) malleability (d) [Link] : Dil.HNO3
(c) sonorousity (d) conductivity 3 : 1
3. Which one of the following metals do not react with cold 8. Which of the following are not ionic compounds?
as well as hot water? (i) KCl (ii) HCl
(a) Na (b) Ca (c) Mg (d) Fe (iii) CCl4 (iv) NaCl
4. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron would be obtained (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
on prolonged reaction of iron with steam? (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
(a) FeO (b) Fe2O3 9. Which one of the following properties is not generally
(c) Fe3O4 (d) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 exhibited by ionic compounds?
5. What happens when calcium is treated with water? (a) Solubility in water
(i) It does not react with water (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state
(ii) It reacts violently with water (c) High melting and boiling points
(iii) It reacts less violently with water (d) Electrical conductivity in molten state
10. Which of the following metals exist in their native state in
(iv) Bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface
nature?
of calcium
(i) Cu (ii) Au
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(iii) Zn (iv) Ag
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv) (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
6. Generally metals react with acids to give salt and hydro- (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
gen gas. 11. Silver articles become black on prolonged exposure to air.
Which of the following acids does not give hydrogen gas This is due to the formation of
on reacting with metals (except Mn and Mg)? (a) Ag3N (b) Ag2O
(a) H2SO4 (b) HCl (c) Ag2S (d) Ag2S and Ag3N
(c) HNO3 (d) All of these
 92 Science

12. If copper is kept open in air, it slowly loses its shining (d) It reacts with steam to form magnesium hydroxide
brown surface and gains a green coating. It is due to the and evolves hydrogen gas
formation of 19. Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses
(a) CuSO4 (b) CuCO3 electron and Y gains electron. Which of the following prop-
(c) Cu(NO3)2 (d) CuO erties is not shown by Z?
13. Generally, metals are solid in nature. Which one of the (a) Has high melting point
following metals is found in liquid state at room tempera- (b) Has low melting point
ture? (c) Conducts electricity in molten state
(a) Na (b) Fe (c) Cr (d) Hg (d) Occurs as solid
14. Generally, non-metals are not lustrous. Which of the fol- 20. The electronic configurations of three elements X, Y and Z
lowing non-metal is lustrous? are X- 2, 8; Y - 2, 8, 7 and Z - 2, 8, 2. Which of the following
(a) Sulphur (b) Oxygen is correct?
(c) Nitrogen (d) Iodine (a) X is a metal
15. Which one of the following four metals would be displaced (b) Y is a metal
from the solution of its salts by other three metals? (c) Z is a non-metal
(a) Mg (b) Ag (c) Zn (d) Cu (d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal
16. 2 mL each of concentrated HCl, HNO3 and a mixture of 21. Although metals form basic oxides, which of the following
concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in the ratio of metals form an amphoteric oxide?
3 : 1 were taken in test tubes labelled as A, B and C. A small (a) Na (b) Ca (c) Al (d) Cu
piece of metal was put in each test tube. No change oc- 22. Generally, non-metals are not conductors of electricity.
curred in test tubes A and B but the metal got dissolved in Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity?
test tube C respectively. The metal could be (a) Diamond (b) Graphite
(a) Al (b) Au (c) Cu (d) Pt (c) Sulphur (d) Fullerene
17. An element A is soft and can be cut with a knife. This is 23. Electrical wires have a coating of an insulting material. The
very reactive to air and cannot be kept open in air. It reacts material, generally used is
vigorously with water. Identify the element from the fol- (a) Sulphur (b) Graphite
lowing (c) PVC (d) All can be used
(a) Mg (b) Na (c) P (d) Ca 24. Which of the following non-metals is a liquid?
18. Which among the following statements is incorrect for (a) Carbon (b) Bromine
magnesium metal? (c) Phosphorus (d) Sulphur
(a) It burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame 25. Which of the following can undergo a chemical reaction?
(b) It reacts with cold water to form magnesium oxide (a) MgSO4 + Fe (b) ZnSO4 + Fe
and evolves hydrogen gas (c) MgSO4 + Pb (d) CuSO4 + Fe
(c) It reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide
and evolves hydrogen gas
26. Which one of the following figures correctly describes the process of electrolytic refining?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Short Answer Questions 29. Of the three metals X, Y and Z. X reacts with cold water, Y
with hot water and Z with steam only. Identify X, Y and Z
27. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and
and also arrange them in order of increasing reactivity.
forms two oxides B and C. Oxide B is toxic whereas C
30. A non-metal A which is the largest constituent of air, when
causes global warming
heated with H2 in 1:3 ratio in the presence of catalyst (Fe)
(i) Identify A, B and C
gives a gas B. On heating with O2 it gives an oxide C. If
(ii) To which group of periodic table does A belong?
this oxide is passed into water in the presence of air it
28. An alkali metal A gives a compound B (molecular mass =
gives an acid D which acts as a strong oxidising agent.
40) on reacting with water. The compound B gives a
(i) Identify A, B, C and D
soluble compound C on treatment with aluminium oxide.
(ii) To which group of periodic table does this non-metal
Identify A, B and C and give the reaction involved.
belong?
Metals and Non-metals 93

Miscellaneous Exercise
Multiple Choice Questions 9. An element with atomic number _____ will form a basic
oxide. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, K
1. Which of the given metals is stored under kerosene to
(a) 7 (2, 5) (b) 17 (2, 8, 7)
prevent oxidation?
(c) 14 (2, 8, 4) (d) 11 (2, 8, 1)
(a) Copper
10. Which one of the following correctly represents Sodium
(b) Potassium
oxide? CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, K
(c) Magnesium
-2 -2
(d) Calcium é XX ù é XX ù
2. Which of the following reactons cannot occur? (a) +2 ê Xd X ú (b) + ê Xd X ú
Na 2 ê X X ú 2 Na ê X X ú
(a) 2AgNO3(aq.) + Fe(s) ® Fe(NO3)2(aq.) + 2Ag(s) êë XX úû êë XX úû
(b) CuSO4(aq.) + Zn(s) ® ZnSO4(aq.) + Cu(s)
-1 -2
(c) CuSO4(aq.) + 2Ag(s) ® Cu(s) + Ag2SO4(aq) é XX ù é XX ù
(d) 2AgNO3(aq.) + Zn(l) ® ZnSO4(aq) + 2Ag(s) (c) 2 Na + 2 ê XdX ú (d) Na +1 ê XdX ú
3. Which of the following compound is covalent in nature? êX X ú êX X ú
êë XX úû êë XX úû
(a) Carbon tetrachloride
(b) Ammonium chloride 11. An element ‘M’ has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3rd
shell as in the 2nd shell. The atomic number of ‘M’ is:
(c) Lithium chloride
CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, K
(d) Calcium chloride
(a) 10 (b) 12
4. Which of the following elements will form basic oxides?
(c) 14 (d) 18
(a) Barium (b) Aluminium
(c) Carbon (d) Phosphorus Assertion & Reason Questions
5. A metal 'M' of moderate reactivity is present as its sulphide
‘X’. On heating in air, ‘X’ converts into its oxide ‘Y’ and a DIRECTIONS (Qs. 12-14) : Each of these questions contains
an assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and
gas evolves. On heating ‘Y’ and ‘X’ together, the metal
answer the question on the basis of following options. You
‘M’ is produced. ‘X’ and ‘Y’ respectively are
have to select the one that best describes the two statements.
(a) ‘X’ cuprous sulphide, ‘Y’ cuprous oxide
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason
(b) ‘X’ cupric sulphide, ‘Y’ cupric oxide is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) ‘X’ sodium sulphide, ‘Y’ sodium oxide (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is
(d) ‘X’ calcium sulphide, ‘Y’ calcium oxide not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
6. Molecular formula of chloride of a metal 'M' is MCl2. (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Molecular formula of oxide of 'M' will be (d) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is correct.
(a) MO (b) M2O
12. Assertion: Nitrate ores are rarely available.
(c) MO2 (d) M2O2 Reason: Bond dissociation energy of nitrogen is very high.
7. Consider the elements of group-14. Choose the correct 13. Assertion: Zinc becomes dull in moist air.
alternative: Reason: Zinc is coated by a thin film of its basic carbonate
(A) Si and Ge are semi conductors in moist air.
(B) Carbon and silicon are non-metals 14. Assertion: Electric wires are made up of copper.
(C) Sn and Pb are metals Reason: Non-metals are bad conductor of electricity.
(D) Si and Ge are metalloids
(a) A, B, C and D (b) A, B and D Case/Passage Based Questions
(c) A, C and D (d) A, B and C DIRECTIONS (Qs. 15-19) : Read the following case/passage
8. On adding dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube containing a and answer any four out of five questions.
metal ‘X’, a colourless gas is produced when a burning
Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals on the basis
match stick is brought near it. Which of the following
of their properties. The easiest way to start grouping substances
correctly represents metal ‘X’? is by comparing their physical properties. Metals, in their pure
CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, U state, have a shining surface. This property is called metallic
(a) Sodium luster. metals are generally hard. The hardness varies from metal
(b) Sulphur to metal. some metals are used for making cooking vessels.
(c) Copper 15. What are some general characteristics of metals?
(d) Silver 16. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is _______.
 94 Science

17. Which metal that reacts with cold water? 29. Three pieces of a rust free iron rod are completely coated
18. Metal present in chloroplast is ________. with following: CFPQ CBSE 2022, U
19. Which metal(s) catch fire on reaction with water? (i) plastic
Very Short Answer Questions (ii) oil paint
(iii) zinc
20. CuSO4 + Fe ¾® FeSO4 + Cu An identical scratch is made on each piece, thus exposing
FeSO4 + Zn ¾® ZnSO4 + Fe the iron. The pieces of iron are kept exposed to moist air
On the basis of above reactions, indicate which is most for 10 days and then checked for rust formation.
reactive and which is least reactive? (a) State if rusting will be observed at the point of the
21. What is metallic lustre?
scratch on the three iron pieces.
22. Define electrovalency.
(b) Give reasons for your answer in each case.
23. What are metalloids ?
(c) Name the process of applying a protective zinc
24. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of hot
coating to steel or iron.
aluminium with steam.
30. A piece of iron rusts when it comes in contact with air and
Short Answer Questions moisture. Prakash had two identical shiny iron places P
25. The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract and Q. To prevent the pieces from rusting, he coated piece
the metals like Iron and Manganese. P with oil paint and he galvanized piece Q with a coat of
CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, U zinc metal, He noticed that the coatings were not complete
and that a small part of the iron was exposed in both the
MnO 2 ( s ) + Al ( s ) ® Mn ( l ) + Al 2 O3 ( s ) + Heat
pieces.
(a) Give reason why the above reaction is known as a
What is Prakash likely to observer about the exposed parts
thermite reaction.
of the two iron pieces after some days? Explain why.
(b) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the
above reaction. CFPQ CBSE 2022, U
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in 31. How does the term ore differ from mineral? Give an example.
thermite reactions. 32. A metal ‘M’ is found in nature as its carbonate. It is used in
26. An element ‘M’ with electronic configuration 2 8 3 combines the galvanization of iron. Identify ‘M’ and name its ore.
separately with Cl–, SO4–2 anions. Write the chemical How will you convert this ore into free metal?
formulae of the compounds formed. Predict with the 33. Write chemical equations to show the reactions taking
suitable reason the nature of the bond formed by element place when :
‘M’ in general. How will the electrical conductivity of the (i) Zinc carbonate is calcined.
compounds formed vary with respect to ‘M’? (ii) Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled into lime water for a
CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, U long time.
27. A reddish–brown metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black 34. (i) A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z.
compound ‘Y’, which when heated in presence of H2 gas Y is the hardest natural substance whereas Z is a
gives ‘X’ back. ‘X’ is refined by the process of electrolysis; good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y & Z.
this refined form of ‘X’ is used in electrical wiring. (ii) An element X, on reaction with oxygen forms an oxide
Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Draw a well–labeled diagram to XO2. The oxide when dissolved in water turns blue
represent the process of refining ‘X’. litmus red. State whether element X is a metal or a
CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24, U non-metal.
28. A teacher asks her students to identify a metal, M. She (iii) Name the metal which is alloyed with copper to make
gives them the following clues to help them. bronze.
CFPQ CBSE 2022, U Long Answer Question
(P) Its oxide reacts with both HCl and NaOH.
(Q) It does not react with hot or cold water but reacts 35. (i) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure
with steam. metals in the middle of the activity series from their
(R) It can be extracted by electrolysis of its ore. carbonate ores.
(a) Identify the metal. (ii) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain
(b) Write the chemical equations for the reaction of the the various steps supported by chemical equations.
metal with HCl and NaOH respectively. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of
(c) What would happen if the metal is reacted with iron copper.
oxide?
Metals and Non-metals 95

Solutions
Metal oxide are basic in nature. Therefore it can turn red
Practice Exercise 1 litmus to blue. When a metal reacts with acid it replaces
the hydrogen atoms in the acid to form a salt, i.e.,
1. (d) Mn + 2HNO3 ¾® Mn(NO3)2 + H2­
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾ ¾® MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
2. (c)
22. The metal lose their brightness due to the formation of a
3. (a) Cu does not produce hydrogen gas on reaction with
thin layer of oxide, carbonate or sulphide on their surface
hydrochloric acid. Cu is present below hydrogen in
(due to action of the various gases present in air). If we
reactivity series, i.e. it is less reactive than hydrogen.
rub the dull surface with a sand paper, than the outer
4. (a) 2CsO2 + 2H2O ¾® 2CsOH + H2O2 + O2
corroded layer is removed and the metal object becomes
CsO2 is the oxide of alkali metal. It is a basic oxide. Due to
shiny and bright once again.
formation of CsOH its aqueous solution is basic.
23. Aqua-regia is a freshly prepared mixture of 1 part of
D
5. (a) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2ZnO + 2SO2 concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts of concentrated
The sulphide ore is heated in presence of air to produce its hydrochloric acid.
oxide form at a temperature below the melting point of the Properties:
metal. The process is known as roasting. (i) It is highly corrosive
6. (a) Metals lose electrons to form positive ions therefore (ii) Aqua-ragia can dissolve all metals.
they are known as electropositive elements 24. Refer theory.
7. (b) Potassium is a metal and hence, it forms basic oxide. 25. Generally metals have high melting and boiling points.
It turns red litmus blue. However, gallium has very low melting point. It can melt
8. (a) Sodium, potassium and magnesium are reactive even in the hand with our body temperature. It belongs to
elements and found at the top of the reactivity series. They group 13 of the periodic table.
do not occur in free state. 26. A more reactive metal can displace the less reactive metal
9. Silver ornaments gradually turn black due to the formation from its solution. Thus on this basis out of the above five
of a thin silver sulphite layer on their surface by the action reactions, (iii) and (v) are not possible.
of hydrogen sulphide gas present in air. 27. The activity series of the metals, tells us that copper and
10. The force of attraction which hold the constituent silver do not displace hydrogen from solutions of acids.
particles together in a chemical species is called a chemical Alumi num is an active metal that can displace H2 from
bond. HCl and form aluminium chloride.
11. (a) Sodium (b) Potassium
6HCl(aq) + 2Al(s) ¾¾
® 3H 2 (g) + 2AlCl3 (aq)
12. Copper and aluminium
13. aluminium (Al) and Zinc (Zn) 6[H + (aq) + Cl- (aq)] + 2Al(s)
14. — Initial light green colour changes to reddish brown
colour. ® 3H 2 (g) + 2[Al3+ (aq) + 3Cl- (aq)]
¾¾
— Colourless gas is evolved.
— Gas with choking smell is evolved. 6H + (aq) + 2Al(s) ¾¾
® 3H 2 (g) + 2Al3+ (aq)
15. Sodium Chloride and Hydrogen gas. Very active metals can even displace hydrogen from water.
16. Al is more reactive because it displaces Mn in this reaction. However, such reactions of very active metals of Group IA
17. (i) Magnesium (ii) Copper are dangerous because they generate enough heat to cause
18. Aluminium and iron. explosive ignition of the hydrogen. The reaction of
19. (ii) Gold does not react with oxygen even at high potassium, or another metal of Group IA, with water is also
temperatures as it is very inert in nature. a displacement reaction:
20. CaCl2, NaCl & Na2S are conductor of electricity as they
® 2[K + (aq) + OH - (aq)] + H 2 (g)
2K(s) + 2H 2 O(l) ¾¾
are ionic compounds and CH4 & CS2 are non-conductor
of electricity as they are covalent compounds. 28. (i) Electrolytic refining : The impure metal is taken as
21. The element is a metal e.g., anode and the cathode consists of a pure metal. Cathodes
2Mg + O2 ¾® 2MgO and anodes are placed in a soluble salt of the metal taken
MgO + H2O ¾® Mg(OH)2 as an electrolyte. Pure metal gradually passes on to the
 96 Science

cathode and impurities either settles down or dissolved in (c) The arrangement of metals A, B, C and D
the solution called anode mud. Large number of metals in decreasing order of reactivity is B > A > C > D.
like copper, silver, gold and zinc are purified by this method. 34. When a reactive metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid,
The metal of highest purity are obtained by this method. the gas produced is hydrogen (H2). Iron and dilute H2SO4
(ii) Roasting is a process in which ore is heated in react to produce H2 as under
presence of oxygen so as to convert it into oxide, e.g., Fe(s) + H2SO4(dil) ¾® FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) ¾® 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) 35. The green colour of iron (II) sulphate solution will
Calcination is a process in which ore is heated in absence disappear. Zinc will gradually dissolve and iron will get
of air, e.g., precipitated at the bottom of the container.
ZnCO3(s) ¾® ZnO(s) + CO2(g) Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) ¾® ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
29. (a) Mercury (Hg) (b) Sodium (Na) (green) (white)
(c) Silver (Ag) (d) Lead (Pb) (precipitate)
30. Malleable : The property by virtue of which a substance 36. In ionic compounds the oppositely charged ions i.e.
can be beaten into sheets is known as malleability. The cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively
substance that shows the property of malleability is known charged) are held together by strong electrostatic forces
as malleable substance. Metals are malleable in nature. of attraction. Because of this they have high melting points
Ductile : The property by virtue of which a substance can and boiling points.
be drawn into wires is known as ductility. A substance 37. Gold (Au) and Platinum (Pt)
that shows the property of ductility is known as ductile. 38. Reduction process.
Metals are ductile in nature. 39. From the reactivity series we find the order of reactivity of
31. Sodium is a very reactive metal. It reacts with air and water. Zn, Mg and Cu as
If kept open in air it reacts readily with oxygen (present in Mg > Zn > Cu
air) to form sodium oxide. It also reacts with water (moisture i.e., magnesium is most reactive and so it will displace zinc
present in air) to form sodium hydroxide. from zinc oxide and copper from copper oxide
4Na (s) + O2 (g) ¾® 2 Na2O (s) Mg + ZnO ¾® MgO + Zn (displacement)
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) ¾® 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g) Mg + CuO ¾® MgO + Cu (displacement)
To preserve sodium metal, it is generally kept under Zinc is less reactive than magnesium so it will not displace
kerosene oil so that neither air nor moisture may come in magnesium from magnesium oxide. Zn + MgO ¾® No
its contact. reaction
32. (a) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(steam) ¾® Fe3O4(s) + 4H2 (g) Zinc is more reactive than copper so it will displace copper
(b) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾® Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g) from copper oxide.
(c) K(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾® 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) Zn + CuO ¾® ZnO + Cu (displacement)
33. In the reactivity series we find that order of reactivity of Since copper is least reactive it will neither displace Mg
metals present in the salt solutions is Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag. nor Zn from their oxides.
Thus we can say that by looking at the information 40. Gold and platinum are the metals which do not corrode
provided in the table, we can conclude that easily. Since they are unaffected by oxygen and other acid.
— Metal A is more reactive than copper as it displaces They do not corrode easily and are more stable than many
copper from copper (II) sulphate and is less reactive of their compounds such as oxides and sulphides.
than iron as it fails to displace iron from iron (II) 41. Alloys are Homogenous mixture of two or more elements.
sulphate. The elements could be two metals or a metal and a
— Metal B is more reactive than iron and less reactive non-metal. An Alloy is formed by first melting the metal
than zinc. and then dissolving the other element in it.
— Metal C is more reactive than silver and less Ex. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
reactive than other metals (i.e. Fe, Cu and Zn).
— Metal D is least reactive. Practice Exercise 2
Thus
(a) The most reactive metal is B. 1. (c)
(b) Since B is more reactive than iron so it is also more 2. (d) Non metals passess all the given properties.
reactive than copper hence it will displace copper 3. (c) Coal gas is obtained from destructive distillation of
from copper (II) sulphate solution. The blue colour coal. Coal is allotropic form of carbon but not coal gas.
of copper (II) sulphate solution will slowly fade. 4. (c) Sulphur has a tendency to gain electrons. It is a non-
metal and cannot be used as reducing agent.
Metals and Non-metals 97

5. (c) Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated nitric acid 18. It is because firstly in case of carbon the six metals K, Na,
(HNO3) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in 1 : 3. It is very Li, Ca, Mg, and Al, which lie above carbon in the activity
corrosive and can dissolve inert metals like gold. So ‘A’ series, cannot be extracted by carbon reduction: they are
can be nitrogen, ‘B’ can be oxygen and ‘C’ can be chlorine. usually extracted by electrolysis. Now in case of hydrogen.
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) Metals below hydrogen in activity series i.e., Cu, Ag, Au
9. Phosphorus and Pt, are transition metals that will not displace hydrogen
10. Aqua regia is a 3:1 mixture of Conc. HCl and Conc. HNO3. from acids.
11. Activated charcoal can adsorb poisonous gases. 19. (i) Electron transfer
12. Tear gas : CCl2.NO2 Na + Cl ¾
¾®
13. PVC which is an insulating substance used for covering Sodium atom Chlorine atom
electrical wires, it does not allow electric current to pass 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7
through it.
14. Non-metals cannot supply electrons to convert H+ to H2(g) Na + Cl or NaCl
whereas metals can give electrons to form H2 Sodium ion Chlorine ion
2, 8 2, 8, 8
2H+ + 2e– ® H2(g).
15. Cl + e ¾® Cl , thus Cl– has 17 + 1 = 18e–
– – Sodium Chloride

16. (i) SO2 ( g ) + H2O(l ) ¾¾

® H 2SO3
Sulphurous acid Cl Cl
(ii) Fe 2 O 3 + 3CO ¾ (ii)
¾® 2 Fe + 3CO 2
17. Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons Cl- Cl
whereas ionic bonds are formed by transfer of electrons 20. Since the first element A is from group 2 and has two
e.g. KCl. In KCl, ionic bond is present. electrons in the outer most shell and is electropositive.
And the second B Element is from group 16 it contains six
K Cl K+ Cl - ¾
¾® KCl electrons in the valence shell and is electronegative. The
bond formed between the electropositive element and the
In CH4, covalent bond is present. electronegative element is an electrovalent bond.
21. Difference between metal and a non-metal –

Metal Non-metal
1. They react with oxygen to form basic oxides, which They react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral oxides.
forms alkalies with water. C + O2 ¾¾ ® CO 2
4Na + O2 ¾¾ ® 2Na 2 O
Na 2 O + H 2 O ¾¾® 2NaOH

2. They are electropositive elements and form cation. They They are electropositive elements and form anions. They
are liberated at cathode during electrolysis. are liberated at anode during electrolysis.
3. They generally dissolve in mineral acids forming a salt They either do not dissolve in mineral acids or form the
with the evolution of hydrogen gas. e.g. corresponding oxy acids. e.g.
2Na + 2HCl ¾¾ ® 2NaCl + H 2 P4 + 20HNO3 ¾¾ ® 4H3 PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H 2 O

g Formation of MgO
22. (i) Sodium (Z = 11); 2, 8, 1 Na
Magnesium (Z = 12); 2, 8, 2 g Mg g 2+ 2–

O Mg O Mg O or MgO
Oxygen (Z = 8); 2, 6
(ii) Formation of Na2O
(iii) The ions present in Na2O are Na+ and O2– i.e. sodium
Na + 2– ion (Na+) and oxide ion (O2–).
+ O Na O or Na2O The ions present in MgO are Mg2+ and O2– i.e. magnesium
Na 2
ion (Mg2+) and oxide ions (O2–)
 98 Science

(c) By passing electric current impure metal dissolve from

Previous Year Exercise the anode into the electrolytic solution. The positive
copper ions move towards cathode composed of pure
1. (a) The most common method for extracting metal from copper. The metal cation absorb electron from the
their oxide ores is reduction with carbon. cathode and are deposited on the cathode as Cu atom.
2. (b) Al is used in thermit process. When Al is heated with At cathode :
oxygen then it gives Al2O3. Al2O3 is amphoteric in nature. Cu+2 + 2e– ¾® Cu
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) ¾® 2Al2O3(s) At Anode :
3. (c) Mercury and Bromine Cu ¾® Cu+2 + 2e–
Note: Non metals - They are good insulators of heat and Concept Notes : - Refining is the process of purifying
electricity. Mostly gases are non - metal. a metal that has been extracted from its ore.
Metals - Metals are lustrous element that are good OR
(c) On adding a strip of Zn in beaker 'A' reaction take
conductor of heat and electricity.
place because Zn is more reactive than Cu so Zn will
4. (d) Bronze is an alloy of Cu and Sn. react with beaker A CuSO4 Solution and give this
Brass is an alloy of Cu and Zn. reaction.
5. (a) When highly electropositive metal like Na and K Zn + CuSO4 ¾® ZnSO4 + Cu
reacts with oxygen, they will form basic oxides i.e. Na2O On adding a strip of silver is Beaker B no reaction
and K2O as basic oxides are soluble in water and form take place. Because Cu is more reactive than Ag. Ag
hydroxide while SO2 and NO2 are oxides of non-metal which will not react with CuSO4 and no reaction take place.
are acidic in nature. Concept Notes : - A more Reactive metal displaces a
6. (d) When zinc granules is added in dilute sulphuric acid,
less reactive metal from salt solution. Such reactions
then zinc displaces the hydrogen and form zinc sulphate
are called Displacement reactions.
and hydrogen gas as zinc is more reactive than hydrogen.
15. (a) Highly reactive metals like Na are obtained by
So, an evolved hydrogen gas on burning produces a
‘Electrolytic reduction’.
popping sound.
The metal is deposited at cathode of the electrolytic
Zn + H2SO4 ¾® ZnSO4 + H2
cell.
é gg ù (b) Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain
7. (c) The structure of CaCl2 is [Ca2+] ê ´g Cl gg ú
ëê g g ûú 2 aluminium from its oxide because Al lies up in the
8. (b) Amphoteric oxides react with both, acids and bases. reactivity series of metals and for such metals,
ZnO and Al2O3 are amphoteric in nature. electrolytic reduction is a suitable method.
9. (c) The oxides which react with both acids as well as bases (c) Cinnabar (HgS) is a sulphide ore of Hg.
to produce salt and water are known as amphoteric oxides. Hg lies low in the reactivity series. First, HgS is heated
10. (b) The reaction in which one element is replaced by to give HgO which upon further heating, gives Hg.
another in a compound is known as displacement reaction. 2HgS ( s ) + 3O 2 ( g ) ¾¾¾
® 2HgO ( s ) + 2SO 2 ( g )
Heat

Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)

2HgO ( s ) ¾¾¾ ® 2Hg ( l ) + O 2 ( g )
Heat
Al2 (SO4)3 + 3mg 3MgSO4 + 2Al
11. (a) C > B > A > D is the correct order because this is the OR
order of reactivity of these metals with dil HCl. (c) Roasting: It is the process of heating the sulphide
12. (c) Nitric acid oxidizes hydrogen gas into water and itself ores in the excess of air to give corresponding metal
gets reduced to form nitrogen oxides like NO2, NO or oxides.
N2O.
e.g., 2ZnS ( s ) + 3O 2 ( g ) ¾¾¾
Heat
® 2ZnO (s ) + 2SO 2 ( g )
13. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Calcination : It is the process of heating the ore in the
Brass is prepared by melting copper and dissolving zinc
absence of air to directly give the oxide of the metal.
into it.
14. (a) During the electrolytic refining of copper, cathode, e.g., 2ZnCO 3 ( s ) ¾¾¾
Heat
® ZnO (s ) + CO 2 ( g )
made from pure copper metal and anode is made up 16. (a) Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury. Mercury is
of impure copper metal. present in the form of sulphide ores.
(b) CuSO4 solution used in the above process. During (b) When zinc carbonate is heated strongly in limited
electrolysis, copper sulphate dissociates to provide supply of air, it forms zinc oxide and carbon dioxide.
cupric ions and sulphate ions. At cathode these cupric Heat
ions get discharged by gaining electron from the Zn CO 3 (s) ¾¾ ¾
® Zn O(s) + CO 2 (g).
cathode.
Metals and Non-metals 99

(c) (I) The reaction of Fe2O3 with aluminium is used to (ii) The crystal structure of ionic compounds is strong
join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. and rigid. It takes a lot of energy to break all those
Hence, the metal ‘A’ is aluminium. This reaction ionic bonds. As a result, ionic compounds are solids
is known as thermit reaction. with high melting and boiling points.
(II) Fe2O3 (s) + 2 Al (s) ® 2 Fe(l) + Al2O3 (s) + Heat The strong bonds between their oppositely charged
OR ions lock them into place in the crystal form.
(c) We cannot use carbon to obtain sodium from oxide (iii) Experimental set-up:-
because sodium have more affinity for oxygen than Glass Wool
carbon. It is obtained by electrolysis of molten sodium Soaked in
chloride. The metal is deposited at cathode (the Water Stand
negatively charged electrode), whereas chlorine is Stand
liberated at the anode (the positively charged electrode).
Reactions:– Metal Sample Cork
At cathode: Na+ + e– ® Na Burner Delivery Water
At anode: 2 Cl– ® Cl2 + 2e– Tube
17. A. (b) The metal which reacted violently with cold
water needs to be stored in kerosene.
B. (d) Magnesium reacts with hot water and the metal
started floating.
21. (a) Calcium ® · ·
C. (c) The increasing order of reactivity of metal is: ·
S < P < Q < R. Oxygen ® O· ·
·
·
·

D. (a) Metal P combined with oxygen to form an oxide

M2O3 which reacted with both acids and bases. (b) Ca ¾® Ca 2 + + 2 g e -
(2,8,8,2) (2,8,8)
Hence, act as an amphoteric oxide.
18. (a) The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in O + 2e ¾® O2–
–

order of decreasing reactivity. It is developed on the ability

of metal to displace one another metal from their · · + O ¾® Ca 2+ + O· 2-
compounds. · ·
Elements arranged according to reactivity series
Calcium > Aluminium > Lead > Copper ¾® Ca2+ O2–
(b) The reaction of iron (III) oxide with aluminium is known ¾® CaO
as thermite reaction which can be represented as below (c) The ions present are Ca2+ - calcium ion which is a
Fe2 O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al 2O3 cation
19. Roasting: O2– - oxide ion which is an anion.
In roasting, sulphide ores are converted into oxides. (d) CaO is an ionic compound. Its properties are-
This process takes place by strongly heating sulphide — High melting and boiling point.
ores in the presence of excess air.
— Hard solid, brittle-breaks when pressure is applied
Heat
Ex: 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O 2 (g) ¾¾¾ ® 2 ZnO(s) + 2SO 2 (g) — Soluble in water
Calcination: — Insoluble in organic solvents like petrol, kerosene.
In this process, carbonate ores are changed into oxides. — Conducts electricity is molten and aqueous states.
This process takes place by strongly heating carbonate — Does not conduct electricity in solid state.
ores in limited air.
— Imparts specific colour to the flame.
Heat
Ex: Zn CO 3 (s) ¾¾¾ ® ZnO(s) + CO 2 (g) 22. (a) Platinum, gold and silver rarely react with oxygen
20. (i) Bond of Magnesium chloride- and have shining appearance therefore they are used
Mg ¾¾® Mg2+ + 2e– to make jewellery.
2, 8, 2 2, 8 (b) Sodium and potassium are reactive metals therefore
Cl + e– ¾¾® Cl– they are stored under oil.
2, 8, 7 (2, 8, 8) 23. Amphoteric oxides are the oxides which react with both
acids as well as bases to produce salts and water. For example
Aluminum oxides reacts with both acids as well as bases.
Al2O3 + 6HCl ¾® 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
In MgCl2, Cation is Magnesium (Mg2+). Al2O3 + 2NaOH ¾® 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Anion is Chloride (Cl–).
100 Science

24. Aluminium and zinc will able to displace iron from iron Color change occurs in test tube A, B and D, no color
sulphate solution while copper is less reactive than iron change will be observed in test tube (C) becauase there is
will not give any reaction. no reaction.
Cu + FeSO4 ¾® no reaction Al is most reactive because it displaces copper, zinc and
Fe + FeSO4 ¾® no reaction iron from their sulphate salts.
Zn + FeSO4 ¾® Fe ¯ + ZnSO4 30. (a) It is because metals can lose electrons easily to form
Al + FeSO4 ¾® Fe ¯ + Al2 (SO4)3 positive ions, therefore, regarded as electropositive
25. Metals like calcium and magnesium are highly reactive elements.
metals therefore they never found in free state in nature. (b) It is because copper is less reactive than Zn, therefore,
They always found in combined state. it cannot displace Zn from ZnSO4 solution.
26. Smell of rotten eggs is usually produced by sulphure. Cu + ZnSO4 ¾® No reaction
\ It must be a sulphide ore. But when Zn is dipped in copper sulphate solution, it
Let use suppose that the ore is Zinc Blende (ZnS). displaces copper from CuSO4 to form ZnSO4 which is
Concentration of ore: First of all, the ore is concentrated colourless. Reddish brown copper metal gets
by the method of froth floatation. precipitated because Zn is more reactive than Cu.
Conversion into metal oxide: Then it is converted into Zn + CuSO 4 ¾¾ ® ZnSO 4 + Cu
its metal oxide via Roasting in supply of excess air. Zinc (Blue) (Colourless) Copper
For e.g., 31. (a) Ba(s) + H2(g) BaH2(s)
Roasting + SO2 ­ (b) 8Ba(s) + Sg(g) 8BaS(s)
ZnS + O 2 ¾¾¾¾® ZnO
Zinc (excess air)
D Zinc Sulphate dioxide (c) 3Ba(s) + N2(g) Ba3N2(s)
sulphideore Oxide (Pungent smell) 32. (a) Haematite is chief ore of iron. Its formula is
Converison into metal: It is then converted into its metal Fe2O3 . xH2O.
form by using a reducing agent like Carbon, Aluminium (b) It is concentrated by hydraulic washing. The ore is
etc. washed with stream of water under high pressure.
Lighter impurities are washed away whereas heavier
CuO(s) + H 2 (g) ¾® Cu(s) + H 2O(l)
Copper oxide Hydrogen Copper metal Water
minerals are left behind.
(Black) (Shiny brown) 33. (i) Gold and silver
27. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which does not (ii) Best conductor of heat – Silver
conduct electricity in solid state because in solid state Poorest conductor of heat – Lead.
ions are packed in crystal structure. As a result ions are (iii) Metal with highest [Link] – Tungsten.
not free in solid state to conduct electricity. Whereas in Metal with lowest [Link] – Gallium.
molten state and in aqueous solution sodium chloride is 34. (i) X – Carbon, Y – Diamond, Z – Graphite
dissociated as Na+ and Cl–. Because of the presence of (ii) Acids turn blue litmus into red. Non-metals from acidic
these ions conduction of electricity become possible in oxides and form acid when dissolved in water hence
molten state. X is a non-metal.
28. Silver articles become black after some time when exposed 35. (i) The bond which is formed by loss and gain of electron
to air because it react with sulphur in the air and form is called ionic or electro-valent bond.
coating of silver sulphide. (ii) M.P. and B.P. of ionic compounds are high.
(iii) Ionic compounds are soluble in water but not in
4Ag + O 2 ® Ag 2 O ¯
organic solvents.
Ag 2 O + H 2S ® Ag 2S ¯ + H 2 O (iv) Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity.
(Black ) 36. A more reactive metal readily reacts with other elements
Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide present in air and even with H2O, while the least reactive metals do not react
gains a green coat of copper carbonate. even with acid. Sodium (Na) catch fire, if left open in air.
2 Cu + H 2 O + O 2 + CO 2 ¾¾
® Cu(OH) 2 + CuCO3 Hence, sodium is the most reactive metals. To prevent
14442444 3 accidental fires, sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
green
Magnesium burns in air only by heating. So, it is less
29. A - FeSO4 C - Al2(SO4)3
reactive than sodium and potassium. Copper (Cu) does
B - CuSO4 D - CuSO4
not burn on heating. Hence the order of reactivity of these
(A) 3 FeSO 4 + 2Al ¾¾ ® Al 2 (SO 4 )3 + 3Fe metals with oxygen is
Green White Na > Mg > Cu
(B) 3 CuSO 4 + 2Al ¾¾
® Al2 (SO 4 )3 + Cu Metals react with water to produce a metal oxide and
Blue White hydrogen gas. Sodium (Na) reacts violently with cold water.
(C) Al 2 (SO4 )3 + Fe ¾¾
® No reaction So the reaction is exothermic. Magnesium (Mg) does not
White
react with cold water. It reacts with hot water. Copper does
not react with water at all. Thus the reactivity of metals
(D) CuSO 4 + Fe ¾¾
® FeSO 4 + Cu
towards water is :
Blue Green
Na > Mg > Cu
Metals and Non-metals 101

37. (a) Carbon in the form of graphite conducts electricity, (ii) Oxides which reacts acid as well as base are called
used as electrodes in electrolytic cells and dry cells. amphoteric oxide, for Al2O3
(b) (i) Metals conduct electricity due to presence of
Al 2 O3 + 2NaOH ® 2NaAlO2 + H 2
free electrons which can easily move. base
(ii) It is because nitric acid is good oxidising agent
and it oxidises H2 to H2O. Al2 O3 + 6HCl ® 2AlCl3 + 3H 2
acid
38. (c) The displacement reaction that occurs is the colour
of zinc granules changes to brownish black. (iii) Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water to produce
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) hydroxide ion, making the solution basic.
(Brownish black) Ex. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
39. (i) Non-metals do not donate electron, they cannot
OR
supply electrons so as to convert H+ ion to H2(g).
(ii) Like metals, it has properties to lose an electron to (b) (i) Extraction of mercury from cinnabar (HgS)
form positive H+ ion. Step I: The ore cinnabar first heated in presence of oxygen
(iii) Aluminium form a passive layer of Al2O3 through which form mercury oxide. (Roasting)
oxidation. This layer protects Al from corrosion.
40. (b) Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ¾¾® FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) D
2HgS + 3O 2 ¾¾® 2HgO + 2SO 2
Activity series of metals:
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu Step III: Mercury (II) oxide (HgO) is heated to decompose
More active metal displaces less active metal from its it into mercury and oxygen
compound. D
41. (a) Metals conduct electricity due to presence of free 2HgO ¾¾® Hg + O 2
electrons which can easily move. (II) Extraction of copper from copper sulphide (Cu2S) ®
(b) It is because nitric acid is good oxidising agent and it Step I- Roasting of Cu2S
oxidises H2 to H2O.
Cu 2S + O 2 ® 2Cu 2 O + 2SO2
42. Magnesium reacts with hot water to form magnesium oxide
and hydrogen gas is evolved. It is due to this hydrogen Step II- Resulting Cu2O reduced by heating it with Cu2S
gas it starts floating. Magnesium sticks to the surface of
D
hydrogen bubbles. 2Cu 2 O + Cu 2S ¾¾® 6Cu + SO 2
43. Non-metals do not displace hydrogen gas when reacted
with acids/water because they don’t have electrons to (b) (ii) Shining silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu) articles lose
donate so that hydrogen ion becomes hydrogen gas. their shiny surface slowly when exposed to air due to
Whereas metals have this tendency to loose electrons formation of Ag2S silver sulphide and compounds formed
and displace hydrogen gas from acids or water. on copper article are copper carbonate CuCO3 and copper
44. To obtain pure metal from an ore of high reactivity following hydroxide Cu(OH)2
steps are involved : 46. (i) Mercuric oxide decomposes to mercury and oxygen
(i) Concentration of ore ® removal of impurities gas on heating.
(ii) Electrolysis of molten ore ® Metal is obtained at 2HgO ® 2Hg + O2
cathode of the electrolytic cell. This metal obtained (ii) When cuprous oxide is heated with cuprous sulphide,
is pure metal e.g., Na, K, Mg, Ca. copper metal is obtained.
45. (a) (i) To analysis each condition for given metals K, 2Cu2O + Cu2S ® 6Cu + SO2
(iii) When manganese dioxide reacts with aluminium then
Ca, Al, Cu, Ag, Fe
it results into the formation of aluminium trioxide and
(I) Silver (Ag) does not react with oxygen even at high
manganese.
temperature because Ag have low reactivity.
4Al + 3MnO2 ® 2Al2O3 + 3Mn
(II) Aluminium (Al) reacts with oxygen to prevent further (iv) When Ferric oxide is heated with aluminium, iron metal
oxidation by forming Al2O3 layer. is obtained.
(III) Potassium (K) catches fire in the open air due to its Fe2O3 + Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3
high reactivity with oxygen. (v) When zinc carbonate is heated in calcination process
(IV) Copper (Cu) does not burn in oxygen due to low reactivity it converted to zinc oxide then it can be easily
but can form black oxide (CuO) when heated. converted to metal by heating with e.
ZnCO3 ® ZnO + CO2
47. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium
and aluminum because these metals have more affinity for
Metal react with oxygen to form metal oxide which decrease oxygen than carbon. These metals are placed at top most
position in the reactivity series because they are very
the combustibility.
reactive. These metals are obtained by electrolytic
102 Science

reduction. For example sodium is obtained by the

electrolysis of its molten chloride. The metal is deposited NCERT Exemplar
at cathode and chlorine is liberated at anode.
At cathode: Na+ + e– ¾® Na 1. (c) Metals are lustrous in appearance.
At anode: 2Cl– ¾® Cl2 + 2e– 2. (a) The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is
48. (a) Due to the formation of a layer of oxide i.e., Al 2O3 known as ductility.
(b) Na or Mg are more reactive metals as compared to 3. (d) Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react
carbon. either with cold or hot water but they react with steam.
(c) In solid NaCl, the movement of ions is not possible Red hot iron reacts with steam to form iron (II, III) oxide
due to its rigid structure but in aqueous solution or and hydrogen. For example.
molten state, the ions can move freely.
(d) To protect from corrosion. 3 Fe(s)+ 4H 2 O(g) ¾¾® Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 ­
Iron Steam Iron(II),(III)
(e) They are highly reactive.
oxide
49. (a) An ionic bond is also called an electrovalent bond
because of the involvement of electrostatic forces of 4. (c) Reactions of iron metal with water
attraction between oppositely charged ions in the 3Fe + 4H2 O ¾¾® Fe3O4 + 4H 2 ­
formation of this bond. (Steam) Iron(II, III)
(b) Alloy is homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. oxide
One of them can be non-metal also. 5. (d) Calcium reacts slowly with water and the bubbles of
22 hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of calcium.
22 carat gold contains × 100 = 90.66% gold and
24 Ca(s) + 2H2 O(l) ¾¾® Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) ­
remaining copper. Calciumhydroxide
It is because 24 carat gold (pure gold) is too soft to 6. (c) Nitric acid (HNO3) does not give hydrogen gas on
make ornaments.
reaction with metals (except Mn and Mg) because nitric
(c) The ionic compounds are made up of positive and
acid is a strong oxidising agent so, it oxidises the H2 to
negative ions. There is a strong force of attraction
between the oppositly charged ions, therefore a lot water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides
of energy is required to break this force of attraction (N2O, NO, NO2). But Mg and Mn react with very dilute
and melt this ionic compound. That is why ionic HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
compounds have high melting points. 7. (c) Conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in 3 : 1 ratio form aqua-regia.
50. (a) Roasting : It is the process in which sulphide ores of 8. (b) HCl and CCl4 both are formed by sharing of electrons.
the metals are converted into oxides by heating them in HCl is a polar covalent compound while CCl 4 is a
the presence of excess air. For example, zinc sulphide is non-polar covalent compound.
converted into zinc oxide by roasting. 9. (b) Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten
Heat
2ZnS(s) + 3O 2 (g) ¾¾¾¾® 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) or aqueous state only. Due to absence of free ions.
Roasting Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state.
Calcination : It is the process in which carbonate ores of the 10. (c) Gold and silver (Au and Ag) are less reactive metals,
metals are decomposed into oxides by heating them in the so they are usually found in native state.
absence or limited air. For example, zinc carbonate is 11. (c) Silver articles become black because silver on
decomposed into zinc oxide and carbon dioxide by calcination.
reaction with H2S gas present in air form black coating of
Heat Ag2S. The reaction is
ZnCO3 (s) ¾¾¾¾¾
® ZnO(s) + CO 2 (g)
Calcination
Out of roasting and calcination, only roasting is used for Ag + H2S ¾¾® Ag 2S + H2
sulphide ores. This is because it is easier to obtain metal Silver Hydrogen Silver
sulphide sulphide
from its oxide as compared to its sulphide. (black)
Heat
(b) Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al(s) ¾¾¾
® 12. (b) Copper reacts with CO2 present in air and forms a
Iron(III) oxide Aluminium green coating on its surface due to the formation of basic
powder
copper carbonate [CuCO3. Cu(OH)2] as
2Fe(l) + Al2O3 (s) + heat
Iron metal Aluminium 2Cu+ O2 + CO2 + H2 O ¾¾® CuCO3 .Cu(OH)2
oxide From Basiccopper (green coating)
(c) Anode – Impure copper air
Cathode – Strip of pure copper 13. (d) Mercury (Hg) is the only metal which is found in
Electrolyte – Acidified copper sulphate solution. liquid state at room temperature.
Metals and Non-metals 103

14. (d) Iodine is a non-metal and it has lustrous appearance.

15. (b) Silver (Ag) metal would be displaced from the solution Miscellaneous Exercise
of its salts by other three metals because Ag is less reactive
than Mg, Zn and Cu as it is placed below all these in E.C.S. 1. (b) Potassium and sodium react vigorously with oxygen
16. (b, d) A mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio of in air and catch fire. These metals are stored under kerosene
3 : 1 is known as aqua-regia. Gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) oil to prevent oxidation.
dissolve in aqua-regia. 2. (c)
17. (b) From the properties of the element given in the 3. (a) Carbon tetrachloride is a covalent compound.
question, it is clear that the element is sodium (Na). 4. (a) Barium will form basic oxide. Aluminium will form
18. (b) It does not react with cold water. amphoteric oxide while carbon and phosphorus will form
Mg reacts with hot water and steam both, to give acidic oxides.
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.
5. (a) 2Cu2S + 3O2 ® 2Cu2O + 2SO2
Mg(s) + H2 O(l) ¾¾® Mg(OH)2 + H2 (g) ­ 2Cu2O + Cu2S ® 6 Cu + SO2
Magnesium hydroxide X = Cuprous sulphide, Y = Cuprous oxide.
19. (b) By the reaction betweeen X and Y, the compound Z 6. (a) Molecular formula of chloride = MCl2
formed which is an ionic compound. Ionic compounds \ Valency of metal M = 2
have high melting point, conduct electricity in molten state Molecular formula of its oxide will be
and usually occur as solids. M O
20. (d) Y is chlorine which is a non-metal. Z is magnesium
which is a metal. X is neon which is an inert gas as it has
complete octate. Valency 2 2
21. (c) Aluminium (Al) metal forms amphoteric oxide (Al2O3) M2O2 = MO
Formula
which shows basic as well as acidic behaviour.
22. (b) Graphite is an allotrope of carbon which is a non- 7. (c) C Si, Ge Sn, Pb
Nonmetal Metalloids Metals
metal, it is a good conductor of electricity.
23. (c) PVC which is an insulating substance used for Within a group from top to bottom in the periodic table
covering electrical wires, it does not allow electric current metallic character increases. Carbon is non metal, Si and
to pass through it. Ge are metalloids and Sn, Pb are metals.
24. (b) Bromine is a liquid non-metal. 8. (a) Sodium
25. (d) The more reactive metal displaces less reactive metal 9. (d) 11 (2, 8, 1)
from its salt solution. In options (a) and (b), Fe is less -2
reactive than Mg and Zn, hence, no reaction takes place. é ´´ ù
+ ê´ d ´ ú
In option (c), Pb is less reactive than Mg, hence no reaction 10. (b) 2Na
ê´ ´ú
takes place. êë ´ ´ úû
In option (d), Fe is more reactive than Cu, so it displaces
11. (c) 14
Cu from CuSO4 . Hence reaction takes place.
12. (a) The bond dissociation energy of N2 is very high due
26. (c) In the process of electrolytic refining, impure metal is
made anode and is connected to the positive terminal of to presence of triple bond between two nitrogen atoms.
battery. Pure metal is made cathode and is connected to That is why nitrate ores are rarely available.
the negative terminal of the battery. 13. (a) Zinc becomes dull in most air as it is coated by a thin
Cu2+ ions from the solution are deposited on the cathode film of its basic carbonate in moist air.
while Cu from impure anode dissolves into the solution 14. (b) Electric wires are made up of copper metal because
and the impurities settle down below anode as anode mud. metal are good conductor of electricity.
27. (i) A is carbon, B is carbon monoxide and C is carbon 15. Some general characteristics of metals include high
dioxide electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility,
(ii) A belongs to Group – 14 of the periodic table. shiny appearance and the tendency to lose electrons to
28. A – Na; B – NaOH; C – NaAlO2 form positive ions in chemical reaction.
2Na + 2H2O ® 2NaOH + H2
16. Aluminium
Al2O3 + 2NaOH ® 2NaAlO2 + H2O
17. Sodium is the metal that reacts with cold water. It is because
29. X is alkali metal, Na or K
Y is alkaline earth metal, Mg or Ca of extremely high reactivity of sodium.
Z is Fe 18. In chloroplast Mg is present.
Increasing reactivity series : Na > Mg > Fe 19. Sodium and potassium both are extremely reactive and
30. (i) A – N2; B – NH3; C – NO; D – HNO3 react with water so vigorously. The reaction is highly
(ii) Element A belongs to Group – 15 of the periodic table. exothermic so the hydrogen evolved will catch fire.
104 Science

20. Zn (Zinc) is most reactive and Cu (copper) is least reactive. · Galvanising also protects by zinc getting oxidised in
21. In pure state, metals have a shining surface. preference to iron as it is more reactive than iron.
22. The total number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of 31. Minerals are naturally occurring chemical compounds of a
the element during the formation of an ionic or electrovalent metal, which may be associated with more impurities. But
bond is known as its electrovalency. ore is a chosen mineral of a metal, from which metal is
23. The elements, which show the properties of both metals extracted profitably on a large scale, in pure form. For e.g.,
and non-metals, are called metalloids. the ore of Fe is haemetite, while the minerals having Fe
24. 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) ¾¾ ® Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g). may be magnetite, iron pyrites, spathic iron etc.
25. (a) The above reaction is known as a thermite reaction as 32. The metal ‘M’ is Zinc. Ore of zinc is zinc blend (ZnS). Zn is
the reaction is highly exothermic reaction and the metal found as ZnCO3 in nature. Zn is obtained from zinc blend
(Mn/Fe) obtained will be in molten/liquid state. from the following steps.
(b) Substance oxidised – Al(s) D
(i) Roasting: 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(s) ¾¾ ®
Substance reduced – MnO2 (s) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
(c) Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions as D
it is placed above Fe and Mn in reactivity series of (ii) Reduction: ZnO(s) + C(s) ¾¾® Zn(s) + CO(g)
metals and Al is more reactive than Fe/Mn 33. (i) ZnCO3 ¾¾¾
heat
® ZnO + CO2
26. MCl3; M2(SO4)3 (ii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ¾® CaCO3 + H2O
M in general forms Ionic bond. It can acquire a stable Milkiness will disappear if CO2(g) is passed through
electronic configuration of neon (2, 8) by losing its three lime water for long time due to formation of Ca(HCO3)2.
valence electrons to form M3+ cation. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ¾® Ca(HCO3)2
Compounds formed will conduct electricity in liquid/ 34. (i) X – Carbon, Y – Diamond, Z – Graphite
molten state but not in solid state in contrast to ‘M’ (ii) Acids turn blue litmus into red. Non-metals from
27. (a) ‘X’ – Copper/Cu and ‘Y’ – CuO acidic oxides and form acid when dissolved in water
(b) Diagram to represent the process of refining of ‘X hence X is a non-metal.
(iii) Tin is mixed with copper to make bronze.
35. (i) Extraction of Zn
D
ZnCO3 (s) ¾¾® ZnO(s) + CO 2 (g)

ZnO(s) + C(s) ¾¾
® Zn(s) + CO(g)
(ii) Copper is found as Cu2S in nature and can be obtained
from its ore just by heating in air.
D
(1) 2Cu 2S + 3O2 (g) ¾¾ ®
2Cu 2 O(s) + 2SO2 (g)
28. (a) Aluminium
(b) Al2 O3 + 2NaOH ® 2NaAlO2 + H2O (2)
D
2Cu 2 O + Cu 2S ¾¾® 6Cu(s) + SO 2 (g)
Al2 O3 + 6HCl ® 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
(c) It would displace iron to form aluminium oxide. Step - 1 is the heating of sulphide ore of copper in the
29. (a) (i) Rust will be seen on the plastic coated iron piece. presence of excess of air. This process is known as roasting.
(ii) Rust will be seen on the painted iron piece. Step - 2 is the self reduction of copper.
(iii) No rust will be seen on the zinc coated iron piece.
(b) (i) The iron rod is in contact with air and moisture
(ii) The iron rod is in contact with air and moisture.
(iii) Zinc is more reactive than iron and gets oxidised
in preference to the iron object.
(c) galvanisation
30. · The exposed part of piece P is rusted.
· The exposed part of piece Q not rusted.
· Oil painting prevents rusting only by preventing
contact of iron with moist air.