Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
Excel Functions
Math • Text • Logical
A complete, beginner-friendly reference guide with syntax, examples, and results
Section Topics Covered
01 Math Functions SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, ROUND, INT, MOD, POWER
02 Text Functions LEFT, RIGHT, MID, LEN, UPPER, LOWER, PROPER, CONCATENATE, TRIM, TEXT
03 Logical Functions IF, AND, OR, NOT, Nested IF, IFS
04 Quick Reference All functions at a glance — syntax & purpose
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 1
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
SECTION 01 — MATH FUNCTIONS
Perform calculations on numeric data
Math functions in Excel allow you to perform arithmetic operations on numbers, ranges, and cells. Below
are the most commonly used math functions with syntax and examples.
1.1 Function Overview
Function Syntax Description
SUM =SUM(number1, [number2], ...) Adds all numbers in a range
AVERAGE =AVERAGE(number1, [number2], ...) Returns the arithmetic mean
MIN =MIN(number1, [number2], ...) Returns the smallest value in range
MAX =MAX(number1, [number2], ...) Returns the largest value in range
ROUND =ROUND(number, num_digits) Rounds number to N decimal places
INT =INT(number) Rounds down to nearest integer
MOD =MOD(number, divisor) Returns remainder after division
POWER =POWER(number, power) Raises number to a specified power
1.2 SUM — Add Numbers
SUM adds all values in a selected range of cells. It is the most frequently used Excel function.
Formula Description Result
=SUM(B2:B6) Sum of cells B2 to B6 1,06,700
=SUM(10, 20, 30) Direct numbers added 60
=SUM(A1:A5, C1:C5) Sum of two separate ranges Combined total
Tip: Use SUM(B2:B100) to add an entire column range quickly.
1.3 AVERAGE — Mean of Values
AVERAGE calculates the arithmetic mean (sum divided by count) of a given range.
Formula Description Result
=AVERAGE(B2:B6) Average of sales data 21,340
=AVERAGE(10,20,30,40) Average of direct numbers 25
=AVERAGE(A1:A10) Average of 10 values Depends on data
1.4 MIN & MAX — Extremes
MIN returns the smallest number; MAX returns the largest. Both ignore text and blank cells.
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 2
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
Formula What It Does Example Result
=MIN(B2:B6) Smallest sales value 3,200
=MAX(B2:B6) Largest sales value 45,000
=MIN(A1:A10, 5) Smallest including 5 Depends on data
=MAX(A1:A10) Largest in 10 cells Highest value
1.5 ROUND, INT, MOD & POWER
Function Example Formula Result Explanation
ROUND =ROUND(21340.75, 0) 21341 Rounds to 0 decimal places
ROUND =ROUND(3.14159, 2) 3.14 Rounds to 2 decimal places
INT =INT(9.75) 9 Removes decimal, keeps integer
INT =INT(-2.7) -3 Rounds DOWN for negatives
MOD =MOD(10, 3) 1 10 / 3 = 3 remainder 1
MOD =MOD(15, 5) 0 15 / 5 = 3 exactly, no remainder
POWER =POWER(2, 10) 1024 2 raised to the power 10
POWER =POWER(9, 0.5) 3 Square root of 9
Note: MOD is great for checking odd/even numbers — =MOD(A1,2)=0 means the number is even.
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 3
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
SECTION 02 — TEXT FUNCTIONS
Manipulate, format and extract text strings
Text functions allow you to extract, clean, combine, and reformat text data in cells. These are essential for
working with names, codes, addresses, and imported data.
2.1 Function Overview
Function Syntax Description
LEFT =LEFT(text, [num_chars]) Extracts characters from the left
RIGHT =RIGHT(text, [num_chars]) Extracts characters from the right
MID =MID(text, start_num, num_chars) Extracts characters from the middle
LEN =LEN(text) Counts total characters in a string
UPPER =UPPER(text) Converts text to UPPERCASE
LOWER =LOWER(text) Converts text to lowercase
PROPER =PROPER(text) Capitalizes First Letter Of Each Word
CONCATENATE =CONCATENATE(text1, text2, ...) Joins two or more text strings
TRIM =TRIM(text) Removes extra spaces from text
TEXT =TEXT(value, format_text) Formats a number as a text string
2.2 LEFT, RIGHT & MID — Extract Parts of Text
Working with the text string: "INDIA2024EXCEL" (14 characters total)
Function Formula Result Explanation
LEFT =LEFT("INDIA2024EXCEL", 5) "INDIA" First 5 characters from left
RIGHT =RIGHT("INDIA2024EXCEL", 5) "EXCEL" Last 5 characters from right
MID =MID("INDIA2024EXCEL", 6, 4) "2024" 4 chars starting at position 6
LEFT =LEFT(A1, 3) First 3 Works on any cell reference
MID =MID("DLMH-2024-IN", 6, 4) "2024" Extract year from a code
2.3 LEN, UPPER, LOWER & PROPER
Function Formula Result Use Case
LEN =LEN("Digital India") 13 Count chars incl. space
LEN =LEN(A1) Varies Length of any cell text
UPPER =UPPER("digital india") "DIGITAL INDIA" All CAPS formatting
LOWER =LOWER("DIGITAL INDIA") "digital india" All lowercase
PROPER =PROPER("digital india") "Digital India" Title Case for names
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 4
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
Function Formula Result Use Case
PROPER =PROPER("rAhUl sHaRmA") "Rahul Sharma" Fix mixed-case data
2.4 CONCATENATE, TRIM & TEXT
Function Formula Result Purpose
=CONCATENATE("First","
CONCATENATE "First Last" Join two text values
","Last")
& (operator) ="Hello" & " " & "World" "Hello World" Shortcut for CONCATENATE
TRIM =TRIM(" Hello World ") "Hello World" Remove extra spaces
TRIM =TRIM(A1) Cleaned text Clean imported data
TEXT =TEXT(45000, "Rs #,##0") "Rs 45,000" Format as currency
TEXT =TEXT(TODAY(),"DD-MMM-YYYY") "24-Mar-2026" Format date as text
Tip: In Excel 2019/365, use TEXTJOIN() as a modern alternative to CONCATENATE — e.g., =TEXTJOIN(", ",
TRUE, A1:A5) joins all values with a comma.
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 5
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
SECTION 03 — LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Make decisions and evaluate conditions
Logical functions return TRUE or FALSE based on a test condition, and allow Excel to make decisions
automatically based on your data.
3.1 Function Overview
Function Syntax Description
IF =IF(logical_test, val_if_true, val_if_false) Returns different values based on condition
AND =AND(logical1, logical2, ...) TRUE only if ALL conditions are TRUE
OR =OR(logical1, logical2, ...) TRUE if ANY one condition is TRUE
NOT =NOT(logical) Reverses TRUE to FALSE and vice versa
IFS =IFS(cond1, val1, cond2, val2, ...) Tests multiple conditions (Excel 2019+)
3.2 IF Function — The Core Decision Maker
The IF function checks a condition. If the condition is TRUE, it returns one value; if FALSE, it returns
another. Syntax:
=IF( logical_test , value_if_true , value_if_false )
Student Marks Formula Result
Priya 85 =IF(B2>=50,"Pass","Fail") Pass
Rahul 42 =IF(B3>=50,"Pass","Fail") Fail
Anjali 76 =IF(B4>=50,"Pass","Fail") Pass
Vikram 55 =IF(B5>=50,"Pass","Fail") Pass
Meena 38 =IF(B6>=50,"Pass","Fail") Fail
Important: Wrap text values in double quotes — "Pass", "Fail". Numbers and cell references do not need quotes.
3.3 AND, OR & NOT Functions
These functions are often combined with IF to test multiple conditions at once.
Function Example Formula Result Explanation
AND =AND(5>3, 10>6) TRUE Both conditions are TRUE
AND =AND(5>3, 10>15) FALSE Second condition is FALSE
AND =IF(AND(A1>50,B1>50),"Pass","Fail") Varies IF combined with AND
OR =OR(5>10, 3>2) TRUE Second condition is TRUE
OR =OR(5>10, 3>8) FALSE Both conditions FALSE
OR =IF(OR(A1="A",A1="B"),"OK","No") Varies Role-based access check
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 6
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
Function Example Formula Result Explanation
NOT =NOT(5>3) FALSE 5>3 is TRUE, NOT reverses it
NOT =NOT(5>10) TRUE 5>10 is FALSE, NOT reverses it
NOT =IF(NOT(A1=""),"Has Value","Empty") Varies Check if cell is not empty
3.4 Nested IF — Multiple Conditions
A Nested IF places one IF inside another to handle more than two outcomes. Example: Grading system
with A, B, C, F grades.
Score Range Grade Nested IF Logic
90 and above A =IF(A2>=90,"A", IF(A2>=75,"B", IF(A2>=50,"C","F")))
75 – 89 B Second IF checks >=75
50 – 74 C Third IF checks >=50
Below 50 F All conditions FALSE — returns F
3.5 IFS Function — Cleaner Alternative (Excel 2019+)
IFS evaluates multiple conditions in order and returns the value for the first TRUE condition. No nested
brackets — much easier to read and maintain.
IFS Formula Equivalent to
=IFS(A2>=90,"A", A2>=75,"B", A2>=50,"C", =IF(A2>=90,"A", IF(A2>=75,"B",
TRUE,"F") IF(A2>=50,"C","F")))
The TRUE at the end of IFS acts as the final 'else' — it catches everything that doesn't match previous conditions.
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 7
Excel Functions: Math | Text | Logical Complete Reference Guide
SECTION 04 — QUICK REFERENCE
All functions at a glance
Use this table as a handy cheat sheet. Bookmark or print this page for quick reference while working in
Excel.
Category Function Syntax Purpose
Math SUM =SUM(B1:B10) Add all numbers in a range
AVERAGE =AVERAGE(B1:B10) Calculate the mean
MIN =MIN(B1:B10) Find the smallest value
MAX =MAX(B1:B10) Find the largest value
ROUND =ROUND(3.14159, 2) Round to N decimal places
INT =INT(9.75) Remove decimal part
MOD =MOD(10, 3) Remainder after division
POWER =POWER(2, 8) Raise to a power
Text LEFT =LEFT(A1, 5) First 5 characters
RIGHT =RIGHT(A1, 5) Last 5 characters
MID =MID(A1, 3, 4) 4 chars from position 3
LEN =LEN(A1) Count characters
UPPER =UPPER(A1) Convert to uppercase
LOWER =LOWER(A1) Convert to lowercase
PROPER =PROPER(A1) Title Case
CONCATENATE =CONCATENATE(A1," ",B1) Join text strings
TRIM =TRIM(A1) Remove extra spaces
TEXT =TEXT(A1,"DD-MMM-YYYY") Format as text
Logical IF =IF(A1>50,"Pass","Fail") If-then-else logic
AND =AND(A1>5, B1>5) TRUE if ALL are true
OR =OR(A1>5, B1>5) TRUE if ANY is true
NOT =NOT(A1=0) Reverse TRUE/FALSE
IFS =IFS(A1>=90,"A", TRUE,"F") Multiple conditions
Practice Tips
1. Open Excel and type any formula starting with = in a blank cell.
2. Use F1 to open Excel's built-in Help for any function.
3. Try combining functions: =PROPER(TRIM(A1)) cleans and formats text in one step.
4. Practice with real data — salary sheets, student marks, product lists.
For educational use | Excel 2016/2019/365 Page 8