SCIENCE notes

Hydroponic summary

Hydroponic system is a low maintenance method where a plants roots are submerged in a
solution. These plants are grown in white plastic structures snd is replenished daily by a solution
containing mineral salts.

1. Osmosis in plants and animals

- Plants = In plants, the concentration of water outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. The
movement of water from outside the cell will move to the lower concentration which is inside
the cell. However, the cell wall of a plants cell is very hard so when water comes in, the cell wall
will only expand a little.

- Animals = In animals, the concentration of water outside the cell is higher, so the water will go
inside the cell membrane and eventually burst.

2. Di usion in plants and animals

- Di usion is very important for the plants photosynthesis. It is where carbon dioxide from the
stomata di uses into the leaves and di uses out oxygen.

- Di usion in animal means that the animal cell will di use in oxygen and di use out the carbon
dioxide.

Circulatory System summary

Heart = The organ that pumps blood for our body, it has 4 chambers.
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Blood vessels = consist of artery, vein and capillaries
- artery carry blood away from the heart to all parts of body
- veins carry blood and carbon dioxide towards the heart
- capillaries connects artery and veins and it is where the substance exchange

Blood = consist of red blood cell, white blood cell, plasma and platelets
- Red blood cell transport blood to all parts of body has a red pigment that is called hemoglobin.
It is biconcave in shape that allows the cell to have a large surface area.
- Plasma transport foods to all parts of body and it carries hormones.
- White blood cell ghts infection in our body and does not transport anything.
- Platelets helps clot wounds and does not transport anything.
Digestion

Digestion is the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the
alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.

It’s important because it breaks down food into nutrients that the body uses for energy, growth,
and cell repair. Without proper digestion, the body cannot absorb these nutrients, leading to
various health problems.

Enzymes are complex proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our
body. It also helps muscle contraction and DNA repair.

Digestion summary

A force may be described as a push or a pull.

The types of forces are contact forces and non-contact forces.
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Contact forces = whenever an object is touched, contact forces act on it. The contact force is
called friction. Friction is when two materials rub against each other. Example : walking, writing

Non-contact forces is when we don’t touch an object yet a force occurs. There are gravitational
force, electrostatic force and magnetic force in non-contact forces.
Example: ocean tides,

Speed calculations

-Maria walked 2 km in half an hour. What was her speed during her walk?
2 divided by 0.5 = 4km/h
2000 divided by 1800 = 1,11 m/s

Tb page 99 (test yourself)

1a) friction, yes b) yes, turning e ect(moment)
2)200 m

1. Sound is a form of energy produced by vibrations.

2. Sound is caused by vibrations which disturb surrounding particles to create sound waves.
3. Sound cannot travel without a medium because sound is a mechanical wave that requires
physical matter to transport energy through molecular vibrations.
4. Sound is a mechanical wave produced by vibrations that requires a medium to travel.
5. Through sound waves carrying frequencies.

Heat and Its E ects

1. Expansion in Solids
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 When a solid is heated, its particles vibrate faster and move slightly further apart. This causes the
solid to expand.
Advantages:
• Used in bridges and railway tracks (gaps are left to prevent cracking).
• Used in thermometers (metal expansion can measure temperature).
Disadvantages:
• Roads and bridges can crack in very hot weather.
• Railway tracks can bend if there is no expansion gap.
• Metal lids can become tight or loose due to temperature changes.

2. Expansion in Liquids
When liquids are heated, they expand more than solids because their particles move more freely.
Example:
• Mercury or alcohol in a thermometer rises when heated.
• Water expands when heated, which is why hot water systems need space for expansion.

3. Expansion in Gases
Gases expand the most when heated because their particles are far apart and move freely.
Example:
• A balloon expands when placed in a warm area.
• Hot air rises (used in hot air balloons).
• Tyres can burst if overheated due to gas expansion inside.

4. Bimetallic Strip (Example & Explanation)

A bimetallic strip is made of two di erent metals joined together. Each metal expands at a
di erent rate when heated.
When heated:
• One metal expands more than the other.
• The strip bends.
Example:
• Used in thermostats (like in air conditioners or electric irons).
• When it bends, it can turn a device on or o automatically.
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Physical and Chemical change
Combination & Combustion
- Combination = a process in which 2 or more substances form a new substance.
Petrol + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
(Heat)
Example = iron + sulphur -> iron sulphide

- combustion / oxidation = combination reaction of a substance with oxygen in the presence of

heat. One or more new substances maybe be produced.

Example of combustion = burning wood, operating car engines (gasoline/diesel), using natural
gas
- Carbon + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide
Heat
Example =
- petrol + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
- Carbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide
- Magnesium + oxygen -> magnesium oxide
- Iron + oxygen -> iron oxide (rusting of iron)
- Sulphur + oxygen -> sulphur dioxide
(sulphur mixed with oxygen makes acid rain)

Oxidation
- Burning of magnesium in oxygen
Metal + Oxygen = (metal)oxide

Magnesium + oxygen —-> Magnesium oxide

(heat)
- rusting of iron
Iron + Oxygen —-> Homixide
- (Respiration) and combustion

⭐ Glucose + Oxygen —->. carbon dioxide + Water

(energy)
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sulphur + oxygen —-> sulphur dioxide

Thermal Decomposition
when 2 or more substances is break down by e ect or heat

sugar ——> carbon +water vapor

(heat)
calcium carbonate —-> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(heat)
Chem Change Caused by Light
Photosynthesis = Process in which green plants make food in the presence of light

Sunlight
carbon dioxide + water ——————> glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll
Example :
Photographic lm : coating of silver bromine
light
silver bromide —-> silver + bromine

Electrolysis
when water is broken down — > hydrogen + oxygen (application is electroplating)

Acids n Alkalis
acid:
• sour taste
• turns blue in red litmus paper
• react w some metals to give :
hydrogen gas
- Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen and
carbon dioxide gas
- Acid + metal carbonate = salt + carbon dioxide)
alkalis :
• Bitter
• Soapy
• turns red in blue litmus paper
• not react with metals and carbanates

when Alkaline and Acid is mixed together = neutralisation

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

PH Level 7 = neutral (water) - green colot

PH Level 0 to 6 = Acid (lemon) - red color
PH Level 8 to 14 = Alkaline (soap) - purple color

Formulas :
1 Carbon + 2 Oxygen —> 1 molecule of carbon dioxide

H2SO4 + Mg —-> MgSO4 + H2

=
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 stu we have to memorize :
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