1.

DEVELOPMENT
1. Why do different people have different
Developmental goals?
Ans. Different people have diferent developmental goals because people have
diverse wishes, likes and dislikes and aspirations.
2 . Differentiate between material and non material goals.
Ans: Material goals:
(a) Material goals refer to those goals which can be identified in terms of
money.
Eg: Buying a car ,building a house, etc.
Non material goals:
(a) Non material goals includes your emotional ,social and psychological
contentment ,which allows an individual to lead a dignified life.
(b) Eg: Friendship ,respect,etc.
3. What does national development refer to?
Ans. National development refers to the ability of a county to improve the
social welfare of the people. For example, by providing social amenities such
as quality education, potable water, transportation, infrastructure and
medical care.
[Link] any two goals of development other than income.
Ans: The development goals other than income are:
(a) Good standard of living
(b) Security
(c)Satisfaction
5. Besides income, what are other six things people may look for growth and
development?
Ans:Apart from income, the six things people look for growth and development
are:
(a) реасе
(b) good health
(c) regular and sufficient income
(d) good working conditions
(e) desirable living standard
(f ) equal and humane treatment
6. Development for one may be the destruction for other.’ Do you agree with
the statement? Justify your answer.
Ans. I certainly agree with the statement that development for one may be the
destruction for other. People have different developmental goals. They seek
what is most important for them and fulfill their aspirations and desires. For
example, the establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development,
generation of electricity, etc., but at the same time, it may lead to the large-
scale displacement of people, loss of livelihood, shelter, etc. of the people living
near the proposed dam site. Hence, construction of dam may be development
for some, but may be destruction for others.
7.“Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or
state boundaries.’ Justify the given statement.
Or
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state
boundaries. Explain the meaning of this statement.
Ans. Environment is degraded through the depletion of resources like air,
water and soil. It leads to the destruction of the ecosystem and extinction of
wildlife It is now a global issue and has been debated over decades.
Environmental degradation is not restricted to the nation or state boundaries.
Its consequences have beer felt in the surrounding states and the neighbouring
countries and sometimes globally.
(a) Pollution in one country may affect the other in the form of acid rains,
climate change, etc.
(b) Deforestation in some countries may disturb the rainfall pattern in the
surrounding countries.
(c) Land degradation and dam burst can bring massive siltation and flood
like situation in the surrounding reasons also.
8. Mention any three characteristics of development .
Ans: The following are the three major characteristics of development.
(a) people can have different developmental goals.
(b)What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
It may be destructive for the other.
(c) People tend to look at a mix of goals for their development.
9. Distinguish between a developing country and a developed country.
Ans: Developing country:
(a ) In a developing country, per capita income is low and there is widespread
poverty.
(b) The standard of living is low.
(c) The level of efficiency and productivity is low.
d) The rate of capital formation is low.
Developed Country:
(a) In a developed country, per capita income is high.
(b) The standard of living is high.
(c) The level of efficiency and productivity is high.
(d) The rate of capital formation is high.
10. Differentiate between human development report and World development
report.
Ans: Human Development:
(a) This notion of development implies good and quality life.
(b) parameters are good education, health
facilities, etc.
(c)It includes literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate etc. to
determine the status of development of a particular area, region or country.
World Development Report:
(a)It stresses on rise in per capita income and growth in the economy.
(b) It takes into account quantitative aspect of development.
(c) It includes GDP, national income and per capita income.
11. What is sustainable development ? Suggest any four ways in which
resources can be used judiciously.
Ans: Sustainable development refers to the development without hamperig
the needs of the future generations. It is a concept of durable development
carried out by limiting the needs of the present so that the future generations
may enjoy the benefits of nature to the fullest.
The four ways in which the resources can be used judjudiciously are as follows:
(a) Stress on developing techniques for the economical extraction of resources.
(b) Use of alternative sources of resources.
(c) Effective steps to recycle used resources.
(d ) Using the least amount of non-renewable resources.
(e)Limiting waste material and energy at production level .
12. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
[Link] criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different
from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways.
(a) The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of
literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the
other hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the
basis of per capita income or average income.
(b) On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked
as first, second, third and so on, whereas on the basis of the comparison done
by the World Bank the countries are divided into three categories
(i) Rich or developed or high-income countries.
(ii) Middle-income or developing countries.
(iii) Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries.
(c) The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has
a narrow concept of development
13. Why is Sustainable development essential for economic growth?
Ans: Sustainable development is essential for economic growth to because:
(a) Natural resources are not unlimited. They should be used carefully.
(b) Overuse of natural resources may exhaust. For e.g. water is an example of
renewable resources but overuse/misuse of this resource may create problem
in the near future.
(c) Non-renewable resources are limited and warn us to use very carefully so
they may be available for future generations.
14. Explain with the help of five examples, how development could mean
different things to different people.
Ans: The following examples show that development could mean different
things to different people.
(a) Construction of dam may be development for some. It may be beneficial for
the generation of [Link] areas may benefit from it but the rural
areas may be submerged under water. Example: Narmada Valley Project.
(b) Multinational Companies may be seen as a symbol of development. But
these companies may hamper the small producers and retailers as they may
not be able to compete with the huge foreign exchange and modern
technology.
(c) A girl may try to seek freedom and opportunity as her brother for
development, but this notion may not be liked by the parents.
(d)Women may seek desirable reservation in election to local bodies for their
development. male dominated society may not approve it fearing their share
being divided.
(e)The school may seek increase in tuition fee for the advancement of
education facilities, but the parents may find it difficult to bear.
15. Describe any five conditions or aspects that you would consider before
accepting a job.
Ans: Before accepting a job offer, I would look into the following conditions or
aspects.
(a) Working conditions: Safe and comfortable working conditions are
desirable.
(b) Work environment: Co-workers should be friendly and cooperative.
(c) Future growth: A job should offer future growth and promotions.
(d) Location: Too far a working place is not a good [Link] can eat up
most of the productive time and energy.
(e) Benefits: Salary is just one part of a job. We must also consider health
benefits, paid time off, medical leaves and insurance, funds, bonus, etc.
16. What is Human Development Index? Which organisation measures HDI?
Explain the three major indicators of HDI.
Ans. Human Development Index is a tool to measure and rank countries based
on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to
track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare
development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond
income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving
the conditions of people from all angles
The organisation that measures the HDI is the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows:
(a ) Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country
earns, it will not be able to Provide basic facilities to its people.
(b)Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important
factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the
literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.
(c)Percapita income: when the total national income of the country is divided
by its population we get the per capita income. It is calculated in dollars for all
the countries so that it can be compared.