Unit 1: Fundamentals of the English sentence

1. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The better we

understand how to form and use sentences, therefore, the more effectively we can express
our thoughts to others.
2. Constituent elements of a sentence
a. Every sentence contains two main parts:
- Subject: is a part of a sentence about which a statement is made. It is a noun or pronoun,
with any of its modifiers.
- Predicate: is the statement made about the subject. It is a verb or verb phrase, with any
modifiers or words used to complete its meaning.
b. Simple subject and simple predicate
- The sentence usually has a subject and a predicate  For example: He cried.
c. Complete subject and complete predicate
- Complete subject: when a simple subject is expanded by the addition of modifying
words, the subject thus expanded is called a complete subject. For instance, “The flowers
in my garden are blooming” – Flowers, the simple subject, has been expanded by the
modifiers.  it is a complete subject.
- Complete predicate: when a simple predicate is expanded by the addition of other words,
then the simple predicate plus its modifiers, plus any other words that completes its
meaning, are called complete predicate. For instance, “Solomon is walking slowly
towards home.”
d. Compound subject and predicate
- Compound subject: when a subject of a sentence is composed of two or more simple
subjects, it is called a compound subject.
+ Aster and her mother went to market.
- Compound predicate: when the predicate of a sentence is composed of two or more
simple predicates, it called a compound predicate.
+ Martha went market and bought TV.
3. Types of sentences
a. Functional classification of sentences: we have four types of sentences, based on the
function the sentences perform.
- A declarative sentence: A sentence that makes a statement or states a fact, wish, intent
and feeling.
+ As the train pulled away, Azeb knew she wouldn’t see him again.
- An interrogative sentence: asks a question. Such sentences always end with a question
mark.
+ Did you finish your math assignment?
- An imperative sentence: is used to give an order or a command. A period usually ends an
imperative sentence. It begins with the base form a verb.
+ Leave me alone
- An exclamatory sentence: is used to express strong emotion, ends with an exclamation
mark (!)
+ What a wonderful goal that was!
 Activity 1:
1. Exclamatory
2. Imperative
3. Imperative
4. Imperative
5. Interrogative
6. Declarative
7. Exclamatory
8. Exclamatory
9. Declarative
10. Interrogative
b. Structural classification of sentences
- This classification of sentences is based on the number and types of clauses that form a
sentence.
- The order in which the clauses appear has no effect on type of sentence.
- There are three basic forms of sentences: the simple sentence, the compound sentence
and the complex sentence. A fourth kind, the compound-complex is a combination of
basic forms.
b.1. A simple sentence: contain one independent clause, that is, a group of words with
one subject and predicate combination that can stand alone, but both the subject and
the predicate can be simple, compound or complete.
- Simple sentences with simple subject and simple predicate
+ the simple subject is the key noun or pronoun ( word or group of words acting as a
noun) that tells what a sentence is about.
+ the simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that express the essential thought
about the subject of the sentence.
- Simple sentences with complete subjects and complete predicates: is expanded or
modified by the addition of other words and phrases.
+ the complete subject consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify
it.
+ The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate or verb and all the
words that modify it or complete its meaning
+ For example, the black dog barked at the guests.
- Simple sentences with compound subjects and compound predicates: made up of two or
more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.
+ A compound predicate has two or more verbs, and both verbs have the same
subject
+ Example: Haile and Kenenisa ran and won.
b.2. A compound sentence:
- The two original simple sentences are now joined by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) and have become a compound sentence.
 a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and no any
dependent clause is called a compound sentence.
 Watch out: when a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses, the
conjunction is always preceded by a comma.
- Correlative conjunctions, such as not only/but also, neither ( not)/ nor, and either/or
which are used in pairs to connect parts of compound subject and compound predicate,
cab be used to connect two independent clauses and create a compound sentence.
+ Not only have I lost my wallet, but also I can not find my car keys
 + Either Lisa will get a job, or she will move to Fredericton,
+ Not many people liked the plan, nor did they remain silent about it.
- Conjunctive adverb: also, still, consequently, however, indeed, meanwhile, hence, then,
furthermore, moreover, likewise, thus, instead, nevertheless, therefore, otherwise, in
addition, as a result, nonetheless.

- Whenever a conjunctive adverb is used to join two independent clauses, it is always

preceded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma, However, some other adverb
conjunctions like otherwise and then are preceded by a semi-colon but not followed by a
comma.

 Activity 2:
- Write 10 pairs of simple sentences that are closely related in meaning.
+ I am studying the principles of marketing at [Link]
+ I have to meet deadlines on Fridays.
+ I have a lot of tasks this week.
+ I will spend more time finishing my tasks.
+ We are discussing the marketing campaign of Dutch Lady
+ I and my boyfriend have dinner together on the weekend.
+ I do the laundry, wash the dishes, and clean my room
+ I wake up early and review the previous lesson
+ I have breakfast with eggs and vegetables
+ I drink a cup of coffee.
- Now combine the pairs to make 4 compound sentences. Use a variety of conjunctions.
Also be sure to use the correct punctuation.
+ Every morning, I wake up early and review the previous lesson, and then I have
breakfast with eggs and vegetables.
+ This week, I have a lot of tasks; therefore, I will spend more time finishing
them.
+ I have a lot of tasks this week; so I and my boyfriend do not have dinner
together on the weekend.
+ I do the laundry and clean my room, while I am studying online the principles
of marketing.
- Write more compound sentences. Use a variety of conjunctions.
+ I want to master graphic design; however, it is difficult to develop creativity.
+ I am reading an English book, while Lynn is reading a Chinese book.
+ She consumed too many sweets, as a result, she is fatter than before.
+ Mastering foreign languages can open more job opportunities, and it can also
provide well-paid jobs for candidates.
c.3. Complex sentences: a sentence that contains one independent clause and one,
or more, dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.
- Dependent clauses have subject and predicate, but they can’t stand alone and
make a complete sense that is why you need to combine them with independent
clauses.
- The most common dependent clauses are listed below:
 Meaning Subordinating Conjunction
Cause Because, since, as
Time Since, as, until, as soon as, before,
when, while, once, after, whenever, as
long as, till
Condition If, as long as, unless, provided, as
though, as if
Contrast/Concession Although, even though, though, even
if, whereas, while
Result That, so that, in order that
Place Where, wherever
Comparison As, than, as..as

+ Relative pronouns are also dependent words: who, whom, which, that, whose.
 Notice that when a dependent clause starts a sentence, a comma follows it.
- Coordination and subordination: is a method of joining two independent sentences by
using coordinators. The link devices ( coordinators) we use in coordination:
+ the most commonly used coordinating conjunctions:
 For : a more formal word for “ because”, this shows a result-cause
relationship between two independent clauses. It shows logical
consequence, it has the same meaning as “because, the reason why”
 And: shows the addition of two positive ideas. It has the same meaning as
“in addition, along with, moreover and furthermore”
 Nor: shows equality of two negative ideas. It shows an addition of a
negative point. ( Note: you must reverse the normal subject-verb positions
in the second clause when using nor).
 But: shows opposition or contrast between two ideas. It has the same
meaning as however, except, on the other hand.
 Or: shows alternatives or choices
 Yet: shows opposition, also shows emphasis ( a stronger but)
 So: shows cause and effect relationship. It has the same meaning as
therefore, as a result. X happened, so Y happened.
 Activity 3: Combine the sentences by using coordinating conjunctions.
1. The dog ate the food very fast, for the dog was very hungry.
2. The boy sang very well at the Ethiopian Idol, yet the judges didn’t allow him to pass to
the next stage.
3. Aster didn’t bring her exercise book, nor did she bring her pen.
4. The farmer worked all day and night, so the farmer harvested a lot of crops.
5. Hanna ran after the bus, but she could not catch it
6. You can walk from Mexico to Genet hotel, or you can take a taxi.

+ Subordination: is the joining of an independent clause and a dependent clause in the same
sentence by using subordination. The subordinate clauses cannot stand alone, they must be
joined to an independent clause to convey a complete thought. They tell when, where, why,
how, and to what extent an action takes place.
 Activity 4:
 1. Many people have a fear of heights, but some can overcome their through therapy or
hypnosis. ( Compound sentence )
2. It is almost noon, so I would like to have lunch right now. ( Compound sentence )
3. He added the figures, wrote the total, and then passed it over to me. (Simple sentence )
4. After she completed her adult high school diploma, Samron applied to the paramedic
program. ( Complex sentence)
5. Every Saturday Markos shops for groceries, he cooks a gourment meal. (compound
sentences )
6. If you place a piece of the ivy in a pot of water, it will soon sprout. ( complex sentence )
7. Did they mail the invitations before the post office went on strike. ( complex sentence )
8. Kidist, Rahel and Derartu have been friends for many years. ( Simple sentence )
9. Although Worku was born in Gambela, she grew up in Arsi ( complex sentence )
10. Bekelech entered a baking contest, and his cheesecake won first place. ( Compound
sentence).
c.4. Compound-complex sentences
- A compound-complex sentence has two or more main clauses and one or more dependent
clauses. It requires a minimum of three clauses: two independent and one dependent.
- For example: The black cat stared at me, and the dog barked at me because they didn’t like
me.

Part B: Writing better sentences

1. Forming longer simple sentences
2. Forming compound sentences
- For example:
+ David went fishing. He caught four fish.
+ David went fishing, and he caught four fish.
Activity 7
A. Rewrite each of these sentences as two simple sentences. You will have to omit the
subordinate conjunction or the relative pronoun.
B. Then combine the simple sentences you wrote into compound sentences.
1. When the lion roared, everyone ran for cover.
 The lion roared. Everyone ran for cover.
 The lion roared, so everyone ran for cover.
2. The road is closed because the bridge was washed away.
 The road is closed. The bridge was washed away
 The bridge was washed away, so the road is closed.
2. If you can answer this question, you are smart.
 You can answer this question. You are smart.
 You can answer this question, so you are smart
3. Two tourists discovered the body of an ancient man which had been frozen in a glacier for 5,
000 years.
 Two tourists discovered the body of an ancient man. It had been frozen in a glacier for 5,000
years.
 The body of an ancient man had been frozen in a glacier for 5,000 years, and two tourists
discovered it.
4. Members of our association raised a lot of money when they held a great Run.
 Members of our association raised a lot of money. They held a great Run.
 Members of our association held a great Run; as a result, they raised a lot of money.
5. After the Liberals won the election, the Premier appointed his cabinet.
 The Liberals won the election. The Premier appointed his cabinet.
 The Liberals won the election; consequently, the premier appointed his cabinet.
6. I was nervous even though I knew I could pass the test.
 I was nervous. I knew I could pass the test.
 I knew I could pass the test; however, I was nervous.
7. Since Markos has a job, he can pay for his new bike.
 Markos has a job. He can pay for his new bike.
 Markos has a job; hence, he can pay for his new bike.
8. While the meat was grilling, the guests played tennis.
 The meat was grilling. The guests played tennis.
 The meat was grilling; meanwhile, the guests played tennis.
9. After he installed the weather stripping, the electric bill did not decrease.
 He installed the weather stripping. The electric bill didn’t decrease.
 He installed the weather stripping; however, the electric bill did not decrease.
3. Forming compound complex sentences
- It requires a minimum of three clauses: two independent and one dependent.
- The independent clauses are joined with co-ordinate conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions, or conjunctive adverbs. The dependent clauses are added with subordinate
conjunctions or relative pronouns.
- You can place the most important information in the independent clauses and arrange the
lesser details in the dependent clauses.
Activity 8: Combine the following simple sentences into longer, more interesting ones.
Indicate the type of sentences you created.
A. Hot dogs lay on the grill. The hot dogs were sizzling. The grill was hot. The grill was red. The
hot dogs had black stripes. The stripes were from the grill.
 The hot dogs, which had black stripes from the grill, were sizzling on the hot, red grill.
 The grill was hot and red, and the hot dogs, which had black stripes from it, were sizzling on
the grill.
B. Yabsira sat in the bathtub. The bathtub was huge. The bathtub was white. Yabsira was stiff.
Yabsira was sore. Yabsira had been working. Yabsira was
working in her garden. Yabsira was reading a book. Yabsira was enjoying the hot water.
 Yabsira, who was stiff and sore after working in her garden, sat in the huge white bathtub and
read a book while enjoying the hot water.
 Yabsira had been working in her garden, so she was stiff and sore, and she sat in the huge
white bathtub, where she read a book and enjoyed the hot water.

B. Common sentence faults

1. Sentence fragments: missing a subject or a verb.
a. Fragments resulting from incorrect punctuation.
- Phrases as fragments: A phrases is a part of a sentence; therefore, it can’t stand by itself.
- To fragments:
+ Example: I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished.
+ Revised: I plan on working overtime to get this job finished.
- Ing fragments: No word ending in the suffix – ing can be a complete verb. If an -ing
ending word is preceded by forms of be ( is am are, was were), the two words together
are a verb. People sometimes write -ing fragments because they think the subject in one
sentence will work for the next word group as well.
+ Example: I spent almost two hours on the phone yesterday, trying to find a garage to repair
my car.

Activity 9: Correct the following sentences with fragments

1. At the beginning of this century. Motoring was an adventure.
In the first place. He has had no experience.
 At the beginning of this century, motoring was an adventure. In the first place, he has
had no experience.
- Fragments that lack a subject / Missing subject fragment
Activity 10: Correct the following.
Fragment: The truck skidded on the rain- slick highway .But missed a telephone pole on the
side of the road.
Revised: The truck skidded on the rains-slick highway. But it missed a telephone pole on the
side of the road.
Fragment: Saba tried each of the appetizers on the table. And then found that, when dinner
arrived, her appetite was gone.
Revised: Saba tried each of the appetizers on the table. And then she found that, when dinner
arrived, her appetite was gone.
- Fragments that lack a complete verb.
+ the boss is appreciative of the employees’efforts. He is motivating them to work hard.
- Fragments that lack both a subject and a verb:
+ Paul finally finished his homework. He completed it at ten o’clock.
- Added detail fragments: Added detail fragments lack a subject and a verb. They often
begin with one of the following words: also, especially, except, for example, including,
such as.
2. Run-on sentences: four common methods to correct run-on sentences
- Use a period and a capital letter
- Use a comma and a joining word
- Use a semi colon alone
- Use subordination
Activity 11: Correct the following run-ons by using the aforementioned methods.
1. I was happy I scored a very good result.
 I scored a very good result, so I was happy.
2. My brother went to Bahirdar last year , and he is coming tomorrow.
3. She was extremely aggressive, so I didn’t want to live with her.
4. I studied hard I didn’t pass to grade
 Although I studied hard, I did not pass to grade.
3. Faulty parallelism
Activity 12: The following constructions are not parallel. Correct them.
1. I resolved to lose weight, to study more, and watching less Tv.
 Parallel: I resolved to lose weight, to study more and to watch less Tv.
2. Kiros enjoys reading and to go to the theatre.
 Parallel: Kiros enjoys reading and going the theatre.
3. No one told Abrham to bring a note and that he has to go to the office.
 No one told Abrham to bring a note and that he had to go to the office.
4. Subject – verb agreement
5. Misplaced and Dangling modifiers
- What is a modifier? A modifier is a word or a group of words that describes ( adds
meaning to ) another word or group of words in a sentence.
5.1. A modifier may
- Identify:
+ the woman in the green coat
+ The hat that you just bought
+ The boy with the black hat
- Locate: the book on the table
- Set in time: they arrived at 9 am.
- Tell how something happened: John played the piano like a drunken gorilla
5.2. As a general rule a modifier should come after the word it modifies:
5.3. Occasionally, a modifier is best located directly before the word it modifies.
6. Misplaced modifiers
Activity 14
The following modifiers give unintended meaning because they modify the wrong words.
Correct them by changing the place of the modifiers.
1. The torn student’s book lay on the desk.
 The student’s torn book lay on the desk.
2. I only contributed 100 Birr to the fund for orphaned children.
 I contributed only 100 birr to the fund for orphaned children.
3. The dealer sold the Cadillac to the buyer with leather seats.
 The dealer sold the Cadillac with leather seats to the buyer.
4. The three bankers talked quietly in the corner smoking pipes.
 The three bankers, smoking pipes, talked quietly in the corner.
5. The teacher said on Monday she would return our essays.
 The teacher said she would return our essays on Monday.
Activity 15: The following sentences have dangling modifiers. Correct them.
1. Walking to his room in the dorms, the floor was very slippery. (A floor can’t walk .The phrase
‘walking to his room in the dorms’ doesn’t modify the subject ‘floor’.)
Revised: When he walked to his room in the dorms, the floor was very slippery.
While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire.
(unintended meaning-The dog was smoking the pipe; intended meaning- The writer was smoking
the pipe.)
Revised: While I was smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire.
2. Swimming at the lake, a rock cut Sara’s foot.
Revised: While Sara was swimming at the lake, a rock cut sara’s foot.
4. While eating my sandwich, five mosquitoes bit me.
Revised: While I was eating my sandwich, five mosquitoes bit me.
[Link] reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.
Revised: After reading the original study, I find that the article is unconvincing.

GREAT WRITING 2 ( GREAT SENTENCES FOR GREAT PARAGRAPHS)

UNIT 1: What is a paragraph?
Activity 01:
1. Braille is a special system of wring and reading for blind people.
Activity 02:
1. I am interested in reading fantasy books.
2. My native language is Vietnamese.
3. My family has five people.
4. My major is a multimedia communication
5. I follow this major because it helps me raise creativity and consistency.
Activity 03:
1. The main purpose of this paragraph is to give directions for the recipes of an egg salad
sandwich.
2. Yes, I have. However, I use the simpler recipes including raw vegetables such as carrots,
cucumber and lettuce. First, chop these types of vegetables and put them in the bowl.
Next, add three tablespoons of mayonnaise. After that, mix these ingredients well.
3. A vegetable salad is one of the easiest and healthiest foods to make for lunch. First, rinse
lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers and others ingredients under clean water. Next, cut lettuce,
slice cucumbers, dice tomatoes and prepare other ingredients such as grilled chicken and
nuts. After that, put all ingredients in a large bowl. Pour the oil, salt, pepper and three
tablespoons of mayonnaise over the salad. Last, mix everything gently and enjoy your
fresh salad.

Activity 6: Write seven sentences that explain how to complete that process
1. Separate whites, darks, and colors to avoid color bleeding
2. Read care labels for washing instructions such as temperature, hand wash
3. Put clothes into the machine without overloading
4. Pour the right amount of detergent into the dispenser
5. Select the appropriate setting which depends on types of clothes washing.
6. Let the washing cycle run.
7. Take clothes out promptly to avoid bad smells
8. Use a dryer or hang them up to air dry
 There are four features of a paragraph
1. A paragraph has a topic sentence that states the main idea.
2. All of the sentences in a paragraph are about one topic.
3. The first line of a paragraph is intended.
4. The last sentence, or concluding sentence, brings the paragraph to a logical conclusion.
Activity 7: Analyzing the features of a paragraph
 1. The paragraph presents two reverse sides toward having pets for kids. Some believes that
pets are beneficial for perform good the children’s personalities such as responsibility and
compassion. In contrast, others suppose that pets can hurt the children.
2. There are 9 sentences in the paragraph.
3. Cats are good pets, but I do not like it when they shed hair on the furniture.
4. Topic sentence: At some point, most parents have to decide whether or not to allow their
children to have pets.
5. 10 lines
6. Concluding sentence: In brief, although many children want a pet, parents are divided on
this issue for a number of significant reasons. The concluding sentence summarizes and
restates the main idea – that parents have different opinions about children having pets,
giving a final overview of the discussion.
Activity 8: Analyzing the features of the example paragraphs
1. Write the topic sentence of each paragraph
- Braille: the paragraph describes a special system of writing and reading for blind people
- An easy sandwich: presents some steps to make an egg salad sandwich.
- My first flight: describes the process of the first flight and the scary emotions of the
writer.
2. What is the general idea of each paragraph?
- Braille: depicts the part of sign language and how to use it.
- An easy sandwich: detailed steps for making sandwich
- My first flight: the writer’s emotions for the first flight.
Activity 9: Analyzing the features of student paragraphs
1. The topic of the paragraph: Simon Bolivar
- A topic sentence: Simon Bolivar was one of South America’s greatest generals and one
of the most powerful people in world political history.
2. The unrelated sentence: these six countries are approximately the same size as modern
Europe, so the independence of such a large area was an amazing military and political
feat.
3. The concluding sentence: people in America remember him as perhaps the most
important person in their history.

The state of South Caroline

1. The products and history of South Caroline make it distinct from the other states.
2. Four months later, the Civil War between the North and South began in Charleston, a port
in South Caroline.

UNIT 2: DEVELOPING IDEAS FOR WRITING A PARAGRAPH

1. Turn off his call
2. Open the door
3. Use some methods to turn off the fire.
 Brainstorming is quickly writing down all the thoughts that come into your head. You
simply write to put your ideas on paper. This process is called brainstorm because it feels like
there is a storm in your brain – a storm of ideas.
 Activity 1: Brainstorm practice:
Next Saturday is your grandmother’s birthday. She is going to be eighty-eight years old. What
will you get for her? Make a list of five suitable birthday gifts for her.
 Enhance:
1. A warm, comfortable blanket or shawl: something soft and cozy to keep her warm,
especially if she feels cold easily.
2. A personalized photo album or framed family photos: Fill it with pictures of children,
grandchildren, and memorable moments to bring her joy and nostalgia.
3. A set of herbal teas or healthy snacks: Choose gentle, health-friendly options that she can
enjoy daily.
4. A comfortable pair of slippers: Soft, non-slip slippers can help keep her safe and
comfortable at home.
5. A handwritten letter or card: Express your love, gratitude and appreciation – this can
often mean more than nay physical gift.

WRITER’S NOTE: the importance of brainstorming

- Brainstorming is like a storm of ideas in your brain. A good writer brainstorms about a
topic by completing these two important steps:
+ thinking about the topic first, then
+ writing down words and ideas
Activity 2: Brainstorming Practice
Follow these steps for each of the example topics:

TOPIC A: Clothing and fashion

1. Types of clothing styles

- Casual ( hoodie, jeans, sneakers )
- Formal ( suit, blazer, dress )
- Sporty ( tracksuit, trainers )
- Fashionable / trend ( colorful, unique design )
2. Purpose of clothing
- Daily wear / hanging out
- Work / office / meetings
- Exercise / sports
- Special events / fashion shows
3. Features of clothes
- Comfortable
- Stylish / fashionable
- Elegant / professional
- Bright / colorful / eye – catching
- Loose / tight
4. Personal feelings / opinions
- Clothes should match the occasion
- Formal clothes  work
- Casual clothes  free time
- Sporty clothes  exercise
 5. Extra ideas
- Age and Fashion ( young vs older people )
- Trends change over time
- Influence of celebrities / social media

Topic B: Transportation
1. Bus
- Public transport
- Cheap / affordable
- Slow ( traffic jams )
- Fixed routes
- Crowded sometimes
- Good for daily commuting
2. Plain
- Fastest transport
- Expensive
- For long – distance travel
- Comfortable
- Time-saving
- Causes pollution
3. Train
- Fast and stable
- Medium cost
- Comfortable ( can relax )
- Fixed schedule
- Safer than cars
4. Bicycle
- Eco-friendly
- Cheap – no fuel
- Good for health
- Slow
- Suitable for short distance
- No pollution
5. Car
- Private and convenient
- Flexible ( go anywhere )
- Expensive ( fuel, maintenance )
- Causes traffic jams
- Comfortable
- Popular for families

Topic C: Something valuable

1. Money
- Very useful
- Can buy anything
 - Necessary for daily life
- Easy to carry
- Can be saved or invested
2. Necklace
- Expensive jewelry
- Beautiful / decorative
- Made of gold or diamonds
- Shows wealth / status
- Often given as a gift
3. Car
- Expensive
- Convenient for travel
- Saves time
- Comfortable
- Symbol of success
4. Ring
- Valuable ( gold / diamond )
- Small but expensive
- Symbol of love / marriage
- Easy to carry
- Emotional value
5. House
- Very expensive
- Important for living
- Provides safety and comfort
- Long – term investment
- Symbol of stability

Activity 3: Brainstorming practice from example paragraphs

1. Which paragraph did you choose?
- An easy sandwich
2. Why did you choose this paragraph?
- It is a common topic. I can easily connect with this topic and I also passionate about
cooking.

 Brainstorm area:
Two steps:
- Ingredients: vegetables, fruits
- Steps:
+ Step 1: Preparing the ingredients
+ Step 2: Pouring them under the water
+ Step 3: Slice cucumbers, rinse lettuce
+ Step 4: Mix all of them into the bowl
+ Step 5: add three spoons of mayonnaise
+ Step 6: waiting about 5 minutes and enjoy your salad
Activity 4: Subject – verb agreement practice
 The hard work of a teacher
Some people may think that Mimi Robertson has an easy job, but she really does not. Mimi is a
kindergarten teacher at King Elementary school. She teaches 22 very young children. Mimi’s
class of kindergarten students begins at 8.30 am, but she does a lot before then. Every day she
arrives at work just after 7.30 am. Mimi has to organize her supplies and prepares the room for
her students. If one of the parents is there that day to help, then Mimi has to explain the lesson
plan to the parent. After the students arrive at 8.30, the class begins. Her young students keep her
extremely busy for the rest of the day. They play games and learn new things. However, there are
always a few small problems. Mimi’s young students do not always listen to her, and sometimes
they fight or cry. Every now and then, one child shouts, but Mimi tries to be very patient with all
of her students. After school, she must attend meetings and create new lessons. Mimi says she
loves her job, but it really is great deal of work.

Activity 5: Building better vocabularies

1. Frightening = afraid
2. To omit = to forget
3. Interior = inside
4. To revolve = to turn
5. However = but
6. To shout = loud voice
7. To share = to give half
8. The purpose = goal
9. Suddenly = surprise
10. To create = to make
11. A cycle = in a circle
12. Must do = need to do
13. Kindergarten = children
14. Suitable = good idea
15. Extremely = a lot
16. Cluster = together
Activity 6:
1. Depend on
2. A messy room
3. Suitable for
4. Make a list of
5. And so on
6. Cross out
7. Talking on the phone
8. Write down a page number
9. A great deal of
10. Extremely expensive

Original student writing

Activity 7:
This paragraph will illustrate both advantages and disadvantages of every public transportation.
For example, buses are famous for the cheap and affordable price for per ticket in a long way,
however, it has fixed routes which is difficult for people to get the final destination without
walking. Besides, it takes a long time to move due to traffic jam and bus stop. But in general, it is
also suitable for daily commuting. Another public vehicle is train, which meets the fast and
stable criteria. In addition, it can avoid traffic congestion to optimize the commuting time and
even be safer than cars with a medium cost per ticket. In contrast, it has a fixed schedule which
makes it difficult to depend on it too much. In conclusion, every public transportation has both
pros and cons which consumers should consider to their purposes to choose.
Activity 8:
Public transportation has both advantages and disadvantages that people should consider for their
travel needs. For example, the bus is famous for its affordable price, making it a popular choice
for daily commuting. However, it operates on fixed routes, and passengers may find it is not
suitable for reaching a final destination without walking. Besides, travelling by bus often takes a
long time due to a great deal of traffic congestion. Another option is the train, which is fast,
stable and helps commuters cross out an error in time management by avoiding jams. Even
though trains are safer than cars, they have fixed schedules, which can make a list of
complications because users must depend on a rigid timetable. In conclusion, while public transit
is cost-effective, its lack of flexibility remains a significant drawback for many people.

UNIT 4: SUPPORTING AND CONCLUDING SENTENCES

Activity 1: Predicting paragraph content from controlling ideas:

1. Topic sentence: One of the best cities to visit on the east coast of the United States is
Washington, D.C.
- Main idea: Washington, D.C
- Controlling idea: One of the best cities to visit on the east coast.
- Predicted information: reasons why the city is a great tourist destination. You would
expect to read about famous landmarks ( like the White House or Lincoln Memorial ),
free museums, beautiful parks, or the city’s unique history and culture.
2. Topic sentence: if you are searching for an interesting career, think about becoming a
flight attendant.
- Main idea: Becoming a flight attendant
- Controlling idea: An interesting career
- Predicted information: details about what makes the job exciting or unique. This might
include the opportunity to travel the world, meeting diverse people, the “office with a
view”, or perhaps the non-traditional work schedule and benefits that come with the role.
3. Topic sentence: One of the people that I most admire is my great – grandmother Carla.
- Main idea: Great – grandmother Carla
- Controlling idea: One of the people that I most admire
- Predicted information: Specific qualities, stories, or achievements that make Carla
admirable. The paragraph will likely describe her character ( strength, kindness), her life
experiences, or the positive influence she has had on the writer’s life.

KINDS OF SUPPORTING SENTENCES

Good writers use many different kinds of supporting sentences. Good supporting sentences:
- Explain
- Describe
- Give reasons
- Give facts
- Give examples
- Define:
Activity 3: Matching supporting and topic sentences
- TS 1: Low-fat diets are an excellent way to stay healthy and trim.
+ They are preferred by the general public because they help with weight reduction
+ Low-fat diets are recommended by most physicians
+ Low-fat foods include fruits, vegetables, and pasta
+ Because they are easy to find in stores, low-fat foods are convenient
+ Crispy steamed vegetables and grilled fish and chicken are all tasty parts of a low-
fat, heart-friendly diet.
Activity 4: Asking questions about topic sentences
1. Texas is home to several kinds of poisonous snakes
 What kinds of poisonous snakes live in Texas?
2. Classrooms without windows have adverse effects on students.
 What are the adverse effects on students in windowless classrooms?
3. Computer technology will one day eliminate the use of libraries.
 How will computer technology eventually replace physical libraries?
4. Quebec city is a wonderful place to raise children.
 Why is Quebec city such a great place to raise children?
5. I will never forget the day I got married.
 What made your wedding day so memorable?

Brainstorming Topic Topic sentence with controlling ideas

1. Vacation I will never forget my 2007 summer vacation

- Types ( summer, honeymoon)
- 5 common destinations ( national parks,
Caribbean islands )
- Memories ( Why was it special?)

2. Mathematics Geometry and algebra are two essential branches

- Branches: geometry and algebra of mathematics that differ significantly in their
- Key characteristics: Logic and visual concepts and practical applications.
representation
- Benefits: Cognitive development &
problem-solving
 3. A best friend My first trip with my best friend was a perfectly
- Reasons for trip balanced journey of cultural exploration and smart
- Where? Destinations…? financial planning.
- How much budget?
- Cuisines, souvenirs

4. Restaurants King place restaurant offers a premium dining

- Identity: Location and the type of cuisine experience through its sophisticated architecture
- Atmosphere: architectural style and and exceptional culinary quality.
interior decorations
- Service quality: professional staff and
signature dishes

5. A ( specific) sport Tennis is a highly rewarding sport because of its

- Equipment: rackets, balls, and proper specialized equipment and the comprehensive
footwear health benefits it provides.
- Health benefits: cardiovascular fitness
and agility
- Optimal timing: best weather conditions
and schedules

Activity 6: Asking for more information

1. Topic sentence: King Place restaurant offers premium dinning experience through its
sophisticated architecture and exceptional culinary quality
- What is King Place restaurant’s identity?
- How is the atmosphere?
- How the service quality is?
2. Topic sentence: My first trip with my best friend was a perfectly balanced journey of
cultural exploration and smart financial planning.
- Why you chose to travel with your close friend?
- What do you prepare for your trip?
- What do the cultural experiences impress you mostly?
Activity 7: Identifying supporting sentences
Passage 1:
1. Good supporting sentence: if there is not enough chlorine, the pool might begin to grow
algae.
2. Unrelated supporting sentence: if you accidentally swallow some of these chemicals, you
have to go to the doctor at once.
3. Finally, you should remove any leaves and small insects that are in the pool: good
supporting sentence
Passage 2:
3. Unrelated : Baroque music is also popular because it helps students study better.
Activity 8: Identify key nouns and replacement pronouns
 1. Soccer  it
2. They
3. It
4. We
5. It

GOOD CONCLUDING SENTENCES

The concluding sentences is the last sentence of the paragraph. Its job is to bring the paragraph to
a logical conclusion. For some writers, coming up with this last sentence is a very difficult task.
There are many different kinds of concluding sentences: restatement, suggestion, opinion and
prediction
1. Restate the main idea
- Concluding sentence: Computers have certainly made students’ lives much easier
- Topic sentence: Computers are excellent machines to help students.
2. Offer a suggestion, give an opinion, or make a prediction
- For example: By doing all these things, you can be certain that your pool will last a very
long time.

ANALYZING AND WRITING CONCLUDING SENTENCES

Activity 9: paragraph analysis
- Topic sentence: All the studying that was required
- Unrelated supporting:
+ In high school, I hardly ever studied, but my grades were fairly good
+ it was a huge change from high school, where I used to go out every other night
- Good supporting:
+ all my professors gave me mountains of homework
+ I had to read pages and pages of information
+ nights out with friends became limited.
- Concluding sentence: Overall, transitioning to university required a significant
adjustment to my daily routine and social life.”

1. River turtles
- Topic sentence: Caring for river turtles is easier than many people think
- Concluding sentence: With just these few basic items and a little bit of space, anyone can
enjoy keeping a river turtle as a pet.”
2. Different ways to cook eggs
- Topic sentence: there are four easy ways to prepare a delicious egg.
- Concluding sentence: “Whether you prefer them boiled, scrambled, fried or poached,
these simple methods make eggs a versatile choice for any meal.”

BUIDLING BETTER SENTENCE:

Activity 10: Word associations
1. To eliminate something = It leaves
2. To arrange = to put in order
3. Huge = large
 4. To scramble = to mix or blend
5. To get rid of = to subtract
6. Used to go = went
7. To view = to see
8. Dust = dirt
9. Bargain = cheap
10. Property = you own it
11. In brief = a few words
12. Likewise = in the same way
13. To remove = to subtract
14. At once = right away
15. A spot = a place
Activity 11: Using collocations
1. Complain about something
2. Last a long time
3. A poisonous insect
4. The most widely played sport
5. Our favorite spot
6. Adverse effects
7. A logical idea
8. Do chores
9. Crispy vegetables
10. A shallow pond

Activity 12: Original Writing practice

Last weekend, I was provided a premium dining experience at King Place. There are several
reasons why I stated that, which includes its identity, atmosphere and service quality. First, King
Place restaurant is located at the convenient positions where can view the whole city and served
diverse menu with fresh ingredients. However, I recommend to try on seafood when you come to
this restaurant. Additionally, The architectural style and interior decoration are also impressive
things with the warm tone mixed with basic style representing the bond of family or the couple.
Moreover, the most important aspect is service quality that staff are trained very well. When we
came to the door, staff opened the door and smiled friendly with us. After having dinner, the
manager came to our table and ask us about the taste of the dishes and experience to receive
more feedback aimed at improving the restaurant better. Overall, this is a memorable experience
dinning for me with lots of surprising things.

 Correction:
King Place restaurant offers a premium dining experience through its sophisticated
architecture and exceptional culinary quality. First, the restaurant's identity is defined by its
convenient location, which provides a breathtaking panoramic view of the entire city. Regarding
the atmosphere, the architectural style and interior decorations create a warm, welcoming
environment that represents the strong bond of families and couples. Furthermore, the service
quality is impressive because the staff is professionally trained. From the moment guests
arrive at the door, they are greeted with friendly smiles, and even the manager actively seeks
feedback to improve the restaurant. Overall, King Place provides a memorable and
surprising experience that exceeds every expectation.

UNIT 11: PARAGRAPHS IN AN ESSAY: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

1. What is an essay? An essay is a collection of paragraphs that presents facts, opinions and
ideas on a topic.
Activity 2: Topics for Paragraphs and essay
1. Topic: Japanese customs
A. E
B. P
2. Topic: Education in Taiwan and the United States
A. P
B. E
3. Topic: Household chores
A. P
B. E
4. Topic: School uniforms
A. E
B. P
5. Capital punishment
A. E
B. P
2. An essay outline
a. Thesis statement
- The topics for the essays with these thesis statements range from serious subjects to
personal stories, depend on the assignment that your teacher gives you.
b. Supporting ideas
- Asking a question about thesis statement is a good way to come up with material for
supporting paragraphs. It’s important to provide specific examples and details within the
paragraph.
- Topic sentence: Three things make travelling to Southeast Asia an unforgettable
experience.
+ Question: Why is it an unforgettable experience?
+ Ideas to develop: The people are very friendly, there are beautiful places to see; the
food is incredibly delicious.
Activity 3: Working with essay organization
1. Thesis statement: Computer literacy is important for young adults for many reasons.
a. Introduction
b. Body: Paragraph 2: essential for academic success and research
c. Body: Paragraph 3: increase job opportunities and career advancement
d. Body: Paragraph 4: facilitates daily communication and social networking
e. Conclusion: Paragraph 5
2. Thesis statement: The person I most respect and admire is my aunt Josephine.
a. Introduction
b. Body: Paragraph 2: her hardworking nature and professional achievements
c. Body: Paragraph 3: her kindness and willingness to help others
d. Body: Paragraph 4: an example of a time she showed great courage or wisdom
e. Conclusion: Paragraph 5
Activity 6: Working with an outline
I. Introduction
A. Hook: Story of Viera children
B. Thesis statement: this disregard for the native language is a mistake because there
are many benefits to being bilingual.
II. Body
A. Paragraph 2: Topic sentence: One of the most basic advantages of being bilingual
is a purely linguistic one.
1. Supporting idea: they can communicate with more people
2. Supporting idea: they do not need an interpreter
3. Supporting idea: they are in charge of their own ideas
4. Supporting idea: Monolingual people cannot speak on their own.
B. Paragraph 3: Topic sentence: Speaking a second language also allows people to
experience another culture.
1. Supporting idea: Bilinguals have more cultural and social awareness of
another group of people.
2. Supporting idea: Idiomatic expressions, vocabulary, and jokes help people
understand a different culture.
3. Supporting idea (example): a person who speaks American English knows the
expression “to put your John Hancock”
C. Paragraph 4: Topic sentence: widespread bilingualism can contribute to global
awareness.
1. Supporting Idea: Countries could become closer.
2. Supporting idea: make people more sympathetic to the problems and
situations in that country.
3. Supporting idea: Not knowing an enemy country’s language can increase
miscommunication
III. Concluding
A. Restatement of thesis: bilingualism has only positive effects
B. Opinion: people do not make the effort to study and learn a second language.

Activity 7: Brainstorming
Topic: Living in a big city is better than living in a small town.
 Brainstorm:
1. Group 1 reason: job opportunities
- Examples:
+ the presence of multinational corporations and innovative startups, offering a wide
range of career paths from internships to executive roles.
+ Higher average salaries and better compensation packages compared to small towns,
often accompanied by performance-based bonuses
+ Abundant opportunities for professional networking through specialized seminars,
industry events, and professional associations found only in major cities.
2. Group 2 reason: educational environment
- Examples:
+ A high concentration of top-tier universities and research institutes that provide
international standard programs and modern facilities
+ Access to numerous language centers and soft – skills academies, allowing students to
develop comprehensively beyond the formal curriculum.
+ Extensive systems of public libraries and creative co – working spaces that provide
ideal environments for self – study and intellectual exchange.
3. Group 3 reason: medical conditions
- Examples:
+ Proximity to leading national and international hospitals staffed by highly skilled
specialists and experienced medical professionals.
+ easy access to advanced medical equipment and high-tech treatment methods (such as
latest – generation MRI or CT scanners) unavailable in local clinics.
+ Reliable 24/7 emergency services and a dense network of pharmacies, ensuring that
residents receive timely medical support in any urgent situation.
Activity 8: Writing an Essay draft

The advantages of city life

The population of Small Hills is 2.500. Everyone knows everyone else. The mayor of the city is
also the owner of the sporting goods store. There is only one school in Small Hills, and all the
students know each other, from age six to age eighteen. On weekends, many residents of Small
Hills go to the only restaurant in town, and perhaps after dinner, they go to the only cinema. This
routine continues. On the other hand, the population of Los Angeles is approximately 4 million.
It is a city that is so culturally diverse that at any given time one can go to any type of restaurant,
watch any type of film, and see countless exhibits and museums. Which type of life is better? It
seems obvious that living in a large city full of diversity is much better than living in a small,
rural community.

First, living in a large city is advantageous because it offers broader employment opportunities
for residents. The presence of multinational corporations and innovative startups provides a wide
range of career paths, from internships to executive positions, often accompanied by higher
salaries and more attractive compensation packages compared to those in smaller towns.
Moreover, large cities offer abundant opportunities for professional networking through
specialized seminars, industry events, and professional associations, which contributes to lower
unemployment rates in urban areas.
In addition, city life fosters a well-developed educational environment. It is evident that most
top-tier universities and research institutes, which provide internationally standardized programs
and modern facilities, are concentrated in metropolitan areas. Furthermore, students have
opportunities to develop beyond the formal curriculum by accessing numerous language centers
and soft-skill training institutions. Extensive public library systems and creative co-working
spaces also create ideal environments for self-study and intellectual exchange.

Finally, large cities provide better access to healthcare services due to their proximity to leading
national and international hospitals staffed by highly skilled specialists and experienced medical
professionals. In contrast, rural areas often lack advanced medical equipment and high-tech
treatment methods, such as the latest-generation MRI or CT scanners, which are essential for
detecting serious illnesses. In addition, a dense network of pharmacies and reliable 24/7
emergency services ensures that residents receive timely medical support in urgent situations.

In conclusion, there are many benefits to living in a large city. While some people might be
afraid of existing among such a large and often chaotic group of people, the benefits that a large
city can afford its citizens are well worth it. Besides, there is always a place to find tranquility,
even in busy metropolitan areas.

PRACTICE WRITING:
Day 1:
Task 1: The diagram below shows the life cycle of the female mosquito

The diagram depicts the life cycle of a female mosquito, showing how it develops from eggs into
a fully grown adult. Overall, the process involves seven distinct stages and lasts approximately
six to eight weeks, beginning with egg-laying in water and ending with the emergence of an adult
mosquito.

In the first stage, the female mosquito lays eggs on the surface of water, where they remain
during the initial week. These eggs subsequently hatch, giving rise to larvae and marking the
beginning of the aquatic development phase. From week two to week five, the mosquito
progresses through four separate larval stages. During this period, the larvae undergo continuous
growth, becoming longer and more developed with each stage. This phase is characterized by
gradual physical changes rather than sudden transformation, as the larvae feed and increase in
size while remaining in water.

After completing the fourth larval stage, the mosquito enters the pupal stage in week six. Unlike
the earlier stages, the pupa does not feed and remains relatively inactive. However, this stage is
crucial, as major trend internal changes take place in preparation for adulthood. In the final
phase, which occurs between weeks seven and eight, an adult female mosquito emerges from the
pupa. At this point, the insect becomes fully developed and capable of reproduction, allowing the
life cycle to repeat.
- Hatch: come out of the eggs
- Larvae: plural of larva, means the baby insect after hatching from the eggs
- Aquatic: related to water
- Development phase = a stage of growth
 - Pupa: one insect in the stage where it is changing from a larva into adult. (Plural: Pupae)
 aquatic development phase is the period when it is developing in water.
- Pupal stage: the stage between larva and adult, when the insect is changing into its final
form.
 Egg – Larva – pupal – adult

Task 2: Many people believe that it is easier to have a healthier lifestyle in the countryside.
Others believe there are health benefits to living in cities. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.

- Step 1: Paraphrase
+ many people = Lots of opinions
+ believe = be in favor of
+ easier =
+ have a healthier lifestyle in the countryside = living in the hometown to control a
wellness-focused lifestyle
+ Combine into one sentence: Many people are in favor of the opinion that living in the
hometown is better to control a wellness-focused lifestyle than staying in metropolis,
while others have the reverse view.
+ Give my view: Both arguments have some merit, and I partially agree with each.
- There are some approaches for u: society, healthcare service (public service, hospital),
environment

- Step 2: List advantages of both views

+ Body 1: living in the countryside
 Fresh air: green trees, landfill disposal = burying waste in the ground
 Clean food: vegetables + seafood + red meat – grown and raised naturally by the
farmer  fixed prices are cheaper  saving money
 Saving money a lot, using for health insurance.
+ Body 2: Living in the big cities
 Modern facilities in medical conditions with the high-skilled doctors and
equipment
 Developed transportation  emergence situations
 Open space for exercising: gym, fitness or parks.
- Practice:
Many people are in favor of the opinion that living in the hometown is better to maintain
a wellness-focused lifestyle than staying in metropolis, while others have the reverse
view. Both arguments have some merit, and I partially agree with each.

It is beneficial for people to have a rural life for some reasons. It is evident that residents
are closer to peaceful environment because of many grown trees and waste disposal.
Trees help to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen enhancing the process of
residents’ breath. Besides, wastes are treated cleaner than other areas by burying them in
the ground due to the fact that there are a lot of uninhabited land in remote areas. Another
advantage is to consume nutritious food. Vegetables, seafood, and red meat are grown
 and raised naturally by the farmer; therefore, they are safe to take in and affordable to
buy. This leads to be easier to save money for using medical insurance later.

Additionally, there are some advantages as staying in urban areas. First of all, citizens
can access to modern facilities such as urgent emergency, 24/7 healthcare service with
many highly-skilled experts, and the latest equipment – CT scanner. As a result, patients
will be cured immediately as having a sudden situation. This is exemplified that the rate
of successful serious illness treatment in the city hospital is higher than that of in rural
areas. On the other hand, the quality of life is improved through public open space, for
example, parks and gardens are more constructed aimed at serving citizens to do exercise
and relax after a busy day. Moreover, entertainment activities such as music box, café,
and artificial farm are more developed to balance the mental and physical health for
people.

In conclusion, living in two areas brings some different benefits for people. If living in
metropolis creates the modern life, the peaceful environment is found in rural life.
Therefore, depending on hobbies and conditions of each person is the best way to choose
the suitable living region for self.

Introduction
Many people believe that living in one’s hometown is better for maintaining a healthy lifestyle
than living in a metropolis, while others hold the opposite view. Both arguments have some
merit, and I partially agree with each.

Body Paragraph 1 (Countryside)

Living in rural areas can be beneficial for several reasons. First, residents enjoy a more peaceful
environment due to the abundance of trees and lower levels of pollution. Trees absorb carbon
dioxide and release oxygen, which improves air quality and makes breathing easier. In addition,
waste is often managed more effectively in the countryside, as there is more available land for
proper disposal. Another advantage is access to nutritious food. Vegetables, seafood, and meat
are often produced naturally by local farmers, making them fresher, safer, and more affordable.
As a result, people may maintain better health and reduce future medical expenses.

Body Paragraph 2 (City)

However, living in urban areas also offers significant advantages. Firstly, city residents have
better access to modern facilities, including emergency services, 24/7 healthcare, highly skilled
professionals, and advanced equipment such as CT scanners. Consequently, patients can receive
timely and effective treatment in urgent situations. For example, the success rate of treating
serious illnesses in urban hospitals is generally higher than in rural areas. Furthermore, the
quality of life is enhanced by well-developed public spaces such as parks and gardens, where
people can exercise and relax. Cities also provide a wide range of entertainment options,
including cinemas, cafés, and recreational centers, which help improve both mental and physical
well-being.

Conclusion
In conclusion, both urban and rural areas offer distinct advantages. While cities provide modern
conveniences and better healthcare, the countryside offers a more peaceful and healthy
environment. Therefore, the best choice depends on each individual’s preferences and
circumstances.

- Hold the opposite view: maintain a belief that is contrary to one being discussed
- Merit: advantage
- The abundance of sth: many something beneficial
- Improve air quality: fresh air
- Facilitating healthier breathing: clean breath
- Minimal industrial activity
- Produced naturally by local farmers: food is directly grown by farmers
- Medical expenses: fee for treating illness
- Receive timely: cure on time
- A wide range of entertainment options: entertainment activities
- Recreational centers: place to play in the free time
- Depend on each individual’s preferences and circumstances: depend on each’s hobby and
condition.
- Be supportive of long-term health
- Well-equipped hospitals
- Specialist clinics
- Emergency services
- Chronic health conditions
- City dwellers
- Be less problematic
- The availability of vast uninhabited land
- Agriculture products (vegetables, meat and seafood)
- Be cultivated and raised locally
- Potentially long-term healthcare costs
- Particularly in terms of sth
- Public amenities (parks, green spaces)
- Demanding workdays