AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Electrical Power and Machines Department
4th Year, Electrical Engineering
2nd Semester, 2023/2024 Course Code: EPM 461s Time allowed: 2 Hrs.
Protection Engineering
:تعليمات هامة
.حيازة التيلفون املحمول مفتوحا داخل لجنة األمتحان يعتبر حالة غش وإذا كان من الضرورى الدخول باملحمول فيوضع مغلق فى الحقائب •
.ال يسمح بدخول سماعة األذن أو البلوتوث •
Open Book يستثنى من ذلك االمتحانات ذات الكتاب املفتوح.اليسمح بدخول أي كتب أو مالزم أو أوراق داخل اللجنة واملخالفة تعتبر حالة غش •
The Examination Consists of Five Questions in Three Pages Maximum Marks: 60 Marks
Answer the Following Questions
Question (1): (12 Marks)
a) Why time-lag is provided in majority of protection systems? (2 Marks)
b) For the power system section shown in Fig. (1), draw the protective zones? Which circuit
breakers will operate as primary and backup for faults at P1 and P2? (4 Marks)
c) The performance of a distance relay was monitored over a period of 5 years. It was found that it
operated 50 times. 40 were desired trips due to faults in its jurisdiction. It was found that the relay
failed to issue trip decisions on 5 occasions. Compute Dependability, Security and Reliability of the
relay. (4 Marks)
d) What are the thermal relays and their applications? (2 marks)
Question (2): (12 Marks)
a) Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation and the balanced beam relay. (3 marks)
b) Referring to Fig. (2), given that fault current = 2000A, relay R1 is set on 100%, CT ratio = 200/1,
relay R2 is set on 125%. For the discrimination the time gradient margin between the relays is 0.4
second. Determine the time of operation of the two relays assuming that both the relays have the
characteristic as shown in the following table and relay R1 has a time multiplier setting = 0.2. Also
determine the time setting multiplier of relay R2.
Course Examination Committee Exam Date: 22 May 2024
Prof. Almoataz Abdelaziz, Dr. Amr Magdy
Plug setting multiplier 2 3.6 5 8 10 15 20
Time in seconds for a 10 6 3.9 3.15 2.8 2.2 2.1
time multiplier of 1
Fig. (2)
(4 Marks)
c) What are the different types of relays used in instantaneous and inverse time over-current
protection? (2 marks)
d) Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of earth-fault protection with core balance
current transformers. (3 Marks)
Question (3): (12 Marks)
For the 22 KV Single Incomer Network shown in figure. The Four outgoing feeders are
identical with V= 22 KV, 50hz, 500m length and the capacitance is 0.5 µF/km.
• Answer the following questions:
a. Explain the type of Neutral earthing for such network showing its advantages and
disadvantages over directly earthed systems.
b. For the shown fault on feeder#1, if it is required to have the resistive fault current
component to be double the capacitive component, calculate the value of the neutral
grounding resistance (NGR) to be used?
c. Select an appropriate setting (current and time) for the earth fault protection on the outgoing
feeders to ensure tripping of the faulty feeder only considering that the residual devices used
have a rating of 5 amperes.
Course Examination Committee Exam Date: 22 May 2024
Prof. Almoataz Abdelaziz, Dr. Amr Magdy
d. Calculate the current measured by the residual device on the faulty feeder for the following
cases:
i. All four feeders are in Service
ii. Only the faulty feeder is in Service.
Question (4): (12 Marks)
For the single incomer feeder network shown in figure, The Transformer has an isolated
neutral. The Four outgoing feeders are identical with V= 11 KV, 50hz, 200m length and the
capacitance is 0.4 µF/km.
a) Give a typical application for the isolated
neutral systems. What are the main
advantages and drawbacks of such systems?
• For a fault at [1]:
b) What is the primary and back-up protection
for such fault and how to ensure non-
tripping for the healthy feeders?
• For a fault at [2]:
c) Explain why is this fault cannot be detected
by the residual devices on the outgoing and
the incoming feeders?
• For a fault at [3]:
d) What is the primary and back-up protection
for such fault?
Question (5): (12 Marks)
For the 11 KV Single Incomer
Network shown in figure.
• For a fault at [1]:
a) Select appropriate setting for the
primary and back-up protection for
such fault if this feeder minimum
short circuit is 5KA. (6 Marks)
b) If three other feeders (D4, D5 and
D6) are added to the bus-bar. Is
there any adjustment needed to the
settings of D1, D2 and D3?
Comment. (3 Marks)
c) For a fault located upstream of
circuit breaker A, is a directional
relay needed at A? Comment
(3 Marks)
Course Examination Committee Exam Date: 22 May 2024
Prof. Almoataz Abdelaziz, Dr. Amr Magdy