1 WATER FLOODING TUTORIAL
Excersis-1: Data for an oil reservoir which is proposed for waterflooding
is presented. Construct the fractional flow curve for this reservoir.
Capillary pressure gradients can be assumed negligible.
Ф 18%
Swi 30%
μw 0.62 cp
Sw % Kro Krw
qt 1000 bbl/day
30 0.94 0
ρo 49.9 Ib/ft3
40 0.8 0.04
A 50000 ft2
50 0.44 0.11
μo 2.48 cp
60 0.16 0.2
Bo 1.37 RB/STB
70 0.1045 0.3
Bw 1.04 RB/STB
80 0 0.44
K 45 md
ρw 64.3 Ib/ft3
30
Solution
Fractional flow equation with neglecting capillary pressure
Density should be convert from Ib/ft3 to
gm/cc, then 0.433 is divide by 62.427 to get
this number
Ko = [Link] = 45 Kro md
ρw- ρo = 64.3-49.9 = 14.4 Ib/ft3
Sin = Sin 30 = 0.5
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Calculations of fw versus Sw are summarized in the following
Table:
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Excersis-2: Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, direct line drive
under the diffuse flow condition. The rock relative permeability functions
for water and oil are as below:
Pressure is being maintained at its initial value for which Bo = 1.3 Rb/stb
and Bw = 1.0 rb/stb
1- Construct the fractional flow curve for the three cases below
2- Determine the water saturation at floodfront
3- Calculate the end point mobility ratio of each case
4- What is the type of displacement in each case
5- Discuss your results
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Solution
1-For horizontal flow the fractional flow in the reservoir is
The fractional flow in the reservoir for the three cases can be calculated as
follows
Fractional flow plots for the three cases were plot in figure below.
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2- Water saturation and fractional flow of water at flood front for each case
were determined after drawing a straight line starting from the Swi and
tangent the fractional flow curve (S-shape curve) as shown in the above
figure
3 & 4: An important parameter in determining the effectiveness of a
waterflood is the end point mobility ratio. For horizontal flow, stable,
piston-like displacement will occur for M ≤ 1
Where;
M= endpoint mobility ratio
k'𝑟𝑤 & k'𝑟𝑜 = endpoint relative permeabilities (See the below figure)
0.9
0.8
Krw Kro
0.7
0.6
End point
0.5 Kro=0.8 End point
Kr
Krw=0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sw
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Case 1
(0.3/0.5)
M= = 37.5
(0.8/50)
Case 2
(0.3/0.5)
M= = 3.75
(0.8/5)
Case 3
(0.3/1)
M= = 0.15
(0.8/0.5)
In both cases 1 & 2 the displacement is unstable, leaky piston-like. Whilst
the displacement is piston-like in case 3.
5-
Case μo/μw M
1 100 37.5
2 10 3.75
3 0.4 0.15
Case 1 - this displacement is unstable due to the very high value of the oil/water
viscosity ratio. This results in the by-passing of oil and consequently the
premature breakthrough of water. The oil recovery at breakthrough is very
small and a great many pore volumes of water will have to be injected to recover
all the movable oil. Under these circumstances oil recovery by water injection
is hardly feasible and consideration should be given to the application of
thermal recovery methods with the aim of reducing the viscosity ratio.
Case 2 - the oil/water viscosity ratio is lower than in case 1 which leads to a
stable and much more favourable type of displacement than case 1.
Case 3 - for the displacement of this very low viscosity oil (μo = .4 cp) the end
point mobility ratio is less than unity and piston-like displacement occur. The
total movable oil volume is recovered in this case. The displacement efficiency
is very high compared to case 1 and case 2
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Excersis-3: A linear horizontal oil reservoir has the following data:
Bo = 1.25 bbl/STB, Bw = 1.02 bbl/STB, h = 20 ft, A = 26,400 ft2
Porosity = 25%, Injection rate, iw = 900 bbl/day
Distance between producer and injector, L = 660 ft
Oil viscosity= 2.0 cp, Water viscosity= 1.0 cp
Connate water saturation Swc=20%, Residual oil saturation, Sor =20%,
N = 496,449 STB, EV = 100%, EA = 100%
Relative permeabilities data as follow:
Sw 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Kro/Krw 30.23 17 9.5 5.4 3.02 1.7 0.96 0.54 0.3 0.17 0.1
1- Calculate and plot water saturation profile after 60, 120 & 240 days.
2- Time to breakthrough
3- Cumulative water injected at breakthrough
4- Total pore volumes of water injected at breakthrough
5- Microscopic Displacement efficiency at breakthrough
6- Total produced oil at breakthrough
Solution:
1- Plotting the water saturation profile
a-Calculate the fractional flow curve at each SW
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b- Plot fw vs. Sw on a Cartesian scale and draw a straight line from Swc
and tangent to the fw curve. Then, determine the coordinates of point of
tangency and the slope of the tangent (dfw/dSw)Swf. Extrapolate the
tangent at fw=1 and determine the average water saturation at the
breakthrough
Sw BT =0.707
1
0.9
0.8 fwf =0.78
0.7
0.6
0.5
fw
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Swf =0.596
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Sw
From the above figure: Swf= 0.596, fwf=0.78, SwBT=0.707,
c- In order to construct the saturation profile, assume different values of
water saturation starting from Sw at flood front to 1-Sor (i.e, values from
0.596 to 0.75)
. no water saturation with a value less
than Swf, i.e., 59.6%, exists behind
the flood front
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Find the slope of the line at each
selected SW on Fractional flow curve
Flood front
d- Plot the water saturation profile as a function of distance and time
t =60 days t=120 days t=240 days BT time =436.4
0.9
0.8 Swf=0.596
0.7
0.6
0.5
Sw
0.4 Swi=0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance (ft) from injection well to producing well
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After 240 days of water injection, the water front has moved 365 feet
from the injection well (235 feet from the producer). The water front will
eventually reach the production well and water breakthrough occurs
2- Calculating breakthrough time
3-Calculation the cumulative water injected at breakthrough
Or,
𝑑𝑓𝑤
WiBT = PV x [1/ ( ) ]
𝑑𝑆𝑤 𝑆𝑤
𝑓
WiBT = 775779 x [1/1.973]
WiBT = 393198 bbl
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4-Calculation the total pore volumes of water injected at
breakthrough
5-Calculation the displacement efficiency at breakthrough
4-Calculation the total produced oil at breakthrough
NpBT = N x EDBT EABT EVBT
NpBT = 496499 x 0.634 x1x1
NpBT = 314780 STB
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Excersis-4: The following data are available for a homogenous
sandstone reservoir being producing under waterflooding (Five-spot
pattern):
Swi= 0.2, Krw at SWbt=0.5, kro at swi =0.8
μo=2 cp, μw=0.8 cp, Bo=1.2 STB/BBL
Flood area = 40 Acres, Reservoir thickness, h= 5 ft, Φ=0.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
fw
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Sw
1- Calculate the displacement efficiency at BT
2- Calculate the vertical efficiency at BT
3- Calculate the areal efficiency at BT
4- Calculate the cumulative oil produced at BT
5- Calculate the recovery factor at BT
6- Calculate Ed, Ev, EA, Np and the recovery factor when the water
saturation at the producing well, Sw2=0.7 (at the sandface)
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Solution
Sw BT =0.707
1
0.9
fwf =0.78
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
fw
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Swf =0.596
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Sw
Find the followings from the figure above
1-ED at breakthrough
SwBT − Swi
EDBT
1 − Swi
0.707 − 0.2
EDBT = 0.634
1 − 0.2
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2-Ev at breakthrough
EvBT = 1 in homogenous reservoirs
3- EA at breakthrough
First, we need to calculate the mobility ratio at endpoints
𝐾𝑟𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑤𝑏𝑡 /𝜇𝑤
𝑀
𝐾𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑤𝑖 /𝜇𝑜
0.5/0.8
𝑀 = 1.56
0.8/2
Now, use Craig correlation to find EA: EABT=0.65
EA =0.65
4- Np at BT
NpBT = N x EDBT EABT EVBT
First, we have to find N:
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7758 x A x h x ∅ (1 − Swi)
N=
Bo
7758 x 40 x 5 x 0.2 (1 − 0.2)
N= = N206880 STB
1.2
NpBT = N x EDBT EABT EVBT
NpBT = 206880 x 0.634 x 1 x 0.65 = 85255 STB
5- Recovery factor at BT
𝑁𝑝 85255
𝑅𝐹 = = = 0.412 = 41.2%
𝑁 206880
6- Calculations of Ed, Ev, EA, NP & RF when Sw2=0.7
First, determine Sw2 from the figure, determine Sw2
Sw2=0.76
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
fw
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Sw
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Sw2 − Swi 0.76 − 0.2
ED = = = 0.7
1 − Swi 1 − 0.2
Ev=1 as it is a homogenous reservoir
W
Ed after breakthrough, EA = EABT + 0.2749 ln (W inj )
iBT
We need to calculate: WiBT & Winj (After breakthrough at Sw2=0.7)
WiBT = Pv (SwBT − Swi )
Pv= 7758 x 40 x 5 x 0.2= 310320 bbl
WiBT = 310320 (0.707 − 0.2) = 157332 bbl
Winj = Pv (Sw2 − Swi )
Winj = 310320 (0.76 − 0.2) = 173779 bbl
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑗
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴𝐵𝑇 + 0.2749 ln ( )
𝑊𝑖𝐵𝑇
173779
𝐸𝐴 = 0.65 + 0.2749 ln ( ) = 0.68
157332
NP = N x ED EA EV
Np = 206880 x 0.7 x 1 x 0.68 = 98475
𝑁𝑝 98475
𝑅𝐹 = = = 0.476 = 47.6%
𝑁 206880
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