Practical File
AEC-I: Environmental Science: Theory into Practice -I
Paper Code: 2181001001
Practical 1
Aim: To analyze India’s progress towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), highlighting achievements, challenges, and initiatives at national and state levels.
Material and Methods: Information collected from NITI Aayog Website
Introduction:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015, provide
a global framework for inclusive growth, environmental protection, and social justice by 2030.
India, with its vast population and diversity, plays a critical role in global SDG achievement.
Through national policies, state initiatives, and community participation, India has made
notable progress, though challenges remain in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality,
and climate resilience.
Summary Table of India’s SDG Progress
SDG Key Achievements Major Challenges
No Poverty Poverty reduced to ~10%; Jan Regional disparities in Bihar,
Dhan Yojana, MGNREGA Odisha
Zero Hunger National Food Security Act, High malnutrition, low Global
Mid-Day Meals Hunger Index rank
Good Health & Ayushman Bharat, immunization Rural health gaps, NCDs
Well-Being drives rising
Quality Education NEP 2020, literacy ~77% Dropouts, digital divide
Gender Equality Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, women Low female workforce
in Panchayats participation
Clean Water & Swachh Bharat, Jal Jeevan Groundwater depletion, water
Sanitation Mission scarcity
Affordable & Clean 70 GW solar capacity, renewables Coal dependence, storage tech
Energy growth
Decent Work & Fast GDP growth, Skill India Informal sector, youth
Growth unemployment
Industry, Innovation, Make in India, Digital India Low R&D investment
Infrastructure
Reduced Inequalities Reservation, financial inclusion Income inequality widening
Sustainable Cities Smart Cities Mission Air pollution, waste
management
Responsible Plastic bans, circular economy E-waste management
Consumption
Climate Action Net-zero pledge 2070, Floods, heatwaves, cyclones
afforestation
Life Below Water Sagarmala Project, coastal Marine pollution, overfishing
regulation
Life on Land Tiger population doubled, Deforestation, human-wildlife
biodiversity programs conflict
Peace, Justice, Electoral reforms, digital Judicial delays, corruption
Institutions governance
Partnerships for Goals UNDP, World Bank Weak state-level coordination
collaborations
Key SDG Highlights
Poverty & Hunger: India has reduced poverty significantly through schemes like
MGNREGA and Jan Dhan Yojana, but malnutrition remains a pressing issue. The National
Food Security Act and Mid-Day Meal Scheme are crucial interventions.
Health & Education: The Ayushman Bharat program provides health insurance to millions,
while the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes holistic learning. However,
rural healthcare gaps and digital divides in education persist.
Gender Equality & Sanitation: Campaigns like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao have improved
female enrollment, and the Swachh Bharat Mission declared India open-defecation free. Yet,
women’s workforce participation remains low, and water scarcity is growing.
Energy & Climate Action: India is a global leader in renewable energy, with solar capacity
exceeding 70 GW. The country has pledged net-zero emissions by 2070, but coal dependence
and climate vulnerability remain challenges.
Biodiversity & Governance: India’s tiger population has doubled since 2006, showcasing
conservation success. Digital governance reforms strengthen institutions, though judicial
delays and corruption hinder progress.
Role of Civil Society, Academia, and Partnerships
• Civil Society: NGOs like SEWA and PRADAN empower communities through
grassroots initiatives.
• Academia: Universities conduct SDG-focused research and awareness campaigns.
• International Partnerships: Collaborations with UNDP, World Bank, and bilateral
partners provide funding, technology, and expertise.
Conclusion
India has achieved commendable progress in poverty reduction, sanitation, and renewable
energy. However, challenges in health, education, gender equality, and climate resilience
require sustained efforts. Achieving the 2030 Agenda will demand stronger collaboration
between government, civil society, academia, and international partners.
Practical 2
Aim: To gain insights into the sustainability framework for an industrial activity (Hindalco
Industries) using activity worksheets.
Material and Methods: Hindalco’s sustainability reports and public disclosures, Custom
activity worksheet template, 5-point rating scale for indicators, Secondary sources: SDG
dashboards, policy documents, Selected Hindalco as the industrial case study
Introduction:
Hindalco Industries, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, is one of the world’s largest
aluminium producers and a leading copper manufacturer. As a heavy industry player, Hindalco
faces challenges in energy use, emissions, and resource intensity. At the same time, it has
adopted sustainability frameworks to balance economic growth with environmental
responsibility and social welfare. Activity worksheets provide a structured way to evaluate
Hindalco’s sustainability performance across environmental, social, and economic dimensions.
Sustainability Framework
Environmental Dimension
• Energy Efficiency: Investments in renewable energy and low-carbon technologies.
• Water Management: Efforts to reduce freshwater intake and recycle process water.
• Waste & Emissions: Fly ash utilization, red mud management, compliance with global
climate disclosure frameworks.
Social Dimension
• Worker Safety: Strong occupational health and safety programs.
• Community Development: CSR initiatives in education, healthcare, and livelihoods.
• Gender & Inclusion: Diversity programs and gender pay gap assessments.
Economic Dimension
• Profitability & Growth: Integrated aluminium and copper operations contribute
significantly to India’s industrial economy.
• Innovation: Advanced smelting technologies and circular economy practices.
• Global Competitiveness: Strong export presence aligned with sustainability standards.
Hindalco Sustainability Worksheet
Dimension Indicator Rating Scale (1–5) Score Remarks / Insights
(Example)
Environmental Energy 1 = Poor, 5 = Excellent 4 Renewable energy
efficiency adoption, but coal reliance
persists
Environmental Water recycling 1 = Low, 5 = High 3 Recycling improving, but
freshwater use remains
high
Environmental Waste 1 = Poor, 5 = Excellent 4 Strong fly ash utilization,
management red mud management
ongoing
Social Worker safety 1 = Unsafe, 5 = Excellent 5 Excellent safety culture,
regular training
Social Community 1 = Negative, 5 = Positive 4 CSR programs in
impact healthcare, education,
livelihoods
Social Gender inclusion 1 = Low, 5 = High 3 Diversity programs in
place, scope for
improvement
Economic Production 1 = Inefficient, 5 = 4 Modern smelting
efficiency Highly efficient technology boosts
efficiency
Economic Profitability 1 = Low, 5 = High 5 Strong financial
performance, globally
competitive
Economic Innovation 1 = Low, 5 = High 4 Circular economy
practices and R&D
investments
Rating Scale Key
1 – Very Poor: Unsustainable, unsafe, excessive resource use, negative community impact
2 – Poor: Needs major improvement, weak compliance, limited CSR, low innovation
3 – Average: Meets basic requirements, partial sustainability measures, average efficiency
4 – Good: Strong performance, efficient resource use, proactive CSR, profitable and
competitive
5 – Excellent: Highly sustainable, best practices adopted, renewable energy use, strong
innovation, global leadership.
Observations
• Strengths: Strong CSR footprint, advanced technology adoption, robust financial
performance.
• Challenges: Continued reliance on coal energy, water intensity in aluminium
production, need for greater gender diversity.
• Opportunities: Expansion of renewable energy, deeper community partnerships,
innovation in waste-to-resource technologies.
Conclusion
The sustainability framework analysis of Hindalco through activity worksheets reveals a
balanced approach across environmental, social, and economic pillars. Hindalco excels in CSR,
worker safety, and profitability, while areas like renewable energy adoption and inclusivity
require further progress. This structured evaluation demonstrates how industrial giants can
align with India’s Sustainable Development Goals and global sustainability commitments.
Practical 3
Aim: To gain insights into the differences between natural and managed ecosystems by visual
observation using Google Earth/Google Maps.
Introduction
Natural ecosystems (forests, rivers, wetlands) evolve without human intervention, while
managed ecosystems (agricultural fields, plantations, urban parks) are shaped by human
activities. Google Earth and Google Maps provide satellite imagery that allows us to visually
compare these ecosystems and understand their structure, biodiversity, and human impact.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
• Google Earth and Google Maps applications
• Selected sites: one natural ecosystem (forest/wetland) and one managed ecosystem
(agricultural field/urban park)
Method:
1. Identify and mark locations of natural and managed ecosystems.
2. Observe satellite imagery for vegetation cover, land use, water bodies, and human
structures.
3. Record differences in biodiversity, landscape features, and human modifications.
4. Summarize findings in a comparative table.
Comparative Table: Natural vs Managed Ecosystem
Feature Natural Ecosystem Managed Ecosystem
Vegetation Diverse, multi-layered forests, Monoculture crops, plantations,
natural grasslands ornamental plants
Biodiversity High species richness, complex Limited species, simplified food
food webs chains
Human Minimal or absent High (irrigation, fertilizers,
Intervention construction)
Stability Self-sustaining, resilient Dependent on human inputs
Example (Google Dense forest in Uttarakhand Agricultural fields in Punjab
Maps)
Google Earth image of forests in Uttarakhand (Natural Ecosystem)
Google Earth image of Agricultural field in Delhi (Managed Ecosystem)
Observations
• Natural ecosystems show heterogeneity in vegetation and terrain.
• Managed ecosystems display uniformity due to human planning and control.
• Google Earth imagery highlights clear boundaries between natural forests and
cultivated lands.
Conclusion
Google Earth/Maps provides a practical tool to differentiate natural and managed ecosystems.
Natural ecosystems are diverse and self-sustaining, while managed ecosystems are simplified
and dependent on human intervention. This exercise enhances understanding of ecological
balance and human impact on landscapes.
Practical 4
Aim: To study the ecological features, biodiversity components, and conservation practices of
Yamuna Biodiversity Park through direct field observation.
Introduction
Yamuna Biodiversity Park in Delhi is a major ecological restoration project developed to
conserve native flora and fauna, restore wetlands, and provide a living laboratory for ecological
education. The park demonstrates how degraded landscapes can be transformed into thriving
ecosystems that support biodiversity and offer ecosystem services.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
• Field notebook and pen
• Camera/phone for documentation
• Guide map of Yamuna Biodiversity Park
Method:
1. Explore different zones (wetlands, grasslands, forest patches).
2. Record observations on vegetation, bird species, and aquatic life.
3. Note conservation practices such as water harvesting and native plantation.
4. Compare natural habitats with managed sections.
5. Summarize findings in a table.
Observations Table
Feature Observation Significance
Vegetation Native trees, shrubs, medicinal Supports ecological restoration
plants
Wetlands Aquatic plants, migratory birds Provides habitat and water
purification
Grasslands Seasonal herbs and grasses Maintains soil fertility and
supports pollinators
Fauna Birds (parakeets, kingfishers), Indicates healthy biodiversity
butterflies, reptiles
Conservation Rainwater harvesting, native Enhances sustainability
Practices species plantation
Schematic Figure
Figure 1: Zones of Yamuna Biodiversity Park
• Wetlands with aquatic vegetation and migratory birds
• Grasslands supporting seasonal herbs and pollinators
• Forest patches with native trees and medicinal plants
• Conservation structures such as rainwater harvesting ponds
Results
• The park showcases restored ecosystems with high biodiversity.
• Wetlands attract migratory birds, highlighting its role as a bird sanctuary.
• Native vegetation improves soil and water quality.
• Conservation practices demonstrate sustainable ecosystem management.
The field visit to Yamuna Biodiversity Park provided valuable insights into ecological
restoration and biodiversity conservation. The park serves as a model for urban ecological
sustainability, offering both educational and recreational benefits.
Practical 5
Aim: To study the functioning, design, and ecological significance of the rainwater harvesting
plant installed at Satyawati College (Evening).
Introduction
Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable practice that collects and stores rainwater for future use,
reducing dependence on groundwater and municipal supply. At Satyawati College (Evening),
the rainwater harvesting plant is designed to recharge groundwater and promote water
conservation. A field visit helps students understand its structure, operation, and environmental
benefits.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
• Field notebook and pen
• Camera/phone for documentation
• College campus map
Method:
1. Visit the rainwater harvesting plant site within the college campus.
2. Observe structural components (collection area, filtration unit, recharge pit).
3. Record water flow pathways and storage/recharge mechanisms.
4. Note maintenance practices and signage explaining the system.
5. Summarize findings in a comparative table.
Observations Table
Feature Observation Significance
Catchment Area Rooftop and paved surfaces Collects rainwater efficiently
Filtration Unit Sand, gravel, charcoal layers Removes impurities before recharge
Recharge Pit Deep pit with porous lining Recharges groundwater aquifers
Storage Tank Small tank for immediate use Provides water for gardening/cleaning
Maintenance Regular cleaning and monitoring Ensures efficiency and sustainability
Results
• The plant effectively channels rooftop rainwater into recharge pits.
• Filtration units ensure clean water enters the aquifer.
• Stored water is used for gardening and non-potable purposes.
• The system reduces dependence on external water supply.
Conclusion
The visit to the rainwater harvesting plant at Satyawati College (Evening) highlighted the
importance of sustainable water management. The plant serves as a practical model for urban
campuses, demonstrating how simple technology can conserve water, recharge aquifers, and
promote ecological balance.
Practical 6
Aim: To analyze and compare the energy demand and consumption of a particular state over
the years using graphical tools.
Introduction
Energy demand refers to the peak requirement of electricity, while consumption reflects the
actual usage over time. Studying these trends helps in understanding industrial growth,
household needs, and the impact of renewable energy adoption. Graphical tools such as line
charts and bar graphs make these comparisons clearer and more accessible.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
• State electricity board reports
• Central Electricity Authority (CEA) statistics
• Graphical tools (Excel, Python, or Google Sheets)
Method:
1. Collect annual data for peak demand (MW) and electricity consumption (MU).
2. Organize data into a table.
3. Use graphical tools to plot line charts (year vs demand/consumption).
4. Compare growth trends and highlight key changes.
40,000
30,000
MU
20,000
10,000
0
2015 2018 2021 2024
Year
Peak Demand (MW) Consumption (MU)
Comparison of Delhi’s Peak Energy Demand (MW) and Electricity Consumption (MU) from 2015 to 2024.
Data Table (Example: Delhi)
Year Peak Consumption
Demand (MU)
(MW)
2015 5,800 26,000
2018 6,500 30,000
2021 6,900 32,500
2024 7,200 34,000
Results
• Both demand and consumption show a steady upward trend.
• Efficiency measures and renewable integration moderate consumption growth.
• Peak demand rises faster in urbanized states due to industrial and residential load.
Conclusion
Graphical comparison of energy demand and consumption reveals growth patterns and
highlights the importance of sustainable energy planning. States must balance rising demand
with efficiency and renewable adoption to ensure long-term energy security.
Practical 7
Aim: To assess the Air Quality Index (AQI) of a given area by measuring real-time air
quality parameters and interpreting them using CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board)
standards.
Introduction
Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized measure that indicates the level of air pollution in a
region. It is calculated using real-time concentrations of key pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10,
SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃. AQI helps in understanding the health impacts of air quality and guides
policy and public awareness.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
• Portable air quality monitoring device (or CPCB online AQI portal)
• Field notebook and pen
• Graphical tools (Excel/Google Sheets for plotting)
Method:
1. Record real-time concentrations of pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃).
2. Use CPCB AQI breakpoints to convert pollutant concentrations into sub-indices.
3. Identify the highest sub-index value — this becomes the AQI for the area.
4. Plot graphs (bar chart/line chart) showing pollutant levels vs permissible limits.
5. Interpret AQI category (Good, Satisfactory, Moderate, Poor, Very Poor, Severe).
CPCB AQI Breakpoints
Pollutant Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Very Poor Severe
(0–50) (51–100) (101–200) (201–300) (301–400) (401–500)
PM2.5 0–30 31–60 61–90 91–120 121–250 250+
(µg/m³)
PM10 0–50 51–100 101–250 251–350 351–430 430+
(µg/m³)
NO₂ 0–40 41–80 81–180 181–280 281–400 400+
(µg/m³)
SO₂ 0–40 41–80 81–380 381–800 801–1600 1600+
(µg/m³)
CO 0–1 1.1–2 2.1–10 10.1–17 17.1–34 34+
(mg/m³)
O₃ (µg/m³) 0–50 51–100 101–168 169–208 209–748 748+
Data Table ( Dwarka)
Pollutant Measured Value AQI Sub-Index Category
PM2.5 110 µg/m³ 220 Poor
PM10 180 µg/m³ 160 Moderate
NO₂ 70 µg/m³ 90 Satisfactory
SO₂ 25 µg/m³ 40 Good
CO 1.5 mg/m³ 70 Satisfactory
O₃ 60 µg/m³ 80 Satisfactory
Overall AQI = 220 → Poor
Results
• PM2.5 was the dominant pollutant, pushing AQI into the Poor category.
• Other pollutants remained within satisfactory/moderate ranges.
• The area shows significant particulate pollution, likely due to vehicular emissions and
construction dust.
Conclusion
The real-time AQI assessment revealed that the area falls under the Poor category, indicating
potential health risks for sensitive groups. Continuous monitoring and mitigation measures
such as dust control, reduced vehicular emissions, and promotion of green cover are essential
for improving air quality.