COMPUTER

PACKAGES
[Link] TO COMPUTER
2. MICROSOFT WORD
3. MICROSOFT EXCEL
4. MICROSOFT ACCESS
5. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
6. MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
7. ADOPE PAGEMAKER
8. INTERNET /EMAILING

Course Title: Introduction

to Computer Applications
THEORY

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S. No. Topic/Lesson
1 Introduction to Computers, Definition, Advantage
s & Limitations
2 Anatomy of Computers – Components of Computers and
its functions-
Overview of Input devices of Computer
3 Overview of Output devices of Computer, Memory, Processors,
Hardware,
Software & Speed
4 Types of Software – Operating System, Translators &
Programming languages
5 Types of Software – Application Programmes, Utility
Programmes & General
Purpose Programmes, Classification of Computers
6 Operating System – Functions of OS – Types of OS-DOS and
WINDOWS,
Booting process
7 Some fundamental DOS commands – FORMAT, DIR, COPY,
PATH,
LABEL, VOL, MD, CD, DEL and TREE
8 WINDOWS:GUI, Desktop and its elements, Anatomy of a
window – Title Bar, Minimize, Maximize, Restore and Close
Buttons, Scroll Bars, Menusand

Tool - Starting and shutting down of windows

9 WINDOWS Explorer , working with organization of files and
folders, Copy,
Move and Print files – setting time and date
1 MSWORD: Word processing and units of document, features of
0 word-
processing packages
1 MSWORD: Creating, Editing, Formatting and Saving a document
1 in
MSWORD – Features of File, Edit and Format menus
1 MSEXCEL: Electronic Spreadsheets – concept, packages,
2 creating, editing and
saving a spreadsheet with MSEXCEL
1 MSEXCEL: Use of in-built Statistical and other functions and
3
writing expressions, Creating Data Analysis option in Tools
Menu, Use of Data Analysis Tools – Correlation and Regression,
t-test for two samples, Creating

Graphs

2
1 MSACCESS: Concept of Database, Units of database
4
1 MSACCESS: creating database
5
1 Internet - World Wide Web (WWW), Concepts
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 PRACTICALS

S .No Topi
. c
1 Study of Computer Components – Booting of Computer and
its Shut
Down
2 Practice of some fundamental DOS commands – TIME,
DATE, DIR,
MD, CD, RD, DEL, TREE, COPY, VOL and LABEL
3 Practicing WINDOWSOperatingSystem–
UseofMouse,TitleBar,

Minimum, Maximum and Close Buttons, Scroll Bars, Menus

and Tool Bars
4 WINDOWS Explorer – Creating Folders, COPY and PASTE
functions
5 MSWORD – Creating a Document, Editing and Saving
6 MSWORD: Use of options from the Tool Bars – Format,
Insert and Tools
(Spell Check), Alignment of paragraphs and Text
7 MSWORD: Creating a Table, Merging of Cells, Columns and
Row
Width
8 MSEXCEL: Creating a Spreadsheet, Alignment of Rows,
Columns and
Cells using Format Tool Bar
9 MSEXCEL: Entering formula expression through the formula
tool bar
and use of inbuilt functions – SUM, AVERAGE and STDEV
10 MSEXCEL: Data Analysis using inbuilt Tool Packs –
Correlation and
Regression
11 MSEXCEL: Dat Analysi usin inbuil Too Pack – test of
a s g t l s s
significan
ce
12 MSEXCEL: Creating and Saving Graphs
13 MSACCESS: Creating Database, structuring with different
types of fields
MSACCESS: use of Query facility for accessing the
information
14 Transforming the data of WORD and EXCEL to other forms
15 MSEXCEL: Dat Analysi usin inbuil Too Pack – test of
a s g t l s s
significan
ce
16 Internet Explorer – Using Search Engines

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 INTRODUCTION

D
efinition : A Computer is an electronic device that can perform
activities that involve Mathematical, Logical and graphical
manipulations. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of
devices that function together as a system.

It performs the following three operations in sequence.

1. It receives data & instructions from the input device.
2. Processes the data as per instructions.
3. Provides the result (output) in a desired form.
Data : It is the collection of raw facts, figures & symbols.
Ex : Names of students and their marks in different subjects listed in random
order.
Information : It is the data that is processed & presented in an organized manner.
Ex : When the names of students are arranged in alphabetical order, total
and average marks are calculated & presented in a tabular form, it is
information.

Program : Set of instructions that enables a computer to perform a given task.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS :

1. High speed : Computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at a

greater speed than human beings. They can perform millions of
calculations in seconds.
2. Accuracy : Computers are used to perform tasks in a way that ensures
accuracy.
3. Storage : Computers can store large amount of information. Any item of
data or any instruction stored in the memory can be retrieved by the
computer at lightning speeds.
4. Automation : Computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks
automatically (which increases the productivity).
5. Diligence : Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the
same accuracy without getting tired.
6. Versatility : Computers are flexible to perform both simple and complex tasks.
7. Cost effectiveness : Computers reduce the amount of paper work and
human effort, thereby reducing costs.

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS :
1. Computers need clear & complete instructions to perform a task
accurately. If theinstructions are not clear & complete, the computer will
not produce the requiredresult.
2. Computers cannotthink.
3. Computers cannot learn byexperience.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS :
Generation Component used
First Vacuum tubes
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Generation
(1946-
1954 )
Second Transistors
Generation
(1955-1965)
Third Integrated Circuits (IC)
Generation
(1968-1975 )
Fourth Very Large Scale Integrated
Generation Circuits (VLSI)
( 1976-1980)
Fifth Ultra Scale Integrated Circuits
Generation (ULSI) Micro Processor
(1980 – till (SILICON CHIP)
today )

******

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 ANATOMY OF COMPUTERS

The computer system consists of three units:

1. Input device2. Central ProcessingUnit(CPU) 3. Output

device Block diagram of a Computer:

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Memory unit

ALU
INPUT DEVICE
OUT PUT DEVICE
Control Unit

The various functions of these units can be summarized as:

UNIT FUNCTION
1. Input device : Reads information from input media and

enters to the computer in a coded form

2. CPU
(a) Memory unit : Stores program and data
(b) Arithmetic Logic unit : Performs arithmetic and logical functions
(c) Control Unit : Interprets program instructions and controls the input
and

output devices

3. Output device : decodes information and presents it to the user

Central Processing Unit: It is the part of the computer that carries out the
instructions of computer program. It is the unit that reads and executes program
instructions. Hence it is known as the brain of the computer. The CPU consists of
storage or memory unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and control unit.

(a). Memory Unit: It is also known as the primary storage or main memory. It
stores data, program instructions, internal results and final output temporarily
before it is sent to an appropriate output device. It consists of thousands of cells
called ―storage locations. These cells activate with ―off-on‖ or binary digits (0,1)
mechanism. Thus a character either a letter or numerical digit is stored as a string

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of (0,1) Binary digits ( BITS). These bits are used to store instructions and data by
their combinations.

(b) Arithmetic and Logical Unit(ALU):It is the unit where all Arithmetic
operations (addition, subtraction etc.) and logical functions such as true or false,
male or female are performed. Once data are fed into the main memory from input
devices, they are held and transferred as needed to ALU where processing takes
place. No process occurs in primary storage. Intermediate generated results inALU

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 are temporarily placed in memory until needed at later time. Data may move from
primary memory to ALU and back again to storage many times before the process
is finalized.

(c).Control Unit :It acts as a central nervous system and ensures that the
information is stored correctly and the program instructions are followed in proper
sequence as well as the data are selected from the memory as necessary. It also
coordinates all the input and output devices of a system.

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INPUTDEVICES
Devices used to provide data and instructions to the computer are
called Input devices. Some important input devices are

Key board, Mouse, Scanner, MICR, Web camera, Microphone etc.

1. Keyboard: The Key board is used for typing text into the computer. It is also
known as standard Input device. A computer keyboard is similar to that of a
type writer with additional keys. The most commonly available computer
keyboard has 104keys.

There are different types of keys on the keyboard. The keys are categorized as :

 Alphanumeric keys , including letters &numbers.

 Punctuation keys, such as colon (:), semicolon (;) Question mark (?), Single
&double quotes (‗,‖)
 Special keys such as arrow keys, control keys, function keys (F1 to F12), HOME,
ENDetc.

2..Mouse: It is a device that controls the movement of the cursor on a monitor. A

mouse will have 2 buttons on its top. The left button is the most frequently used
button. There will be a wheel between the left and right buttons. This wheel
enables us to smoothly scroll through screens of information. As we move the
mouse, the pointer on the monitor moves in the same direction. Optical mouse is
another advanced pointing device that uses a light emitting component instead of
the mouse ball. Mouse cannot be used for entering the data. It is only useful to
select the options on the screen.

3. Scanner:: It is an input device that can read text or illustrations printed on

paper and translate into digital form. The main advantage of these scanners is
that the data need not be entered separately resulting in saving lot oftime.

Scanners are of two types: i)optical scanners ii) MICR

i) Opticals canners:
a. Optical character Recognition(OCR): In this, characters are read with the
help of a light. This is used in office atomization, documentation in library etc.
b. Optical mark recognition(OMR): It is a technology where an OMR device
senses the presence or absence of a mark such as a pencil mark

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 c. Optical barcode recognition(OBCR): Barcode readers are photoelectric
scanners that read the bar codes or vertical zebra striped marks printed on
product containers. This is used in super markets, book shops etc.

ii. MICR: This is widely used in banks to process the cheques. This allows the
computer to recognize characters printed using magnetic ink.

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4. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR): : It is a character recognition
technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of
the cheques. MICR characters ( cheque No., [Link]. etc) are printed in special ink
usually containing iron oxide. When a document that contains the ink needs to be
read, it passes through a machine which magnetizes the ink and there will be a
reader sorter unit which translates the magnetic information into characters. MICR
provides a secure, high speed of scanning and processing information. It scans
about 2600cheques/min.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Any device that is capable of representing information on a computer is

called an Output device. Output devices receive information from the CPU
and present it to the user in the desired form.

Some important Output devices are : Monitor, Printer

1 .Terminal/Monitor: It is similar to TV screen- either a monochrome (black &

white) or colour – and it displays the output. It is also referred as Visual Display
Unit(VDU). Several types of monitors are in use. Some of them are Colour Graphic
Adapter(CGA), Enhanced Graphics Adaptor(EGA) , Video Graphics Adapter (VGA)
and Super Video Graphics Adapter(SVGA).

The screen sizes differ from system to system. The standard size is 24 lines by 80
characters. Most systems have provision for scrolling which helps in moving the
text vertically or horizontally on the screen.

2 . Printer: A printer is used to transfer data from a computer onto paper. The
paper copy obtained
fromaprinterisoftenreferredas―printout‖. The different printers and their speeds are
as follows:

S. Typ Mode of Printing Spee

No. e d
1 Dot – Prints the character in dotted 200/300 to
pattern
Matrix 700 CPS
printer through printer ribbon using
either 24 pin or 9 pin
2 Ink Jet printer Work by spraying ionized ink Slow, 90 CPS
3 Laser printer Also called page printer. Uses 6 to 12 PPM
laser
beam to produce an image.

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4 Line printer Prints lines at a time instead of 300 to 600 LPM
single
characters.
5 Plotter Produces drawings or graphs
through pens which are filled
with different

colours.
( CPS: Characters Per Second; PPM: Pages Per Minutes; LPM : Lines Per Minute)

LASER PRINTER

******

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 MEMORY OF THE COMPUTER

Memory or storage capacity is one of the important components of a

computer. Any storage unit of a computer system is classified on the basis of
the following criteria:

1. Access time: This is the time required to locate and retrieve stored data
from the storage unit in response to program instructions.
2. Storage capacity: It is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit.

3. Cost per bit of storage.

Units of memory: The computer stores a character in the storage cells with binary
(0,1) mechanism. Thus the basic unit of memory is a bit (binary digit – 0,1). To
store a character, a computer requires 8 bits or 1 byte. This is called the ― word
length‖ of the storage unit. Hence the storage capacity of the computer is
measured in the number of words it can store and is expressed in terms of bytes.
The different units of measurementare

o 8Bits = 1 Byte

210(or)1024Bytes = 1

Kilo Byte (KB)

210(or)1024KB =1

Mega Byte(MB)

 210(or)1024MB = 1 Gega Byte(GB)

Conversio
n:

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

This code has given alphabets like some numbers which can be converted to
Binary form.

A- 65 …….Z– 90 and a– 97...........z –121

By using these codes the alphabets can be converted to digital & hence to Binary
form.
Types of Memory: A computer memory is of two types
1. Primary Memory (Internalstorage) 2. Secondary Memory ( Externalstorage)

Primary Memory: Primary memory is also called internal memory and is an

important part of a computer. It is the main area in a computer where the data is
stored. The stored data can be recalled instantly and correctly whenever desired.

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This memory can be quickly accessed by the CPU for reading or storing
information. Primary memory is further classified into two types:

Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read- Only

Memory (ROM ) RAM:

RAM is also known as read/write memory as information can be read from and written
onto it. RAM is
a place in a computer that holds instructions for the computer, its programs and
the data. The CPU can directly access the data from RAM almost immediately.
However, the storage of data and instructions in RAM is temporary, till the time the
computer is running. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the computer
is switched off. i.e it is volatile memory.

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ROM:
It is called Read-only memory as information can only be read from and not
written or changed onto ROM. ROM is the ‗built-in‘ memory of a computer. It
stores some basic input – output instructions put by the manufacturer to operate
the computer. The storage of data and instructions in ROM is permanent. It does
not depend on the power supply. i.e it is non-volatile memory.

Secondary memory: The primary memory which is faster (and hence expensive)
is generally not sufficientfor largestorageofdata.
As
aresult,additionalmemory,calledthe―auxiliary‖or―secondarymemory‖isused.

Itisalsoreferredas―backupstorage‖asit
isusedtostorelargevolumeofdataonapermanent basis which can be transferred to
the primary memory whenever required for processing. Data are stored in
secondary storage in the same binary codes as in the main (primary memory)
storage. Some of the devices of secondary storages are Floppy Disk, Hard Disk,
CD-ROM, DVD and Flash drive.

1. FloppyDisk:Itisalsoreferredas―Diskette:andismadeof flexibleVinylmaterial.
Ithasasmall hole on one side called ―Right protect notch‖, Which protects
accidental writing/deleting theinformation from the disk. There is a hole in the
centre through which the spindle of drive unit rotates the disk. The disks are
available in two sizes of 5.25 and 3.5 inches and these could be either low- density
or high-density floppies. Storage capacity of floppies are measured in kilobytes
(KB) and megabytes (MB). The details about the storage capacities of the floppies
are presentedbelow:
Floppy Storage Size
Disk Capacity (Diameter)
Low 360 KB 5.25 inches
Density
High 1.2 MB 5.25 inches
Density
High 1.44 MB 3.5 inches
Density
Extended 2.8 MB 3.5 inches

2. Hard Disk: The hard disk can hold more information than the floppy disk and
the retrieval of information from hard disk is faster when compared to floppies or
tapes. A hard disk is fixed inside the CPU and its capacity ranges from 20 MB

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onwards. The hard disk is made up of a collection of discs (one below the other)
known as platters on which the data is recorded. These platters are coated with
magnetic material. It is less sensitive to external environmental disorders and
hence the storage in hard disk is safe. A small hard disk might be as much as 25
times larger than a floppy disk. Storage Capacity of hard disks varies from 20 MB
to several Gega bytes like 80GB,160GB.

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[Link]-ROM: CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk–Read Only Memory. It is used to
store a wide variety of information. Its main advantage is that it is portable and
can hold a large amount of data.. The storage capacity of most CD-ROMs is
approximately 650 MB or 700MB.

CD-ROMs have the following variations:

(i) CD-R(Compact disc Recordable): Data can be written onto it just once. The
stored data can be read. Data once written onto it cannot beerased.
(ii) CD-RW(Compact disc Rewritable): It is also called erasable CD. Data once
written onto it can be erased to write or record new information manytimes.

To use a CD-ROM, a device called CD drive is needed.

4. DVD: DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It is similar to a CD-ROM, except
that it can store larger amounts of data. The storage capacity of a DVD is at least
4.7MB. DVDs that can store up to 17GBs are also available. Because of their
capacity, DVDs are generally used to store a very large multimedia presentations
and movies that combine high quality sound andgraphics.
5. Flash Drive: It is a small, portable device that can be used to store, access and
transfer data. Due to its small size, it is commonly called Pen drive. It is also
called USB drive. We can read, write, copy, delete, and move data from computer
to pen drive or pen drive to computer. It comes in various storage capacities of
2GB, 4GB, 8GB etc. It is popular because it is easy to use and small enough to be
carried in a pocket. This device is plugged into the USB port of the computer and
the computer automatically detects thisdevice.

******

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 HARDWARE
andSOFTWARE

Hardware: The physical components of the computer are known as

―Hardware‖. It refers to the objectsthat we can actually touch.
Ex: input and output devices, processors, circuits and the cables.

Software: Software is a program or set of instructions that causes the Hardware

to function in a desired way. The basic difference between the Hardware and
Software is just the same as that exists between TV and TV studio. Without TV
studio (software) from where the programs are telecast, the TV (Hardware) is a
deadmachine.

There are five categories of software. They are:

1. OperatingSystem 2. Translators [Link] 4. Applicationprograms

5. General purpose programs

1. Operating System (OS): The software that manages the resources of a

computer system and schedules its operation is called Operating system. The
operating system acts as interface between the hardware and the user
programs and facilitates the execution ofprograms.

Generallythe OS acts as an interface between the user and the Hardware of the
computer.

i.e It is a bridge between the user and the Hardware.

The User interface provided by the OS can be character based or graphical.

CUI -- Character userInterface

GUI -- Graphical userInterface

CUI : It is operated with keyboard only. Ex: MS-DOS, UNIX

GUI : The system can be operated with mouseandkeyboard. Ex: Windows 95,
Windows XPetc

 Disk Operating System (DOS):It was developed as early as 1980 by Bill Gates at
the ageof
19. It is suited for personal computers. Dos is a single user and single task operating
system

 WINDOWS: ItworkswithDOSanditsupportssingleuserandmultitasksystem.
It requires a powerful PC with a minimum RAM of 8 MB.

 UNIX AND XENIX: It is suited for multi-user and multi-tasksystem

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2. Translators: Computers can understand instructions only when they are
written in their own language – the machine language . Therefore, a program
written in any other language should be translated into machine
language. The software that ―translates‖the
instructions of differentlanguages is known as translators.

There are two types of translators. They are compilers andInterpreters

A Compiler checks the entire user – written program (known as the source
program) and if it is error free, produces a complete program in machine language
(known asobject program). The source program is retained for possible
modifications and corrections and the object program is loaded into the computer
for execution. If the source program contains errors, the compilers produce a list
of errors at the end of the execution of the program. i.e a compiler translates the
wholeprogram before execution.

An interpreter does a similar job but in a different style. The

interpreter translates one statementat a timeand if it is error – free,
executes. This continues till the last statement. Thus an

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interpr

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 Sales

1.2

1.4

3.2 8.2

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

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MY MY DRESS CHOICE

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translates or executes the first instruction before it goes to the second, while a
compiler translates the whole program before execution.

The major difference between compiler and interpreter is

1. Error correction is very much simpler in the case of interpreter as it

translates the statements in stages. The compiler produces an error
list of the entire program at theend.
2. Interpreter takes more time for the execution of the program
compared to compilers as it translates one statement at atime

Programming Languages: There are three types of programming languages.

1. Machine Languages: Computers respond only to machine language. This

language is in terms of binary codes (0,1). i.e. all programs should be written
with these codes, which is difficult, time consuming and leading to errors
while writing the programs. There is no unique standard machine language.
Rather there are many machine languages. These are machine dependent.
These are referred as the first generationlanguages.
2. Assembly Languages: It uses mnemonic codes rather than numeric codes (as
in machine languages). Ex. Add or A is used as a symbol for addition. It
requires translators to convert into machine language. Like machine
language, writing program in assembly language is also time consuming.
These are also machinedependent.
3. High Level Languages (HLL):These are referred as problem oriented
languages (POL). These are referred as third generation languages. The
advantages of these languagesare
 The high level languages are convenient for writing programs as they can
be written without anycodes. Theselanguagesfollow rules
like―English‖language.
 Because of their English like nature, less time is required to write aprogram.

 They are machine independent. A program written in any HLL can be run
on computers of different types without anymodifications.

Several High Level Languages which are in common use:

FORTRAN : FORmula TRANslation

COBOL: Common Business OrientedLanguage

BASIC: Beginner‘s All purpose Symbolic InstructionCode

PROLOG: PROgramming
inLOGic ALGOL:

ALGOrithmicLanguage

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3. Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs supplied by the
manufacturer for maintaining day to day activities of computersystem.

Example: COPY, SORT, MAILING, virus scanning software etc.,

4. Application Programs: These are user written programs to do a specific job

which can be changed to meet the individual needs. These programs are written in
different languages such as BASIC or C or by using database packages like
dBASE,Oracle.

Example: Payroll, Billing, Railway Reservation etc.

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 5. General Purpose Packages: These packages are developed to suit the
needs of research workers / scientists in different fields. These packages are
categorized as:
i) DataAnalysis ii) Word Processing iii) Spread Sheet iv) Graphics and v)Databases

DATA ANALYSIS

Ex: SPSS (Statistical Package for Social

Science), MSTAT, MICROSTAT,
GENSTAT, SASetc.

WORD PROCESSING
Ex: WORDPERFECT,WORDSTAR, MS-Word, CHIRATOR, NORTON EDITORetc.

SPREAD SHEET

Ex: LOTUS, Qpro, VP-PLANNER, SYMPHONY, MS-Exceletc.

GRAPHICS

Ex: LOTUS, STORY-BOARD, POWER-POINT etc.

DATABASES

Ex: dBASE, FOX-BASE, FOX-PRO, ORACLE, MS-Accessetc.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM :

Today most operating systems perform the following important functions :

1. Processor management : It manages the assignment of processor to

different tasksbeing performed by the computersystem.
2. Memory management : It manages the allocation of main memory and
other storage areas to the system programmes as well as user programmes
anddata.
3. Input / Output management : It manages the co-ordination and assignment
of different Input and Output devices while one or more programmes
areexecuted.
4. File management : It allows all files to be easily changed and modified
through the use of text editors or some other file manipulationroutines.
5. Establishment and enforcement of a priority system : It determines and
maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the
computersystem.
6. Interpretation of commands andinstructions.

7. Facilitates easy communication between the computer system and the

computeroperator.

*******

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers are classified according to the storage capacity, speed and the
purpose for which they are developed. These can be classified into three types:

1. Analog Computes [Link] 3. Hybrid Computers

1. Analog computers: They operate by―measuring instead of ―counting‖. The
name(derived from greek word analog) denotes that the computer
functions by establishing similarities between the two quantities. They are
powerful tools for solving differentialequations.
2. Digital Computers: These computers operate by―counting‖.
Allquantitiesare expressedasdiscrete digits or numbers. These are useful
for evaluating arithmetic expressions and manipulations of data.
3. Hybrid Computers: Computers which combine the features of analog and
digital computers are known as Hybrid computers.

A majority of the computers that are in use are digital. These computers were
essentially developed for computations. Later, the developments in the
computers led to the use of digital computers in variety of applications.
Depending on the use of applications, the digital computers are classified into
1) Special Purpose Computers and 2) General Purpose Computers

1. Special Purpose Computers: These are developed with a specific purpose.

Some of the areas where these computers are being used are – soil testing,
drip irrigation, medical scanning, traffic signals, spacecraft, rocket
technology etc.,
2. General Purpose Computers: These are developed to meet the requirements
of several areas such as simulation, solving mathematical equations, payroll
and personnel database. These computers are available in different sizes
and capabilities and are further classified (based on memory, speed,
storage) as follows.
a) Super Computers b) Mainframe Computers c) Mini Computers d) Micro
Computers

a) Super Computers: These have extremely large storage capacities

and computing speeds which are atleast 10 times faster than other
computers. These are used for large scale numerical problems in
scientific and engineering disciplines such as electronics, weather
forecasting etc.,. The first super computer was developed in U.S.A. by
CRAY computers. In India the indigenous super computer was
developed under the name Param.
b) Mainframe Computers: They also have large storage and high
computing speed (but relatively lower than the super computers). They
are used in applications like weather forecasting, space applications

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 etc., they support a large number of terminals for use by a variety of
users simultaneously, but areexpensive
c) Mini Computers: It is a medium sized computer with moderate cost,
available indigenously and used for large volume applications. It can
serve multi-users simultaneously

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d) Micro Computers: A micro computer is the smallest general purpose
processing system. Micro computers are also referred as
―personal computers‖(PC). These are selfcontained units and
usually developed for use by one person at a time but can be linked to
very large systems. They are cheap, easy to use even at homes and
can be read for variety of applications from small to medium range.
These are available in threemodels:
1. PC : PersonalComputer
2. PC-XT : PC with ExtendedTechnology
3. PC-AT : PC with AdvancedTechnology

*****

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PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal Computer: A personal computer has a Monitor (VDU), a keyboard , Disk

Drive (s), printer and CPU. The CPU of PC has a mother board with several chips
mounted on a circuit board. The major components of the circuit board are :
Microprocessor, RAM and ROM chips and other supporting circuits.

Microprocessor: The Microprocessor chip is like a brain of human being which

contains circuits and registers to perform arithmetic, logic and control functions.
i.e it contains ALU & CU. These chips will be able to retrieve data from the input
output devices, store, manipulate and process a byte of data at a time. There is
an address bus which is built into these chips to determine the storage locations
(of RAM) of the data and the instructions of theprogram.

Over the years, different microprocessors were developed and the first in the
series is INTEL 8080. The other procesors are 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium
I, II, III and Pentium 4. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on
the original 8088, but it does it about 5000 times faster.

Clock Speed: The speed with which the instruction is executed or number of
pulses per second is called the clock speed. It is measured in terms of million
pulses per second (MHZs).

The following table gives the differences among the different processors that
intel has introduced over the years :

[Link] Microproces Dat Transistors Clock Data

. sor e speed width
1 8080 197 6000 2MHZ 8 bits
4
2 8088 197 29,00 5MHZ 16
9 0 bits 8-
bit bus
3 80286 198 134,000 6 MHZ 16 bits
2
4 80386 198 275,000 16 MHZ 32 bits
5
5 80486 198 1,200,000 25 MHZ 32 bits
9
6 Pentium I 199 3,100,000 60 MHZ 32
3 bits 64-
bit bus
7 Pentium II 199 7,500,000 233 MHZ 32 bits
7
64-bit
bus
8 Pentium III 199 9,500,000 450 MHZ 32
9 bits 64-
bit bus
9 Pentium 4 200 42,000,000 1.5 GHZ 32
0 bits 64-
bit bus
10 Pentium4 200 125,000,000 3.6 GHZ 32
bits 64-

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 ―Prescott‖ 4 bit bus

Peripherals: The input, output and secondary storage units like floppy drives,
keyboard, mouse, etc., are called peripherals.

Classification of PCs: PCs are mainly classified on the basis of primary memory (RAM),
Microprocessor, clock speed and peripherals. The classification is presented in the
following table:

[Link]. PC-Type RAM Microprocessor Clock Peripherals

speed
1 PC 640 KB 8088/8086 8 MHZ Floppy Drives, key
board and printer
2 PC-XT 1 MB 8088/8086 18 MHZ Floppy Drives,
Hard-

Disk Drive, Key

board and printer
3 PC-AT 1 MB to 80286 to 25 MHZ Floppy drives,
80486 and Hard
32 MB
above
disk,

Keyboard, Mouse
and Printer

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 WORKING WITH PERSONAL
COMPUTERS

Drives of the computer: A computer can have Floppy Disk Drive along with Hard
Disk drives in the system. These are referred as follows:

Floppy Disk Drive : A or B

HardDisk : C

Booting of the Computer: Booting imply ―activating ‖the computer for

working. Thus, when the computer is switched on, the operating system residing
in the floppy or in the hard disk is transferred into the primary memory. After this,
the computer is ready to accept the commands at user terminal. If OS is not
existing either in floppy drive or in the hard disk drive, ― non-system or disk error‖
isflashed on the screen. The booting of the computer is carried out with a software
which resides on ROM chip called BIOS ( Basic Input Output System). Thus when a
PC with system disk either in Hard-Disk Drive or Floppy Drive is switched ―on‖, the
screen finally displays one of the following symbols with ablinking cursor at itsend:

a) A:\> This imply that the computer is booted through Floppy drive `A‘ and is
ready to accept

DOScommands. Thesymbol―\
>‖isreferredasDOSpromptfromwhereDOScommandscanbeentered.

b) C:\> It imply that the PC is booted through the Hard-Disk Drive`C‘.

Booting is essential whenever the system is locked or switched-off. A PC can

be booted through twoways: a) Cold Booting b) WarmBooting.

a) Cold Booting: It is only switching OFF the system and after some time again
switchingON.

b) WarmBooting: It is carried out by pressing the following three keys

simultaneously

:Ctrl+Alt+Del. It is preferable to cold booting as it safeguards the system

from sudden power

fluctuations resulting out of switching ON and OFF thesystem.

******

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 MS-DOS
MS-DOS is a collection of programs and other files. It is a single user and single
programming environment.

MS-DOS is designed to provide a method of organizing and using the

information stored on disks, application programs, system programs and the
computer itself.

Files and File names: A file is a collection of related information. The files should
have suitable names for their identification in later use.

Rules for naming thefiles:

1. File names should be of one to eight characters in length with an option of
one to three character extension
2. File names can include any one of the
followingcharacters: A to Z (or a to z) 0 to 9, $,
&, #, @. %, ( ), {}

The characters which are not allowed are:

:, ; + / \ * as these have special meaning
3. A period (.) is used to separate the first part of a file name from the
extension. ([Link], RAMA.WK1,etc.,)
4. When a file name includes an extension, it should be referred along with
its extension and not only with the firstpart
5. Reserved devices names are not allowed. ([Link], DATE,etc.,
TYPES OF FILES IN DOS: -

There are different types of files you can create in your computer, according to
the usage. To differentiate each file, the computer will give an extension to
identify the different types of files you have created.

Executable Files: The files with extension of either .COM or .EXE are called
executable files. These files are directly executed by typing their names
(without the extension) by the computer. A file with

.COM extension refers to COMMAND file name and the other with .EXE
extension refers EXECUTABLE program file.

Batch Files: the file containing a series of DOS commands, which are executed
automatically one at a time in the order entered, is known as the batch file. A
batch file has the extension .BAT. If the batch file is given a special name
[Link], it is automatically executed when the computer is switched on or
during booting.

Backup Files: These are backup files of a file and have extension .BAK. These files
are such that their contents can not be altered (edited). These files are created
while working with WORDSTAR package for typing a document.

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4
System Files: These are program files developed for system control. They
have .SYS extension. Directory: It is a collection of files, size, date and time of
creation of files. The relation between files, directories and disk is similar to the
relation between papers, filing folders and filling cabinets. Just as a cabinet
contain papers and other folders, a directory may contain directories also. The
main directory of a drive is called Root Directory into which several directories
and sub-directories may exist.

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Types of DOS commands: There are two types of commands: i) internal and ii)
external
i) Internal DOS commands: Internal commands are those commands which
manage files. They are loaded into the memory of the PC when PC is booted. These
are stored in a large file with file name [Link], when a PC isbooted.
1. DIR: Dir displays continuously the directory of file names, file size, date
and time of creation. C:\>dira:

This command displays the list of files and directories from the drive A i.e. the
floppy drive.

It can be specified with two options:

i) Dir/p: It pauses the listing of the directory whenever the screen is full. The
next screen load of files can be displayed by pressing anykey.
ii) Dir/w: displays the files of the directory in a five column format. Only
file names and their extensions will be displayed without the date
and time ofcreation.

The total number of files and remaining bytes are listed.

In addition, DIR can also be specified with wildcard characters (such as
* or ?) to list files sharing a common element in the file name or
extension.

Eg: DIR STATS.* : lists all files with STATS and other combinations along with

the extensions. DIR *.COM : lists all files with extension .COM

2. DEL: Deletes aspecifiedfile. Syntax: DEL

{filename} Del stats deletesthe file―stats‖.

Del stats.* deletesallextensions of thefile―stats‖.

Suppose you want to delete a file [Link] on A drive, the

command will be: C:> DEL A: [Link] 

3. COPY: The COPY command is used to copy files from one place to another.
The way to execute copy command is to type COPY leave a space
followed by the source file name again a space followed by
destinationfile.

Syntax: copy {Drive name} <source file> {Drive name} <target file name>

Ex: 1. COPYSTATSMATHScopies afile―STATS‖withthename ―MATHS‖on the same drive

2. COPYPATHA:ENTO copiesafile ―PATH‖from thecurrent driveto

drive―A‖withthe filename ―ENTO‖.

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 3. COPYA:MATHS C:STATS copies afile―MATHS‖form drive―A‖to drive―C‖withthefile
name

―STATS‖

4. COPYA:MATHS.* C:STATS.* copies all extensions of

file―MATHS‖form drive Atodrive C with name―STATS‖.

[Link]: The REN command is used to rename the old file with another name. The
way to execute Rename command is to type REN leave a space followed
by the old file name againfollowed

by a space and new file name.

Ex: Suppose if you want to change the name of a file [Link] to

[Link] the following command will work:

C:\> REN [Link]

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5. DATE: It displays current date and asks for new date in (mm)-(dd)-
(YY) format. If no date is to be changed, the old date canberetained
bypressing―enter‖key.

Syntax: C:\> Date

6. TIME: displays current time and asks for new tine and if no new time is to be
entered,pressing
―enter‖retains theold
time Syntax:
C:\>Time

7. VER: displays the version ofDOS

8. CLS : when you want to clear the screen, type in the followingcommand:

C:\> CLS 

ii) External commands: External commands are small file programs used for doing
specificjobs.

Some of the useful commands :

1. SORT: It sorts the files in alphanumeric order: either A to Z or Z toA
DIR| SORT (or) DIR/ON : Displays all the files in A to Z order

DIR| SORT/R (or) DIR/O-N: Displays all the files in reverse order (i.e Z to A)

2. FORMAT: Formatting a (new) disk imply organizing the new disk into
magnetic tracksand sectors that are readable by DOS. The PC
copies files only on a formatted disk. However, if an old disk is
formatted, all the existing files on it would be erased. Hence
this command should be usedcarefully.

FORMAT a: formats disk in drive ―A‖

3. VOL: This command displays the volume label of the currentdisk

4. LABEL: It is used to create, change or delete the volume label on thedisk
5. PATH: It is used to provide access to files located on other directories
or on other disks. Thus whilein ―C‖drive, onecan directlyinvoke
filesofDOS, WORDSTAR (WS)

(or) LOTUS directories by giving the followingcommand:

PATH = C:\DOS; C:\WS; C:\LOTUS

This command is generally listed in the [Link] files for its execution
when the PC is booted

6. MD: It is used to make a new directory (or sub-directory) which is

subordinate to thecurrent (or root) directory. It is specified asfollows:

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 C:\> MD\STATS (or) MD STATS : This command makes (creates) a new
directory with the name ― STATS‖.

7. CD : It is used to change from one directory to theother.

If we have to work with files in the directory ―STATS‖, the directory has to
be changed
to ―STATS‖
Ex: C:\>CD\ STATS (or) CD STATS : This command changes the root
directory to the directory ―STATS‖.
8. RD: It removes or deletes a directory. To remove a directory, it is
essential to first delete all the files in thedirectory.

To remove the directory STATS, thecommandis C:\> RDSTATS

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 9. TREE: It displaysthe directoriesand sub-directoriesexistingin a drive with
a―TREE‖ diagram. The difference between TREE and DIR commands is that:
DIR displays all fileswith its size, date and time of creation. It also
displays only directories with symbol <DIR> (without files and sub
directories in that directory) whereas, TREE displaysdirectories

and sub directories in a drive without files.

*********

COMPUTER VIRUSES AND VACCINES:

Def:A VIRUS is a set of instructions (or program) or software prepared to

destroy a package and data.

A virus kills data and program files. Although the purpose for developing such
softwares is not known, they appear to be basically developed for a check
against the ―piracy‖of program packages.

Functioning of viruses: viruses reside in executable files such as .COM

or .EXE. Thus when PC is switched on, the virus enters the RAM through .COM
([Link]) file and starts destructive work of killing data and program
files. Whenever the PC is switched off, they again go back to the executable
files.

More than 1000 computer viruses have been identified. They are classified as :

i) File Allocation Table (FAT)basedviruses ii )Key board virusesand

ii) File basedviruses
Some of the well known viruses are:

Joshi, Die_Hard-2, Jerusalem, Generic, Brain, May_5 th, Gumnam, World peace etc.,

VACCINE: It is a software developed for removing the viruses.

In DOS version, there are in-built programs to guard against computer

viruses. These are anti-virus programs for both DOS and WINDOWS and a
memory resident virus-safe program that guards against the introduction of files
that may be affected by virus.

Some of the anti-virus vaccines are: NASHSOFT, UTSCAN, AVG, AVIRA, Meccaf etc.

*****

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 WINDOWS

Salient features of Windows Operating System:

1. It converts the plain character based user interface provided by DOS into a
Graphical User Interface(GUI) such as pictures, symbols and words on your
screen that can be controlled bythe mouse.
2. It provides a multitasking capabilities to thePC.
3. It supports long file name rather than the limited 8 characters with
extension of three letterfile name (8:3) as used by DOS. In Windows file
name can have name up to 255 characterslong.
4. Windows owes its name to the fact that it runs each program or
document or application inits own separatewindow.
5. Windows have the facility of accessories such as Word pad, Note pad, Calculator
andPaint.
6. User can paste portion of one document into another by utilizing more
advanced document linking features called Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE),
Object Linking and Embedding(OLE).
7. It provides a big facility of plug and play standard. It allows user to simply
plug a new board such as a video, audio or network card into the computer
without having a set of switches or making othersettings.
8. If a program crashes, then it will display fault error message about its crash
and you caneliminate the crashed program from the task list without
affecting other runningapplications.

HARDWARE REQUIRED FOR WINDOWS:

1. MS-DOS version 6.0, 6.2, 6.22

2. A PC with atleast 80386processor.
3. Atleast 8 MBRAM.
4. A Hard disk with atleast 40-MB of free space to installWindows.
5. Monitor (Super VGA , Monochrome orMulticolored)
6. Mouse.
7. CDdrive.

PARTS OF A WINDOW SCREEN:

Desktop: The desktop is the on-screen work area on which Windows, Icons,
menus & dialog boxes appear. The Desktop can have several
components. Parts of the desktop include Icons & the taskbar.

COMPONENTS OF THE DESKTOP:

 Icons
 Taskbar

Icons: Icon is a small image that represents a file, folder or program.

The text below each icon is the name of the Icon. When we rest the mouse
pointer on an icon, a rectangular box appears. This is referred to as Tooltip. It
gives a brief description of the Icon.
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By default, there will be 4-5 icons on the desktop.
They are:
 MyComputer
 Mydocuments
 InternetExplorer
 Recyclebin
 NetworkNeighborhood

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 My Computer: This is the icon which represents all the files & folders which can
be used in the system. It is used to access the drives, folders & files on the
computer. i.e Floppy drive(A), Local C, D, E, Printer, Control paneletc.

My Documents: This is the default storage location for the files created in the
windows.
Internet Explorer: This is an application used to browse the internet.
Recycle bin: This is a folder that stores all the files & folders deleted from
windows temporarily, which can be restored again if needed.

Network Neighborhood: This is an application which display all the computers

connected in network with our computer.

Taskbar: The rectangular bar that runs horizontally across the bottom of the
screen is called Taskbar. The Taskbar has the START menu on the left & the
Notification area on the right. We can start an application using the start menu.

Notification area holds system icons that allow for functions such as changing
the time & Volume of the Computer.
All the open applications are available on the Taskbar.

ANATOMY OF A WINDOW:
The window on a desktop is the rectangular area displaying content
independently of other areas of the screen.
The different parts of a window are the Title bar, Menu bar, the Toolbar, and
the min, max & close buttons. These tools are used to manage the window &
the components within it.

Title bar – This is the title of the window, like your name at the top of a piece
of paper. The Title bar is also the handle for the window. If you click and hold
the mouse button down on the title bar, you can move it around the screen.

Minimize – To have a window take the minimum amount of desktop

space possible, clickthe minimize button. This drops the window into the
Task bar like a piece of paper going into a drawer. The Task bar will show
the task whether or not the window isminimized.

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3
 Maximize – To have a window take the maximum desktop space, click the
maximizebutton.
This stretches the window out like an architect‘s floor plan being rolled out over
the desk.
Restore – A maximized window will cover over all the other windows and
icons on the desktop. The Restore button places the window back so that
more than one window can display at atime.

Close (X) – When done with a window, you can have it taken completely
off the desktop by closing it. Use the X button to dothis.

Menu bar: The Menu bar displays a list of commands that can be used to
perform various tasks. ( this will be below the Title bar). Menu items are
commands within the menu bar that allow choosing of functions & tasks.

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 Tool bar: contains a set of buttons for frequently used commands.
Scroll Bars: On the bottom and right edges of a window we find scroll bars.
They are used to pan across the information in the window, when we have
information which won‘t fit into the window. The Status Bar :The Status bar
appears at the very bottom of the window and provides such information as the
cursor position, current page number, the number of words in the document etc.

BOOTING IN WINDOWS:

 When the computer is switched on, the BIOS isactivated.

 The BIOS present in ROM searches for the operating system anddrives.
 If there is no OS, it shows non-system or diskerror.
 If OS is present, then it transfers the OS from ROM toRAM.
 Then the desktop is displayed on themonitor.

*******

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 WINDOWS EXPLORER

Windows Explorer is an application that provides detailed information about your

files, folders, and drives. You can use it to see how your files are organized and
to copy, move, and rename files, as well as perform other tasks pertaining to
files, folders, and drives.

Explorer uses the directory windows to graphically display the directory structure
of your disk and files. Windows Explorer displays the contents of the entire system
in a hierarchical manner.

To open Windows Explorer, click Start →All programs →Accessories

→Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer is divided into 2 panes. The left pane displays the list of drives &
folders on the computer. The right pane displays the contents of the selected drive
or folder. By using these two panes, you can browse through the contents of your
computer in a single window. Folder is a list of files (similar to Directory in MS-DOS)

WORKING WITH FOLDERS:

CREATING A FOLDER:
1. From the tree pane : select the directory under which you want to create a
subdirectory.
2. Choose File→New→Folder. On the right pane of the screen, a new folder
iscreated.
3. Type in the name of the directory and press ENTER. You can notice the
change in thetree structureimmediately.

CREATING FILES:

After creating a folder, we can move files into it or create new files within the folder.

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SELECTING FILES & FOLDERS:

i) To select all the files in afolder:

Click the folder in the left pane →All the files will be displayed in the
right pane.
To select all --→CTRL + A
ii) To select consecutivefiles:
Use shift key + arrow keys
iii) To select non-consecutivefiles:
 In the right pane of Windows Explorer, click the first item to beselected.
 Hold downCTRL
 Click all other items that need to beselected.

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COPYING FILES & FOLDERS:

Once we select the files to be copied, the next step is

to copy the files. To copy the files & folders:

i) In Windows Explorer, select the file or folder to becopied.

ii) On the edit menu clickcopy
( the files are copied to the clip board. The clip board is a location where
the information you copy or cut is temporarily stored)

iii) Click the destination folder in the leftpane.

iv) In [Link], click paste in the Editmenu.

Alternatively, to copy a file or folder, select it and then press ctrl +C. To paste,
press ctrl+ V

TO MOVE THE FILES OR FOLDERS:

i) select the folder to bemoved.

ii) On the edit menu, clickcut
iii) Click the destination folder in the leftpane
iv) On the edit menu, clickpaste.
Alternatively, to cut a file or folder, select and press ctrl +X & then to paste, press
ctrl +V.
RENAMING FILES OR FOLDERS:

i) Select the item to berenamed

ii) Choose File →Rename
iii) Current name gets selected, Type in the newname
iv) PressEnter.
DELETING FILES OR FOLDERS:

If you do not want certain files or folders, you can delete them. All the files
& folders which are deleted are moved to the recycle bin.

To delete:
i) Select
ii) On the file menu, click delete or pressdelete.
A warning appears prompting you to confirm the file deletion.
iii) If you want to delete, click yes otherwiseNo.
Note: To delete a file permanently without moving it to the Recycle bin, select
the file & then press Shift+ Del.

******

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 WORD PROCESSING
Definition: Word-processing is essentially typing, editing, and manipulation of a
document in a desired form.

UNITS OF THE DOCUMENT:

Since word-processing is concerned with preparation of a document (in a

desired form), it is essential to know the units of the document:

1. Character: It refers to the alphabets, numerical digits, punctuations and other

special symbols which are commonly used in thetext.
2. Word:A word is group of characters that are separated from other group
of characters bysome delimiters like, comma, full stop andspace.
3. Sentence: A sentence is a group of words preceded and followed by appropriate
delimitingcharacters.

4. Paragraph: It is a group of one or more sentences, paragraphs are separated

by leaving blank lines betweenthem.
5. Pages: It is the amount of text that can be printed on one page of apaper.

6. Chapters: It is a collection ofpages

7. Documents and files: It is a group of chapters. Usually, a complete document
may be very short such as a memo(or letter) or very long such as a book
consisting of several chapters. These documents are referredas―Files‖.

FEATURES OF WORD-PROCESSING:

1. Word-wrap
2. cursorcontrol
3. editing
4. formatting
5. spell-check
6. thesaurus
7. macros
8. printing
9. file management
10. mail merge printing

1. Word-wrap: In word-processing packages, the text can be continuously typed

and the computer automatically starts a fresh line when a line is filled up. As
soon as the length of a sentence exceeds the right margin, the
corresponding word is automatically adjusted in the following line. This is
called ―word-wrap‖. A paragraph is created only when carriage control is
externallygiven for a sentence.

2. Cursor Control: The four directional keys of the keyboard ( )

helps in locating thetext for editing in much the similar manner as that of a
pointer or pencil.
3. Editing: Words or lines can be entered (inserted) or deleted in any part of the
text with proper alignment . Similarly, there is a facility to ‗recover‘ the text
which is deleted by mistake or accidentally. Another important facility is that
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9
any ‗word‘ can be replaced by a new word through out the file, wherever the
old word appears. In addition to these, a block of text(which is frequently
used) can be prepared and moved or copied wherever desired in thefile.

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 4. Formatting: The text formatting refers to the way the text is desired to
appear on a page. This includes followingfunctions
 setting left and rightmargins
 paragraphsettings
 linespacing
 selecting font specifications such as underline, bold, italics,
superscriptsand subscripts
 settingfoot-notes
 number of lines perpage
 printing page numbers and headings for ‗Header‘ and‗Footer‘
 table ofcontents
 indexing the text
5. Spell-check: Word-processing packages provide checking of spellingsfacility
6. Thesaurus: It provides synonyms (or words with similarmeanings)
7. Macros: A macro is a character or word that represents a series of
keystrokes. The ability to define macros allows us to save a lot of time by
replacing common combinations ofkeystrokes.
8. Printing: It gives a ‗hard‘ copy of the text. The printing can be controlled after
printing a fixed
number of pages or can be resumed from any specified pagenumber.
9. File management: This facility allows to create, delete, move & search forfiles.
10. Mail merge printing: This facility helps in printing same
―original‖letter with differentaddresses,sothateach letter is
―original‖and notacarboncopy.

Word-processing Packages: Several word-processing packages are available.

Some of these are listed below:

1. MSWORD (SOFT WORD) 2. WORDSTAR 3. CHIRATOR 4. NORTONEDITOR

*******

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 MS-WORD
MS- Word is a word processor. The extension name of MS- word is .doc. It is an
application used to create, edit, print and save a document. It allows the user to
insert pictures, tables, charts, drawings & features that will make the text richer &
more interactive.

( The term document refers to a file created using word processor)

STARTING MS-WORD:
Start →All Programs →MS-
office→MS-word MS-word icon
isw.

THE DEFAULT WORD DOCUMENT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING LAYOUT TOOLS:

 Title bar: displays the document name and the application.

 Menu bar: Contains the list of menus available inside word, each menu
contains a specific set of commands.
 Standard toolbar: provides shortcuts in the form of buttons for frequently
performed tasks.
 Formatting toolbar: Contains a list of formatting options available inside the
format menu.
 Horizontal & Vertical rulers: used for measurement purposes like
any normal ruler; the default unit of measure is in inches.
 White page area: is the space area where you type, edit and format your
document.
 Insertion point: is the blinking vertical line that indicates the position on
the screen where text or graphics will be placed.
 Task pane: is a small window within the word window that provides
shortcuts to commonly used tasks.
 Scroll bars: are used to move up and down or left and right in a document.

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 Status bar: displays the details such as the page number the user is
working on, section no., page no. out of the total pages found in the
document, line number, column numberetc.

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STANDARD TOOLBAR:
This toolbar contains buttons to allow you to perform the basic operations such as
opening and closing a document, moving and printing data.

Function of commonly used

buttons

 New: Creates a new blank document based on the default template

 Open: Opens or finds an existing file
 Save: Saves the active file with its current file name, location and file format
 Print: Prints the active file - for more print options go to the File menu and
select Print
 Print preview: Shows how the document will look when you print it.
 Spelling & Grammer: Spelling, grammar and writing style checker
 Cut: Removes the selection from the document and places it on the clipboard
 Copy: Copies the selected item(s) to the clipboard
 Paste: Places the content of the clipboard at the insertion point
 Format painter: Copies the format from a selected object or text and applies
to other objects
 Undo: Reverses the last command, use pull-down menu to undo several steps
 Redo: Reverses the action of the Undo button, use the pull-down menu to redo
several steps
 Insert table: Insert a table into the document, or make a table of selected text
 Insert Excel worksheet: Inserts an Excel spreadsheet into the Word document
 Columns: Changes the number of columns in a document
 Drawing: Displays or hides the Drawing toolbar
 Zoom (100%): Enlarge or reduce the display of the active document

FORMATTING TOOLBAR:
The formatting Tool bar is the easiest way to change many attributes of a text.

 Style menu: Allows you to make your text Bold, Italic, underlined… depending
on the style you choose.
 Font: Allows you to change the font by clicking on the drop-down arrow on
the right of the font name box. You can view a list of fonts available; you can
scroll down to view more fonts and select the font name you wish to use by
clicking on its name.
 Font size: Allows you to change the font size by clicking inside the Font size
box and entering a value or by clicking on the drop-down arrow on the right
of the box to view a list of sizes available. Select then a size by clicking on it.

Note: A Font size of 11 or 12 is best for paragraphs of text.

 Bold, Italic, Underline: Each button respectively allows you to make your
text appear as bold, italic or underlined.
 Alignment: Each button respectively allows you to make your text aligned
to the left, center or right side of the page. You can also justify the text
across the page using the justify button.
 Line spacing: Allows you to set the amount of space that word puts when go to
a newline.

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4
 Text orientation: Allows you to change the typing direction of your text,
from left to right or right to left manner.

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5
  Numbering, Bullets : Allows you to make your text appear as a bullets
list or as a numbering list.
 Increase / Decrease indent : Allows you to increase or decrease
the indentation of your paragraph in relation to the side of thepage.
 Outside Border : Allows you to add a border around a textselection.
 Highlight color : Allows you to change the color behind a textselection.
 Font colour : Allows you to change the colour of thetext.

FEATURES OF FILE MENU ( ALT F):

1. New - Opens new Word file (Blank Documentfile)

2. Open - Opens the existingfiles
3. Save - Saves the file with onename
4. Saveas -Saves the file with more than one name( with differentformats)
5. Save as Web page – This is used to save a document in a Web style. (with
HTMLextension)
6. Versions - This is used to do the parts of work in small parts. i.e a bulk
( big/ more) work can be done in smallparts.
7. Web Page Preview – This shows the web page in printableform.
8. Page set up - To set the margin, paper size,Orientation
9. Print - To get the printout.( Specified pages and no. ofcopies).
10. Properties - This gives the details about the document ( the type of file, the
size of file, the date of creation, date of modification and
filelocation)
11. Send - This is used to send the file document to internet mail to some
otherperson.
12. Exit - To close theMs-word.
To insert a newpage,press Ctrl + Enter

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6
FEATURES OF EDIT MENU(ALT E):

Undo - Will take the previous command (ctrl+Z)

Redo - Will take the opposite action of undo ( Ctrl +Y)
Cut - Can cut a selected text ( Ctrl
+ X) Copy - Can copy a selected
text ( Ctrl + C) Paste - Can
paste the selected text ( Ctrl + V) Del
- Removes the selectedtext

Find - Used to find the part of text word \ character in the file (Ctrl +F)
Find Next – (F3) Finding \ finding next : Used to repeat the finding process.
Replace - Used to replace any part of Text / word / Character with another word/
character.(Ctrl + H)
Paste special – This will paste the copied (or) cut text in a form of an object. It
will paste in box which Cannot be altered.

Go To - Curser goes to the specified page, specified line, specified

paragraph.(Ctrl + G) Features of FORMAT MENU( ALT + O)

1. Font - used to change the font face, style, sizeetc.

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7
2. Paragraph - Used to set the space between paragraphs and also between
thelines
3. Bullets - Used to highlight points in number wise / bulletwise.
4. Borders & Shades - Used to apply different borders to the table / to thepage.
5. Columns – Used to write the text in columnwise.
To have a break in columns, a column break is used ( insert
menu →break →Columns) Ctrl + Shift + Enter

6. Drop Cap - Used to drop the letter to differentlines.

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8
 7. Text direction - Used to change the direction of drop cap (Note : To use
text direction, drop cap must be usedfirst)
8. Change case - Used to change the case of thetext.
9. Toggle – This converts lower case letters to upper case & vice –versa in aword.
10. Back Ground - This is used to change the back ground colour of the
document but the color can be seen only in the weblayout.
11. Theme - This is used to change the document, backgrounds with
some existingdesign background. This shows the background only in
the weblayout.
12. Style - This is used to change the writing fashion of the document which are
alreadyexisting.
13. Frames - Frames are used to write different documents in one singledocument.

Some important features of Tools menu:

Spelling &Grammar : Used to check the spelling and correct the words with
related word. ( F7) Thesaurus : Used to know the synonym (meaning) of
the word. (Shift +F7) Mailmerge : used to type the letters with the
same matter but differentaddresses.

MS WORD – WORKING WITH FILES:

Creating a New document:

 Click the New Blank document button on the standardtoolbar. (or)
 From the Menu bar, choose File →New, the New document task
pane will open, andselect Blankdocument.
OPENING EXISTING DOCUMENTS:
 Click the open button found on the Standard tool bar.(or)
 From the task pane, select getting started and theselectmore (or)
 From the Menu bar, select File →Open
SAVING A DOCUMENT:
 Click the Save button on the Tool bar.(or)
 From the Menu bar, select File→Save (or)
 Follow the key sequence Ctrl +S
Save dialog box appears. Type the name and click Save.
PRINTING A DOCUMENT :
 Select File→Print (or)
 Click on the Print button on the Standard Tool bar(or)
 Click Ctrl +P
Print dialog box appears. Select All pages (or) Current page (or) type the
page numbers and also select number of copies according to the
requirement and clickO.K
CLOSING A DOCUMENT:
 Select File →close
 Click on the small X found on the right top next to the Menu bar and the
Titlebar.

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9
 MS WORD - EDITING TEXT :

Typing and Inserting Text:

To enter text in your document, position the insertion point i.e a vertical blinking
line, where you want the text to appear and type it in.

Word will automatically wrap text as it reaches the end of a line. Press
enter to start a new paragraph. When you reach the end of a page, word will
automatically break text onto the next page. If you want, you can start a new page
at any point by inserting a page break. To do so, press ctrl + Enter.

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0
 Word offers two modes for adding text to your documents: Insert mode
and overwrite mode. In Insert mode, characters typed are inserted into the text to
the left of the insertion point, pushing any characters to the right of the insertion
point further to the right. In overtype mode, the text you type will replace the
existing text.

Note:The Insert key is a toggle key. This means that the same key can be used to
switch back and forth between two different modes.

SELECTING TEXT:

In order to change the format of the text you just typed, it must be first
highlighted, i.e selected with the mouse cursor.

To highlight the whole text or part of it, locate the mouse at the start of the text
you wish to highlight and click the left button, then drag the mouse over the
desired text while keeping the left mouse button pressed.

Shortcuts used for selecting a portion of the text:

 Whole word : Double click within theword.
 Whole paragraph: Triple click within the paragraph.
 Sentence : ctrl + click in asentence
 Entire document : Edit →select all ( ctrl + A)

DELETING TEXT:

 Use the BACKSPACE or the DELETE key to deletetext.

 BACKSPACE key will delete text to the left of the cursor and DELETE key
will erase text to theright.
 To delete a large section of text, highlight the text using any of the
methods outlined aboveand press the DELETEkey.

MOVING, COPYING AND PASTING TEXT:

Cut text:
Highlight the text you need to move and follow one of the methods listed below:
 From the Menu bar, select Edit→cut (or)
 From the standard tool bar, click on the cut button.(or)
 Follow the key sequence Ctrl +X
COPY TEXT:

 From the Menu bar, select Edit→copy (or)

 From the standard toolbar, click the Copy button(or)
 Follow the key sequence Ctrl +C
PASTE TEXT:

To paste previously cut or copied text, move the cursor to the location you want
to move the text to and follow one of the methods listed below:

 From the menu bar, select Edit→Paste (or)

 From the standard Tool bar, click thePastebutton (or)
 Follow thekeysequence Ctrl +V

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*******

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 MS -EXCEL

Spreadsheet is a software that helps to substitute the paper worksheets in the

offices. Spreadsheet displays data in the form of rows and columns. An intersection
of row and column is known as a cell.

MS-Excel is a window based spreadsheet developed by Microsoft corporation. It

includes all features of a spreadsheet package like recalculation, graphs &
functions. It also provides many Mathematical, Financial & Statistical functions.
Thus it is used in many scientific and engineering environments for analyzing data.
Excel can even hold graphic objects like pictures & images.

SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-EXCEL:

1. Window based application: Excel like all other applications has

Toolbars, ShortcutMenus, Auto correct, Online help and Wizards.
2. Workbooks: Workbooks are the files in which worksheets related to a project
areheld.
3. OLE support: Object linking and Embedding is a feature through which
Excel can contain any object like a document, a pictureetc.
4. Maintaining high volume of data: Excel can contain large volume of
data. A worksheet can contain 65536 rows and 256 columns. A single cell
can contain a maximum of 255characters. One workbook can contain a
maximum of 256worksheets.
5. Availability of functions: Several Mathematical, financial & statistical
functions areavailable in an Excelpackage.
6. Availability of Charts & Graphs: MS-Excel allows users to view data
entered as tables in a graphical form as charts, which helps the user to
easily understand, analyze data & comparedata.
7. Data Analysis Tools: MS-Excel provides a set of data analysis tools called
Analysis Toolpack.
8. Sorting capability: Excel has the capability of sorting any data in
Ascending orDescending order.
9. Auto fill feature: Excel has the feature which allows to fill cells with
repetitive data such as chronological dates or numbers and
repeatedtext.

Getting started with Excel:

An Excel document is called a workbook. By default, Excel workbook contains 3
worksheets designated as sheet 1, sheet 2, sheet 3.

The extension name of excel workbook is .xls

We can start excel in many ways:
1. Start →Programs →Microsoft office →Microsoft Excel →hitenter.
2. Start →Run →Type Excel →hitenter
3. Double click on the Microsoft application Icon.

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3
COMPONENTS OF THE EXCEL WINDOW:

An Excel window has several unique elements identified in the figure below:

 Rows, columns & cell: In a worksheet rows are numbered from top to
bottom. The columnsare labeled with letters from left to right. Rows are
numbered from 1 to 65,536 and columns labeled from A to IV (256columns).
 Title bar: The title bar contains the name of the program Microsoft Excel
and the default name of the workbook Book1 that would change as soon as
you save your file and give anothername.
 Menu bar : The Menu bar contains menus that include all the commands
you need to use to work your way through Excel such as File, Edit, View,
Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window and Help.
 Tool Bar: Tool Bars are usually shortcuts for menu items. Standard and
formatting toolbars are displayed bydefault.
 Active cell: The cell in which you are currentlyworking.
 Formula bar: displays the contents of the activecell.
 Name box: displays the cell address of the active cell. Column letter
followed by therow number. Ex: B6
 Worksheet area: The middle portion of screen which occupies a major
area is called worksheet area. In this area, information or data (i.e.) either
textual or numerical can be entered and the results can be displayed. A
worksheet is a large work area of 65,536 rows and 256columns.
 Status bar: located at the very bottom of the screen displays brief
information about activating features within the worksheetarea.
 Sheet tabs: appear above the status bar displaying the names of
theworksheets.

Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbar, located beneath the menu bar, has buttons for commonly
performed tasks like adding a column of numbers, printing, sorting, and other

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4
operations. Excel let's you customize the toolbar or even display multiple toolbars
at the same time. The Standard Excel XP toolbar appears in the figure below.

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5
FORMATTING TOOLBAR

The Formatting toolbar, located beneath the Standard toolbar bar, has buttons
for various formatting operations like changing text size or style, formatting
numbers and placing borders around cells.

FORMULA BAR & NAME BOX

The formula bar is located beneath the toolbar at the top of the Excel worksheet.
Use the formula bar to enter and edit worksheet data. The contents of the active
cell always appear in the formula bar. When you click the mouse in the formula
bar, an X and a check mark appear. You can click the check icon to confirm and
completes editing, or the X to abandon editing.

NAME BOX
The Name box displays the reference of the selected cells in the form of column
label followed by row number.
CREATING A NEW WORKBOOK:
The steps to create a new workbook are,
1. On the File menu, click New.
The new workbook task pane appears at the right side of the screen. Click blank
workbook.
A new workbook with 3 worksheets appears. By default, the workbook is
named as Book 1, and sheet 1 is the active worksheet & A1 is the active cell.

ENTERING DATA:

You can enter text, numbers and dates in an Excel worksheet.

To enter data of any type,
1. Select the cell by clicking onit.
2. Type in theinformation.
3. Press the Enterkey.
When you begin typing, your data also appears in the formula bar.

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6
EDITING TEXT:
The easiest way to edit the contents of a cell is to select the cell and then
retype the entry. The new entry replaces the old contents.

Alternatively, to edit the data in a cell, pressF2.

Ex: Suppose you find that in the cell A6, you have entered the marks as 78
instead of 87, then click on A6 and type 87 →enter

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 You can also edit part of the data in a cell:
1. Double click the cell you want to edit. The insertion point appears within thecell.
2. Delete the part of the data that you do not wish to keep.
3. Retype the data & pressenter.
FORMATTING A WORKSHEET:
Changing the style or appearance of data in a worksheet is called formatting.
You can format the data in a worksheet by:

 Changing the position of data in acell

 Changing the font, size, style &colour.
ALIGNING DATA:

By default, any text you enter in Excel is aligned to the left and any value or
number is aligned to the Right. To change the default alignment, you can use the
alignment buttons on the formatting tool bar.

FORMATTING NUMBERS:
Formatting data in a worksheet includes changing the number of decimal places,
displaying dates, times & fractions and adding currency symbols.

To format the number in a cell, thestepsare:

Format/Cell/N/umber/Decimalplaces/2

Formatting Text: Text can be formatted using the buttons on the formatting
toolbar. Font of a cell, font size can be changed. The font style can also be
changed to bold, Italic etc.

INSERTING ROWS & COLUMNS:

In Excel, rows & columns can be inserted or deleted without affecting the surrounding
rows, columns & cells.

To insert a row,
1. Rest the mouse pointer over the row above which you want to insert the
newrow.
2. On the Insert menu, clickrows.
A row is inserted and the existing row moves down
after the new row. Similarly, to insert a column,

1. Rest the mouse pointer over the column before which you want to insert the
newColumn.
2. On the Insert menu, clickcolumns.

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8
CHANGING ROW HEIGHT & COLUMN WIDTH:

By default, every row is 12.75 points high and every column is 8.43 characters
wide. As you fill it with data, however you have to change the size of rows &
columns so that it is fitted to the length of the data. To Resize a column:

1. Rest the mouse pointer on the column boundary on the rightside.

2. The shape of the mouse pointer changesto
3. Drag the boundary until the required width isobtained.

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9
 (OR)
1. The column which is to be adjusted is made active by clicking on columnletter.
2. The column option is selected from the Formatmenu.
3. Click on the width option. A dialogue box isdisplayed.
4. Type in the required size of the column in the text box
columnwidth. Similarly, Row height can also be adjusted by
selecting therows.

Sorting: Highlight the cells that should be sorted and click the sort Ascending
(A-Z) button or Sort Descending (Z-A) button found on the Standard toolbar.

Printing: To print the worksheet, select File →Print from the Menu bar (or) click
on the Print button
from the Standard Toolbar (or) follow the key sequence Ctrl + p
Inserting Page breaks: To set the page breaks within the worksheet, select the
row you want to appear just below the page break by clicking the row‘s label. Then
choose Insert →page break from the Menu bar.

When you attempt to print a worksheet Excel automatically inserts page breaks view.
FILE MENU →PAGE BREAK PREVIEW

The page breaks are shown in dasher lines. If the automatic allocation of page
breaks does not satisfy with your requirements, you can add the page breaks in
the required space.

Step 1: select a cell above which the page break is needed. After that, select the
full row until the data in the sheet exists.

Step 2: select insert

→page break Saving
a workbook:

To save a workbook,
 File →Save(or)
 Ctrl+S (or)
 click on the save button on the Tool bar.
Save dialogue box appears. Type the name and click Save.

FORMULAS:

In Excel. One of the powerful features is formulas. A formula is an equation that

is used to perform calculations on data in a worksheet. We can use formula to
perform Mathematical, Statistical & date/time operations on a single value or a
set of values by using operators.

The cells in which formulas are stored, display the result of the calculation
and not the formula. In Excel, a formula starts with an equal (=) sign and
should be followed by the operation to be performed. We can use any
number of operators in a single formula. MS- Excel evaluates the formula
according to the order of precedence of the operators.

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Operator Operation Order of
precedence
( ) Bracket 1
^ Exponentiation 2
*,/ Multiplication ,Divis 3
ion
+ /- Addition, 4
Subtraction
& Concatenation 5
= / > /< Comparisons 6

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 Examples of the formula expressions:
1. Suppose the values in the cells B2, C2, D2 are 34, 28, 56 respectively. To
add these values and to have the result in the cellF2,

Step i) Click on the cell in which total marks is to be displayed, i.e F2

ii) Type ― = ( B2 + C2 + D2)‖
iii) PressEnter
Thevalue ―118‖will be displayed in F2.
2. Suppose the value of the cell B6 is 78345. Divide the value by 5 and
have it in the cell E6: Step i) Click the cellE6.
ii) Type ― = (B6/5)―
iii) PressEnter
Thevalue ―15669‖will bedisplayed in thecell E6.
3. Multiply the value 549 of the cell C3 with the value 43 of the cell F3 and
have the result in the cellI3.

Step i) Click the cellI3

ii) Type ― = ( C3 * F3)
iii) pressEnter
Theresult ―23607‖will bedisplayed in thecellI3.
FUNCTIONS :

A function is a built-in, readymade and frequently used formula that accepts data,
perform calculations & returns results.

To enter a function in a cell,

i) Click the cell in which you want the result of the function to
bedisplayed.
ii) Type―=‖sign.
iii) Type the functionname.
iv) Type the cell range & other arguments withinbrackets.
v) PressEnter.
Note : To specify a range of cells, a colon (:) is used between the first &
last celladdresses. Example: =Average(B1:B10)

Calculates the average of the values in the cells B1 to B10

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS WITH SYNTAX AND PURPOSE:

i) Sum( number1, number2,…) – gives the sum of the values in a

specifiedrange
ii) Abs(number) - gives the absolute value of thenumber
iii) Fact(number) - gives the factorial of thenumber
iv) Sqrt(number) - gives the square root of thenumber
v) Log(number) - gives the logarithm of thenumber
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS WITH SYNTAX AND PURPOSE:

i) Average( rangeofcells) - calculates the average of the values in a

specifiedrange
ii) Stdev(rangeofcells) - calculates the standard deviation of the givendata
iii) Mean( rangeof cells) - calculates the mean of the givendata
iv) Max( rangeof cells) - gives the maximum value within the rangespecified
v) count() - counts how many numbers are there in the list
ofarguments
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FUNCTION WIZARD :

The Function Wizard is a tool in Excel through which a user can enter formulas in
the correct format without any errors. It contains all the functions according to the
type such as Mathematical, Statistical, Date/time, Financial etc.

STEPS TO USE THE FUNCTION WIZARD:

1. The cell in which the function is to be inserted, isselected.

2. Select the function option from the Insert menu. The Function Wizard screen
is displayed. Itlists all the functionsavailable.
3. The function needed is selected. ClickO.K
4. A dialogue box is displayed in which arguments areaccepted.
5. Enter the arguments. The selected cell on the worksheet will automatically
contain theformula.
6. Click O.K. The result is shown in the selectedcell.
CREATING CHARTS :

Charts in Excel are used to represent data pictorially. We can use different types
of charts to represent data.

Types of charts which are available in Excel:

1. Columncharts
2. Bar charts
3. Line
4. pie
5. XY(scatter)
6. Area
7. Doughnut
8. Radar
9. Surface
10. Bubble
11. Stock
12. Cylinder, Cone &Pyramid
CREATING A CHART :

Step i) Enter the data in atable.

ii) Open the Insert Menu and select Chart
iii) In the Chart Wizard – Step 1 of 4, select the type of chart you want to make
and clickNext
iv) In the step 2 of 4, enter chart source data and clickNext
vi) In the step 3 of 4, enter the chart options like label of the chart and clickNext
vii) In the step 4 of 4, give the chart location where you want the chart to
be located and press Finish.
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 Column Chart: Column charts are one of the most common types of graphs used
to display data.
A column chart represents data in the form of a series of vertical bars. Each bar represents
a value.

For example, to draw a column chart for the production of different crops
in a region:

[Link]. A B
crop Production(ton
s)
1 Paddy 53
2 Wheat 24
3 Maize 18
4 Groundn 82
ut

To construct a bar chart for the above data:

Step i) Enter the data in a table.
ii) Open the Insert Menu and select Chart
iii) In the Chart Wizard – Step 1 of 4, select Column chart and click Next
iv) In the step 2 of 4, enter chart sourcedata
v) In the step 3 of 4, enter the chart options like label of thechart
vi) In the step 4 of 4, give the chart location where you want the chart to
be located and press Finish.

production of crops

90

80
7
ion(tonns)

70
4
60
Series1
 pr
PIE CHART:

A Pie chart is used to represent the distribution of a categorical data. In this

chart, a circle is divided into sectors, whose area are proportional to the
frequencies or percentages of cases under various categories.

Data on each variable is entered in the Excel worksheet in a row or column with
suitable headings. Then we select the data of the first series and choose pie chart
and proceed as per the options given in the dialogue box. A separate chart pie
chart should be drawn for each dataset.

FOR EXAMPLE, TO DRAW A PIE CHART FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT CROPS IN A
REGION:

[Link]. A B
crop Production(ton
s)
1 Paddy 53
2 Wheat 24
3 Maize 18
4 Groundn 82
ut

production of crops

paddy
w heat
30% maize

groundnut

46%

*******

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 Statistical Analysis Tools
Microsoft Excel provides a set of data analysis tools— called the Analysis Tool Pak
— that you can use to save steps when you develop complex statistical or
engineering analyses. You provide the data and parameters for each analysis; the
tool uses the appropriate statistical or engineering macro functions and then
displays the results in an output table. Some tools generate charts in addition to
output tables.

Related to worksheet functions, Excel provides many other statistical, financial,

and engineering worksheet functions. Some of the statistical functions are built-in
and others become available when you install the Analysis Tool Pak.

Accessing the data analysis tools: The Analysis Tool Pak includes the tools
described below. To access these tools, click Data Analysis on the Tools menu. If
the Data Analysis command is not available, you need to load the Analysis Tool

Pak add-inprogram.

Analysis Tools:
ANOVA: Single factor
ANOVA: Two-Factor with
replication ANOVA: Two-Factor
without replication Correlation
Covariance
Descriptive
statistics
F-test two-sample for
variances Histogram
Regression
t-test: two sample assuming equal variances
t-test: two sample assuming
unequalvariances Z-test: two
sample formeans
STEPS TO USE ANALYSISTOOLS:

Step i) From the Menu bar choose Tools and click on Data Analysis

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 ii) When the Data Analysis dialogue box appears, click on the one you want.
iii) The corresponding dialogue box appears. Enter the Input range and
Output range (addresses of thecells)
iv) give the address of the cell where you want the result to beshown.
iv) clickOK
v) The result will be given in the corresponding outputformat.

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ex 1: the following are the results of 5 preschool going children at different levels
of protein content in diet. compute the correlation coefficient using excel
Protein Gain in
content(%) weight(gm)
5 30
7 40
10 80
12 100
13 120

Step i) From the Menu bar, choose Tools and click on Data Analysis.
ii) Select Correlation in the Data Analysis Dialogue box and clickOK.
iii) When the Correlation dialogue box appears, enter the Input range and also
give the output range where you want the result to be shown, clock OK.

v) the result will be shown in the followingformat:

Summary output:

Protein gainin
content weight
Protein

content 1

gain in

weight 0.989783 1

Ex 2: Following is the data of head and body weights of 5 insects. Find the
regression equationof y onx.

Head Body
weigh weigh
t (X) t (Y)
20 6
0
22 6
4
25 7
7
8
 2
27 8
0
31 8
4

Step i) From the Menu bar, choose Tools and click on Data Analysis.
ii) Select Regression in the Data Analysis Dialogue box and clickOK.
iii) When the Regression dialogue box appears, enter the Input Y range and input
Xrange.
iv) give the output range where you want the result to be shown, clockOK.

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 v) The result will be shown in the followingformat.
SUMMARY OUTPUT

RegressionStatistics
Multiple R 0.980316
R Square 0.961019
Adjusted
R
Square 0.948025
Standard
Error 2.324953

Observations 5

ANOVA

Significance
df SS MS F F

Regression 1 399.7838 399.7838 73.96 0.003305

Residual 3 16.21622 5.405405

Total 4 416

Standard Upper Lower Upper

Coefficients Error tStat P-value Lower95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%

Intercept 13.89189 6.836289 2.032081 0.135073 -7.86423 35.64801 -7.86423 35.64801

(X) 2.324324 0.27027 8.6 0.003305 1.464204 3.184445 1.464204 3.184445

EX 3:
The daily production of two pesticide factories is recorded as follows.
Factory 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A 12 16 9 13 15 17 20 23
B 8 13 21 16 11 12

Test whether there is any significant difference between two factories at

probability level 0.05. Solution:

Step i) From the Menu bar, choose Tools and click on Data Analysis.

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ii) Select t-test; two samples assuming equal variances in the Data
Analysis Dialogue boxand clickOK.
iii) Enter the variable 1 range, variable 2 range and set Hypothesized mean
difference aszero.
iv) Click the check box against Labels in the Firstrow.
iv) Give the output range where you want the result to be shown, clickO.K

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v) the result will be shown in the followingformat.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

A B
Mean 15.625 13.5
Variance 19.98214 20.3
Observations 8 6
Pooled Variance 20.11458
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 12
t Stat 0.877324
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.198768
t Critical one-tail 1.782288
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.397535

tCriticaltwo-tail 2.178813

******

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 MS-ACCESS

The Database is an organized collection of data related to a particular

topic or purpose. The database serves as a base from which a desired information
can be retrieved, many meaningful conclusions can be drawn. A database stored
electronically has distinct advantages over a manually organized system. A
database can be maintained in a computer by using a database management
system(DBMS).

DBMS is an application that enables to maintain data in a database.

Maintaining data involves storing, organizing and retrieving data.

MS-Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that is

used to store and manipulate large amount of information. The extension name of
Ms-Access file [Link].

TO START MS-ACCESS:

1. Start→Programs →MS office →Ms-Access →Enter

2. Start →Run →Ms-Access →Enter
An Access Database consists of 7 different Database objects.
1. Tables : Store database data in Rows (records) and columns (fields).
Every row representsa Record. Each piece of information in a record is
called aField.

Ex: A table can contain personal information about all the students in a college.
Every row containing information about a student represents a record. The
records in the student table can include fields such as Admission number,
Student name, Address, Phone numberetc.

2. Queries : used to retrieve information from a database based on

specific conditions. Ex: A Query can be used to extract details about
students studying in a particularclass.
3. Forms : used as interfaces for users to enter, view and modify data in aTable.
4. Reports : used to present data from tables or Queries in a format of our
choice. i.e the printable form of the table or query or form. We cannot make
changes to the data in a report. We can format the data in a report.
5. Pages : display shortcuts to data access pages in the database. A data
access page displays data stored in a database over theinternet.
6. Macros : used to automate frequently
performed tasks. Ex: we can create a macro
to print a reportautomatically.
7. Modules : used to perform advanced database operations, such as
validating dataagainst complexconditions.

CREATING A DATABASE :

A Database can be created by using the database Wizard or by using

the Blank Database command.

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 The database Wizard is used to create tables, forms, queries and reports
by following a seriesof steps provided by thewizard.
 The Blank Database command is used to create a blank database. All
database objects shouldbe createdmanually.

Click on File menu →New →Enter

A window appears →give a name to the database

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 CREATING A TABLE :

1. Open the database in which the table is

to becreated. The database
windowappears.
2. under objects, click Tables and then click New on the database
windowtoolbar. The New Table dialog boxappears.

Commands in the New Table dialog box

Command Purpo
se
Create table Used to create a table by entering values directly in a row and
by column format
entering
data
Design view Used to assign fields for the new table and modify field properties
Table wizard Used to create a table through a guided sequence of steps

I. CREATE TABLE BY ENTERINGDATA:

 Click on Table (object) in the main switchboard.
 Click on create table on Datasheet view →now a window appears →here
we find fields ( field1,
field2,……)
 Give the field names ( Name, roll no., marksetc)
 Click on close button of the table and save the table with somename
 To enter details into the table, click on table in the main switch board
and double click onthe tablename.
 Enter thedetails

WORKING WITH DATABASE FIELDS:

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Microsoft Access database fields are created by entering a field name and a field
data type in each row of the field entry area of the database table window.

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DATA TYPES IN MS-ACCESS :

The following list summarizes all the field data types available in MS- Access,
their uses and their storage sizes.
 Text : used for text or combinations of text and numbers, such as
addresses or for numbers that do not require calculations, such as phone
numbers, or postalcodes.

Stores up to 255 characters.

 Memo : Used for lengthy text and numbers, such as notes or
descriptions. Stores upto 64,000 characters.
 Number : used for data to be included in Mathematical calculations,
exceptcalculations involving money. Stores 1,2,4 or 8bytes.
 Date / Time : used for dates and times. Stores 8bytes.
 Currency : used for currency values and to prevent rounding off during
calculations. Stores8 bytes.
 Auto Number : used for unique sequential or random numbers that are
automatically inserted when a record isadded.
 Yes /No : used for data that can be only one of two possible values, such
as yes/ No,True/False, On/Off.
 OLE object : used for OLE objects like pictures, graphs and other binary
data. Stores up to 1GB.

II. CREATE A TABLE IN DESIGNVIEW:

1. click on table (object) in the main switchboard.
2. Hereclickon―createtableindesignview‖→Nowawindowappears→h
eretypethefield names and their data typesrespectively.

Ex:

Field name Data types

Roll No Auto Number
Name Text
Marks Number
3. click on the close button of the table and save it with somename
4. To enter data into the table, double click on the tablecreated.
5. Now enter thedetails.
PRIMARY & FOREIGN KEYS:

Data should be checked for redundancy before it is stored in a database. Keys

are used to maintain the integrity of data. Keys contain unique values that
help to filter redundant information from the input data. Keys are of two
types: primary & foreign.

Primary key: The field in a table that uniquely identifies each record is called
the primary key. Usually this field is sequentially numbered.

Ex : Admission number field

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Foreign key : When a primary key of one table appears as a field in another
table, the field is called the foreign key in the second table.

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QUERIES :

 By using queries we can view, change and analyze data in different

ways. You can alsouse them as the source of records for forms
andreports.
 You can bring together data from multiple tables and sort it in a
particularorder.
 You can perform calculations on groups of records.
FORMS :

 In a table, number of records are displayed at a time. But, if the table has
many fields, then it may not be possible for a user to view all of them. The
screen may be too small to fit it. The user may have to scroll horizontally
or vertically to view the rest of the fields/records.
 In forms, the data can be displayed as per the users requirement. The
records are generally displayed one at a time. The fields can be arranged
as the user wants it. Pictures can be added to a form. The display and
contents of the form is controlled fully by theuser.
 In forms there are 3 views,
i. Design ii. Datasheet & iii. Formview
 The datasheet view shows many records whereas form view displays
single record. Youcan toggle between these three views using the
ViewTool.

REPORT:

The data shown in a table, Query and forms are meant for displaying it on
screen, but when you take the printout or the Hard copy, it is known as
Report. In the database window, the open button is replaced by the preview
button, when you click the report tab. Reports can be viewed either in print
preview mode or design mode. Data cannot be edited in the reports. The
report preview shows how the data will appear on taking out the printouts.

******

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 Networking and Internet
A network is an arrangement that enables two or more computers to
communicate (talk) to each
othe
r.
TYPES OFNETWORKS

Networks can range from a small group of computers linked together in a

class room to thousands of computers linked together across the globe. Depending
on the geographical location, networks can be classified as

a) LAN ( Local AreaNetwork)

b) MAN ( Metropolitan AreaNetwork)
c) WAN (Wide AreaNetwork)

Local Area Network: If a network is confined to a single location, typically a

building, it is called a LAN.

Ex : Set of interconnected computers within an office.

Metropolitan Area Network: A metropolitan area network is a network that is
larger than a LAN, it connects the computers distributed across multiple
buildings.

Ex: the computers in all branches of an office within a city.

Wide Area Network: When a network is located over wide areas such as
cities, states, countries or even continents, it is called aWAN.

Ex : i. Computers in different branches of a Globalised company.

ii. Internet
INTERNET

The internet is a global connection of computers. These computers are

connected via a huge network of telecommunication links. The internet allows you
to access to a whole resource of data and information stored at different sites
(called hosts) and locations around the world. The communication links which inter
connect each host computer use a common method of transmission known as
TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.

Internet connectionhelpsusto:
1. Read information on a wide range oftopics
2. Send or receiveE-mail
3. Down load useful programs such as virus detectors, file compression,
decompression utilityetc.,
4. Share your opinions and your knowledge on a variety of topics through various
newgroups.
5. Chat with other people any where in theworld
6. View interesting video‘s listen to music or wander through a 3-Dworld.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET:

a) Modem: A modem is a peripheral device that allows a computer to

connect and communicate with other computers. Modem stands for
ModulatorDemodulator.
b) Web Browser: A browser is a software program that is necessary in
order to view web pages on the web. Ex: Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft outlook express etc.
c) Telephone line: A telephone line is required to transfer data from one
computer to another. The computer is connected to a modem, which,
in turn, connected to a telephone line.

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 d) Subscription with Internet service provider (ISP): ISP‘s are
companies that provide access to the internet. We need subscription
with any ISP to get an Internet connection. Some of the ISPs in India
are VSNL, MTNL, Sify, Specrta Netetc.

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW):

It refers to the collection of information accessible on the internet. The web is

similar to a library. It consists of millions & millions of pages of text, pictures,
sounds and animation on various topics. These pages, called web pages are stored
on different computers that are connected to the internet. The web pages have
links between them i.e when we click a certain word or picture in a page, it will
take us to another page. These words or pictures that help to move from one page
to another are called hyperlinks. A collection of related web pages is known as a
web site. A web site can be accessed by means of a unique name assigned to it.

Internet was initially designed for the transmission of text basing on the
protocols mentioned. In order to transmit a graphically designed web page
complete with pictures, embedded sound and animation a special language was
designed which is referred to as Hyper Text Mark up Language (HTML). HTML
uses special text codes to define the various elements of a web page.

The WWW support a protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

(HTTP). All internet servers cannot support HTTP and so the web can be regarded
as a subset of the larger internet.

HTTP provides a method of transmitting a professionally laid out page over the
text based internet. Uniform Resource Locator: (URL): Each web site has a
unique address commonly referred to as a URL. A URL specifies the exact location
of the web page on the internet.

A typical web address or URL looks as http://

[Link]/catalog/[Link]
Explanation of the example URL:

URL Element Explanati

on
http Identifies protocol necessary to retrieve the file.
WWW Indicates that the site is on the world wide web
Microsoft Indicates the name of the web site
.com Indicates the domain type of the web site
/catalog/ Specifies the path of the file stored on the web server‘s hard
[Link] disk

E-Mail

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 E-mail or electronic mail is a service for sending or receiving messages
electronically through a computer network. The electronic mail uses various
technologies that support electronic transmission of text, data and graphics.

Some of the features of E-mail are

1. it is much faster than the normal mail. Messages can be sent within a
matter of seconds to any part in theworld.
2. it can be sent to many people at the sametime
3. E-mail is cheaper than a phone call and an ordinarymail
4. it can access information and file libraries on request
5. E-mail user can have a mail box which is accessed through a computerterminal
6. an E-mail message consists of two parts
a) a header specifying the address of the sender and the address of
thereceiver
b) the text of themessage

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 7. The mailing system allows selecting messages for reading,
displaying, saving, deleting, forwarding andreplying.
8. Mailing list can be created to send the same message to a group ofpeople

E-Mail Address: An E-Mail address consists of three parts

1. The person‘s Loginname
2. @sign
3. Domainname
A domain represents organization, network, and country name
Ex: Statisitcs@[Link] this Statistics is the user name and his account is in
the domain [Link]. Both the names are separated by the @symbol.

SEARCH ENGINES :
Search engines are utilities used to search for information on the web. A user
interface is provided where you can enter the word or phrase you are searching
for. The search engine looks for the keywords we have entered and returns the
results of the search, providing links to relevant Web sites for us to choose from.
Some commonly used search engines are MSN, Alta Vista, Google, Yahoo! search
and Infoseeketc.

*******

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