RADAR SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

DVS college of arts and science Shivamogga-577201

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Ms. RACHANA.D, [Link],

[Link],

AND [Link] with register number U06DE23S0192,

U06DE23S0214, U06DE23S0208 AND U06DE22174 has satisfactorily

completed the project work entitled “RADAR SYSTEM” in

ELECTRONICS as prescribed by the academic year 2025-2026

PROJECT GUIDE AND

HOD OF ELECTRONICS

SIGNATURE OF EXAMINATION :

1)

2)

DATE OF EXAMINATION:
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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. S.D. Umesha, HOD of

Electronics, DVS College of Arts and Science, Shivamogga, for his valuable
guidance, constant support, and encouragement throughout the completion
of this project on the Radar System. His insightful suggestions and guidance
helped me to understand the concepts clearly and complete the project
successfully.

I would also like to thank all my teachers for their continuous support and
motivation. I am grateful to my friends and classmates for their cooperation
and helpful discussions during the project work. Finally, I would like to thank
everyone who directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion
of this project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Rachana. D

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link]. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 ABSTRACT
2 INTRODUCTION

3 WORKING OF RADAR SYSTEM

3.1. Basic principle
3.2. Block diagram explanation
3.3. Radar equation
4 COMPONENTS OF RADAR SYSTEM
4.1. Arduino nano
4.2. Servomotor
4.3. Ultra sonic sensor (HC-SR04)
4.4. ATmega328
4.5. Power supply
4.6. Supporting components
5 APPLICATIONS OF RADAR SYSTEM
5.1. Military applications
5.2. Aviation
5.3. Weather monitoring
5.4. Automotive radar
6 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
8 RECENT GLOBAL USERS OF RADAR SYSTEM

9 FUTURES SCOPE
10 CODE IMPLEMENTATION

11 CONCLUSION

12 REFERENCES
 RADAR SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This project titled “Radar System” focuses on the design and implementation
of a basic radar model for object detection and distance measurement. Radar
(Radio Detection and Ranging) is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to
detect the presence, distance, direction, and speed of objects. It plays a crucial
role in defence, aviation, marine navigation, weather monitoring, and space
research.

The proposed system is developed using an ultrasonic sensor, servo motor,

and microcontroller (ATmega328). The ultrasonic sensor transmits high-
frequency sound waves and receives the reflected signals from nearby objects.
By calculating the time delay between transmission and reception, the
distance of the object is determined. The servo motor enables scanning over a
specific angular range, simulating real-time radar movement. The collected
data is processed and displayed for visualization.

This project demonstrates the fundamental working principle of radar systems

in a simplified and cost-effective manner. It provides practical understanding of
signal transmission, reflection, and distance calculation techniques. The
implementation enhances knowledge in embedded systems, sensor
interfacing, and real-time data processing.

The developed prototype can be further improved for advanced applications

such as surveillance systems, obstacle detection, and automated navigation
systems.

INTRODUCTION
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Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is an advanced technology used to

detect, locate, and track objects by transmitting electromagnetic waves and
analyzing their reflected signals. It operates by sending radio waves toward a
target and receiving the echoes that return after hitting the object, allowing
the system to determine important parameters such as distance, speed, and
direction.

Radar systems play a vital role in both military and civilian applications. In
defense, they are used for surveillance, target detection, and missile guidance.
In civilian fields, radar is widely used in air traffic control, weather monitoring,
marine navigation, and even in automotive safety systems.

A typical radar system consists of essential components such as a transmitter,

antenna, receiver, and display unit, all working together to ensure accurate
detection and analysis of objects.

In conclusion, radar technology is an essential tool in modern science and

engineering, contributing significantly to safety, security, and efficient
monitoring systems.
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Working of radar system

Basic principle: The basic principle of a radar system is very simple. It works by
sending out radio waves and listening for the echo that comes back after
hitting an object.

When the radio waves hit an object, they bounce back to the radar system.
The system measures how much time the signal takes to return. Since radio
waves travel at a very high speed (speed of light), the distance of the object
can be calculated from the time taken.

In simple words, radar works on the principle of sending a signal and receiving
its echo to find the distance and position of an object.

c×t
R=
2

Where,

R= range (distance to the object)

c=speed of light(3m/s)

t= time taken for the signal to return

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BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RADAR SYSTEM

1. System Overview

This project is a proximity-detection radar system built around an Arduino

Nano microcontroller. It combines ultrasonic sensing, servo-driven directional
scanning, and a real-time radar display to detect and visualise nearby
obstacles — demonstrated through three tightly integrated subsystems:
sensing, actuation, and human-machine interface (HMI).

2. Component Breakdown

2.1 Arduino Nano — Central Controller

The Arduino Nano is the brain of the system. It coordinates all peripheral
components — generating trigger pulses for the ultrasonic sensor, reading
echo data to compute distance, commanding the servo motor, activating alert
outputs, and transmitting processed data to the radar display via serial (USB).

2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor — Distance Measurement

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The sensor uses two pins to measure distance:

• Trigger pin — receives a 10 µs pulse from the Arduino, causing the

sensor to emit an ultrasonic burst.

• Echo pin — sends a return pulse whose duration is proportional to the

distance of the detected obstacle. Distance is calculated as: Distance =
(Time × Speed of Sound) / 2.

2.3 Servo Motor — Directional Sweep

The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor in a sweeping arc (typically 0°–
180°) in small angular increments (e.g. 1° steps). At each angle, the Arduino
takes a distance reading — collectively generating a full spatial scan of the
surrounding area.

2.4 Alert Outputs — Buzzer & LED

When an obstacle is detected within a pre-defined distance threshold:

• Buzzer — produces an audible alert (useful for parking sensors or

security applications).

• LED (Visual Indicator) — lights up or blinks to provide a visual warning;

blink frequency can encode proximity urgency.

2.5 Radar Viewer — Real-Time Display

A PC-based radar display (typically built with the Processing IDE) receives angle
and distance data over the serial port. Using signal processing techniques, it
renders a sweeping green radar visualisation with red blips marking detected
objects — providing an intuitive, real-time spatial map.

3. Signal Flow

The complete operational cycle proceeds as follows:

 RADAR SYSTEM

• Arduino commands the servo motor to rotate to the next angular

position.

• Arduino fires a trigger pulse to the ultrasonic sensor.

• Sensor emits an ultrasonic burst; the echo bounces back from any
obstacle.

• Arduino reads the echo duration and computes the distance.

• If within threshold, the buzzer and LED are activated.

• Current angle and distance are transmitted via serial to the Radar
Viewer for live display.

4. Key Engineering Concepts

This project integrates three fundamental embedded systems concepts:

• Sensing — ultrasonic time-of-flight distance measurement.

• Actuation — servo-controlled angular positioning for spatial scanning.

• Human-Machine Interface (HMI) — serial communication to a real-time

radar visualisation, plus physical alerts (buzzer and LED).

Graphical Radar Display Showing Object Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensor

The ultrasonic sensor sends signals and receives the reflected waves from
nearby objects. The data is processed by the ATmega328 microcontroller and
 RADAR SYSTEM

displayed in radar form using Processing software. When an object is detected

within the sensor range, it appears on the radar screen as a graphical
indication.

COMPONENTS OF RADAR SYSTEM

Arduino nano:

The Arduino Nano is an open-source breadboard-friendly microcontroller

board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and
developed by [Link] and initially released in 2008. It offers the same
connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor.

The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a DIP-30-like

configuration, which can be programmed using the Arduino Software
integrated development environment (IDE), which is common to all Arduino
 RADAR SYSTEM

boards and running both online and offline. The board can be powered
through its USB Mini-B receptacle or from a 9 V battery.

HISTORY OF ARDUINO NANO

In 2008, the Arduino Nano was released.

In 2019, Arduino released the Arduino Nano Every, a pin-equivalent of the

Nano, which features a ATmega4809 microcontroller (MCU).[3]

In 2025, Arduino released the Arduino Nano R4, a pin-equivalent of the Nano,
which features an ARM Cortex-M4F based R7FA4M1AB microcontroller and a
USB-C connector.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
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Microcontroller (MCU):

 IC: Microchip ATmega328P (8-bit AVR core)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz (on Nano board), though IC supports 20 MHz

maximum at 5 Volts

 Flash memory: 32 KB, of which 1.5 KB used by the bootloader

 SRAM: 2 KB

 EEPROM: 1 KB

 USART peripherals: 1 (Arduino software default configures USART as an 8N1

UART)

 SPI peripherals: 1

 I²C peripherals: 1

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts (on Nano board), though IC supports 1.8 to 5.5
Volts (some 3rd-party Nano variations support 3.3V)
 RADAR SYSTEM

Board:

 Connectors:

 Nano 30-pin male pin headers (DIP-30W), two rows of 15-pins, 0.6-inch
row-to-row, 2.54mm-pitch (bottom side) (board available without pins too)

 Mini-USB Type-B (top side) (some 3rd-party Nano variations have other
USB connectors)

 ICSP 6-pin male pin header, 2x3, 2.54mm-pitch (top side)

 VIN pin input voltage: 7 to 12 Volts

 Digital I/O pins: 14 (6 optional PWM outputs)

 Analog input pins: 8

 DC per I/O pin: 40 mA

 DC for 3.3 V pin: 50 mA

 Length: 45 mm

 Width: 18 mm

 Mass: 7 g
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Nano R4:

Microcontroller (MCU):

 IC: Renesas R7FA4M1AB (32-bit ARM Cortex-M4F core with single-

precision FPU)

 Clock Speed: 48 MHz

 Flash memory: 256 KB + bootrom

 SRAM: 32 KB (16 KB ECC) (16 KB parity)

 EEPROM: 8 KB data flash

 USART peripherals: 4

 SPI peripherals: 2

 I²C peripherals: 2

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts (on Nano R4 board), though IC supports 1.6

to 5.5 Volts

Board:

 Connectors:

 Nano 30-pin male pin headers (DIP-30W), two rows of 15-pins, 0.6-inch
row-to-row, 2.54mm-pitch (bottom side) (board available without pins too)

 USB-C (top side)

 Qwiic, 3.3-Volt I2C bus, 4-pin 1.00mm-pitch JST SH (top side)

 VIN pin input voltage: 6 to 21 Volts

COMMUNICATION
 RADAR SYSTEM

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328
provides UART TTL serial (5V) communication, which is available on digital pins
0 (RX) and 1 (TX).

An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino firmware) provide a virtual
com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board flash when data is being transmitted
via the FTDI chip and the USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial
communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also
supports I2C and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes the Wire
library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

AUTOMATIC(SOFTWARE) RESET

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Arduino Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip.[7]

This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB).

Servomotor:
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The SG90 servo motor is the most popular microservo in the world. Tiny,
affordable, and astonishingly capable for its size, the SG90 appears in
thousands of projects — from robotic arms and RC planes to pan-tilt camera
mounts and animatronic faces. If you’re an Arduino beginner in India looking
to add precise rotational control to your project, the SG90 is the perfect
starting component.

In this complete guide, we’ll explain what the SG90 is, how servo motors work,
how to wire it to your Arduino, walk through code from basic to advanced, and
give you 10 exciting project ideas to build right away.

What Is the SG90 Servo Motor?

 RADAR SYSTEM

The SG90 is a 9-gram micro servo motor made by TowerPro. Unlike DC motors
(which spin continuously) or stepper motors (which move in discrete steps), a
servo motor moves to a specific angle and holds that position — controlled by
a PWM signal from your Arduino. The “9g” refers to its weight: just 9 grams,
making it extremely lightweight.

Inside the SG90 is a DC motor, a gearbox (made of plastic in the SG90), a

position feedback potentiometer, and a control circuit — all packed into a
housing smaller than a matchbox. This combination allows precise position
control with minimal code.

Why the SG90 Is Perfect for Beginners?

Ultra-simple control: Just 3 wires and one line of Arduino code to move to any
angle.

Lightweight: At 9 grams, it doesn’t add meaningful weight to robots or flying

models.

Very affordable: Available in India for ₹80–₹150, making it accessible for

learning.

Direct Arduino power: Can run directly from Arduino’s 5V pin for low-load
applications.

Huge community: Thousands of tutorials, projects, and code examples

available online.

SG90 Pinout (wire Colours)

WIRE COLOUR FUNCTION CONNECT T0

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Brown Ground Arduino GND

(or black) (GND)
Red Power Arduino 5V
(VCC) (or external 5V)
Orange Signal Arduino digital pin
(or Yellow /white) (PWM) (e.g. pin 9)

How a Servo Motor Works?

Understanding the control mechanism of a servo makes programming it much

more intuitive.

PWM Control Signal

Servo motors are controlled by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal at

50Hz (one pulse every 20ms). The width of the pulse determines the servo’s
position:

 1ms (1000µs) pulse: Servo moves to 0°

 1.5ms (1500µs) pulse: Servo moves to 90° (centre position)

 2ms (2000µs) pulse: Servo moves to 180°

The servo has a built-in feedback potentiometer connected to the output

shaft. The internal circuit compares the commanded position (from the PWM
pulse width) to the actual position (from the potentiometer) and drives the
motor until they match. This is called a closed-loop position control system.

Why Not Just Use analogWrite()?

 RADAR SYSTEM

Arduino’s analogWrite() generates PWM at 490Hz or 980Hz (not 50Hz) and at

8-bit resolution. Servo motors need 50Hz PWM with specific pulse widths.
Arduino’s Servo library handles all this automatically, using hardware timer
interrupts to generate the correct signal. This is why you use servo
write(angle) instead of analogWrite().

Wiring SG90 to Arduino

Wiring is beautifully simple — just three connections:

For a Single SG90 (Direct Arduino Power — Low Load Only)

 SG90 Brown/Black wire → Arduino GND

 SG90 Red wire → Arduino 5V

 SG90 Orange/Yellow wire → Arduino Pin 9

Important power note: Arduino’s onboard 5V regulator can only supply about
500mA total. A stalled SG90 can draw 500–700mA alone. For most light-
motion applications, direct Arduino power is fine. But for any project with
multiple servos, heavy loads, or continuous use, power the servo from an
external 5V supply (sharing only GND with Arduino).

For Multiple SG90s (Recommended Setup)

 External 5V, 2A power supply → Common 5V rail for all servo Red
wires

 External supply GND → Arduino GND → All servo Brown/Black wires

 Each servo Orange/Yellow wire → Separate Arduino digital pin

This approach prevents voltage drops from impacting Arduino stability when
multiple servos move simultaneously.

Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)

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The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor includes a transmitter & a receiver. This sensor
is used to find out the distance from the objective. Here the amount of time
taken to transmit and receive the waves will decide the distance between the
sensor and an object. This sensor uses sound waves by using non-contact
technology. By using this sensor the distance which is required for the target
can be measured without damage and provides accurate details. The range of
this sensor available between 2cms to 400cms.

What is the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor?

The HC-SR04 is a type of ultrasonic sensor which uses sonar to find out the
distance of the object from the sensor. It provides an outstanding range of
non-contact detection with high accuracy & stable readings. It includes two
modules like ultrasonic transmitter & receiver. This sensor is used in a variety
of applications like measurement of direction and speed, burglar alarms,
medical, sonar, humidifiers, wireless charging, non-destructive testing, and
ultrasonography.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration

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This sensor includes four pins and the pin configuration of this sensor is
discussed below.

 Pin1 (Vcc): This pin provides a +5V power supply to the sensor.

 Pin2 (Trigger): This is an input pin, used to initialize measurement by

transmitting ultrasonic waves by keeping this pin high for 10us.

 Pin3 (Echo): This is an output pin, which goes high for a specific time
period and it will be equivalent to the duration of the time for the wave
to return back to the sensor.

 Pin4 (Ground): This is a GND pin used to connect to the GND of the
system.

Features

The features of the HC-SR04 sensor include the following

 The power supply used for this sensor is +5V DC

 Dimension is 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

 The input pulse width of trigger is10uS

 Operating current is 15mA

 Measuring angle is 30 degrees

 The distance range is 2cm to 800 cm

 Resolution is 0.3 cm

 Effectual Angle is <15°

 Operating frequency range is 40Hz

 Accuracy is 3mm

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Working

 RADAR SYSTEM

The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor comes with four pins namely Vcc pin, Trigger
pin, Echo pin, & Ground pin. This sensor is used to measure the accurate
distance between the target and the sensor. This sensor mostly works on the
sound waves.

When the power supply is given to this module, it generates the sound waves
to travel throughout the air to hit the necessary object. These waves strike and
come back from the object, then collects by the receiver module.

Here both the distance as well as time has taken is directly proportional
because the time taken for more distance is high. If the trigger pin is kept high
for 10 µs, then the ultrasonic waves will be generated which will travel at the
sound speed. So, it creates eight cycles of sonic burst that will be gathered
within the Echo pin. This ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino to gauge
the necessary distance between sensor & object. The distance can be
calculated using the following formula.

S = (V x t)/2

Where the ‘S’ is the required distance

‘V’ is the sound’s speed

‘t’ is the time taken for sound waves to return back after striking the object.

The actual distance can be calculated by dividing its value with 2 as the time
will be twice once the waves travel and get back from the sensor.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino Board

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Here we are giving an example for the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor using the
Arduino board. This sensor is interfaced with an Arduino board.

The required components of this project mainly include the Arduino UNO
board, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, breadboard, and jumper wires. The
connections of this project are very simple like the following.

 The VCC pin of the sensor is connected to 5V of the Arduino

 The Trig pin of the sensor is connected to Pin 11 in the Arduino

 The Echo pin of the sensor is connected to Pin 12 in the Arduino

 The GND pin of the sensor is connected to GND pin in the Arduino

Working:

The measurement of accurate distance can be achieved by interfacing the HC-

SR04 sensor with different types of Arduino boards.

At first, give the power supply to the sensor to turn on and connect the GND
pin of this sensor to the GND pin of the Arduino board. And the sensor module
can be powered up with the voltage supply of the Arduino board when the
current which is drawn through the sensor is below 15mA. So, the Arduino
current ratings will not affect the sensor.

Once the primary arrangement is set up then connect both the pins of sensors
like Trig & Echo to the Arduino board’s input/output pins. As we discussed
earlier, the Trig pin in the sensor must be kept 10us in the beginning in order
to start the measurement method. So, this sensor module will generate sound
waves by the 40,000 Hz frequency around for every second from the source.
When the sound waves return back, the Echo pin will activate until these

Applications:
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The applications of HC-SR04 sensor include the following,

 This sensor is used to measure speed as well as the direction between

two objects

 It is used in wireless charging

 Medical ultrasonography

 This is used to detect objects & avoid obstacles using robots such as
biped, pathfinding, obstacle avoidance, etc.

 Depth measurement

 Humidifiers

 This sensor is used to plot the objects nearby the sensor by revolving it

 Non-destructive testing

 By using this sensor depth of pits, wells can be measured by

transmitting the waves through water.

 Embedded system

 Burglar alarms

Thus, this is all about the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. From the above
information finally, we can conclude that this sensor uses sonar to measure
the distance between sensor and object. The transmitter sends a high-
frequency sound signal. Once the signal discovers an object then it reflects
back to the echo pin of the transmitter. The time taken for the signal
transmission as well as reception permits us to determine the distance to an
object.
 RADAR SYSTEM

ATmega328:

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the

megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a
modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.

Specifications:

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash

memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23
general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, 3 flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port,
6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and 5 software-
selectable power-saving modes. The device operates between 1.8 and 5.5
volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS/MHz
 RADAR SYSTEM

Features:

Parameter Value
CPU type 8-bit AVR
Maximum CPU speed 20 MHz
Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz
Flash memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB
EFPROM 1 KB
Package 28 or 32
Capacitive touch sensing channels 16
Maximum I/O pins 23
External interrupts 3
USB interface No
Applications:

ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems

where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed.

Perhaps the most common implementation of this chip is on the popular

Arduino development platform, namely the Arduino Uno, Arduino Pro Mini [4]
and Arduino Nano models.

Family:

The ATmega328 family belongs to the AVR 8-bit microcontroller series

developed by Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology)

Main Members of ATmega328 Family

The ATmega328 family mainly includes these variants:

ATmega328, ATmega328P and ATmega328PB

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Programming:

The image displays a detailed pinout diagram for the ATmega328P, an 8-bit
AVR RISC-based microcontroller most famously used as the "brain" of the
Arduino Uno. This 28-pin Dual In-line Package (DIP) serves as the bridge
between software code and physical hardware, mapping internal registers to
external pins. The diagram distinguishes between Digital I/O pins (D0-D13),
which handle binary signals and high-speed communication like SPI and UART,
and Analog Input pins (A0-A5), which utilize a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC) to read varying voltage levels. Beyond simple input and
output, the chip features dedicated pins for VCC and GND power rails, a RESET
pin for system initialization, and XTAL pins for an external clock crystal, all of
 RADAR SYSTEM

which are essential for building standalone embedded systems or custom PCB
designs.

Parallel program:

Programming Pin name I/O Function

signal
RDY/BSY PD1 0 High means the MCU is ready for a new
command, otherwise busy.
OE PD2 I Output enables (active now)
WR PD3 I Write pulse (active low)
BS1 PD4 I Byte select 1 (“0 =low byte, ”1” = high
byte)
XA0 PD5 I XTAL action bit 0
XA1 PD6 I XTAL action bit 1
PAGEL PD7 I Program memory and EEPROM data
page load
BS2 PC2 I Byte select 2 (“0” =low byte, ”1” =2 nd
high byte)
DATA PC [1:0]: PB I/O Bi-directional data bus (output when OE
[5:0] is low)

Programming mode is entered when PAGEL (PD7), XA1 (PD6), XA0 (PD5), BS1
(PD4) is set to zero. RESET pin to 0 V and VCC to 0 V. VCC is set to 4.5–5.5 V.
Wait 60 μs, and RESET is set to 11.5–12.5 V. Wait more than 310 μs. Set
XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 1000 0000, pulse XTAL1 for at least 150 ns, pulse WR
to zero. This starts the chip erase. Wait until RDY/BSY (PD1) goes high.
XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 0001 0000, XTAL1 pulse, pulse WR to zero. This is the
flash write command. And so on.
 RADAR SYSTEM

Power supply:

A power supply is an important component of a Radar System. It provides the

electrical energy required for all radar circuits and components to work
properly.

Simple Explanation

The power supply converts the input electrical power (AC or battery) into the
required DC voltage and distributes it to different parts of the radar system like
the transmitter, receiver, and signal processor.

Functions of Power Supply

1. Provides stable voltage to all radar components.

2. Converts AC to DC using rectifiers and filters.

3. Protects circuits from voltage fluctuations.

4. Supplies high power needed for transmitting radar signals.

In Radar System

The power supply powers components such as:

 Transmitter  Receiver
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 Antenna  Control  Display unit

rotation motor circuits

Example: In a radar project using ATmega328, the power supply usually

converts 230V AC to 5V or 12V DC to run the microcontroller, sensors, and
servo motor.

Supporting components: Supporting components are the parts that help the
main system (sensor, microcontroller, and motor) work properly. They provide
power, control, and connections.

Supporting Components in Radar System Project

1. Power Supply: Provides the required electrical power (usually 5V or

12V DC) for the whole circuit.
2. Breadboard / PCB: Used to connect and build the electronic circuit
without soldering.
3. Jumper Wires: Used to connect different components in the circuit.
4. Voltage Regulator (7805)
Maintains a constant 5V output for the microcontroller and sensors.
5. Resistors: Control the flow of current and protect components.
6. Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy and help filter noise in
the power supply.
7. LED Indicators: Show the power status or signal indication.
Example with ATmega328 Radar Project
 RADAR SYSTEM

 Supporting components help operate:

 Microcontroller (processes the signal)
 Ultrasonic sensor (detects object

Application of radar system

Military applications:

Radar systems play a very important role in modern military operations. They
are used to detect, track, and identify enemy objects such as aircraft, missiles,
ships, and vehicles. Radar works by transmitting electromagnetic waves and
receiving the reflected signals from targets. This helps the military monitor
large areas and respond quickly to threats.

1. Air Défense and Aircraft Detection:

Radar systems are widely used by the military to detect and track enemy
aircraft. They can identify the direction, distance, and speed of incoming
aircraft.

2. Missile Detection and Tracking:

Radar is used to detect missiles launched by enemy forces. Early warning radar
systems can identify missile movement and track their path.

3. Naval Surveillance:

Naval radar systems are installed on warships and submarines to monitor the
surrounding sea area.

4. Battlefield Surveillance:

In ground warfare, radar systems are used to monitor enemy troop movement
and detect vehicles. Military radar can identify moving targets even in difficult
environments such as fog, darkness, or smoke.

5. Target Tracking and Weapon Guidance:

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar systems help guide missiles and other weapons toward enemy targets.
By continuously tracking the position of the target, radar provides accurate
information that allows weapons to reach their destination.

Aviation:
Radar systems are widely used in aviation to ensure safe and efficient air
travel. They help in detecting aircraft, monitoring air traffic, and guiding
airplanes during flight and landing. Radar technology allows air traffic
controllers to track aircraft positions even in poor visibility conditions such as
fog, rain, or darkness.

1. Air Traffic Control

Radar systems are used by air traffic control centres to monitor the
movement of aircraft in the sky. The radar displays the position, speed,
and direction of airplanes. This helps controllers maintain safe distances
between aircraft and prevent collisions.
2. Aircraft Navigation
Pilots use radar systems to navigate safely during flights. Radar helps
detect mountains, buildings, and other obstacles along the flight path.
This ensures that the aircraft can travel safely even when visibility is
low.
3. Weather Monitoring
Radar systems are used to detect weather conditions such as storms,
heavy rain, and turbulence. This information helps pilots avoid
dangerous weather areas and choose safer flight routes.
4. Airport Surveillance
Airports use radar systems to track aircraft during take-off and landing.
Radar helps guide airplanes safely on the runway and ensures smooth
movement of aircraft around the airport.
 RADAR SYSTEM

5. Collision Avoidance
Radar systems help detect nearby aircraft and warn pilots about possible
collisions This improves safety in crowded airspaces where many
aircraft
are flying at the Time.

Weather monitoring:

Radar systems are widely used in meteorology to observe and predict weather
conditions. Weather radars transmit electromagnetic waves into the
atmosphere and receive the signals reflected by rain, clouds, snow, or storms.

1. Rainfall Detection

Weather radar helps detect rainfall and measure its intensity. It can identify
light rain, heavy rain, and thunderstorms over large areas. This information
helps meteorologists issue rainfall forecasts and warnings.

2. Storm Tracking

Radar systems are used to track storms and monitor their movement. By
observing radar images continuously, scientists can predict the direction and
speed of storms and warn people in advance.

3. Cyclone and Hurricane Monitoring

Radar plays an important role in monitoring cyclones and hurricanes. It helps

track the formation, path, and strength of these severe weather systems,
allowing authorities to prepare for emergencies.

4. Snow and Hail Detection

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar systems can detect snow and hail in the atmosphere. This information
helps predict snowfall and severe weather conditions that may affect
transportation and daily activities.

5. Weather Forecasting

Meteorologists use radar data to improve weather forecasting. Radar images

provide real-time information about atmospheric conditions, which helps in
predicting future weather patterns.

Automotive radar:

Automotive radar is widely used in modern vehicles to improve driving safety

and assist drivers. Radar sensors installed in vehicles transmit radio waves and
detect reflected signals from nearby objects such as cars, pedestrians, and
obstacles. The system processes this information and helps the driver avoid
accidents.

1. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Radar sensors measure the distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in
front. The system automatically adjusts the car’s speed to maintain a safe
distance.

2. Collision Avoidance System

Automotive radar detects obstacles or vehicles ahead and warns the driver
about possible collisions. In some vehicles, it can automatically apply the
brakes to prevent accidents.

3. Blind Spot Detection

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar sensors placed on the sides of the vehicle detect vehicles in the driver’s
blind spot. The system alerts the driver when another vehicle is approaching
from behind.

4. Parking Assistance

Radar sensors help detect nearby objects when parking. The system warns the
driver about obstacles and helps park the vehicle safely.

5. Pedestrian Detection

Radar systems can detect pedestrians or cyclists near the vehicle. This helps
prevent accidents in crowded areas or during low visibility.

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages:

Radar systems are widely used in meteorology to observe and predict weather
conditions. Weather radars transmit electromagnetic waves into the
atmosphere and receive the signals reflected by rain, clouds, snow, or storms.

1. Rainfall Detection:

Weather radar helps detect rainfall and measure its intensity. It can identify
light rain, heavy rain, and thunderstorms over large areas. This information
helps meteorologists issue rainfall forecasts and warnings.

2. Storm Tracking:

Radar systems are used to track storms and monitor their movement. By
observing radar images continuously, scientists can predict the direction and
speed of storms and warn people in advance.

3. Cyclone and Hurricane Monitoring:

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar plays an important role in monitoring cyclones and hurricanes. It helps

track the formation, path, and strength of these severe weather systems,
allowing authorities to prepare for emergencies.

4. Snow and Hail Detection:

Radar systems can detect snow and hail in the atmosphere. This information
helps predict snowfall and severe weather conditions that may affect
transportation and daily activities.

5. Weather Forecasting: Meteorologists use radar data to improve weather

forecasting. Radar images provide real-time information about atmospheric
conditions, which helps in predicting future weather patterns.

Limitations:

Although radar systems are very useful for detecting and tracking objects, they
also have some limitations. These limitations can affect the accuracy and
performance of the radar in certain situations.

1. High Cost:

Radar systems are expensive to design, install, and maintain. Advanced radar
equipment requires complex electronic components and powerful
transmitters, which increase the overall cost.

2. Large Size and Power Requirement:

Many radar systems require large antennas and high electrical power to
transmit signals over long distances. This makes some radar systems bulky and
difficult to install in small devices.

3. Interference and Noise:

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar signals can sometimes be affected by interference from other electronic

devices or nearby radar systems. This interference may reduce the accuracy of
the detected signals.

4. Limited Detection of Small Objects:

Radar systems may have difficulty detecting very small objects or objects with
low reflectivity. Small targets sometimes produce weak reflected signals that
are hard to detect.

5. Signal Absorption by Certain Materials:

Some materials absorb radar waves instead of reflecting them. When this
happens, the radar may fail to detect the object properly.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR SYSTEM

Radar technology has advanced rapidly in recent years due to improvements

in electronics, artificial intelligence, and signal processing.

1. Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar:

One of the most important developments is the AESA radar system. Instead of
using a mechanically rotating antenna, AESA radars use many small transmit-
receive modules that electronically steer the radar beam.

2. AI-Integrated Radar Systems:

Artificial Intelligence is now being integrated into radar systems to improve

detection and data analysis. AI algorithms can analyse radar signals
automatically, identify targets, and reduce false alarms.

3. Phased-Array Weather Radar:

Modern weather monitoring uses advanced phased-array radar technology.

These radars can scan the atmosphere much faster than traditional systems
 RADAR SYSTEM

and provide more accurate predictions of storms, typhoons, and other severe
weather conditions.

4. Miniaturized mm Wave Radar Sensors:

Recent developments include millimetre-wave (mm Wave) radar chips that are
very small and energy-efficient.

5. Space-Based Radar Satellites:

Radar technology is now used in satellites for Earth observation and disaster
monitoring. For example, satellites equipped with radar imaging can observe
the Earth in all weather conditions, day or night, and help monitor
environmental changes and natural disasters.

RECENT GLOBAL USES OF RADAR SYSTEMS

1. 2023 – Hurricane Monitoring in the United States:

The National Weather Service (USA) used advanced Doppler radar to monitor
hurricanes and tropical storms. The radar tracked storm intensity and
predicted its path, allowing timely evacuation and disaster preparedness.

2. 2024 – Drone Detection at Airports in Europe:

European airports deployed radar systems to detect unauthorized drones near

flight zones. Real-time radar alerts helped prevent collisions and ensured safe
air traffic operations.

3. 2025 – Autonomous Vehicle Radar Deployment:

Automobile companies implemented millimetre-wave radar sensors in

autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles. These radars detect nearby
vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles, enabling collision avoidance and adaptive
cruise control.
 RADAR SYSTEM

4. 2025 – Flood and Disaster Monitoring in Asia:

Countries like India and Japan used radar satellites to monitor floods,
landslides, and heavy rainfall. Radar imagery provided early warnings, helping
authorities respond quickly and reduce damage.

FUTURE SCOPE

Radar technology has continuously advanced since its inception, and its
potential applications in the future are vast and transformative. With rapid
developments in electronics, signal processing, artificial intelligence, and
miniaturization, radar systems are expected to become more versatile,
intelligent, and precise.

1. Intelligent and Automated Signal Interpretation:

Future radar systems will integrate advanced computing and machine learning
algorithms to analyse signals automatically. This will allow radars to distinguish
between multiple types of objects, identify smaller or stealthy targets, and
reduce errors caused by noise or interference. Such intelligent processing will
make radar highly reliable for critical applications, including defense, aviation,
and autonomous transport.

2. Expansion in Transportation and Mobility:

 RADAR SYSTEM

Radar technology will play a crucial role in the next generation of

transportation systems. Beyond automobiles, radars will be used in trains,
ships, and aerial drones to prevent collisions, guide navigation in low-visibility
conditions, and optimize traffic flow.

3. Environmental Monitoring and Disaster Prediction:

Radar systems will continue to be essential in monitoring environmental

changes. Advanced radars will track glaciers, river flow, deforestation, and
urban growth.

4. Space Exploration and Planetary Observation:

Future radar satellites will significantly enhance space research. High-

resolution radar imaging will help map planetary surfaces, monitor asteroids,
and study celestial objects in detail.

5. Smart Cities and Infrastructure Management:

Radar systems will be widely integrated into urban infrastructure. They can
monitor traffic density, detect unsafe conditions, and assist in automated
emergency response. Public spaces and critical facilities can use radar for
security surveillance, crowd management, and predictive maintenance,
contributing to safer and more efficient cities.

6. Defense and Security Enhancements:

While civilian applications are growing, radar will continue to advance in

defense. Future systems will detect stealth technology, track faster targets,
and coordinate with other sensors for integrated defense solutions. Emerging
technologies such as networked radars and AI-assisted threat analysis will
further strengthen national security.

7. Miniaturization and Energy Efficiency:

 RADAR SYSTEM

The development of compact and low-power radar sensors will make radar
technology accessible for smaller devices, drones, and portable systems. This
will open new possibilities in fields like wearable safety devices, remote
environmental sensing, and personal transportation monitoring.

Conclusion

The future of radar systems is exceptionally promising. Advancements in

intelligence, automation, and sensor technology will expand their use in
transportation, environmental monitoring, space exploration, smart cities, and
defense. Radar will become increasingly critical for real-time decision-making,
safety, and efficiency in both civilian and military domains. As technology
progresses, radar systems are likely to become smaller, faster, more accurate,
and more capable than ever before, solidifying their role as an indispensable
tool in modern society.

CODE IMPLEMENTION OF RADAR SYSTEM

#include <Servo.h>

const int panPin = 5; // Base Servo

const int tiltPin = 6; // Head/Tilt Servo

const int trigPin = 9; // Ultrasonic TRIG

const int echoPin = 10; // Ultrasonic ECHO

const int laserPin = 4; // Laser Light

const int buzzerPin = 3; // Buzzer

// Range / Threshold Adjustment

int targetThreshold = 50; // Maximum distance in cm to be considered a

target
 RADAR SYSTEM

unsigned long targetHoldDelay = 500; // Milliseconds to stay frozen after losing

the target

// Base (Pan) Adjustments

int panMin = 0; // Minimum angle for base

int panMax = 180; // Maximum angle for base

unsigned long panSpeed = 70; // Milliseconds between base steps

(HIGHER = SLOWER)

// Head (Tilt) Adjustments

int tiltCenter = 90; // Center position of the head

int tiltUpOffset = 40; // How much UP it should go from center (e.g., 90

+ 40 = 130)

int tiltDownOffset = 20; // How much DOWN it should go from center

(e.g., 90 - 30 = 60)

unsigned long tiltSpeed = 10;

// Buzzer Settings

unsigned long beepSpeed = 100;

// ==========================================

// SYSTEM VARIABLES

// ==========================================

Servo panServo;

Servo tiltServo;

int currentPan = 90;

 RADAR SYSTEM

int currentTilt = 90;

int panDirection = 1;

int tiltDirection = 1;

unsigned long lastPanTime = 0;

unsigned long lastTiltTime = 0;

unsigned long lastBuzzerTime = 0;

unsigned long lastTargetTime = 0;

bool buzzerState = false;

void setup() {

[Link](9600);

// Attach Servos

[Link](panPin);

[Link](tiltPin);

// Setup Pins

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(laserPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);

// Initialize positions

[Link](currentPan);

[Link](currentTilt);

digitalWrite(laserPin, LOW);
 RADAR SYSTEM

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);

delay(1000);

void loop() {

// 1. Check for obstacles

long distance = getDistance();

if (distance > 0 && distance <= targetThreshold) {

lastTargetTime = millis();

if (millis() - lastTargetTime <= targetHoldDelay) {

digitalWrite(laserPin, HIGH);

if (millis() - lastBuzzerTime >= beepSpeed) {

buzzerState = !buzzerState;

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, buzzerState ? HIGH : LOW);

lastBuzzerTime = millis();

} else {

// --- SCANNING MODE (No Target) ---

// Turn off alerts

digitalWrite(laserPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
 RADAR SYSTEM

buzzerState = false;

if (millis() - lastPanTime >= panSpeed) {

currentPan += panDirection;

if (currentPan >= panMax || currentPan <= panMin) {

panDirection = -panDirection;

[Link](currentPan);

lastPanTime = millis();

if (millis() - lastTiltTime >= tiltSpeed) {

currentTilt += tiltDirection;

int maxTilt = tiltCenter + tiltUpOffset;

int minTilt = tiltCenter - tiltDownOffset;

if (currentTilt >= maxTilt || currentTilt <= minTilt) {

tiltDirection = -tiltDirection;

[Link](currentTilt);

lastTiltTime = millis();

// ==========================================
 RADAR SYSTEM

// SEND DATA TO WEB UI

// Format: Pan,Tilt,Distance,Status

// ==========================================

[Link](currentPan);

[Link](",");

[Link](currentTilt);

[Link](",");

[Link](distance);

[Link](",");

if (millis() - lastTargetTime <= targetHoldDelay) {

[Link]("1"); // 1 means Locked

} else {

[Link]("0"); // 0 means Scanning

delay(15);

// ==========================================

// ULTRASONIC SENSOR FUNCTION

// ==========================================

long getDistance() { digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
 RADAR SYSTEM

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, 20000);

if (duration == 0) {

return 999;

return duration / 58; // Convert microseconds to centimeters

 RADAR SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

The Radar System is a remarkable technology that has transformed the way
we detect, monitor, and track objects in various fields. Throughout this
project, we have studied its fundamental principles, working, components,
and practical applications. Radar systems are widely used in defense for
surveillance and missile tracking, in aviation for air traffic control, in weather
monitoring for predicting storms and cyclones, in automobiles for vehicle
safety, and in space for satellite and planetary observation.

The project also highlighted the advantages of radar, such as long-range

detection, reliable operation in all weather conditions, and real-time
monitoring, as well as its limitations, including high cost, complexity, and
interference issues. Recent developments and applications show how radar
technology is evolving rapidly, integrating artificial intelligence,
miniaturization, and advanced signal processing to meet modern
requirements.

Looking forward, the future scope of radar is vast. Advancements in intelligent

signal interpretation, autonomous vehicles, disaster management, smart
cities, and space exploration will make radar systems even more versatile,
accurate, and essential. The study of radar technology demonstrates its critical
role in enhancing safety, efficiency, and decision-making across civilian and
military domains.

In conclusion, radar systems are not only a cornerstone of modern

technological innovation but also a vital tool for the future, with their
applications continuously expanding and shaping the way we understand,
monitor, and interact with the world around us.
 RADAR SYSTEM

REFERENCE

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2xdcDDgr0HiaE8RYHl

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 chatgpt