|vol
de'as
ned udats
3 the toYecterr
unft the 4he
Veces Nerma nit
del'oed
by tor
vector
a 9radfent then on, furcti scaloy
the
SaLoe A 0: GRADIE
NT
Ps feld
A ctes ve
andafncion pofnt COled +ßen
A ) vecher
A
CoTTesDo
ando thee
Ddef'
inned i6 freld xalny fietien
and
CerTeSpond
a theye
space ?n(*y)o
egio pont
FiELDS TOR Vec AND Ocnunc
CALCUL0S MeCTOR
MopoLt
*
Tnotatenal Solemodal
vecT
VecToR
CuRL0e aocim ecienal
vecler
Qirecienol
um
direcki devali
Vecter
dengedfby
Yector 0 en
Ql
devati ve
:
vectr A derati
A dvf0 + ve
cborvep
ve
aleng
+hem
boéd be
to
said
a
to v4.
be o
dolemo
oro
vector as
totienal fdal
f
f
Soln
Soln : PeoBLENS
Unft at
thend
At
Norma (,a.3)
pofntte Givem
(-l,3.3) (1,-1,At
D
Vecter unt
Vecto
ßy
to
vC- (3)
belweem the diheci oms
nomal to 19e
4e
pofrts (-,l,) 8
(h,-l,-)
Solo fet
ay
I vol f6
Iv¢l
() At (i,-),-)
vý: 2-j- k
8-j-lk
37tj+k) (31-j-k) -4-|-I
6 6
b|
bm d
Soln fet
At
(1.1,) v -2j*k
Y5
vC- (3)
At (14,) 9- jt k
os0 . n 2 : + k
J5
5 fod d vecienal deivoi ve
alevg a 2 - -ak
oy
A
At (1,-2,-)
3
3
maLioum
6 Jr ohtoh d'recbon the d;ecienal, douvabve 0
t mour
(a,,-) and fnd the magntude
Solni
(2,1,-) -- +12 k
Magn tu cek:y²22 - Moniruy DD)
5o ln G?vem y yà'3*
8 Thd te
&oln
9 Shbu) thot
&olo
fi bol eno PdaJ,
YC (4)
o)
Solo
i) Show that
-3x
iTo tatona.
Ond
So ln
oy
puo
pocb A @e +
9
+
yA () CRh,
- xc)
he
e): !(Bzc (lxç-o) Chzn-) (o-
16) 6hous ot f'y)ir (a1*)j+(ty)t Tavotalevas
49at
Also fra o scolas funcdion such
?otaienal
Gauab'ng the torvespond'ng Cempomeuts rbeqrati ng
ay
Ohoose
yy*93 3
VC -(6)
Show that
Hence fnd a scotoy funci on such tat f v9
Soln
.. otatienal
buch thnt v
Chyating CorTePUNding com poneub Ond inteonatng
ay
let us choose
Re re fod
18) fhd te value he Censlont o' 4uch tfot
(Ia) gk irolaienal and hene
1- (oy-3*)a +(a-a)
find a xalox fonchien d uch Rot v¢.
Solo: (axg-):- (o-a)x +(-a) gk
y
(auy) a 2)* (-o)13
(o-o) -j((1-o)$ +3*) + ((a-s) 3x -as)-0
io fod buch hat
ay
Choose
.r'y 3
2k uú orotatienal ond
rd su ch thot p v
Solo:
and b such that
ioyo toction at Also fnd o scalos funb on
such
Soln : a -6 b3
CURYILINEAB CooRDINATE S
be
any pofnt P in spoce
leb the Coordnotes of
cost es'an afstem.
eoprePbls ntems ok nes CoDdPatey
ast e
(U,,,,U3)
elPmfroi ng then the cDbY d?notes thot the
of the pofnt P, nhe8 t is aumed
Obord?rates
(u,,0, U,) is un'oue
Cer veb pondoute bluseem (x,y) and
OeTHOGOrnL CoRVILINUDR CooRDIriortS
to he toordole cuiyes,
bn Rogorol f ot coch potat he langn
mubunly pepond'aulon
sungae
* Soole focboy bass veced and 0 iogonal i cercrtion:
fet s x i tyitak be the postt'on vectos a po?nt in
luM,, U)
apoce. oe haue ?
du, au,
Torgent Yeclos
Scale fo cle
ha
ho
vc-(8)
Qu
du,
du,
Babe Vectos
Casbeian
rans les maien beupeen
feb Rem
Jhe bae ve or
Jhe scale factos ae
b
b
Qu
for Coxtes?an coordinale bystem
and
Also e baue
eg-e,- D
he tostesPan bstem is ostogonal.
ve-)
ie yodrfal ond Sphutad Systems:
CYLINDRICAL SysTEN
dPrates
tood?naies (p.d,))
p.d) gen by the banmaten;
Godrloat pola
Let riyitak be the positon vectns
scole oche
4he Sale focosfo the
SPHERIC9L Sy6TEM
Sphesfcol po lox coordinate, (T,0)gir en by
4Be Gn;
Iet : ityi tak ba the posfton vocles
Sole focon
b
Tbine in i
h ',?e (bin + cos )
for he Spheical ota System
haue
"3k
4Re boase vecos
e --bing i t os i
.h:|
os an + sin cos (
Jhus
10
the Sphecal ystem
haws
foy the bpheto system,
A
be the, b a vectos.
Gons Pde
Considex
Jhus tte opherian) system is or thogono
Problems
yectrr
fet A : A,est A Co A e3
to be deteemned
vohenc A,,A,3 ae
A
Also baue
hohere an d
b=l , baS h -l
Hence
:k
(3) (u) n (3) we
6usti tuting9
A, - sio - 83 eos
:. (1)
+
polax coorhats system
D
vohea A,, A. , As ane to be d elesrnoed
oylndhfcal ystem
Also os haue
ha) and
Hemac
Substtuting (3) 8 () n (:)
hemce fnd
Soln:
ohee , a oHe to be
dekeumined.
apheeol gstem.
Also vos haue
vohee h, ), hg
-7hg 6in amd
coS ) k
Hesrcs
Subst? uting 8) & (u) n (2) oe qet
.. (0)