SADLER UNIT 3 MATHEMATICS

SPECIALIST
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 7: Vector calculus

Exercise 7A

Question 1

Given r  2t 3i  (3t  1) j

a The initial position vector occurs at t = 0.

r  2(0)3 i  (3  0  1) j
rjm

b v  6t 2 i  3j
When t  3 , velocity of the particle is 6  32 i  3j .
The particle has a velocity of (54i  3 j) m/s when t  3 .

c v  542  32  15 13

The speed of the particle when t  3 is 15 3 m/s.

d a  12ti
When t  3 the acceleration of the particle is 36i m/s2.

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Question 2

a  6ti m/s2

a v   6ti dt  3t 2 i  c

When t  0 , v  4i  6 j , so c  4i  6 j

v   (3t 2  4)i  6 j m/s

When t  2 , v   (3  4  4)i  6 j m/s

v  (8i  6 j) m/s

v  62  82  100  10 m/s

b r    (3t 2  4)i  6 j dt  (t 3  4t )i  6tj  c

When t  0, r  (2i  j) m
c  (2i  j)
r  (t 3  4t )i  6tj  2i  j  (t 3  4t  2)i  (6t  1) j
When t  2, r  2i  13 j
The distance from 2i  j to 2i  13j is (2  2) 2  (13  1) 2  12 m.

Question 3

r  2ti  (t  1) j

dr
a  2i  j
dt
dr
 22  12  5
dt

1
b r  (2t ) 2  (t  1) 2  4t 2  t 2  2t  1  (5t 2  2t  1) 2
d 1 
1
10t  2 5t  1
r  (5t 2  2t  1) 2 (10t  2)  
dt 2 2 5t  2t  1
2
5t 2  2t  1

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Question 4

1
a v (1)  i  2 j  0.25i  2 j
(1  1) 2

d  1  2
b a(t )   i  2j  i
dt  (t  1) 2
 (t  1)
3

2 1
a(1)  i i
(1  1) 3
4

 1 
c r (t )    i  2 j dt    (t  1)2 i  2 j dt  (t  1)1 i  2tj  c
 (t  1)
2

r (0)  3i  3j
1
(1) i  2(0) j  c  3i  3j
c  2i  3j
1
r (t )  i  2tj  2i  3 j
t 1
1
r (1)  i  2 j  2i  3j  2.5i  5 j
11

Question 5

a r  (t 2  5t  1)i  (1  14t  t 2 ) j

v  (2t  5)i  (2t  14) j

To be travelling parallel to the x-axis the j component of the velocity vector must be zero.

This occurs when 2t 14  0 .

The particle is travelling parallel to the x-axis when t  7 seconds .

b r  (t 2  5t  1)i  (1  14t  t 2 ) j

v  (2t  5)i  (2t  14) j

To be travelling parallel to the y -axis the i component of the velocity vector must be zero.

This occurs when 2t  5  0 .

The particle is travelling parallel to the y -axis when t  2.5 seconds .

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Question 6

a v (10)  2i  e0.1(10) j  2i  ej

b a(t )  0.1e0.1t j
a(10)  0.1e0.1(10) j  0.1ej

e0.1t
c r (t )   (2i  e0.1t j) dt  2ti  j  c  2ti  10e 0.1t j  c
0.1
r (0)  10 j, so c = 0i  0 j
r (t )  2ti  10e0.1t j
r (10)  2(10)i  10ej  20i  10ej

Question 7

r  (8t  12)i  t 2 j

a When t  3 , r  8(3)  12 i  32 j

r  12i  9 j is the position of the particle.

r  122  92  15m

When t  3 the particle is 15 metres from the origin.

b v  8i  2tj
When t  3 , v  (8i  6 j) m/s
When t  3 the velocity of the particle is (8i  6 j) m/s .

c v  82  62  10 m/s

When t  3 , the speed of the particle is 10 m/s.

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d tan θ 
8
θ  37 (to the nearest degree)

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Question 8

r  t 3i  (2t 2  1) j

a v  3t 2i  4tj

When t  2 , v  3(2) 2 i  4(2) j  12i  8 j

When t  2 , v  122  82  4 13 m/s

When t  2 the speed of the particle is 4 13 m/s .

b a  6ti  4 j
When t  3 , a  18i  4 j .

When t  3 the acceleration vector is (18i  4 j) m/s 2

c When t  2 , a  12i  4 j

v  a  (12i  8 j)  (12i  4 j)  12  12  8  4  176

d The angle between v and a can be found using the scalar product.

a  122  42  4 10

176
cos θ   0.9648
4 13  4 10
θ  15.3 (correct to one decimal place)
When t  2 , the angle between v and a is 15.3.

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Question 9

Given v  2ti  (3t 2  1) j  3k , the velocity vector of a particle.

a The initial speed of the particle, when t  0 .

When t  0 , v   j  3k

v  12  32  10 m/s

The initial speed of the particle is 10 m/s .

b When t  2 , v  4i  11j  3k

v  42  112  (3) 2  146 m/s

The speed of the particle when t  2 is 146 m/s .

c a  2 i  6t j

When t  2 the acceleration of the particle is (2i  12 j) m/s 2 .

d r    2ti  (3t 2  1) j  3k  dt  t 2 i  (t 3  t ) j  3tk  c

When t  2 , the position vector of the particle is ( 4i  10 j) m.

t 2 i  (t 3  t ) j  3tk  c  (4i  10 j)
4i  6 j  6k  c  4i  10 j
c   8i  4 j  6k

r  t 2 i  (t 3  t ) j  3tk  8i  4 j  6k
 (t 2  8)i  (t 3  t  4) j  (6  3t )k
When t  5 , the particle has position vector (17i  124 j  9k )m .

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Question 10
r  (t 2  6t  16)i  t 2 j

a The particle is on the y -axis when the i component of the position vector must be zero.

t 2  6t  16  0
(t  8)(t  2)  0
t  8, 2 so 8 is the only valid solution.
The particle is on the y -axis after 8 seconds.

b The particle moves parallel to the y -axis when the i component of the velocity vector is zero.
v  (2t  6)i  2tj . This occurs when 2t  6  0 , so when t  3 .

c When v  a  0 , the velocity of the particle will be perpendicular to the acceleration of the
vehicle.
a  2i  2 j
v  a  (2t  6)  2  2t  2
8t  12  0
t  1.5

The velocity of the particle will be perpendicular to the acceleration when t  1.5 .

Question 11
r  3i  2tj  (t 2  4t  10)k
v  2 j  (2t  4)k
a  2k

The minimum distance from the particle to the x -y plane is the distance from 3, 2t , t 2  4t  10 , i.e.,
3, 2t ,0 .

Hence, the minimum distance will be the minimum value of t 2  4t  10 .

t 2  4t  10  (t  2) 2  6 , so the minimum value is when t  2 .

r  (3i  4 j  6k ) m
v  2 j m/s
a  2k m/s 2

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Question 12

Given a  2 j

a v  2tj  c, when t  0 v  2i  8 j
v  [2i  (2t  8) j] m/s

The velocity of the body at time t seconds is v   2i  (2t  8) j m/s .

b r  2ti  (t 2  8t ) j  c and when t  0, r  i  20 j

c  i  20 j
r  [(2t  1)i  (t 2  8t  20) j]m

c When t  3 , [(2t  1)i  (t 2  8t  20) j]m  [(2(3)  1)i  (32  8(3)  20) j]m
When t  3 , the position vector of the body is (7 i  5 j) m

The body will be 72  52  74 m

d When t  2 , v  [2i  4 j]m/s .

v  22  42  2 5 m/s

e Minimum height occurs when the co-efficient of j is at its minimum value.

t 2  8t  20  (t  4) 2  4
The minimum height occurs when t  4 , the height is 4 m.

f r  [(2t  1)i  (t 2  8t  20) j]m

1
x  2t  1  t  ( x  1)
2
1
y  t 2  8t  20  ( x  1) 2  4( x  1)  20
4
4 y  x  2 x  1  16 x  16  80  x 2  18 x  97
2

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Question 13

a  cos t i  2 j
v  sin t i  2tj  c
When t  0, the velocity vector is j so c  j.
Hence v  (sin t ) i  (2t  1) j
r  ( cos t )i  (t 2  t ) j  c
When t  0, the position vector is 4i  6 j so c  3i  6 j.
r  ( cos t  3)i  (t 2  t  6) j

a The particle crosses the x-axis when the j component of the position vector is 0.

t2  t  6  0
(t  3)(t  2)  0
t  3, 2 so the only valid solution is t  2.

b The particle crosses the y -axis when the i component of the position vector is 0.
 cos t  3  0
cos t  3
There are no values of t for which cos t  3.

So particle does not cross the x-axis .

Question 14

a  4sin 2t i  2 j  et k
v  2cos 2t i  2tj  et k  c
When t  0 the particle is at rest, so v  0.
v  2 i  k  c, so c  2i  k
v  (2 cos 2t  2)i  2tj  (et  1)k
r  (sin 2t  2t ) i  t 2 j  (et  t )k  c
When t  0, the particle is at the origin, so r  0.
r  (sin 2t  2t ) i  t 2 j  (et  t )k  c, so c  k
r  (sin 2t  2t ) i  t 2 j  (et  t  1)k
When t   , r   2 i   2 j  (e    1)k  m

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Question 15
r  2sin 3ti  2 cos 3tj

a The body crosses the x-axis when the j component of the position vector is zero.
2cos3t  0

3t 
2

t seconds
6

b Differentiate the expression for the position vector with respect to t to obtain the expression for
the velocity at time t , (6 cos 3ti  6 sin 3tj) m/s .
Differentiate the expression for the velocity vector with respect to t to obtain the expression for
the acceleration at time t , (18sin 3ti  18cos 3tj) m/s 2 .

c (6 cos 3ti  6 sin 3tj)  ( 18sin 3ti  18 cos 3tj)  108(sin 3t )(cos 3t )  108(sin 3t )(cos 3t )  0
The scalar product of the velocity and acceleration is zero, hence the velocity is perpendicular
to the acceleration for all values of t .

Question 16
a  2 sin (0.5t )i  2 cos (0.5t ) j
v  4 cos (0.5t )i  4 sin (0.5t ) j  c
When t  0, v  4i (given)
Substituting t  0 into the equation we have for v gives v  4i  c
c0
v   4 cos (0.5t )  i   4sin (0.5t )  j
r   8sin (0.5t )  i  8cos (0.5t )  j  c
When t  0, the position vector is 2i  8 j (given)
Substituting t  0 into the equation we have for r gives r  8 j  c
c  2i
r   2  8sin (0.5t )  i  8cos (0.5t )  j

When t  , r  2i  4 3 j
3
The distance from 2i to 2i  4 3j is:

( 4) 2  (4 3) 2  8 m
The object is 8 m from point B.

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Exercise 7B

Question 1

From the information given, the velocity = (u  at )i m/s

 at 2 
By integrating and using the information given, the position vector =  ut  i m .
 2 

Question 2

a  9  8 j
v  9  8tj  c
When t  0, v  14i  35 j
v  14i  (35  9.8t ) j

r  14ti  (35t  4.9t 2 ) j  c, but as its position is O when t = 0, c  0.

The expression for the position vector of the object is 14ti  (35t  4.9t 2 ) j m .

When t  5 , the body is at position vector 70i  52.5 j .

The distance from O when t  5 is 50 2  ( 52.5) 2  87.5 m

x
x  14t  t 
14
y  35t  4.9t 2
Substituting t gives
2
 x  x 5 1 2
y  35    4.9    x  x
 14   14  2 40

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Question 3

a Acceleration of the particle  10 j m/s 2

b  
Initial velocity of the particle  (80 cos 60i  80 sin 60 j) m/s  40i  40 3j m/s

c We know that a  10 j where a m/s2 is the acceleration.

Thus v  10tj  c where v m/s is the velocity.

When t  0 v  40i  40 3 j  c  40i  40 3j

Thus 
v  40i  40 3  10t j

The velocity of the particle t seconds after projection is v  40i  40 3  10t j m/s.
We know that 
v  40i  40 3  10t j
Thus  
r  40t i  40 3t  5t 2 j  c

When t  0 r  0i  0 j  c  0i  0 j

 
The position of the particle t seconds after projection is  40ti  40 3 t  5t 2 j m .
 

d The particle is at the horizontal surface when the j component of the particle is zero.

40 3 t  5t 2  0
 
t 40 3  5t  0

t  0, 8 3

The particle returns to the horizontal surface at t  8 3 s.

 
When t  8 3 , r  40 8 3 i   40 3  3  5 8 3  j  
2
e
 

r  320 3 i m

The horizontal distance from projection to landing is 320 3 m.

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Question 4

a Acceleration of the particle a  9.8 j m/s 2

Thus v  (9.8tj  c) m/s

Initial velocity of the particle v  (42 cos θi  42sin θj) m/s

 c  42 cos θi  42sin θj

Thus v  (42 cos θ)i  (42sin θ  9.8t ) j m/s

The position vector is then r   42t cos θi  (42t sin θ  4.9t 2 ) j m

b 42t cos θ  120 and 42t sin θ  4.9t 2  0

120
t and t (42sin θ  4.9t )  0
42 cos θ
42sin θ
t  0, t 
4.9
120 42sin θ

42 cos θ 4.9
1
sin θ cos θ 
3
2
2sin θ cos θ 
3
2
sin 2θ 
3
2θ  41.81, 138.19
θ  20.9, 69.1

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Question 5

The acceleration of the particle is  gj m/s 2 .

Initial velocity of the particle is  u cos θi  u sin θj m/s

a The velocity of the particle t seconds after projection is  (  gj ) dt   gtj  c

When t  0, v  u cos θi  u sin θ  c  u cos θi  u sin θ

Thus v  u cos θi  (u sin θ  gt ) j

 1 
b r   u cos θi  (u sin θ  gt ) j dt  ut cos θi   ut sin θ  gt 2  j  c
 2 
When t  0, r  0  c  0
 1 
r  ut cos θi   ut sin θ  gt 2  j
 2 

c The particle returns to the horizontal surface when the coefficient of the j component is 0.

 1 
  ut sin θ  gt 2   0
 2 
1
ut sin θ  gt 2
2
2ut sin θ  gt 2
2u sin θ
t seconds
g

2u sin θ 2u sin θ
d When t  , ru cos θi  0 j
g g
2 sin θ cos θ  sin 2θ
u 2 sin 2θ
so r  i metres
g

e The maximum value of sin 2θ is 1.

This would give the maximum horizontal distance from O to the point of landing back on the
horizontal plane.

sin 2θ  1
2θ  90
θ  45

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Question 6

Given r (t )  2 cos (0.5t )i  2 sin (0.5t ) j

a v(t )    sin(0.5t )i  cos(0.5t ) j m/s

a(t )   0.5cos(0.5t )i  0.5sin(0.5t ) j m/s 2

  sin (0.5t )   cos (0.5t ) 

2 2
b v (t )  1

c v  a  0.5sin (0.5t ) cos (0.5t )  0.5sin (0.5t ) cos (0.5t )  0

Velocity is always perpendicular to acceleration.

d r (t )  2 cos (0.5t )i  2 sin (0.5t ) j

a (t )  0.5 cos (0.5t )i  0.5sin (0.5t ) j
1
a(t )   r (t )
4
Given a (t )   kr (t )
1
k
4

e With k > 0, the acceleration is always directed towards the centre of the circle, (0, 0)

Question 7

5    5   
Given v (t )   cos  t  i  sin  t  j
2 2  2 2 

 5    5    
a r (t )     cos  t  i  sin  t  j dt
 2 2  2 2  
   
r (t )  5sin  t  i  5cos  t  j  c
2  2 
r (0)  5 j so c  0

   
r (t )  5sin  t  i  5 cos  t  j
2  2 
 3   3 
b r (3)  5 sin   i  5 cos   j  5( 1)i  5(0) j  5i
 2   2 

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
c

d  5
3    5      
3
  
0  2 cos  2 t  i  2 sin  2 t  j dt  5sin  2 t  i  5cos  2 t  j 0
 3   3 
 5sin   i  5cos   j   5sin 0i  5cos 0 j
 2   2 
 5i  0 j  (0i  5 j)
 (5i  5 j) m

This is the vector from r (0) to r (3) .

It is the displacement vector for t  0 to t  3.

3
 0
v(t )dt  5i  5 j  52  52  50  5 2

This is the magnitude of the displacement from t  0 to t  3.

3 3 5    5  
0
v (t ) dt   
0 2
cos  t  i 
2  2
sin  t  j dt
2 
2 2
3  5    5  
  cos t     sin t  dt
0
 2 2   2 2 
3  25 2 2    252  2  
  cos t 
  sin 2 t dt
0
 4 2   4 2 
3 25 2  2  2  
3 25 2
  cos t  sin t  dt  0 4 dt
0 4  2 2 
3
3 5  5  15
 dt   t 
0 2  2 0 2

This is the distance travelled from t  0 to t  3 , i.e. three quarters of the circumference.

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 8
a

b     x  
 x  2sin  6 t   2
 sin  t 
    6 
  
 y  3cos   t   y  
 cos  t 
   
6  3 6 
2 2 2 2
 x   y         
      sin  t    cos  t  
 2   3    6     6  
x2 y 2
 1
4 9
36 x 2 36 y 2
  36
4 9
9 x 2  4 y 2  36
c    
r (t )  2 sin  t  i  3cos  t  j
6  6 
     
v (t )   cos  t  i  sin  t  j
3 6  2 6 
  4    4   3
v (8)   cos   i  sin  j i j
3  3  2  3  6 4
3
3 3
tan θ  4 
 2
6
θ  1.20 radians

d    
r (t )  2 sin  t  i  3cos  t  j
6  6 
     
v (t )   cos  t  i  sin  t  j
3 6  2 6 
2   
2
  2       2
a(t )  sin  t  i  cos  t  j    2sin  t  i  3cos  t  j   r (t )
18  6  12 6  36  6  6   36
2
k 
36
Acceleration is always towards (0, 0).

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 9

 49 49 3 
a(t )  (9.8sin 30i  9.8cos 30 j) m/s 2    i  j 
 10 10 
49 49 3
v (t )   ti t jc
10 10
v (0)  49 cos 30 i  49 cos 30 j
c  49 cos 30 i  49sin 30 j
49 49 3
v (t )   ti t j  49 cos 30 i  49sin 30 j
10 10
 49 3 49   49 49 3 
   t  i    t  j
 2 10   2 10 

 49 3 49   49 49 3 2 
r (t )   t  t2  i   t  t  j  c
 2 20   2 20 
r (0)  0i  0 j
 49 3 49   49 49 3 2 
r (t )   t  t 2  i   t  t  j
 2 20   2 20 
49
  49

 t 10 3  t i  t 10  3t j
20 20

The particle will hit the plane when the co-efficient of the j component is 0.
49 49 3 2
t t 0
2 20
 49 49 3 
t   t  0
 2 20 
10 3
t  0,
3
10 3
So the particle will hit the plane after seconds.
3

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 10

a v (t )  (1  cos t )i  sin t j
r (t )  (t  sin t )i  cos t j  c
When t  0, point P lies at the origin.
r (0)  0i  j  c
cj
r (t )  (t  sin t )i  (1  cos t ) j

b r (0)  0i  0 j
r ( )  (  sin  )i  (1  cos  ) j   i  2 j
Looking at the value of the vertical components, the diameter is 2 m.

c i r (0)  0i  0 j ii    
r      1 i  j
2 2 
v (0)  0i  0 j
 
v   i  j
2

iii r ( )   i  2 j iv  3   3 
r   1 i  j
 2   2 
v (t )  2 i  0 j
 3 
v ij
 2 

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Miscellaneous Exercise 7

Question 1

Given  3  i
2
r 3  12  4  2
1
tan  
3


6
 5
θ   
6 6
 5 
 3  i  2cis  
 6 

Question 2

 3   3 
6 cos    3 2, 6sin    3 2
 4   4 
 3 
6 cis    3 2  3 2 i
 4 

Question 3

 x4 for x0


f ( x)   x 2 for 0  x  3
 3x for x3


 4x for x0

f 1 ( x)   x for 0  x  9
 x 3 for x9


Question 4

All of the equations f ( x ), g ( x) and h( x) match the graph.

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 5

Given f ( x )  3  x  1

1 3
x   x 1  x  1  3  x 1
2
1 3
( x  3) 2  1   ( x  3) 2 
( x)
 x  3  x

f 1 ( x)  ( x  3) 2  1
Domain:  x   : x  3
Range :  y   : y  1

Question 6

a p  2i  3j  2k

b q  2i  4 j  3k

p  q 4  12  6
c cos θ  
p q 17 29
θ  84.832  85

The angle between p and q is approximately 85.

d The x-axis has vector i  0 j  0k

2
cos θ 
17 1
θ  60.983  61

The angle between p and the x-axis has approximately 61.

e The y -axis has vector 0i  j  0k

4
cos θ 
29 1
θ  42.031  42
The angle between q and the y -axis has approximately 42.

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 7
The resultant of i  5 j  4k and i  3 j  3k is 2i  2 j  k .
2i  2 j  k  22  22  (1) 2  9  3
1 2 2 1
(2i  2 j  k )  i  j  k
3 3 3 3
2 2 1
A unit vector parallel to the resultant of i  5 j  4k and i  3 j  3k is i  j k .
3 3 3

Question 8
 2  3  3  2  (2)(2)   2 
       
a   3  and b   2  , a  b   2  2  3(2)    10 
 2   2  2  (2)  3(3)   13 
       

Question 9

g ( f ( x))  4  5 x
16
The maximum value of 5 x is 4, x   0.64
25
Domain:  x   : 0  x  0.64
Minimum value of g ( f ( x )) occurs when 5 x = 4, g ( f ( x ))  0
Maximum value of g ( f ( x )) occurs when x  0 , g ( f ( x ))  2

Range:  y   : 0  y  2

Question 10
r  (6t  1)i  (t 3  t 2  8t ) j
When t  0 , r  i .
v  6i  (3t 2  2t  8) j
When t  0 , v  6i  8 j .
v  62  82  100  10
a  (6t  2) j
When t  0 , a  2 j .

Initial velocity is  6i  8 j m/s

Initial speed is 10 m/s

Initial acceleration is 2 j m/s 2

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 11

x  5  x  5  14 for 7  x  7 .

Question 12
z  a  ib, z  a  ib
a z  z  a  ib  a  ib  2a
b z  z  a  ib  ( a  ib )  2ib

c z z  (a  ib)(a  ib)  a 2  iab  iab  i 2b 2  a 2  (1)b 2  a 2  b2

z a  ib a  ib a 2  2iab  i 2b 2 a 2  2iab  b 2 a 2  b 2 2ab

d      2 i 2
z a  ib a  ib a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a b 2
a  b2

Question 13
 4 
 1 5  5 
   3 
4
Point P has position vector 6   5    2  .

 5 
   1 
4
 7   10 
 5 

Question 14
2
f  g ( x)  x9  x9

Domain:  x   : x  9 , Range:  y   : y  0

g  f ( x)  x 2  9

Domain:  x   : x  3 , Range:  y   : y  0

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 15
2
f  g ( x)  9  x  9  x

Domain:  x   : x  9 , Range:  y   : y  0

g  f ( x)  9  x 2

Domain:  x   : 3  x  3 , Range:  y   : 0  y  3

Question 16

a Re z  Im z c  
Both 3  z  5 and  arg z 
6 4

(note the use of the dashed line to imply

the line itself is not included)

b z 3 d 
arg  z  (2  i) 
4

(note the horizontal line is dashed to imply

that the line itself is not included)

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 17

z 1  2 z  i
x  iy  1  2 x  iy  i  2 x  i ( y  1)
( x  1) 2  y 2  22  x 2  ( y  1) 2 
x2  2 x  1  y 2  4 x2  4 y 2  8 y  4
3 x 2  2 x  3 y 2  8 y  3
2 8
x 2  x  y 2  y  1
3 3
2 2
 1 1  4  16 9
x    y    
 3 9  3 9 9
2 2
 1  4 8
x   y  
 3  3 9

The points form a circle with centre   ,  and radius

1 4 2 2
.
 3 3 3

Question 18

 a   8 
   
b   4   0
c  1 
   
8a  4b  c  0
a
 
b  a b  c
2 2 2

c
 
 8  a
  1  
Unit vector perpendicular to  4  is b , with  8a  4b  c  0.
2  
1 a b c  
2 2

  c

0 1
1   1 
There are many possible answers, for example 1 , 4 .
17   9  
 4   8 

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 19

a The minimum possible value of Im ( z ) is 1.

b The maximum possible value of Re ( z ) is 16.

c Distance from origin to centre of circle is 122  52  13units and radius of the circle is 4.

Maximum value of z is 13 + 4 = 17 units.

d Minimum value of z is 13 – 4 = 9 units.

5
tan θ 
12
θ  0.3948 radians
4
tan  
12.37
  0.3128 radians

e 0.3948 – 0.3128 = 0.082 radians.

The minimum possible value of arg( z ) is 0.082 radians.

f 0.3948 + 0.3128 = 0.708 radians.

The maximum possible value of arg( z ) is 0.708 radians.

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 20

The lines will intersect if L1 = L2, so when:

3  4  2  3
2    1 
1  3  1  2

There is no solution for this system of equations, therefore L1 and L2 do not intersect.

Question 21

a  3, b  5, c3
r  3intersects with r  3θ
3  3θ
θ 1
The point of intersection is (3, 1).
r  5intersects with r  3θ
5  3θ
5
θ
3
 5
The point of intersection is  5,  .
 3

Question 22
 1  2 2
     
Line L , with equation, r   10     3  meets plane with equation r   4   5 , where
 4   1  1
     
 1  2   2 
   
 10  3    4   5 .
 4     1
   

2  4  40  12  4    5
17  46  5
 3

 1   2   5 
     
r   10   3  3  =  1
 4   1  1 
     
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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 23

From the blue lines on the Argand diagram it can be seen that a  9, b  4 .

From the green line it can be seen that c  7, d  12 .

From the pink line it can be seen that e  9, f  10 .

Question 24

2    2  6
3  4  0  5
    0  3

Solving gives   1,   2,   3 .

 6 
 
 5   a  2b  3c
 3 
 

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 25

1  3   6  0    8  4 
Point F has position vector  i    j   k  i  3 j  2k
 2   2   2 
F is the centre of the sphere.

BF  22  (3) 2  62  7 , so the radius of the sphere is 7.

The magnitude of CF must be 7 for point C to lie on the surface of the sphere.

6 2  ( 3) 2  (c  2) 2  7

c0

The magnitude of DF must be 7 for point D to lie on the surface of the sphere.

( 2) 2  ( d  3) 2  ( 3) 2  7
d 9

The magnitude of EF must be 7 for point E to lie on the surface of the sphere.

32  ( 2) 2  (e  2) 2  7

e4

Question 26

1 2
   
a  0  3   4
 2   1
   

4  12  ( 2) 2  2 2  32  ( 1) 2  cos θ  70 cos θ

θ  1.07 radians

b From the equations for L1 and L2, if the two lines were to meet it would follow that:
2    5  2 
8  2  3  
Solving gives   1,   5 .
The point of intersection of the two lines has position vector r  3i  3 j  2k .

c r n  a n
r  (3  2)i  1  ( 1)  j  (1  3)k  (3i  3 j  2k )  (i  2 j  2k )
r  (i  2 j  2k )  13
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Question 27

Assume that L1 intersects with L2.

It follows that:

2  4  8  2 

3  2  

3
Solving gives   ,   0 .
2

We also know that 1  3  1  2  , but

3
1  3    1  2(0) , therefore L1 and L2 do not intersect.
2

Question 28

cos 4θ  2cos 2 2θ  1
 2(2cos 2 θ  1) 2  1
 2(4cos 4 θ  4cos 2 θ  1)  1
 8cos 4 θ  8cos 2 θ  1

Question 29

Given z1  a  bi

z2  b  ai , z3  a  bi , z4  b  ai

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Question 30

a x  2y  z  7 Eq n  b 2 x  3 y  5z  4 Eq n 
x  3 y  2 z  11 Eq n  x  2z  1 Eq n 
2 x  5 y  5 z  26 Eq n  3x  y  7 z  3 Eq n 

Eq n  x  2y  z  7 Eq n 2Eq n  3 y  z  2
Eq n  Eq n  yz 4 Eq n  x  2z  1
Eq 2Eq 
n n
y  3 z  12 Eq 3Eq 
n n
yz 0

Eq n  x  2y  z  7 Eq n 3Eq n   2z  2
n
Eq ' yz 4 Eq 'n
x  2z  1
Eq n  Eq n  2z  8 Eq n  ' yz 0
z4 z  1
y0 y 1
x3 x3

Question 31

   
x  2sec  t   , y  4 tan  t  
 2  2
 
2 2 1  sin 2  t  
x  y 2  2   2
      sec  t    tan  t   
2  4  2  2  
cos 2  t  
 2
    
1  1  cos 2  t    cos 2  t  
 2   2
  
   
cos 2  t   cos 2  t  
 2  2
2 2
x y
 1
4 16
4 x 2  y 2  16 (for x  2).

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Question 32

180  15  3  0
4
r  600i  240 j  180k  t (40i  16 j  12k )
v   40i  16 j  12k  m/s
r0  r15  6002  240 2  180 2  450 000  670.82
The glider travels approximately 670 m.

Question 33

x  y  ( p  3) z  1 Eq n 
2x  4 y  4z  3 Eq n 
 x  y  (7  2 p) z  q Eq n 

Eq n  x  y  ( p  3) z  1
Eq 2Eq 
n n
2 y  (10  2 p ) z  1
n
Eq +Eq  n
2 y  (4  p ) z  q  1

Eq n  x  y  ( p  3) z  1
n
Eq ' 2 y  (10  2 p ) z  1
Eq Eq '
n n
( p  6) z  q

If p  6 , 0  q .

There is no value of q that will give a unique solution for this system of linear equations.

a i If p  6 and q  0 there are infinite solutions for this system of linear equations.

ii If p  6 and q  0 there is no solution for this system of linear equations.

1 1
b If p  5 , z  q, y  and x  2q  .
2 2

c If p  6 and q  0, when x  1:
y  3z  0
2 y  2z  1
1 3
z , y , x 1
8 8

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Question 34

a r  4 cos 2t i  3 j b r  4 cos 2t i  3 j
r  2sin 2t i  3tj  c r  8sin 2t i  0 j

When t  0, r  2i  j r0
r  
c  2i  j (4 cos 2t i  3 j)  (8sin 2ti  0 j)  0
r  (2sin 2t  2) i  (3t  1) j  32sin 2t cos 2t  0
When t  , r  2i  (3  1) j  16sin 4t  0

4t  , t  0  t  , t 0
4

When t  :
4
  3  
The position vector is r   4i    1 j m
  4  
r  0i  3j  3m/s
And the speed is 3 m/s.

Question 35

x  2y  z  3 Eq n 
 x  ( p  2) y  (q  1) z  0 Eq n 
x  (r  2) y  ( s  1) z  5 Eq n 

Eq n  x  2y  z  3
n
Eq  + Eq  n
py  qz  3
Eq   Eq 
n n
ry  sz  2

3  qz
y
p
2  sz
y
r
3r  qrz  2 p  psz
z ( qr  ps )  2 p  3r
2 p  3r
z
 qr  ps
If qr  ps there is no solution.
In order for there to be a unique solution, qr  ps.

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Question 36

 3  3
   
r   7   1  4 
8  5 
   
Vector from point A to point on line closest to point A:
 1   3   3   31  4 
        
AP    0    7   1  4    41  7 
 4   8   5  12  5 
       1

 3  3   31  4 
     
The line is parallel to  4  and so  4    41  7   0
 5   5  12  5 
     1

91  12  161  28  60  251  0

501  100  1  2
 2
  
AP   1 
 2
 

AP  22  12  22  9  3units
1
 
The shortest distance from the line r to the point with position vector  0  is 3 units.
 4 
 

Question 37

a a  gj m/s 2 b Given u  50 m/s

v  gtj  c g  10
When t  0, v  u x  50t cos θ i  (50t sin θ  5t 2 ) j  100i  40 j
50t cos θ  100
v  u2
50t sin θ  5t 2  40
c  u sin θ i  u cos θ j
v  u sin θ i  (u cos θ  gt )j Solving gives θ  34.9, 76.9 .
When t  0, x  0i  0 j
  gt 2  
x  ut cos θ i   ut sin θ   j m
  2  

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© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 38

The student's conclusion is not correct. The system of equations has 4 equations with three unknown
factors. There is one unique solution. z  3, y  1 and x  1.

Question 39

a v  10tj  c

When t  0, v  30i  24 j
c  30i  24 j
v  30i  (24  10t ) j m/s

b x  30ti  (24t  5t 2 ) j  c

When t  0, its position relative to point T is (0, 0)

x  30ti  (24t  5t 2 ) j m

c Highest point is reached when 24t  5t 2 is at its maximum.

Observe graph or consider when 24  10t  0 .
t  2.4 seconds .

d 30t  135
t  4.5 seconds

e The greatest height reached by the ball is 24  2.4  5  2.42  28.8 m

f When t  4.5 , x  30  4.5i  (24  4.5  5(4.5) 2 ) j m

x  135i  6.75 j m
c  6.75

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Question 40
Using proof by induction.
For (cos θ  i sin θ) n  cos nθ  i sin nθ
When n  1
1
LHS  (cos θ  i sin θ) 1 
(cos θ  i sin θ)
1 (cos   i sin )
 
(cos   i sin ) (cos   i sin )
cos   i sin 

cos   i sin  cos   i sin  cos   i 2 sin 2 
2

cos   i sin 
  cos   i sin 
cos 2   sin 2 
 cos ()  i sin () [as cos ()  cos  and sin ()   sin ]
 RHS
Assume that the statement is true for n  k , (cos   i sin )k  cos (k )  i sin (k )

When n  k 1 , by de Moivre’s theorem (cos   i sin )k 1  cos  (k  1)  i sin  (k  1)

1
LHS  (cos   i sin ) k 1  (cos   i sin ) k
(cos   i sin )
1 (cos   i sin )
 
(cos   i sin ) (cos   i sin )
  cos (k )  i sin (k )    cos ()  i sin () 
 cis(k )  cis()  cis  (k  1)  cos  (k  1)  i sin  (k  1)
cos   i sin 

cos   i sin  cos   i sin  cos   i 2 sin 2 
2

cos   i sin 
  cos   i sin 
cos 2   sin 2 
 cos ()  i sin() [as cos (θ)  cos θ and sin ( θ)   sin θ]
 RHS
For a negative integer, it then follows that (cos θ  i sin θ)n  cos (nθ)  i sin (nθ) , as we have shown that
it is true when n = –1 and for numbers successively one less than –1 (so negative integers).

Question 41
3 3
  2   7 
 z2 z3   2 cis 2   cis 3   6 cis 6  
3 3 3
 z1  2 
    
  
  
  6 cis   6 6 cis
 z2 z3   z1   5 5
  6 cis   6 
6 cis
 6   6 
 6 6 cos   i 6 6 sin   6 6

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Question 42

x  3y  z  3 Eq n 
 x  3y  z  3 Eq n 
2x  6 y  2z  6 Eq n 

Eq n  x  3y  z  3
n
Eq  + Eq  n
06
Eq   2Eq 
n n
00

As 0 does not equal 6, there is no solution to this system of linear equations.

Question 43

3x  2 y  z  4 Eq n 
x  y  2z  3 Eq n 
3 x  7 y  pz  q Eq n 

Eq n  x  y  2z  3
Eq n   3Eq n  5 y  5 z  5
Eq n   Eq n  5 y  ( p  1) z  q  4

Eq n ' x  y  2z  3
Eq n ' 5 y  5 z  5
Eq n   Eq n ' ( p  4) z  q  1

a There will be infinite solutions to this system of equations when p  4 and q  1 .

b There will be no solutions to this system of equations when p  4 and q  1 .

c ( k  4) z  k  8
( k  4)  3  k  8
3k  12  k  8
2 k  4  k  2
p  2, q  5
5 y  5(3)  5  y  2
x  2  2(3)  3  x  1
m  1, n  2, p  2 and q  5.

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Question 44

 2   1
   
r   0   1  1 
 0 1
   
Vector from point A to point on line closest to point A:
 1  2   1  1  1
        
AP    8    0   1  1    1  8 
5 0  1    5 
       1 
 1  1  1  1
     
The line is parallel to  1  and so  1    1  8   0
1  1    5 
     1 
1  1  1  8  1  5  0
31  12  0
1  4

 5 
  
AP   4 
 1 
 

AP  (5)2  (4)2  (1)2  42 units  6.48 units

The shortest distance from the path the dog follows to the point where my movement-activated light is
situated is 6.48 m. If the dog continues along this path, you would not expect the light to be activated as
the dog does not go within 6 m of the light.

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