Data Encoding Techniques
• Encoding is the process of using various
patterns of voltage or current levels to
represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on
the transmission link.
• The common types of line encoding are
Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar, and Manchester.
Non Return to Zero NRZ
• Unipolar Scheme: In a unipolar scheme, all the signal
levels are on one side of the time axis, either above or
below
• NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low
voltage level. The main behavior of NRZ codes is that
the voltage level remains constant during bit interval.
The end or start of a bit will not be indicated and it will
maintain the same voltage state, if the value of the
previous bit and the value of the present bit are same.
• The following figure explains the concept of NRZ
coding.
• In this scheme, we only care about "on" or
"off."
• Data: 1 0 1 1 0
• Signal: High, Low, High, High, Low.
• Voltage: +5V for '1' and 0V for '0'.
• If the above example is considered, as there is
a long sequence of constant voltage level and
the clock synchronization may be lost due to
the absence of bit interval, it becomes difficult
for the receiver to differentiate between 0
and 1.
• There are two variations in NRZ namely −
NRZ - L NRZ–LEVEL
• There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the
incoming signal changes from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. It is the
same as NRZ, however, the first bit of the input signal should
have a change of polarity.
NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTED
• If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a
transition at the beginning of the bit interval. For a 0 at the
incoming signal, there is no transition at the beginning of the
bit interval.
• NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the
transmitter clock with the receiver clock gets completely
disturbed, when there is a string of 1s and 0s. Hence, a
separate clock line needs to be provided.
Multilevel Binary/Bipolar Schemes
• In bipolar encoding (sometimes called
multilevel binary), there are three voltage
levels: positive, negative, and zero.
• The voltage level for one data element is at
zero, while the voltage level for the other
element alternates between positive and
negative
• In Bipolar encoding scheme, zero level represents
binary 0, and binary 1 is represented by
alternating positive and negative voltages.
• If the first 1 bit is represented by positive
amplitude, then the second 1 bit is represented by
negative voltage, third 1 bit is represented by the
positive amplitude and so on. This alternation can
also occur even when the 1bits are not
consecutive.
• AMI and Pseudoternary are two variations of bipolar
encoding: AMI and pseudoternary. A common bipolar
encoding scheme is called bipolar alternate mark
inversion (AMI).
• In the term alternate mark inversion, the word mark
comes from telegraphy and means 1. So AMI means
alternate I inversion. A neutral zero voltage represents
binary O. Binary Is are represented by alternating
positive and negative voltages. A variation of AMI
encoding is called pseudoternary in which the 1 bit is
encoded as a zero voltage and the 0 bit is encoded as
alternating positive and negative voltages.
Biphase
• Biphase is an encoding scheme in which signal
changes at the middle of the bit interval but
does not return to zero.
• Biphase encoding is implemented in two
different ways:
Manchester
• It changes the signal at the middle of the bit
interval but does not return to zero for
synchronization.
• In Manchester encoding, a negative-to-positive
transition represents binary 1, and
positive-to-negative transition represents 0.
• Manchester has the same level of synchronization
as RZ scheme except that it has two levels of
amplitude.
Differential Manchester
• It changes the signal at the middle of the bit
interval for synchronization, but the presence
or absence of the transition at the beginning
of the interval determines the bit. A transition
means binary 0 and no transition means
binary 1.
• In Manchester Encoding scheme, two signal
changes represent 0 and one signal change
represent 1.
Modulation Rate
• The rate at which a carrier is varied to
represent the information in a digital signal,
such as a pulsed electronic or optical signal.
• The modulation rate usually is expressed in
units per second, such as pulses, significant
instants, unit intervals, bits, or signal elements
per second.
• the term “modulation rate” can be used to
describe the capacity of a channel to transmit
data or the rapidity of passage of the
significant instants of a signal.
• For modulated digital signals, the reciprocal of
the unit interval of the modulated signal when
the unit interval is expressed in seconds.
Scrambling
• it is a rearrangement of data sequence
• The problem with techniques like Bipolar
AMI(Alternate Mark Inversion) is that continuous
sequence of zero’s create synchronization
problems one solution to this is Scrambling.
• There are two common scrambling techniques:
B8ZS(Bipolar with 8-zero substitution)
HDB3(High-density bipolar3-zero)
• B8ZS(Bipolar with 8-zero substitution): This
technique is similar to Bipolar AMI except
when eight consecutive zero-level voltages are
encountered they are replaced by the
sequence, if last pulse is positive then the seq
is 000+-0-+
• if last pulse is negative then the seq is
000-+0+-
1 is rep by high
low, next one
opposite so pulse is
low
● V(Violation), is a non-zero voltage which means the signal has the same
polarity as the previous non-zero voltage. Thus it is a violation of the
general AMI technique.
● B(Bipolar), is also a non-zero voltage level that is in accordance with the
AMI rule (i.e., opposite polarity from the previous non-zero voltage).
• HDB3(High-density bipolar3-zero): In this technique,
four consecutive zero-level voltages are replaced with
a sequence “000V” or “B00V”. Rules for using these
sequences:
• If the number of nonzero pulses after the last
substitution is odd, the substitution pattern will be
“000V”, this helps in maintaining a total number of
nonzero pulses even.
• If the number of nonzero pulses after the last
substitution is even, the substitution pattern will be
“B00V”. Hence even the number of nonzero pulses is
maintained again.
• Output explanation: After representing the
first two 1’s of data we encounter four
consecutive zeros. Since our last substitutions
were two 1’s(thus the number of non-zero
pulses is even). So, we substitute four zeros
with “B00V”.