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Mode
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The mode of a set of data values is the value that appears
most often. It is the value x at which its probability mass
function takes its maximum value. In other words, it is the
value that is most likely to be sampled.
Like the statistical mean and median, the mode is a way of
expressing, in a (usually) single number, important
information about a random variable or a population. The
numerical value of the mode is the same as that of the mean
and median in a normal distribution, and it may be very
different in highly skewed distributions.
The mode is not necessarily unique to a given discrete
distribution, since the probability mass function may take the
same maximum value at several points x1, x2, etc. The most
extreme case occurs in uniform distributions, where all values
occur equally frequently.
When the probability density function of a continuous
distribution has multiple local maxima it is common to refer to
all of the local maxima as modes of the distribution. Such a
continuous distribution is called multimodal (as opposed
to unimodal). A mode of a continuous probability distribution is
often considered to be any value x at which its probability
density function has a locally maximum value, so any peak is
a mode.[2]
In symmetric unimodal distributions, such as the normal
distribution, the mean (if defined), median and mode all
coincide. For samples, if it is known that they are drawn from a
symmetric unimodal distribution, the sample mean can be
used as an estimate of the population mode.
The mode is a statistical term that refers to the most
frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers. The
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mode is found by collecting and organizing data in order to
count the frequency of each result. The result with the highest
number of occurrences is the mode of the set.
Other popular measures of central tendency include the mean,
or the average of a set; and the median, or the middle value in
a set.
Mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a set of
observations. Simply put, it is the number which is repeated
most, i.e. the number with the highest frequency. In the field
of statistics, it is an important tool to interpret data in a
relevant manner. Now it is possible for the data set to be
multimodal (have more than one mode) which means more
than one observation has the same number of frequencies.
Example: Let us find the Mode of the following data
4, 89, 65, 11, 54, 11, 90, 56
Here in these varied observations the most occurring number
is 11, hence the Mode = 11
Mode of Grouped Data
As we know that Mode is the most frequently occurring
number of a data set. This is easily recognizable in an
ungrouped dataset, but if the data set is presented in class
intervals, this can get a bit tricky. So how can we calculate
Mode of grouped data?
Steps to be followed to calculate the Mode are,
1. Create a table with two columns
2. In column 1 write your class intervals
3. In column 2 write the corresponding frequencies
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4. Locate the maximum frequency denoted by fm
5. Determine the class corresponding to f m , this will be your
Modal class
6. Calculate the Mode using given formula
Mode = L +\( \frac{f_m-f_1}{(2f_m-f_1-f_2)} \) × h
Where,
L = lower limit of Modal Class
fm = frequency of modal class
h = width of modal class
f1 = frequency of pre modal class
f2 = frequency of post modal class
Relation between Mean, Median, and Mode
There is an inter-relation between the measures of central
tendency. Professor Karl Pearson has suggested an empirical
relationship between Mean, Median, and Mode. Via this
equation, if the values of two measures are known we can find
the third measure. The equation is as follows
Mean – Mode = 3 [ Mean – Median ]
Solved Examples for You
Q: If the difference between the mode and median is 2, then
find the difference between the median and mean.
Sol : We know, Mean – Mode = 3 [ Mean – Median ]
Mode = 3 x Median – 2 x Mean
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Mode – Median = 2 x (Median – Mean)
2 =2 x (Median – Mean)
Median – Mean = 1
Q: The pre modal class and the post modal classrectangles
have the same height. If the modal class is 40-60 , then what
is the mode?
Sol : The modal class as given is 40-60
So, L = 40 and h = 20
Frequency of Modal Class = fm
Frequency of pre modal class = f m-1 = Frequency of post modal
class
Mode = L +\( \frac{f_m-f_1}{(2f_m-f_1-f_2)} \) × h
= L +\( \frac{f_m-f_m-1}{(2f_m-f_m-1-f_m-1)} \) × h
= 40 + \( \frac{f_m-f_m-1}{(f_m-f_m-1)2} \)
= 40 + 10 = 50
Finding the Mode
To find the mode, or modal value, it is best to put the
numbers in order. Then count how many of each number. A
number that appears most often is the mode
Example:
3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29
In order these numbers are:
3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 39, 40, 56
This makes it easy to see which numbers appear most often.
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In this case the mode is 23.
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mode
Advantages
It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.
It is not affected by extremely large or small values.
It can be located just by inspection in ungrouped data and
discrete frequency distribution.
It can be useful for qualitative data.
It can be computed in an open-end frequency table.
It can be located graphically.
Disadvantages
It is not well defined.
It is not based on all the values.
It is stable for large values so it will not be well defined if the
data consists of a small number of values.
It is not capable of further mathematical treatment.
Sometimes the data has one or more than one mode, and
sometimes the data has no mode at all.
BREAKING DOWN Mode
For example, in the following list of numbers, 16 is
the mode since it appears more times than any other number
in the set:
3, 3, 6, 9, 16, 16, 16, 27, 27, 37, 48
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A set of numbers can have more than one mode (this is known
as bimodal) if there are multiple numbers that occur with
equal frequency, and more times than the others in the set.
3, 3, 3, 9, 16, 16, 16, 27, 37, 48
In this example, both the number 3 and the number 16 are
modes. If no number in a set of numbers occurs more than
once, that set has no mode:
3, 6, 9, 16, 27, 37, 48
References
1. ^ Damodar N. Gujarati f Econometrics. McGraw-Hill Irwin. 3rd
edition, 2006: p. [Link] distribution]]
2. ^ Zhang, C; Mapes, BE; Soden, BJ (2003). "Bimodality in
tropical water vapour". Q J R. Meteorol Soc. 129: 2847–
2866. doi:10.1256/qj.02.16.
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3. ^ "AP Statistics Review - Density Curves and the Normal
Distributions". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
4. ^ "Relationship between the mean, median, mode, and
standard deviation in a unimodal distribution".
5. ^ Hippel, Paul T. von (2005). "Mean, Median, and Skew:
Correcting a Textbook Rule". Journal of Statistics
Education. 13 (2). doi:10.1080/10691898.2005.11910556.