1. Define elasticity.
Elasticity is the property of the body by which it tends to regain its original
shape or size after the removal of the forming external force.
2. Define Young’s Modulus.
It is defined as the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain within the
elastic limit.
𝐹
𝐹𝐿
𝑌= 𝐴
𝑙 = (𝑁𝑚−2 )
𝐴𝑙
𝐿
3. What is meant surface tension?
Surface tension (σ) is defined as the force per unit length acting along the
surface of a liquid. It is measured in units of force per unit length (N/m). The
formula to calculate surface tension is:
σ =F/L
where, σ = surface tension
F = force acting along the surface
L = length over which the force acts
4. List any four applications of Stokes’ methods.
i. Stokes law or principle is used in understanding the phenomena of
settling of particle in liquid.
ii. This method is used to find the velocity of high viscous liquid.
iii. Stokes law is used in various fields such as, sedimentation, aerosol
science, etc.
iv. This principle is also used in fluid dynamics, parachute designing, etc.
5. Define viscosity.
Viscosity or internal friction of a liquid is the property of a liquid by virtue of
which the liquid opposes the relative motion between its different layers.
6. Define shearing strain.
It is defined as the angular deformation produced in the body due to the
application of external tangential force on it.
7. Define elastic limit.
The maximum stress up to which a body can recover its original shape and
size after removing the external forces is called as elastic limit.
8. Define a beam.
A beam is defined as a rod or bar (usually rectangular in cross-section) of
uniform cross-section, whose length is much greater than its other dimensions
such as breadth and thickness.
9. What is meant terminal velocity?
A velocity called terminal velocity is attained when the apparent weight of the
ball is equal to the opposing viscous force acting on the ball.
[Link] is meant by tangential stress?
It is defined as the angular deformation produced in the body due to the
application of external tangential force on it.
[Link] I-shape girder.
The grader is the one in which the upper and lower sections are broad-ended
and the middle of the section is tapered so that it can withstand heavy load
over it. Since the grader looks like letter I, it is called I-shaped grader.
[Link] critical velocity of a fluid.
The velocity at which the streamline flow is changed into turbulent flow is
called critical velocity.
[Link] coefficient of viscosity.
The coefficient of viscosity is defined as the tangential force per unit area
required to maintain a unit velocity gradient.
Tangential force 𝐹𝛼 surface of the layer 𝐴
𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝛼 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = −𝜂 𝐴 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑡
where 𝜂 is the coefficient of viscosity. The negative sign indicates the force is
acting opposite to the direction of viscosity.