BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

2nd Year / 1st Part

ENAR 206

“RCC”
Department of Architecture
Purwanchal Campus
Dharan, Sunsari By: Ar. Siddhartha Bhujel
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
• Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) : Cement + Sand+ Aggregate + Water
• Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC): Plain Cement Concrete +
Reinforcement (Steel)
• Concrete - strong in compression, but extremely weak in tension.
• Steel – Comparatively strong in tension but weak in compression.
• combination of steel and concrete is ideal, known as RCC

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 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE

• Most popular type of material because of its plasticity and strength.

• Different forms of steel used are mild steel, medium tensile steel, high
tensile steel and hard drawn steel.
• With the introduction of deformed and twisted bars, the use of plain
round bars is gradually declining.
• Twisted bars have high yield stress, about 50% > ordinary round bars
and bond strength about 40% > plain round bars.
• Deformations on the surface prevent slippage of bars in the concrete.

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 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
MAJOR PROPERTIES
• Strength against both tension and compression by the use of
reinforcement bars, against tension and cement concrete, against
compression.
• Absence of internal stresses in variation of temperature as co-efficient of
linear expansion of concrete and steel bars is almost the same.
• Resistance against corrosion of steel bars: Coating of cement grout on
the surface of steel protects it from corrosion or any adverse chemical
effect.
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 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
RCC STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
• Strength”
• RCC's primary strength comes from the
combination of concrete's compressive strength
and steel reinforcement's tensile strength,
allowing it to resist both compressive and tensile
forces effectively
• Durability:
• Properly designed and constructed RCC
structures are highly durable, resistant to
weathering, and can last for decades with minimal
maintenance.
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 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
RCC STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
• Load Bearing Capacity:
• Due to its high strength, RCC can handle
substantial loads, making it ideal for large
structures like high-rise buildings and bridges.
• Flexibility:
• RCC can be molded into various shapes and sizes,
allowing for design flexibility in different structural
applications.
• Fire Resistance:
• RCC has good fire resistance properties, which is
important for structural integrity in fire situations
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 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
Grades of Concrete
• Represents the Compressive Strength of RCC expressed in N/mm2.
• Represents the Volumetric Composition of Constituents
• Indian Standard IS:456-2000
M10= 1:3:6
M15= 1:2:4
M20= 1:1.5:3
M25= 1:1:2
• M30 and above needs design mix
• Grades Lower than M20 Shall not be used in RCC Construction

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
Specified Characterstic Compressive Strength of
Group Grade Designation
150mm cube at 28 Days (N/mm2)

M10 10
Ordinary Concrete M15 15
M20 20
M25 25
M30 30
M35 35
Standard Concrete M40 40
M45 45
M50 50
M55 55
M60 60
M65 65
High Strength
Concrete M70 70
M75 75
M80 80
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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES
• Economical in ultimate cost because of its
enormous use
• Rigid because of the monolithic character
• Better resistance to fire, decay, termite attacks.
• As an effective damp proofing material:
• Impervious
• Free from deliquescent salts like
sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.
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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES
• Good Plasticity/ fluidity – can be moulded
to the desired shape.
• Most economic material for structures like
dams, piers and footings
• Long Life Span with low maintenance cost.
• Easy availability of Materials

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
DISADVANTAGES
• It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which
affect the final strength of concrete
• The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is
relatively high
• It has low compressive strength as compared to
steel which leads to large sections in
columns/beams of multistory buildings
• Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage
and the application of live loads

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE

COMPONENTS
• Foundation
• Reinforced concrete frames
• Columns
• Beams
• Slab
• Precast components

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OR LOAD TRANSFER

• Weight of the structure is transferred from

the roof to the foundation in a safe and
efficient manner, preventing any one
component from being overloaded

• Designed to resist gravity loads, lateral

loads, and other environmental factors,
(dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic
forces, etc)

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RCC FOUNDATION
INTRODUCTION
• Located below ground level or substructure
• Provides base for the superstructure
• Transmits load to the soil below
• Types:
• Strip Foundation (RC footings for wall)
• Pad Foundation (RC footings for Column)
• Combined RC Foundation
• Raft foundation
• Pile Foundation

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RCC FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATIONS (RC Footings for Wall)
• For low bearing capacity under the wall
• Economic due minimal volume of masonry
work and concrete as in ordinary footing
• Footing rests on the solid base of PCC bed
of thickness up to 7-8cm.
• System of Reinforcement Single/Double
• Reinforcement: 7mm – 12mm dia

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RCC FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATIONS (RC Footings for Wall)

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RCC FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATIONS (RC Footings for Column)
• Pad – Column Base
• Depth of the PCC is reduced by providing
reinforcements to transfers excessive load
without deformation.
• The shapes - circular, square or
rectangular
• Reinforcement bars are knitted in both
ways and placed at a equidistance.
• Reinforcement: 7mm – 25 mm dia

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RCC FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATIONS (RC Footings for Column)

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RCC FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATIONS (RC Footings for Column)

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RCC FOUNDATION
COMBINED RC FOUNDATIONS
• For limited area and larger load distribution
• CG of the supporting area is linear with the
line of CG of two columns.
• Shape - trapezoidal or rectangular
• Reinforcement at both the levels of footing
(at the top and bottom) and in both ways
• Reinforcement: 7mm – 25 mm dia

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RCC FOUNDATION
COMBINED RC FOUNDATIONS

PLINTH LVL
1'-2" 1'-2"

14'-5"
2"mm Floor Finishing
3"mm P.C.C

5'
4" Sand Filling
500micron Plastic Sheet (Both Ways)
4" 1'-2" 5'-9" 1'-2" 4" Natural
Flat Brick Soling 12mmØ @
Ground Level
4" 1'-2" 4"

Compact Earth 6"c/c Bars

7'-6"
4" 4"

6'-6"
2'-6"
12mmØ@6"c/c

8"
2" 3"
Footing Plan (CF1)
Scale : 3/8" = 1' Footing Section (CF1)
Scale : 3/8" = 1'

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RCC FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
• For soil with very low bearing capacity or for
made-up ground structure
• Foundation slab is consistent of heavy
reinforcement bars both near bottom and
top face
• For excessive loads on the slab - provision
of main beams and secondary beams
• Reinforcement: as per analysis
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RCC FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATIONS

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RCC FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATIONS
• Reinforced concrete nail, driven or cast into
the ground
• Carries foundation loads to deep underlying
stratum
• Transmits load to the subsoil by the friction
of their surfaces in contact with the subsoil.
• Types: Precast, Pre-stressed &cast-in-situ
• Reinforcement: as per Design & analysis
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RCC FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATIONS

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RCC COLUMN
INTRODUCTION
• Vertical member that carries loads
from beam & slab to the
foundation.
• It is a compression member
(transfer compressive loads
vertically)
• Shape may be square, circular,
rectangular or polygonal

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RCC COLUMN
INTRODUCTION
• Column is compressed if load is
• Centered
• Evenly distributed.
• Experience buckling if load
• Applied off center
• Applied laterally
• Column thickness with relation to height
(slenderness ratio) better withstands
• Eccentric loading
• Lateral loading

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RCC COLUMN
REINFORCEMENTS
• RCC Columns have two types of reinforcement:
• Main or longitudinal reinforcement-consists vertical bars which take the
tensile strength developed within the column

• Lateral or transverse reinforcement (also called stirrups or links or

binders) which binds the longitudinal reinforcement to prevent its
displacement & buckling.

• Steel pipe filled with concrete - used for light load - small diameter.

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RCC COLUMN
REINFORCEMENTS
• Minimum 4
reinforcement bars
for square and
rectangular

•6 nos. of
reinforcement for
circular Columns

• One each for each

side for polygonal
RCC columns
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RCC COLUMN
• Transmits compressive forces vertically along its
shaft.
• Column is compressed if load is
▪ Centered
▪ Evenly distributed.
• Experience buckling if load
▪ Applied off center
▪ Applied laterally
• Column relation with thickness and height to
withstand
▪ Eccentric loading
▪ Lateral loading
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RCC COLUMN

• Depending on loading/architectural
requirements Shape is:
Square / Rectangle / Circular / Hexagonal /
Octagonal/ . . . . . .
• Binders prevent
▪ Displacement of
longitudinal bars
▪ Check buckling of column
under load

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RCC COLUMN
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION

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RCC COLUMN
NOMINAL COVER
A reinforcing bar must be
surrounded by concrete:
• To develop the desired strength
of a bar by ensuring proper
bond between concrete and
steel throughout its perimeter.
• To provide protection against
corrosion and fire.
• Thickness varies from 25 mm
to 75mm.

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RCC BEAM
INTRODUCTION
• Support building Structures – Slab and
Wall

• Transmits load laterally along its length to

its supports (Columns).

• Experiences bending stresses and

Moments thus created by Loads. TYPES OF BEAMS
• Singly reinforced Beams
• Reinforcement to resist shearing force may • Doubly reinforced Beams
be either stirrups or inclined bar or both. • T- Beams

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RCC BEAM
Singly/ Doubly Reinforced Beams
• Reinforcement along Tension & Compression
Plane
• Calculation:
a. Area of Steel in both zones
b. Depth of Member
c. Width of Member
• Nominal spacing of stirrups should not be greater
than 0.75 times the effective depth of beam.
• Inclined or bent up bars should be at 45 degree
to the horizontal.
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RCC BEAM
Simply Reinforced Beams

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RCC BEAM
Heavily Reinforced Beams

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RCC BEAM
T-BEAM
• Name defines the Shape
• Differ in Shape, Structure and Reinforcement
• Greater Load Bearing Span
• Usually Pre-cast, Pre-fabricated

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RCC SLAB
INTRODUCTION
• Primary Component Carrying the Dead/Live
Load of the Building
• Thin in Structure
• Reinforcement Technique: Single or Double
• Reinforcement: 7mm – 12mm dia

• Transfer Loads to the Column via Structural

Beams

• Secondary Beams to resist additional Load

of Slab thus generated

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RCC SLAB
INTRODUCTION

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RCC SLAB
DROP SLAB
• Change in the level continuity of the slab
• Requires Major/ Intermittent beam all
around
• Generally for the service purpose like
laying sanitary pipes

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RCC SLAB
WAFFLE SLAB
• Used where widely spaced column grid
is necessary.
• Intermediate cross beams used on a
regular square grid, supporting thin floor
slab, looks like waffle.
• Both Precast & cast in situ

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RCC SLAB
SLAB REINFORCEMENT
• Reinforcement of designed steel bars
• Generally 8 - 10mm dia bars for residential
buildings
• General Spacing of bars at 6” c/c
• Cranking is done as per Loading Condition

Major Reinforcement
• Longitudinal & Lateral Bars
• Additional Bars (Cut Pieces)
• Diagonal Bars
• L- Bars
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RCC SLAB
SLAB REINFORCEMENT

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RCC SLAB
SLAB REINFORCEMENT

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RCC SLAB
TWO – WAY SLAB
• Supported on four sides
• Transfers loads in a both direction to
supporting columns or walls.
• L/B ratio less than 2
• Common in shorter span application

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RCC SLAB
TWO – WAY SLAB
• Supported on four sides
• Transfers loads in a both direction to
supporting columns or walls.
• L/B ratio less than 2
• Common in shorter span application

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RCC PRECAST CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
• Concrete casted away from the site and transported
the site when required
• Readymade concrete components such as columns,
beams, etc are lifted and assembled in position
• Advantages
• Rapid construction
• Stronger than cast-in-situ concrete
• Durable & weather resistant
• Disadvantages
• Design limitations: size and shape limited by what
can be transported and handled
• Mold availability is difficult for custom designs
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RCC STRUCTURE
FAILURES OF CONCRETE
• If member is subjected to excessive tension or
compression
• If the concrete is subjected to excessive shear
• If the reinforcement bars slip from concrete.
• If quality of materials are of low grade
• If RC structure is subjected to adverse temperature
and affected by harmful liquids or gases.
• If the quality of workmanship and supervision is poor
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RCC STRUCTURE
MECHANICAL FAILURE
• Due to improper Reinforcement, curing methodology
and concrete mix design.
• Due to internal effects such as early thermal
shrinkage when it cures
• Allow moisture to penetrate and corrode the
reinforcement

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RCC STRUCTURE
CARBONATION
• Due to chemical reaction between carbon dioxide in the air with calcium hydroxide
and hydrated calcium silicate in the concrete

• If the reinforcement is too close to the surface, early failure due to corrosion may
also occur

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RCC STRUCTURE
CHLORIDE COMPOUNDS
• Due to Use of calcium chloride as an admixture to promote rapid set-up of
the concrete
• Other Chloride compounds mistakenly used during concreting to Prevent
freezing

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RCC STRUCTURE
THERMAL CHANGE
• Concrete exposed to up to 100 °C is
normally considered as healthy
• Thermal change occur on exposure of
concrete to temperature > 3000C
• Exposure > 3000C = Pink Colour
• Exposure > 6000C = Light Grey Colour
• Exposure > 10000C = Yellow-Brown Colou

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RCC STRUCTURE
SULPHATES (SO4)
• Due to exposure of RC structure to adverse
environmental condition & affected by harmful
liquids or gases.
• Reaction of Sulphates present in the soil or in
groundwater
• causes the formation of expansive products, e.g.
Thaumasite, Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate

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THANK YOU

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