Introduction

Woodwork is something made from wood or wood product. Woodworking

is the activity or skill of making items of products from wood. This include
furniture and cabinet making (cabinetry), wood carving and carpentry

Measuring Tools

A measuring tool is a device for measuring a physical quantity. The

measuring tools for woodwork include:

(a) Tape measure

Tape measure is of different types:

(1)Plastic tape measure (metric)

(2)self-retracting tape measure (imperial)
(3)a roll-up tape measure
(4)spring tape measure.

This is a measuring tape which is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of

cloth, plastic, fibre glass or metal strip with linear-measurement markings,
it

Uses a stiff curve metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when
extended, but retracts into a coil for convenient storage.

(b)Calipers

This is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides
of an object. It can be a simple compass with inward or outward-facing
points. The tips of the calipers are adjusted to fit across the points to be
measured.

It is of different types:

(1)Inside caliper
(2)outside caliper
(3)divider caliper
(4)oddleg caliper
(5)vernier caliper
(6)dial caliper
(7)digital caliper
 (8)micrometre caliper

(c) Ruler

It has a straight edge which contains calibrated lines to measure

distances, they include: (i) desk ruler (ii)

Carpenter’s folding rule (iii) retractable flexible rule (iv) close up steel rule.

Setting and Marking Out Tools

Setting out tools are developed to make it easier for a craftsman to make
the work simpler. Marking out is a process of transferring a design or
pattern to a workpiece as a first step in the manufacturing process. It
consists of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the workpiece in
preparation for the next step, machining or manufacturing,

Types of tools used for setting and marking out are:

1. Surface plate: It is also known as marking ont table, it provides a

true surface for the work.
2. Angle plate: It assists in holding the workpiece perpendicular to the
table.
3. Scriber: It is equivalent to a pen or pencil. It is used to scratch the
surface of the wood leaving behind a fine, bright line.
4. Marking knife: It is good for the job of marking the shoulder lines of
tenons and marking the dovetail pins from the tails.
5. Gauge: It is a simple tool. It cuts a fine line parallel to a board’s
straight edge or squared edge quickly and accurately. All gauges
have three parts: fence, stock and knife or spur. It is of different
types such as marking gauge, cutting gauge, mortise gauge.
6. Try-square: It is composed of two main parts: the stock and the
blade. It is pushed against the straight edge of the wood and the
marking knife is then used to mark a straight line across the
material. The line is continued all the way round the wood, that is,
all four sides are marked.

Driving Tools

It is any tool that is used to push another object into the wood. The
general purpose is to connect two pieces of wood together or to connect
wood to another material. Driving tools include: hammer, mallet, punch,
screwdriver and hold fast.

A hammer is used for driving nails into wood, it is of different weights for
different purposes and strengths of wood.

Mallet is similar to hammer, but larger and is made of wood or rubber

rather than metal. It is used when the heavier and stronger hammer is at
risk of damaging the wood or parts of the wood.

Punch is used to drive nail heads further into the wood than a hammer
can, to stop them from protruding. Usually for safety or aesthetic reasons.

Screwdriver is used to drive screws into wood and other materials.

Hold fast is not used for driving directly, but is used to hold wood firmly to
a bench, allowing them to be worked on with other tools.

Boring Tools

Boring is a process of marking a hole or pit in a wood. A carpenter has

different factors in choosing wood boring tools such as:

1. The type of wood being drilled

2. The size of the hole and
3. Finishing appearance of the hole.

Hardwood requires tools that are different from those needed for
softwoods and certain wood boring tools create smoother cuts than
others. They are as follows:

1. Brace and bits: They are hand tools used to drill holes in wood.
Pressure is applied to the top and the tool is rotated with a U-shaped
grup
2. Standard hoist drill: It comes in a vast array of sizes, common sizes
are the fraction of an inch, or in wire-gauge size, which means it is
of different sizes.
3. Power bore bit: It has different heads, a long brad-type point guides
the bit, and makes it easy to centre on a mark. The bit cuts
relatively quickly, but doesn’t carry chips out of the hole. So if
you’re drilling a deep hole, withdraw the bit frequently to clear the
chips.
4. Fostner bit: It has only a small centre point. The outer rim guides the
bit instead of the centre point, enabling the fostner to cut holes with
 nearly flat bottoms and smooth free sides. It can cut any arc of a
hole on a work piece.
5. Brad point bit: It is usually for dowel holes. This bit looks much like a
twist drill, except at the tip, with an extended point in the centre
which makes lining up on a mark easy.
6. Spade bit: It is a flat blade, and is used when drilling holes beyond
normal twist drill size.
7. Hole saw and circle cutter: Instead of taking out the inside of a hole
as chips, it can remove it in a chunk they are fixed size cutters.
8. Ratchet brace: It consists of plastic or wooden head with dome
shape, it enables the brace to be used in corners or difficult
positions.
9. Bradawl: It is a tool with a blade similar to that of a straight
screwdriver and a handle made from plastic, it is used to make an
indentation in wood to ease the insertion of a nail or screw.
10. Specialty bit: This includes screw pilot bits, shank holes and
vix bit.

Holding Devices

One can never depend on freehand to secure wood when cutting it with a
handheld tool. The force of a blade or bit can project the wood right out
from under the tool and excessive vibrations can make it impossible to cut
accurately. For this reason, a selection of clamps and vices is a necessity
in a wood workshop.

Clamps and Vices

Clamps come in various sizes and shapes. Wood workers use G-clamps to
hold pieces of wood to the work bench or to each other and bar clamps to
hold wider pieces.

Vices work by the same principle, but they are fixed to the workbench.
Clamps and vices keep work secure so that one makes accurate cuts.

Clamps are of different types such as universal bar clamps, Kant twist G-
clamps and wooden handscrew

The different types of holding devices are as follows:

 1. Block clamp: It has wood jaws, the jaws must be parallel to have
maximum holding power.
2. Bar clamp: It comes in various lengths.
3. G-clamp: When used in wood, it usually leaves a dent.
4. Spring clamp: It works well in wood.
5. Vices: Usually bench vice.
6. Pliers: They are used to grip and bend wood.

Cutting and Paring Tools

Circular saws and hand held cutting tools produce linear thrust, while
rotary tools and routers produce a tangential one that can spin the wood.
Jigsaw produces vibration that makes

Difficult. Thrust and vibration are aligning the blade with the cut line more
pronounced when cutting small or thin pieces of wood.

However, paring tools are tools which ragged surface left by the teeth of
the are used for clearing away rough, saw and rendering wood smooth
and even. They are also used for cutting wood into various forms and
shapes Paring tools are called edge tools, as they present a sharp, keen
edge.

This is the most important cutting tool used by woodworkers. It is

generally specified by the length of its blade measured along its toothed
edge and pitch of the teeth expressed in millimetres (mm). There are two
main types of saws which are hand saws and power saws. Parts of the saw
are the handle, saw rivet, blade and teeth.

To cut in a straight line, the following saws can be used.

1. Rip Saw: Used in cutting along the grains in thick wood. The blade is
made of high-grade tool steel.
2. Cross cut saw: It cuts across the grains in thick wood and for large
sheets of wood.
3. Panel saw: It is about 500 mm long with 10 to 20 teeth per 25 mm.
This is often used for ripping
4. Tenon saw/back saw: It is mostly used for cross cutting when a finer
and more accurate finish is required.
5. Dovetail saw: It is used when a greater accuracy is required and fine
shallow cuts are to be made.
6. Saber saw: It is an electrically operated handheld saw used for
cutting wood.
7. Band saw: It is used for cutting large blocks of wood.
To cut curves in circular fashion in thin wood we use:

(a) Bow or frame saw

(b)Compass saw
(c) Pad or keyhole saw
(d)Fret saw

List the cutting tools.

Paring Tools

The paring tools are chisels and gouges. The chisel consists of two parts,
the handle and the blade. There are different types of chisel such as:

(a) The firm chisel: The blade of this is flat.

(b)Mortice chisel: It is used for cutting mortice or slots through
the thickness of wood.

Gouges are also of different types, such as:

(a) Firmer gouge: The blade of the gouge is concave, it is used on a

convex surface.
(b)Scriber gouge: It is a little thinner in the blade than the firmer
gouge.
(c) Stiff bent gouge: This is used to cut out curved depressions in the
surface of the wood.

Care and Maintenance of Woodwork Hand Tools

One of the most important aspects of tool maintenance is keeping the

cutting edge as sharp as possible. Do not apply too great or insufficient
pressure to the blade.

Keep scrappers clean at all times: Whenever a hand tool is well tuned, it
will last for generations if well cared for.

The router bit usually needs to be replaced when they become very dull or
damaged.

A saw should be kept dry at all times. Always oil the blade using a clean
cloth and lubricating oil, after use. Clean all signs of rust from the blade
with a cloth.
Apply oil to blade after cleaning off rust. Hold auger bit against a solid
surface with screw pointing down to sharpen the edges.

When the handle of a tool is broken, take the following steps to replace it:

Remove the special screws and nuts which attach the handle to the blade,
then position new handle on both ends of blade with screw holes in handle
and blade aligned. Install the special screws and nuts which attach the
handle to the blade.

The general care and maintenance of woodwork hand tools are:

1. Keeping them sharp.

2. Keeping them clean and smooth.
3. Keeping them running smoothly.
4. Lubricating the moving parts.

Metalwork Hand Tools

Introduction

Metalwork refers to the metal part of a construction. It also means a

collection of metal objects. However, it is commonly referred to as the art
of making things out of metal.

Marking out Tools

Marking out or layout is the process of transferring a design or pattern to

a workpiece, as a first step in the manufacturing process.

Marking out consists of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the
workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.

Types of marking out tool in metalwork include:

1. Surface plate: This is also called marking out table, it provides a true
(level) surface from which to work. It is a solid, flat plate used as the
main horizontal reference plane for precision inspection and tooling
setup.
 2. Angle plate: It assists in holding the workpiece perpendicular to the
table, it used as a fixture in metalwork.
3. Scriber: It is used in metalwork to mark lines on workpieces, prior to
machining, the process of using a scriber is called scribing and it is
just part of the process of marking out. It is used instead of pencil or
ink.
4. Height gauge: It is also called scribing block, it is a measuring
device used either for determining the height of something or for
marking of items to be worked on. The pointer is sharpened to allow
it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out in metalwork.
5. Surface gauge: It is a measuring tool that performs much the same
function as the vernier height, it is used in conjunction with a dial
indicator.
6. Marking blue or layout stain is a dye used in metalwork to aid in
marking out rough parts for further machining. It is used to stain or
paint a metal object with a very thin layer of dye that can be
scratched off using a scriber.

Measuring Tools and Gauges

The measuring tools in metalwork include: steel rule, micrometer, dial

calipers and hardness tester.

1. Steel rules are also called stiff rulers. They are similar to wooden
rulers except that they are commonly spaced to measure in ten
thousandths of an inch and often supplied with a depth gauge on
one end. They are usually used for measuring rough metal stock.
2. Micrometer is designed to measure the outside diameter of metal in
increments of one thousandth of an inch.
3. Dial calipers resemble a steel rule with a pair of prongs extruding
from one end. The prongs are spread apart and are used to squeeze
around the circumference of a piece of metal. It can measure the
inside diameter as well as the depth of a cavity.
4. Hardness tester: Measuring the hardness of metal is important in
metalwork because if the metal is too hard or too soft the product
may fail. Often, metal stock is placed in large bins and not properly
separated. Therefore, before machining the metal stock, the
machinist must properly measure the hardness of the metal to
ensure it meets the need.

There are also tools for measuring the thickness of metal such as calipers,
height gauge and indicator.
Try square is used to test the accuracy of work. Tape rule is used to
measure large dimensions such as the length of a metal bar.

Driving Tools in Metalwork

There are many different types of driving tools generally used for
metalwork.

1. Hammers are used to beat dents out of metal.

2. Tinman’s mallet is used to shape metal.
3. Ball-peen has no claws to draw nails out. It is used for shaping metal
and closing rivets.
4. Cross-peen is also used for shaping metals.
5. Bossing mallet is used for sheet metalwork and for shaping soft
materials such as lead used in roofs.
6. Knockout punch, chassis punch, panel punch or greenlee punch is a
hand tool used to punch a hole in a metal sheet. It consists of a
punch, die and screw.
7. Screwdrivers are instruments designed to drive in and take out
screws. The two standard screw drivers used are flat blade and
Philips screw driver. They are of different sizes and styles.

Cutting Tools in Metalwork

To cut metal, the tool must be wedge-shaped and be resistant to abrasion.

Metal cutting process can be classified as hand cutting process and

machine cutting process. Hand cutting process includes:

i. Tapping
ii. die-tapping
iii. hand filing
iv. chiselling
v. hand Hack sawing
vi. shearing
vii. hand Reaming

Machine cutting process includes:

1. Drilling
2. Hack sawing
3. Turning
4. Shaping
 5. Milling
6. machine threading
7. machine reaming.

Cutting tools with a small wedge penetrate the material more easily but
also tend to break more easily if the material is hard.

Cutting guidelines

1. Always use sharp cutting tools to ensure an efficient cutting action

and accurate work.
2. Use the largest nose radius possible (cold chisel).
3. Clamp the workpiece as short as possible and securely.
4. Always use the speeds, feeds and depth of cuts recommended.

Care and Maintenance of Metalwork Tools

Proper care and maintenance of metalwork tools will help prolong their
usage or lifetime.

The care and maintenance of metalwork tools are:

 Cleaning of files with wire brush.

 Oiling of some tools with moving parts including lubricating the
vices, bench and calipers.
 Maintenance of cutting angles and sharpness of tools such as
chisels, drill bits, scribers, and punches.
 Tools like hammers and screw-drivers are easier to take care of.
They must be kept out of moisture and if they are wet, they need to
be taken through scraping operations.
 Clippers may require more operations, always avoid using them for
anything other than what they are designed for.
Basic Board Practice

Basic board practice involves technical drawing, which is the skill of

describing objects in details using techniques of draftsmanship.

Setting Drawing Paper on the Board

A drawing board is any kind of multipurpose desk which can be used for
any kind of drawing, writing or sketching on a large sheet of paper.

In order to set a drawing paper on a drawing board, it needs a T-square.

Once in position, the paper is clipped to the board with clips or even
masking tape.

The paper must be in a square shape. The T-square must be placed up

Against the edge of the board. There must be no gaps between the board
and paper.

Sharpening Pencil to Conical Point and Knife Edge

There are different steps in order to sharpen a pencil.

1. Put the lead end of the pencil in a sharpener.

2. Keep the pencil and sharpener in a straight line.
3. Twist the pencil clockwise.
4. Sharpen slowly and don’t press too hard.
 5. Turn until you are satisfied with the sharpness.
6. Ensure the pencil’s tip is secure and will not fall out when pressure is
applied.
7. Blow away the shavings or dispose of the shavings in a garbage can.
8. Some pencils may be too wide to put in the pencil sharpener, you
may use a knife or razor blade, but be careful.

Using the Tee and Set Squares

Set squares are used in conjunction with T-squares to draw accurate lines.

1. Drawing a border line

A border is a line drawn around the inside edge of the paper. It is usually
about 10 mm from the edge of the paper. It is basically a rectangle drawn
precisely and inside this rectangle is the design area.

2. Drawing a horizontal line

A horizontal line is a line parallel to the bottom of the page, using a T-

square resting on the side edge of the drawing board. The horizontal
edges of the paper top and bottom are parallel to the horizontal edges of
the T-square. This implies that the line you draw will be parallel to the
bottom of the page.

3. Drawing a vertical line

A vertical line is a line perpendicular to the bottom of the page. To draw

the vertical line, one needs a set square and a ruler. Use the edge of a set-
square to draw a line. Be careful to check that there are no gaps between
the T-square, the board and the set-square while the vertical lines are
drawn.

Positioning and Drawing the Title Block

A title block is normally drawn at the bottom of the right or left corner of
the paper. Inside the title block is printed important information such as
Name, Title, Subject, School, Class, and Date. The measurement of the
title block can vary depending on the type of title block used.
Drawing paper showing title block

The basic requirements for a title block located at the bottom of the
drawing are:

a) The registration or ID number

b) The drawing title
c) The legal owner of the drawing.

These items should be written in a rectanglar way which is at most 170

millimetres wide.

Freehand Writing of Letters and Numerals

The process of writing numerals and letters with freehand is called

lettering.

By learning basic letter forms and with constant practice, you will soon be
able to do a creditable job of lettering and acquire your own style and
individuality.

The position and how to hold the pencil will greatly affect lettering.
Whenever one wants to write a lettering one should sit up straight and
rest the forearm on the drawing board or table. Hold the pencil between
the thumb, forefinger, and second finger, the third and fourth fingers and
the ball of the palm rest on the drawing sheet. Do not grip the pencil
tightly. A tught grip will cramp the muscles in the fingers, causing you to
loose control.

In some papers, there are light penc lines which are called guidelines
Guidelines ensure consistency in the size of the letter characters. A
lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and base line 15 lower
case letters are included as well draw the waist line and drop line.