NCERT CLASS 9

Science Notes
All Chapters — Concise & Clear

Physics · Chemistry · Biology

12 Chapters · Complete Summary
Handwritten Style Notes

Contents

1. Matter in Our Surroundings 2. Is Matter Around Us Pure?

3. Atoms and Molecules 4. Structure of the Atom

5. The Fundamental Unit of Life 6. Tissues

7. Motion 8. Force and Laws of Motion

9. Gravitation 10. Work and Energy

11. Sound 12. Improvement in Food Resources

Ch. 1 Matter in Our Surroundings

Key Concepts
Matter — anything that has mass and occupies space

Matter is made up of tiny particles with spaces between them

Particles are in constant random motion (diffusion, Brownian motion)

Attraction between particles holds them together

States of Matter
Solid Liquid
Fixed shape & volume. Particles tightly packed. Fixed volume, no fixed shape. Particles loosely
Least kinetic energy. packed.

Gas Plasma
No fixed shape/volume. Particles far apart. 4th state — super-energetic ionised particles
Highest KE. (stars, neon lights)

Change of States

Solid ⟶ Liquid (Melting) | Liquid ⟶ Gas (Vaporization) | Gas ⟶ Liquid

(Condensation)

Latent Heat of Fusion — heat absorbed during solid liquid (no temp change)

Latent Heat of Vaporisation — heat absorbed during liquid gas

Sublimation — direct solid gas (dry ice, camphor, iodine)

Evaporation — surface phenomenon; causes cooling

Boiling point of water = 100°C | Melting point of ice = 0°C

Effect of Pressure & Temp

Increasing pressure gas converts to liquid (LPG)

Increasing temp particles gain energy state changes

Ch. 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

Pure Substances vs Mixtures

Pure Substance Mixture
Fixed composition. Elements & Compounds. Variable composition. Homogeneous &
e.g., Gold, Water, NaCl Heterogeneous. e.g., Air, Seawater, Alloys

Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous — uniform composition throughout (solution) e.g., saltwater, alloys

Heterogeneous — non-uniform; components visible e.g., soil, granite

Separation Techniques
Evaporation — separate dissolved solids from liquids

Centrifugation — separate cream from milk, blood components

Chromatography — separate dissolved coloured components (dyes, inks)

Distillation — separate miscible liquids with different boiling points

Fractional Distillation — refining crude oil, separating air components

Sublimation — separate sublimable solids (ammonium chloride, camphor)

Colloids & Suspensions

Solution particle size < 1nm | Colloid 1–100nm | Suspension >100nm

Colloid: Tyndall effect observed; stable (milk, fog, blood)

Suspension: heterogeneous; particles settle on standing (muddy water)

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals — cannot be separated by physical methods

Elements & Compounds

Element — cannot be broken further; 118 known (H, O, Fe, Au...)
 Compound — two+ elements chemically combined in fixed ratio (H₂O, CO₂, NaCl)

Ch. 3 Atoms and Molecules

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Conservation of Mass — mass is neither created nor destroyed in a reaction

Law of Constant Proportions — a compound always has elements in fixed mass ratio

Dalton's Atomic Theory

All matter is made of indivisible atoms

Atoms of same element are identical; different for different elements

Atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds

Atomic Mass & Mole

Atomic Mass Unit (amu) = 1/12th mass of C-12 atom

1 Mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's Number)

Molar Mass = mass of 1 mole in grams = Atomic/Molecular mass in g

Molecules & Formulae

Molecule — smallest unit of a substance with its chemical properties

Atomicity: monoatomic (He), diatomic (H₂, O₂), polyatomic (O₃, P₄, S₈)

Ion: charged particle — cation (+) anion (–)

Writing formulae: criss-cross method using valencies

Valency of Na = 1, Ca = 2, Al = 3 | SO₄²⁻ (sulfate), NO₃⁻ (nitrate), NH₄⁺ (ammonium)

Ch. 4 Structure of the Atom

Sub-atomic Particles

Electron (e⁻) Proton (p⁺)

Charge: –1 | Mass: negligible | Found in shells Charge: +1 | Mass: 1 amu | Found in nucleus

Neutron (n) Nucleus

Charge: 0 | Mass: 1 amu | Found in nucleus Contains p & n. Very small but dense.
Positively charged.

Atomic Models
Thomson's Model — atom like a plum pudding (electrons in +ve sphere)

Rutherford's Model — nucleus at centre; electrons orbit it (nuclear model)

Bohr's Model — electrons in fixed circular orbits (shells) with fixed energy

Electron Distribution

Shell capacity: K=2, L=8, M=18, N=32 | Formula: 2n²

Key Terms
Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons (neutral atom)

Mass Number (A) = protons + neutrons

Isotopes: same Z, different A (¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C) — same chemical properties

Isobars: same A, different Z (⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁰Ar) — different elements

Valency = electrons in outermost shell (or 8 minus outermost e⁻)

Isotope of hydrogen: Protium (¹H), Deuterium (²H), Tritium (³H) | Isotopes of U used in
nuclear reactor
Ch. 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

The Cell
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life (Robert Hooke, 1665 — discovered)

Cell Theory (Schleiden & Schwann): all living things made of cells

Prokaryotic (no nucleus — bacteria) vs Eukaryotic (nucleus present — plants, animals)

Cell Organelles
Cell Membrane Cell Wall
Selectively permeable. Controls entry/exit. Made Rigid, outermost (plants only). Made of
of lipids & proteins. cellulose. Gives shape.

Nucleus Mitochondria
Control centre. Contains chromosomes "Powerhouse of cell". ATP production. Has
(DNA). Nucleolus inside. own DNA.

Chloroplast Ribosome
Photosynthesis. Green (chlorophyll). Protein synthesis. Smallest organelle. On ER
Plants/algae only. Has DNA. or free.

Golgi Body Vacuole

Packaging & secretion. Forms lysosomes. Storage. Large in plants (cell sap). Small in
animals.

Osmosis & Diffusion

Diffusion — movement of substance from high to low conc.

Osmosis — movement of water from low solute (dilute) to high solute (concentrated) through
semipermeable membrane

Plasmolysis — shrinking of cell when placed in hypertonic solution

Lysosomes = "Suicide bags" — contain digestive enzymes | ER = "highway of cell"

Ch. 6 Tissues

What is a Tissue?
A group of cells similar in structure & function = Tissue

Division of labour — different tissues, different jobs

Plant Tissues
Meristematic — dividing cells; found at root/shoot tips; small, dense (apical, lateral, intercalary)

Permanent — non-dividing; formed from meristematic

Parenchyma Collenchyma
Simple. Loosely packed. Photosynthesis, Thick-cornered walls. Flexibility. Found in leaf
storage. Found in leaves, fruits. stalks.

Sclerenchyma Xylem & Phloem

Dead cells. Very thick walls. Strength. Husk of Complex tissues. Xylem=water transport.
coconut. Phloem=food transport.

Animal Tissues
Epithelial — covering/lining tissue (skin, mouth, gut); simple cuboidal, columnar, squamous,
ciliated

Connective — connects/supports body parts; blood, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Muscular — movement; 3 types: striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart)

Nervous — conducts impulses; neurons + dendrites + axon + synapses

Neurons = longest cells in the body | Blood = connective tissue (plasma + RBC + WBC +
platelets)

Ch. 7 Motion
 Basic Terms
Distance Displacement
Total path length. Scalar. Always +ve. Shortest path (initial final). Vector. Can be
–ve or 0.

Speed Velocity
Distance/Time. Scalar. Always +ve. Displacement/Time. Vector. Can be –ve.

Equations of Motion

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as

u = initial velocity | v = final velocity | a = acceleration | t = time | s = displacement

Valid only for uniform acceleration in a straight line

Graphs
Distance-Time graph: slope = speed; straight line = uniform; curve = non-uniform

Velocity-Time graph: slope = acceleration; area under curve = displacement

Types of Motion
Uniform motion — equal distances in equal time intervals

Non-uniform motion — unequal distances in equal time (acceleration present)

Circular motion — speed constant but velocity changes acceleration present

Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time | An object in uniform circular motion is
accelerating!

Ch. 8 Force and Laws of Motion

 Newton's Laws of Motion
1st Law (Inertia) — body continues in its state of rest/uniform motion unless acted upon by
external force

2nd Law — F = ma (force = rate of change of momentum)

3rd Law — every action has equal & opposite reaction (forces on different bodies)

F = ma | p = mv | Impulse = F × t = Δp

Inertia
Inertia ∝ mass — heavier object has more inertia

Inertia of rest — passenger jerks back when bus starts

Inertia of motion — passenger jerks forward when bus brakes suddenly

Momentum & Conservation

Law of Conservation of Momentum: total momentum before = total momentum after

(no external force)

Application: Gun recoils when bullet is fired; rocket propulsion; boats

Balanced vs Unbalanced Forces

Balanced — net force = 0; object stays at rest or uniform motion

Unbalanced — net force ≠ 0; object accelerates

SI unit of force = Newton (N) | 1 N = force that gives 1 kg mass acceleration of 1 m/s²

Ch. 9 Gravitation

Universal Law of Gravitation

F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / r² [G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻²]

Force of attraction between any two masses in universe

Increases with mass; decreases with distance (inverse square law)

Free Fall & g

g = GM/R² = 9.8 m/s² (on Earth's surface)

All objects fall with same acceleration 'g' (ignoring air resistance)

g varies: poles > equator; decreases with altitude; less on moon (1.63 m/s²)

Mass vs Weight
Mass Weight
Amount of matter. Constant everywhere. Unit: W = mg. Varies with g. Unit: Newton. Vector.
kg. Scalar.

Thrust & Pressure

Pressure = Force / Area | Buoyancy = weight of fluid displaced

Archimedes' Principle — buoyant force = weight of liquid displaced

Objects float when density < water; sink when density > water

Relative Density = density of substance / density of water

Weight on Moon = Weight on Earth / 6 | Object weighs ZERO in free fall (astronaut in orbit)

Ch. 10 Work and Energy

Work

W = F × s × cos θ (θ = angle between force and displacement)

 Work done is +ve when force & displacement in same direction

Work done is 0 when force ⊥ displacement (e.g., carrying bag horizontally)

SI unit: Joule (J) = N·m | Work is a scalar quantity

Energy
KE (Kinetic) PE (Potential)
KE = ½mv² | Energy of motion. Always +ve. PE = mgh | Stored energy due to position.

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only

converted

KE + PE = Constant (in absence of air resistance)

At highest point: KE = 0, PE = max | At lowest point: KE = max, PE = 0

Power

Power = Work / Time | SI unit: Watt (W) = J/s

1 horsepower = 746 W

1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) = commercial unit of energy = 3.6 × 10⁶ J

Work-Energy Theorem: Net work done on object = Change in KE | Power = F × v

Ch. 11 Sound

Nature of Sound
Sound is a mechanical longitudinal wave — needs a medium to travel

Travels as compressions (high pressure) and rarefactions (low pressure)

Cannot travel in vacuum (unlike light)

Wave Characteristics
Frequency (f) Amplitude (A)
Frequency (f) Amplitude (A)
Vibrations/sec. Unit: Hz. Determines pitch. Max displacement. Determines loudness.

Wavelength (λ) Speed (v)

Distance between successive compressions. v = fλ | ~344 m/s in air at 25°C

Loudness & Pitch

Loudness ∝ (Amplitude)² | Measured in decibels (dB)

Pitch ∝ Frequency | High frequency shrill sound | Low deep sound

Quality/Timbre — what distinguishes same note on different instruments

Sound Ranges

Infrasonic: <20 Hz | Audible: 20 Hz–20,000 Hz | Ultrasonic: >20,000 Hz

Echo — reflected sound heard distinctly (min distance = 17.2 m from reflector)

Reverberation — persistence of sound due to repeated reflections

SONAR — ultrasound used to detect underwater objects

Ultrasound — medical imaging, cleaning, breaking kidney stones

Speed: Solid > Liquid > Gas | Sonic boom = when object crosses speed of sound (343 m/s)

Ch. 12 Improvement in Food Resources

Crop Improvement
Hybridisation — crossing different varieties to get better traits

Genetic modification (GM) — introducing desired genes for pest resistance, yield

Objectives: higher yield, improved quality, biotic/abiotic resistance, shorter maturity, wider
adaptability

Crop Production
 Macronutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S (needed in large amounts)

Micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl (needed in traces)

Manure: organic; improves soil texture; slow-release nutrients

Fertilizers: chemical; quick supply; NPK; overuse causes pollution

Irrigation — wells, canals, drip system, sprinkler system

Animal Husbandry
Cattle Farming Poultry Farming
Milk (dairy) & draught (field work). Exotic Eggs & meat. Cross-breeding for quality &
breeds for high milk yield. disease resistance.

Fish Production Bee Keeping

Marine + Inland (freshwater) fisheries. Honey & wax. Apis mellifera — most common
Aquaculture = fish farming. species used.

Crop Protection
Weeds, insects, pathogens reduce yield

Pesticides/Weedicides — chemical control; may harm environment

Biological control — using natural predators of pests

Storage: moisture, temperature, silos, fumigants protect stored grain

Green Revolution = wheat & rice | White Revolution = milk (Operation Flood) | Blue Revolution
= fish

All the best for your exams! Study smart, not hard
Class 9 NCERT Science — Chapter-wise Concise Notes