AT IFA JIMMA SECONDARY SCHOOL

Subject: AGR

T/N: Ramadan

Modules for grade 12th and 11th

Academic: year 2018

 MODULE IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION FOR POULTRY

POULTRY PRODUCTION MANAGEMRNT PRACTICES

POULTRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

CONTENT

1. Poultry production

[Link] breeds

[Link] housing system

[Link] Broilers

5. Poultry Diseases Prevention and control

Objectives:

Define Poultry Production and Management;

Memorize and Familiarize the Common Poultry Terminologies; and

Discuss the Guidelines in Establishment of Backyard and Commercial

Poultry Enterprise.

1. POULTRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Chicken broiler and egg production are the most progressive animal

enterprises in the Philippines today. The poultry industry in fact began as a backyard enterprise but has
shifted to the formation of very large integrated contract farming operation. The growth of the poultry
industry in the Philippines has indeed been impressive but its problems including inefficient
management and the prevalence of many destructive poultry diseases and parasites cannot be ignored.
This manual provides technology and management know-how for poultry raising which we hope present
poultry raisers and prospective poultry producers may find useful in effectively managing their poultry
farms and also help them realize substantial financial returns from their enterprises in this period of high
production cost inputs.

ADVANTAGES OF POULTRY RAISING

High feed efficiency or feed conversion ratio

Fast return on investment

Spreading income through the year

High return compared to feed cost

Low land requirements

Adaptability to both small part- time enterprises and large commercial enterprises, and

The operation can be highly mechanized with output per hour or labor.

DISADVANTAGES OF POULTRY RAISING

There are problems involved in raising poultry. Among this are:

Serious problems with diseases and parasites

Need for high level of management ability especially for large commercial flocks.

Need for large amounts of capital for large operations

Death losses may be high due to pradators and stampeding

Quality pof product must be carefully controlled

Careful marketing is required

High volume is needed for and economic enterprise, and

Problems of waste disposal and odor.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ORDER TO ENSURE SUCCESS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Proper selection of stocks and proper feeding

Proper feeding

Proper care and management practices

Proper selection and culling

Proper housing and facilities

Proper disease prevention and control,

Proper marketing

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF POULTRY SPECIES

Chicken Gallus gallus

Duck Anas platyrhynchus

Turkey Meleagris galopavo

Quail Coturnix coturnix

Guinea fowl Numida meleagris

Pigeon Colombia livia

Ostrich Struthis camelus

Gooose Anser anser

Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Rabbit Oryctolagus cunniculus

TERMINOLOGIES IN CHICKEN

Backyard poultry raising- small scale poultry farming usually for home consumption

Chick- young chicken of either sex

Baby chick- newly hatched young chicken 1 to 10 days old

Broiler- any young chicken grow usually for 6 weeks in order that it weighs 1kg

. After that period

Capon- castrated male chick

-fattening male , the testicles of which are removed 2 to 3 months old

Domesticated chicken all chickens that have been tamed or trained or adapted to serve

man's needs Cockrel - young cock.

Pullet chick - already declared female bird, hen of chicken

Pullet - female chicken that is almost to lay eggs or just started to lay eggs below

one year of age. Usually 9 to 20 weeks old.

Rooster (cock) - mature male chicken intended for breeding

Staigh run chick - unclassified baby chich.

TERMINOLOGIES IN PIGEON
Pigeon cock - breeding male pigeon

Pigeon hen -breading female pigeon

Squab - young pigeon from 01 to about 30 days old

Peeper - pigeon that is ready to live the nest

TERMINOLOGIES IN DUCK

Drank-- breeding male duck

Duch hen- breeding female duct

Duckling- baby duck

TERMINOLOGIES IN GOOSE

Gander- breeding male goose

Goose - breeding female goose

Gosing- baby goose

TERMINOLOGIES IN RABBIT

Buck - breeding male rabbit

Doe - breeding female rabbit

Lapan - rabbit meat

TERMINOLOGIES IN TURKEY

Tom or Gabber - breeding male turkey

Turkey hen - breeding female turkey

Poult - a young turkey whose sex is unknown

COMMON TERMS IN POULTRY

ADG - Average Daily Gain

Animal Breeding - the art and science of the genetic improvement of farm animals

Avian - pertaining to all species of birds, including domestic fowl.

Breed - group of animal similar in color, type and characteristic of the group.
 - When mated, members of the same breed produce offspring of the same color, type, and other
breed characteristics.

Brood - a group of baby chicks.

Broodniness -desire of birds to set in the nest or eggs for the purpose of hatching.

It is the natural behavior for hatching and rearing young.

Brooding - process of subjecting young animals to heat and warmth in order to increase

the chances of survival.

Candling - is the process of subjecting the eggs to light( usually a bulb) to check its

fertility.

Cannivalism - a habit of some fowls of picking at or eating other fowls.

Caponization - removal of the testicles whether by surgical or chemical means.

Closebreeding - mating of related animals. Term includes inbreeding and linebreeding.

Crossbreeding - animals from parent of two different breed.

Crossbreeding - system of breeding where male of one breed is mated to females of another breed.

Culling - the process of eliminating non - profitable or non productive or undesirable Individuals.

Down Feather - refers to the feather of the newly hatched fowl.

Dubbing - the removal of the comb or wattle.

Enzymes - a complex protein produce in the living cells that cause changes in other substances within
the body without changing itself.

Essential Amino Acid - those amino acids which are essential to the animals and must be supplied in the
diet because the animal cannot synthesized them at sufficient amount to meet its requirement.

Types of essential amino acids

1. Phenylalanine 6. Methionine

2. Valine 7. Histidine

3. Threonine 8. Arginine

[Link] 9. Leucine

[Link] 10. Lysine

 Fowls - a domesticated bird, now commonly referring to a cock or hen.

Fryer - any bird that has developed to a size suitable for frying.

Hen - mature female fowl

Heritability - proportion of the differences measure or observed between animals that are transmitted
to the offspring.

Hybrid Vigor - increased growth rate often noted in animals resulting from first cross mating. It is
believe that desirable traits in parents are dominant over undesirable traits.

Hormone - is defined as a substance or chemical mediators produced by the endocrine glands and are
carried by the blood to some distant part of the body part where it exerts its [Link] - the
power of an animal to resist and /or overcome an infection to which most of many of its species are
susceptible.

Immunize - to render an animal resistant to disease by vaccination.

Incubation - refers to the development of the birds from fertilized egg to a fully formed individual under
optimum or favorable condition.

Laying or oviposition - the expulsion of egg outside of the reproductive tract of birds.

Minerals of Classification:

[Link] minerals - normally present in greater level in animal body needed relatively

large amounts in the diet. Examples : Ca, P, Na, CI, K, Mg, and S.

B. Trace minerals - normally present at low levels in animal body or needed in very small amount in the
diet and need not be supplement.

Types of Amino Acids

1. alanine 7. Proline

2. Asparagines 8. Glutamine

3. Aspartic acid 9. Tyrosine

4. Cysteine 10. Gycine

5. Cystine 11. Hydroxyproline

6. Glumatic acid 12. Serine

Nutrients - any feed constituent, or group of feed constituents of the same general composition that
aid in the support of life. It may include synthetically produced vitamins chemically produced inorganic
salts or biogenetically synthesized amino [Link] - the series of processes by which an organism
takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth.

Oviposition - the laying of fully developed eggs ( egg laying).

Ovulation - the shedding of the follicle by the ovary.

Pedigree - written record of animal ancestry.

Performance Test - measure of an animal performances, usually for a single trait, i.e. weight
[Link] - pullet whose ovaries have been removed.

Poultry - any domesticated fowl or it refers to all species of domestic fowls.

Progeny test - measure of individual merit, through the offspring. Test may measure inheritance of
weight gains, conformation grades or scores, carcass meatiness, [Link] - is a basic nutrients
made up of amino acid and used by the body for growth, maintenance and reproduction of all
organisms. The orderly synthesis of protein in the body is made possible by genes.

Protein Quality - refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in [Link]
of Proteins:

A. Simple (globular protein ) - those proteins yielding only amino acids or their

derivatives upon hydrolysis, i.e. Albumins, histones, protomins, globulins,

glutelins and prolamine.

B. Fibrous protein - consist of polypeptide chains arranged in parallel along a single

axis to yield long fibers or sheet and constitute about 30% of total protein in

animal body, connective tissue i.e. Collagens, elastin, and keratine.

C. Conjugated protein - those that yield not only amino acid but also other organic and inorganic
components; a type of protein in which simple proteins [Link], glycoproteins,
phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, lipoproteins and metalloproteins.

Purebreds - all lines of ancestry tracing registered stock of age breed.

Registered - recorded in flock book of a recognized breed association which issues certificate that
animals is offspring of registered parent and meet registration requirement.

Roaster - an overgrown fryer.

Selection - the process of choosing animals to be mated as parent for the next generation.
Selection deferential -measure advantage of selected individuals over the average of all animals from
which they have been selected.

Sexing - the process of finding out the sex of the birds.

GUIDELINES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BACKYARD AND COMMERCIAL POULTRY ENTERPRISE:

BACKYARD POULTRY :

Definition: poultry projects involving a minimum of 100 fowls in urban areas and 500 fowls for rural
[Link] operation shall be subject to the condition that it will be maintained clean and sanitary at all
times and would not create [Link] facilities shall be exempted from the requirement of locational
clearance or zoning ordinances of the city or municipality.

A sanitary permit issued by the Local Health Authority is required before operating backyard poultry
Requirements as to lay out, construction maintenance, facility, utility and environment shall be the
commercial poultry farms.

B. COMMERCIAL POULTRY:

Definition: poultry project refers to a plot of land devoted to the raising of eggs a for and meat for
human consumption. It includes chicken, ducks, geese, quails and [Link] Permit requirement
before its [Link] Selections:

A. Preferably located in rural areas.

B. Conformity with the land use plan/ zoning ordinance of the locality:compatibility

to the existing dominant use.

C. Not low - lying with buffer, etc.

D. Ability to contain or disperse pollutants to harmless proportion.

E. Availability to utilities such as water supply, power, etc.

F. Accessible

G. Located at least 25 meters from any food establishment

H. 500 - 1000 meters from the built - up areas

I. Away from the path of immediate ( 5 to 10 years ) urban expansion

J. 200 meters away from the major roads and / or highways

Lay out: The following space requirements may serve as guide: Layers

A. Day- old to four weeks 15 sq. in./ chick

B. Four to eight weeks 30 sq. In./ chick

[Link] weeks to laying eggs 50- 60 sq. cm./ bird

Broilers

Day - old to three weeks 0.3 sq. ft./chick

3 weeks to 4 weeks 0.5 [Link]/chick

5 weeks to market age 1.0 [Link]./bird

Recommended Minimum Feeding Space Requirements:

[Link] - old to 4 weeks 2.5 to 5cm./bird

B.4 weeks to 8 wee ks 5 to 6.5 cm./bird

C. 9 weeks to near laying eggs 7.5 to 9 cm./ bird

D. Layers 10 cm./bird

Recommended Minimum Watering Space Requirements:

Day- old to 4 weeks 0.5 cm./ bird or two 1- gal. Drinking

Fountains/ 100 birds

4 weeks to 8 weeks 0.6 to 1 cm./ bird or two 2- gal drinking

Fountains/100 birds

C.9 weeks to near laying age 1 to 2 cm./ bird or four 2-gal drinking

Fountain / 100 birds

[Link] 2 to 2.5 cm/ bird or six 2 gal drinking

Fountains/ 100 birds

5. Construction

Environmental Factor

Birds must be protected from poor ventilation and extremes in temperature. When the land
dimension allows it, the poultry houses should be constructed with their length parallel to the wind
direction. This setup will expose to the wind only the southern or the northernmost portion of the
houses . If it were the other way around, that is, the length of the house facing south, all the pens with
the birds therein would be exposed to draft and heavy rain during typhoons and bad [Link]
feed sacks when available, can be utilized as wind and sun breakers. Planting trees will also serve as
windbreaks.

Sanitary Provision in the Poultry House In planting the construction, due consideration should be
given to facilitate cleaning of the poultry house. Thus, in the case of brooders, the floors, sides and
partitions should be detachables. This will permit their removal for thorough cleaning and disinfection
after every batch. There should have good water drainage from the house site. Due consideration
should be given to the aspect of poultry disease prevention and control. When there is ample land area,
the breeding, growing and laying houses should be reasonably spaced from one a nother as a health
safety measure.

B. Provision For Easy Expansion

Consider future expansion [Link] buildings that are to be constructed should consider the setting up
of additional new houses that may be needed later.

C. Economy of Construction

Poultry houses need to be very expensive to construct. There are many locally available cheap materials
that are very common to poultry raisers like bamboo, coconut trunks, cogon, nipa and rattan. The rule is
to use local materials that are ready [Link] shall be the sole responsibility of the
owner.

A maintenance program shall be submitted to and approved by the Local Health [Link]

A. Cage shall be provided for housing the laying flocks.

B. Feed through

C. Waterer

Utility

Water supply

1. 27.3 hrs / 100 hens / day

2. 2.28 hrs/ fountain/100 chicken/day

B. Power

There shall be sufficient lighting facilities in the farm depending on the [Link] Waste Disposal

A. Receptacles protected from vermin and other animals

B. Disposal methods approved by the Local Health Authority

C. No accumulation of waste
 D. No odor nuisance

E. Surrounding kept clean and free of conditions which might harbor or be conducive

to the breeding of insect and rodents.

F. All waste disinfected before being disposed Drainage and Sewerage

A. Location, plans, design, data and specification of sewage treatment plants approved By the secretary
of Health of his duly representative.

B. Discharge of untreated waste water to bodies of water approved by the Secretary of

Health or his duly representative.

2. THE CHICKEN: CLASSES, BREEDS AND VARIETIES

Objectives

1. Define what is Chicken;

1. Identify the Chicken Classes, Breeds and Varieties; and

2. Discuss the Chicken Breeds to Raise.

The chicken is the most exploited species of poultry, which is utilized for food production in the whole
world. Scientific researchers have been done on this species for past centuries and it is still the focus of
the present and future experimentation. In the philippine chicken rank first, while ducks rank second in
the economic importances source of meat and eggs.

Breed of Chicken can be classified by its utility. This is based on the purpose for which the breed or
variety is most efficient

Egg Class

The breed belonging to this class is characterized by their comparatively small size. They lay large white
shelled eggs, very active and nervous in temperament. They are non- sitters. The earlier selection of
geneticist for this class showed record of early maturity that may not necessarily be true with the
modern breeds under this class. Examples are: Brahmas, Cochin, langshans, Comish, White Rocks.

Meat Class

In this class belong the breeds that are large, slow movement, quiet and gentle in disposition. Geneticist
of the past described them as relatively slow maturing which may not hold true anymore with the resent
meat breeds. They are generally poorer egg layers and generally lay brown shelled eggs. Examples are:
Brahmas, Cochins, langshans, Comish, White Rocks.

General Purpose Class

 Breeds of chicken in this class are medium sized good layers and the young are fast growers. They are
not nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat class. Example are: New Hampshire,
Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya, [Link] general purpose breeds had its
popularity period when the idea of the poultry breeder was to hit both products of eggs and meat in one
kind of breed. Later developments proved that specialization of bred purpose is better goal for more
efficient production. The general purpose class at present has been modified and developed by breeders
in the production of broiler chicks.

Fancy Class

The breeds under this class may be characterized as possessing decided beauty of plumage or form of
having a rare unusual appearance. Most of them are raised chiefly as ornamentals or pets by hobbyists,
regardless of their value as source of food. Example: Frizzle, Bantams, Long tailed.

Fighting Class

Since this sport is now legalized in the Philippines It should revolutionalize our original vision that
fighting cocks breeds has no place for our study. There group of this kind of chickens now developed by
the national and international aficionados in this game. Since there are no studies conducting on the
breeding and raising of these games fowls, the LAS could not profess any knowledge of what kind and
what process of raising will assure a cock to win in the fight. The popular ones are the Ruble, Claret,
Oasis.

CHICKEN BREEDS/ STOCK TO RAISE

The following shall be used as a guide in selecting the foundation stock to raise:Stock should only be
purchased from a reliable hatchery or franchised dealer where the parent stock are well housed and
well [Link] kind of stock to buy depends upon the purpose for which it is going to be
[Link] should be free from diseases and deformities.

Chicks should have uniform size and color and in the case of broiler chicks should not be less than 33
grams at day [Link] a start, a popular strain raised in the community can be selected as it is an
indication of the bird's good performance under existing farm [Link] broilers, choose those that
have high livability and are fast [Link] layers, choose those that have good egg size, high egg
production and long productive [Link] following are the strains of day old chicks that are now
commercially available:

Meat type Source of Stock

Arbor Acres San Miguel food Inc.

Population Centre Building

Nicholas Interchange, Makati City

Lohman Console Farms

 Batuhan, San Miguel, Bulacan

2 Samat St., Quezon City

Starbro Universal Robina Farms

CFC Bldg. Bo. Ugong, Pasig City, Metro Manila Avian

Avian JAKA

211 Pasong Tamo, Makati City, Metro Manila

Avian Swift Republic Flour Mills Corporation (RFM)

2nd floor RFM Bldg., Pioneer St.,

Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila

Pilch Dekalb General Milling Corporation

E. Rodriguez Avenue, Pasig City, Metro Manila

Avian /Hubbard Tyson Agro Ventures

179 Mariano Ponce, Caloocan City Cobb 500 Vitarich Corporation

PROCEDURE S OF GRANTD PARENT STOCK

Republic Flours Mills (RFM)

San Miguel Foods, Inc (SMFI)

Purefoods Cororation (PFC)

General Milling Corporation (GMC)

Producers are classified either by size or by types of operations. By size they are as follows:

Large Producers - those engaged in over 30,000 broiler per batch

Medium Producer - those engaged in betwen 5,000 to 30,000 broiler per batch

Small Producer - Those engaged in less than 5,000 per batch

In terms of types of operation, broiler grower may be classified as follows:

Contract growers - tie ups with integrator

Raised broiler up to 42 days old

Assured of at least 5 batches a year

Minimum of 10,000 meat - type chicks\

35,0000 kg of feeds, vaccines, diagnostic laboratory service , farm planning, designed especially to a new
applicant at no cost Grower provides housing labor, land, feeding and watering equipment, brooder,
water, fuel, lighting and litter materials for the chicken up to harvestable age under supervision of the
integrators extension service personnel Paid a fixed rate per broiler raised, and paid additional amount
for broiler in excess of the minimum weight requirement Contact to - buy- growers - these are those
who have tie ups with integrators or cooperative.

The latter sell to the grower a minimum of 10,000 broiler type chicken and feeds at an agreed [Link]
harvest time , grower sell back the broilers to integrator also at an agreed [Link] growers -
these are those who buy broiler chicks and feed current market [Link] growers - these are
those who breed, hatch, grow, and market their own expense.

[Link] EQUIPMENT

Objectives

Define the housing equipments;

Understand the factors for successful brooding and;Identify the source of heat for brooding.

[Link] troughs or feeders

Feeders can be replace inside or along the front of the cages. When making feeders, consider the ease in
cleaning and avoidance of feed spoilage. Feed spoilage may be avoided by placing a metal or wooden
strip along the inner mouth of the feeding trough.

2. Waterers

To facilitate cleaning, the shape and size of the waterers should be semi-circular, fairly wide and
supported by and adjustable bracket to permit easier adjustment. it may have a removal stopper at the
drainage end to allow for easier [Link] chicks, the waterers are usually one -gallon plastic jars. Tje
most common waterer are the plastic waterers because they do not rust therefore they will last longer.
Backyard poultry raiser usually are bamboo waterers. They are cheap but there is a great tendency for
slime ( lumot) to develop and oftentimes they do not last very long. They need constant changing.

3. Portable Catching Panels :-This usually made of either bamboo, or wire frames. This device comes in
handy during vaccination.

[Link] Carts:- In a well planned poultry house with cemented service alleys, the feed cart is handy piece
of equipment which can be reduce the number of hours spent in feeding the chickens. It makes the
feeding less laborious and tiresome . In the absence of a feed cart a wheelbarrow will do
E. Brooding:-is the process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up the time that their
automatic regulatory mechanism becomes fully functional. During this period, outside source of heat
either from the mother hen or from artificial heat source has to be provided to avoid chicks from being
exposed to chilly conditions.

The length of brooding time may last up to 3 weeks of age. The duration depends upon the existing
weather conditions and the feathering rate of the chicks. Brooding period in warm months. Broiler
chicks which are fast feathering require shorter brooding period than slow feathering ones.

[Link] for Successful Brooding

A. Start with Quality Chicks

Quality chicks have dry and fluffy feathers, bright eyes, well - healed navels and look active. The size of
chicks as long as they come from the same flock, has no bearing on their subsequent performance.
Whenever possible, choose brood chicks of similar size. Avoid chicks with wet vent and dull [Link]
is

[Link] Temperature

Maintain proper temperature inside the brooding house to make chicks fell comfortable. The range of
temperature ideal for various age of broiler chicks is as follows:

AGE of CHICKENS ( da ys ) TEMPERATURE (C)

1-7 32.2-35.0

8-14 29.4-32.2

14-21 26.7-29

Beyond 21 days Provide heat only when necessary

A thermometer could be use to measure actual temperature inside the brooder compartment.
However, the behavior of broiler chicks in the brooder can be use as a practical guide in determining
whether the temperature inside the brooder compartment is adequate or not.

The behavior of the day-old chicks in brooder can be used as guideline for the correct brooding
temperature. Brooding temperature is doing varied activities such as feeding, drinking, sleeping, and
[Link] the temperature is hot, the chicks will pant, spread out their wings, eat less and remain
inactive, move away from the source of heat and stay close to the edges of tile brooder. If the
temperature inside the brooder is extremely high, chicks may die of heat prostration.

When the temperature is low, the chicks will crowd under the heather , pile up and make known their
comfort loud chirping. If the temperature prevailing inside the brooder is extremely low, chicks pile on
top of one another causing incidence of mortality due to suffocation.
C. Adequate Light and encourage the chicks to start feeding.

Provide sufficient ventilation to supply plenty of oxygen and facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide and
excess moisture . When there is not enough ventilation the chicks will not only be weak and poor
condition but will also be more predisposed to respiratory disease.

D. Ample Space Allowance

Provide the brooder with enough space to avoid overcrowding which leads to poorly develop chick ,
high mortality as well as harmful vices like too piking , feather picking or cannibalism.

E. Correct feeding

Provide the chicks with good quality feed either home grown or commercially source. Feed the chicks
intermittently rather than continuously. Research studies have shown that when using intermittent
feeding chicks utilize nutrients better. Do not allow feed troughs to go empty longer than one to two
hours.

F. Proper Sanitation

Cleanliness and dryness of the the brooding quarters will prevent contamination of the chicks from
parasites and diseases which may be caried by previous brooded chicks

G. Regularity of care and management

Environment should be kept as uniform as possible . Sudden changes in surrounding cause a certain
degree of street or insecurity. Such example are removal of brooder canopy and slamming doors of
brooder houses or the presence of drafts. It is advisable that a regular caretaker feed the chickens
following a definite schedule during the first 3 weeks of the chick's life.

H. Environment Control

Optimum house temperature for laying birds is beetwen18ºC-29ºC. Within This range , maintain a
uniform house temperature when possible . Flock health and performance are highly dependent on
temperature control and ventilation. Fans may aid in keeping the birds more comfortable during
summer months. In environmentally controlled house be sure to provide for adequate air movement
especially hot weather. Evaporative cooling may be used to lower the house temperature .

Make sure that feeds and fresh water are always available. Vitamins, mineral and antibiotic supplements
may be added to the drinking water during the first few [Link] your feed [Link] check the
chicks at night before going to [Link] 7 to 10 days the brooder floor mats can be
[Link] against avian pest is a good measure to prevent the outbreak of the [Link]
weak, deformed and sickly chicks should be culled right away and properly disposal of the immediate
burning of burying of dead birds is an important part of a good sanitation program. Use an incinerator if
dealing with large numbers or bury then in the ground right away. Do not expose to flies or rats
[Link] of Heat for Brooding

[Link]

Electricity is a popular source of heat, particularly for backyard operation. Incandescent bulb, infrared
lamp and hover - type with resistant coils are example of heat source using electricity. In some cases ,
thermostats are provided to automatically regulate the temperature inside the brooder compartment

B. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

LPG as a heat source is popularly use in large scale poultry farms. This fuel is appropriate for gas
brooders that can be effectively and efficiently provide heat for larger number of chicks. This can be
used in ares where electricity and fuel source are either not available or expensive. C. Other fuel Source

Kerosene charcoal and rice hulls are examples of heat for brooding that are being used at backyard
brooding operations. These heat sources are fire hazards, hence, additional precautions should be pin
using them. Adequate ventilation must be ensured to avoid the accumulation of carbon monoxide and
other harmful gases.

11. Brooding Management

Preparation of the Brooder House

[Link] brooding house must be ready and properly cleaned, replied and disinfected before the broiler
chicks arrive

[Link] heater should be turn on four hours before the arrival of the broiler chicks.

[Link] heating unit has a hover, then adjust it in a such a way that the edges 5cm above the floor. Hover
height from the floor can be adjusted by increasing the [Link] of 12cm to 16cm clearance
above the back of the broiler should maintained.

[Link] guards are used to confine broiler chicks near the source of the heat. Broiler guards should
be circular to eliminate corners to prevent the chicks from being crushed and attacked by predators.
Aluminum sheets, lawanit, plywood, hard cardboards and similar materials could be used aa brooders
guards. The are enclosed by the brooder guard can be expanded as deemed necessary until the end of
the brooding period.

[Link] of broiler Chicks

[Link] the broiler chicks inside the brooder house immediately upon arrival. Spread out the boxes to
allow adequate air supply.

[Link] the chicks boxes and separate the strong chicks from the weak ones. Place them immediately
inside the brooder compartment. Remove and dispose properly dead chicks upon arrival to the farm.

[Link] the newly arrived chicks continuously during the first 48 hours and regular
 thereafter.

[Link] the broiler chicks as 5% sugar solution for drinking during the first 3 hours.

Thereafter, give them fresh feed and water. Vitamin - mineral supplements with

antibiotics may be added to the drinking water during the first 3 to 5 days.

[Link] the heat provided as the broiler chicks grow. Ideally, temperature

requirement of the broiler chicks can be reduced by 3 degrees centigrade per week 3

for 3 week. During warm months, the provisions of heat can be regulated during day

time, but should be given continuously at night time.

[Link] large units for additional feeders and waterers as the broiler chicks grows.

Waterer should not be minimize not be more than 91 cm away from the nearest

[Link] wastage must be minimized by choosing proper feeder design and

following proper feeding management.

[Link] the broiler against common poultry disease ( e. G. Newcastle disease,

Infectious Bronchitis).

H. Cull and properly dispose all weak, deformed and sickly broiler chicks. Burn or bury

immediately dead chickens.

I. Consult veterinarian if mortality and morbidity of the flock go higher than expected.

F. Other prevention and Control of Cannibalism

Cannibalism - is nasty habit developed in a f lock manifest in toe., tail and feather pecking which may
result in the wounding f the chickens. In broilers, the outbreak of cannibalism could result in stress that
could affect their production efficiency and downgrading of their carcass when dressed. Under extreme
conditions, cannibalism could be result in higher mortality and morbidity.

The possible cause of outbreak of cannibalism in broiler raising are as follows:

▪︎Overcrowding

▪︎Poor ventilation

▪︎Inadequate feeders and drinkers

▪︎Imbalance ration / improper nutrition

Prevention of Cannibalism

Provide adequate floor space allowance

Provide proper ventilation

Provide sufficient feeding and drinking spaces

Give feeds of right quality

Control of Cannibalism

Isolate immediately injured broilers

Treat wounds of injured broilers with pine tar or antipeck solutions as soon as possible

If cannibalism persists, beak trimming is recommended

Reduce light intensity

Genetic improvement

Proper Catching of Broiler Chicks

Upon reaching appropriate age and weight, broilers are now ready for hauling. The following are some
useful tips in the proper catching and hauling of broilers:

•Catch the broiler at night. Broiler are less active during the night.

•Remove feeders and waterer from the pens.

•Use portable panels or frames to divide flocks of broilers into small groups.

•Hold the broiler on the body or both legs. Place them inside the crate with care. Avoid rough handling
of broilers. The skin of broilers particularly on the breast portion is tender that most bruises occur in this
area.

•Do not over crowd broilers inside the crate

•Handle filled crate carefully.

[Link] BROILERS

Objectives

▪︎Explain feed types and form;

▪︎Discuss the feeding system and;

▪︎Enumerate the feeds additives.

Proper nutritions plays a vital role on broiler performance. The genetic potential of the chicks could be
expressed only if proper nutrition and management are provided to them.

Feeds Types and Form

As practiced, broilers are full feed ad libitum from start to [Link] should be induced to eat as much
as possible, since the more they eat, the faster they grow, the better the feed conversion.

Broilers are usually offered 3 types of feeds which are follows:

Prestarter chicks or chick booster - given to chicks from day old to 2 weeks old

Broiler starter -given chicks from 2-4 weeks old

Broiler finisher - given to chicks from 4 weeks old until marketing

The recommended nutrient requirement and supplementary vitamin and mineral for broiler chickens
are available in veterinary supplies. The three nutrients densities ( Low, s. ( protein, amino acids,
minerals and vitamins) to the different energy level is made constant for each feeds type. These provide
flexibilities in formulating broiler diets depending on the desired level of feed efficiency, availability and
cost of feedstuff without sacrificing the efficiency of nutrient utilization.

Feed Forms

Mash - composed of a mixture of ground and powered form of feedstuff

Pellets - Compressed mash [Link] are compressed through pelleting machine.

Pellet vary in size.

Crumbles - composed of coarsely ground pellets.

Mash feed is recommended for use only during the first 2 weeks as a alternative to crumble, however,
under local conditions, this forms of feed can is commonly used for the entire growing period. Mash
feeds is easier to prepare and mush cheaper than crumbles or pellets. However, when pellets and
crumbles are available they are preferred over mash. Broiler may be fed with crumbles during the entire
growing period. When chicks are 2 to 3 weeks of age, they will eat starter pellets in preference to mash
or crumble ta about 4 weeks of age, broiler finisher pellets which are larger should be fed. Of the total
feed consumption, approximately, pre starter feed is 15%, 35% starter feed and 50%finisher feed.

Pellet Production - is very expensive. If the cost are to be regained, the advantages of pelleting must out
weight the disadvantages.

Advantages of pelleting

Feed loss due to wind is less.

Feed dustiness is reduced

No separation of ingredients in pelleted feeds during handling.

Destroy bacteria in feeds ( e.g. Salmonella).

Increase feed density and chicken can consume more low energy ( high fiber) feeds.

Certain feeds ingredients are unacceptable to chickens, but when feeds are pelleted, consumption
markedly increases

The moisture and pressure from the pelleting process may increase the ration efficiency

Less feed wastage

Disadvantages of pelleting:

Added cost of pelleting than mash feed

Fine particles are washed when pellet break into crumble.

Dropping are water when pellet are fed.

Pellet increase incidence and severity of cannibalism.

Feeding systems

Feed must available to the chicken at all [Link] must be provided with artificial light to enable them
to eat at night. When open through feeders are used, refill them as frequent as possible. Fresh feed
must be mixed with the remaining feed in the trough during feeding time.

In most commercial broiler farms, tube feeders are commonly used to ensure sustained supply of feeds
to the chickens and make feeding convenient to the caretaker. Check from time to time the tube feeder
to ensure the flow of feed from the tube to the pan. Hang the tube feeder to height that will level the
brim of the pan with the back of the chickens. This will make the chicken eat more conveniently and at
the same time reduce feed wastage through breaking out of feeds from the pan.

Management Practices to Avoid Feeds Losses in Feeders;

When open though feeders are used, they should not be filled beyond one third capacity. This will be
need frequent feeding, but less feed will be waste through baking out. Also, the feed will remains fresh
and more palatable.

Use the right size of feeder for a particular age of chickens. Each feeder should have guard or lip to
prevent feed from being beaked out. Keep the brim of feeder or a particular age of chickens. Each
feeder should have guard or lip to prevent feed from being beaked out.
Give pelleted or crumble feed instead of mash feed provided that the costs is reasonable. Pellets and
crumbles are less likely to blow out from the feeders . Furthermore, crumbles and pellets are more
natural feeds for broilers. These stimulate them to eat more feeds than the feed in mash form.

Feed Additives

Feed for broilers are more formulate to contain optimum nutrient concentration to enhance growth
and better efficiency of feeds utilization at reasonable cost. To ensure the dietary nutrients are ingested,
digested, protected from destruction, absorbed and transported to the cell of the body, certain feed
additives in broiler feeds are as follows: Antifungal agents- they are used to prevent fungal growth in
stored Ingredients and mixed feeds. Molds reduce palatability and may produce mycotoxins.

Antioxidants- they are use to prevent the auto - oxidation(rancidity) of fats. Unsaturated fatty acid may
react with oxygen to reduce undesirable products with offensive odors and toxic properties and
destruction of nutrients such as fat-solubles [Link] agent- they are being used to prevent
the incidence of coccidiosis in poultry.

5. POULTRY DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Objectives

1. Explain different kinds of disease and prevention control;

2. Discuss the disinfectants for poultry farms and;

[Link] the health management tips.

Broiler production has develop into a large scale industry during the last two decades. However, there
have been constraints that hider its further development. One major problem is the prevalence of
infectious diseases because of bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and parasiyes. Loses from feed containing
mycotoxin and noninfectious diseases such as sudden death syndrome, ascitis and leg disorders which
affect chicken with the more rapid growth rate are recent problems confronting the broiler
[Link] the years, bio security measures based on disease causation and transmission mechanism
have been developed to protect the health status of the flock. With the use of effective vaccines and
continuous research, it is hoed that losses from poultry diseases will eventually be controlled and
minimize.

Vaccination

Vaccination is an effective and economic means of preventing infectious poultry disease . Vaccines are
biological products prepared from the organisms causing the [Link] vaccine are available against
most viral disease and less against bacteria infections. Live vaccines consists of living attenuated
organism capable of replicating in the chicken to induce immune response or antibody production.
Vaccinated chickens never become immunized immediately upon vaccination, but only after an interval
of time. To avoid severe vaccination reactions, only healthy chickens should be vaccinated using proper
vaccination procedure.

A vaccination program should be developed based on disease history of the area where the poultry
house is located.

Vaccination failures

Occasionally, vaccines may fail to immunize or adequately protect chickens from pathogens for follow
reasons:

▪︎Administration of vaccines that do not contains the appropriate strain or serotypes of the pathogen
causing the disease.

▪︎Decrease vaccine potency due to improper storage or handling. Already expired vaccine.

▪︎Administration of inadequate dose or poor method of vaccine administration

▪︎Presence of hight levels of maternal antibody interferes with active immunization of very young chicks.

▪︎Stress, incomplete development of immune - competence, poor nutrition, mycotoxin, presence of

concurrent immunosuppressive infection (e.g IBD, CRD, coccidiosis) tend to cause immune response to
vaccine to be less effective or incomplete

Vaccination tips

▪︎Purchase vaccine from reliable source. Use recommended strain/ type of vaccines.

▪︎Vaccines must be kept cool at all times. During transport, vaccines should be carried in the ice box

▪︎Take not of the expiry which is stamped on each packet of vaccine losses potency slowly when under
ideal conditions.

▪︎Vaccines are best stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees centigrade where they are kept cold, but not
subjected to freezing and thawing.

▪︎Follow strictly vaccination schedule and used vaccines according to manufacture's conditions.

▪︎Give the correct dose. Dosages should not be increased or decreased unnecessarily.

▪︎Only healthy chickens should be vaccinated. Do not vaccinate the flock when there is outbreak of
disease in the farm such as infectious coryza, coccidiosis or CRD.

▪︎Administer live vaccines within 1 hour after reconstitution. Keep vaccines cool during vaccination time.

▪︎Avoid unnecessary stress during vaccination time. Anti - stress supplement may be given via the
drinking water at least 2 days before and 3 days after vaccination that requires individuals handling of
chickens such as intra ocular and intranasal route of administration.
▪︎Destroy unused reconstituted live vaccine. Burn or bury empty vials/ bottles and leftover live
reconstituted vaccines.

▪︎The immune response to NCD or IBD live vaccines may be checked or monitored by the
Hemogglutination - inhibition (HI) test or ELISA,10 -14 days after each NCD or IBD VACCINATION. These
test are conducted in the most diagnostic laboratories. Revaccinate flock if the protection or antibody
titer is low.

Medication

Most viral disease of poultry can be prevented by vaccination and management procedures. However,
there are instance where the use of appropriate chemotherapeutic agents is necessary for the
prevention or treatment of some bacterial disease for which no vaccine is available.

In poultry, mass medication through the feed drinking water has been a labor saving practice. Most
chemotherapeutic agents are incorporated in the feed. However, when chickens are sick, medication via
drinking water is preferred over feed medication because sick chickens may not eat because of the in
appetence, but will continue to drink.

The commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, if administered correctly, are generally free of toxic
effects. However, the prolonged use of low level of antimicrobial agents can lead to the development of
microorganism having resistance to those agents. In general, about 5 days of medication is required for
for the successful treatment to resume bacterial disease, but sometimes there is a need to resume
treatment after 2 to 5 days to prevent the disease from resuming ita course upon withdrawal of the
[Link] for successful antimicrobial therapy include clinical diagnosis, drug sensitivity testing
to provide basis for selecting the antimicrobial drug and correct dosage and route of administration.

The continuous use of chemotherapeutic agents such as antibiotics in animals feeds also requires
adequate attention since drug residues in animals tissues could be a source of risk to human health if
the animals was slaughtered before the required withdrawal period for the drug had lapsed or in case of
failure to observed withdrawals periods. It is therefore, strongly recommended that all medications in
the feed or drinking water to be withdrawn at least 5 days prior to slaughter.

For Broilers:

▪︎Anti - stress preparations ( e.g. Antibiotic- vitamin-electrolyte supplement may be given via drinking
water during the first 3- 5 days of age , and 2 days before and 3 days after vaccination with a live virus
vaccine that requires individual handling of the chickens for administration.

▪︎Coccidiostat is given continuously with the feed from the 1st to 28th day of age. Observe proper
withdrawal period.

▪︎Anti -malaria preparations ( e.g. Pyrimethamine - sulfamonomethoxine plus vitamins) may be given in
the feed or drinking water between 10 and 14 days of age, for 2 consecutive days each week for 2 weeks
in ares where the disease is prevalent. Observe proper withdrawal period.
 Sanitation

Sanitation - is very important to the modern intensive system of poultry production where the
continuous rearing and high concentration of animals often lead to disease build up. Although
vaccination help in the development of the flocks and resistance to diseases, it is still necessary to keep
exposure to disease - causing organism to as low level as possible. Proper cleaning and disinfecting also
often provides the only effective way of breaking the cycle of infection in the farm.

Cleaning and Disinfection

▪︎Cleaning must precede disinfection since the potency of most disinfectant maybe greatly reduced by
organic matters, e.g. Dropping , dust feed accumulation.

▪︎Cleaning is best accomplished by the used of pressure hose with or without a Detergent

▪︎Disinfectants not act instantly, thus, time must be allowed for their germicidal effect. ▪︎Most
disinfectant act more effectively when applied in solution because solution penetrate to a greater
depth, thus killing more organism.

▪︎A disinfectants intended for decontamination of building should work well in the Presence of a
moderate amount of organic matter, must be compatible with soap or detergents, harmless to building
materials and relatively nontoxic to man and animals.

▪︎Objectionable or lingering odor, readily available and variety of infectious agents,

e.g. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, free from objectionable or lingering odor, readily available and
inexpensive.

Disinfectants for Poultry Farms

[Link] compounds (e.g. Cresol, orthophenyl- phenol

Indications:

▪︎Foot dips

▪︎Routine disinfection of poultry houses, premises and equipment before restocking or after an outbreak
of disease.

[Link] iodine combination / iodophore ( e.g. Povidone - iodine)

Indications:

▪︎ Final disinfection of poultry houses and equipment before restocking or after most effective on clean
surface.

[Link] ammonium compounds (e.g. Benzalkonium chloride cetypyridinium chloride)

Indications:

▪︎Final disinfection of feeders, waterers and other equipment

▪︎Effective on clean surface

▪︎Water sanitizer

[Link] ( [Link])

Indications:

▪︎Final disinfection of feeders, waterers and other equipment

▪︎Effective on clean surface

▪︎Water sanitizer

[Link] of organic acids, organic biocide and surfactants

Indications:

▪︎Final/ terminal disinfection of poultry houses and equipment before restocking.

[Link] - dimethyl ammonium chloride complex

Indications;

▪︎Routine disinfection of poultry houses, premises and equipment

▪︎Before restocking and after a disease outbreak

▪︎Wheel / foot dips

[Link] Management Tips

▪︎Raise only healthy and vigorous stocks.

▪︎Feed chicken with nutritionally balanced rations and provide fresh clean drinking water at all ties.

▪︎Implement vaccination program for prevalent diseases. Follow strictly vaccination schedule.

▪︎Provide comfortable housing with good ventilation and maintain clean surrounding.

▪︎Poultry houses must be constructed in a such a way that birds and rodents which may serve as carrier
of disease cannot enter.

▪︎Avoid overcrowding providing adequate floor space and enough feeding and watering space.
▪︎Fence the production area to provide ample protection against scavengers and stray animals which may
be vectors of disease.

▪︎If possible, practice an -all -in -all out method of operation. Clean and disinfects poultry houses after
depopulation and allow cleaned and disinfected at least 2 week rest before restocking.

Only flock men should be allowed into the broiler houses.

▪︎Provide foot dips at the entrance of poultry house to keep disease out of any house to prevent the
spread of infectious within the farm through the movement of farm personnel.

▪︎Dispose sick and dead chicken by burning or burying.

▪︎Minimize activities that will cause unnecessary stress to the chicken.

▪︎Keep honest and accurate health and production [Link] record should include
vaccination,medication and all health problems encountered in the [Link] records usually
include daily feed consumption, weight gains and mortalities. Daily evaluation of these records is
recommended.

▪︎Consult a veterinarian at the first sign of diseases in the flock. A veterinarian is in better position to
make a diagnosis, give advice on medication and other biosecurity measure to prevent spread of
infection.