Question Bank
Module 2
Part A
1. Differentiate between Lagrangian method and Eulerian method of description of
fluid motion.
2. Compare the following with equations and sketches: (i) Steady and unsteady flows,
(ii) Uniform and non-uniform flows, (iii) Laminar and Turbulent flows, (iv)
Compressible and Incompressible flows, (v) 1D, 2D and 3D flows.
3. Write the general continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates and deduce the
expression for (i) Steady flow of compressible fluid, (ii) Steady flow of
incompressible fluid, (iii) 2D unsteady flow of compressible fluid and (iv) 1D steady
flow of incompressible fluid.
4. List the various forces acting on a fluid in motion. Which are the forces considered
in Euler’s equation of motion?
5. State and write Bernoulli’s equation and define each energy term included in it.
What are the assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation?
6. Define the 3 hydraulic coefficients and write the ranges of typical values of them for
an orifice.
7. What is meant by flow obstruction meters? Give examples for pipe flow.
8. Explain flow obstruction meters in open channel flow with suitable examples.
9. State the principle of a Venturimeter and list its applications.
10. Differentiate between a Venturimeter and an Orifice meter.
11. Distinguish between notch and weir.
12. Explain the advantages of Triangular Notch over Rectangular Notch.
13. Define crest (sill) and nappe with respect to notches and weirs.
14. Define static pressure, dynamic pressure, and stagnation pressure.
15. Write a short note on Pitot tube and its principle of operation.
Part B
1. With the help of neat sketch describe the construction and working of a
Venturimeter. Write the equation to determine the discharge through a
Venturimeter.
2. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working principle of an Orifice meter. Write
the equation to determine the discharge through an Orifice meter.
3. With neat sketches explain various classification of Notches.
4. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working principle of a Rectangular Notch.
Write the equation to determine the discharge through a Rectangular Notch.
5. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working principle of a Triangular Notch.
Write the equation to determine the discharge through a Triangular Notch.
6. Explain the working of a Pitot–static tube with a neat sketch.
7. In a smooth pipe of uniform diameter (25 cm), the pressure at Section 1 is 50 kPa
and its elevation is 10 m. At another point, Section 2, the elevation is 12 m, the
pressure is 20 kPa, and the velocity of flow is 1.25 m/s. Water is flowing through the
pipe. Determine the direction of flow and the head loss between Sections 1 and 2.
8. A siphon pipe of 15 cm diameter is used to drain kerosene (relative density = 0.80)
from a tank. The outlet of the siphon discharges to the atmosphere at an elevation
of 2 m. The kerosene free surface in the tank is at an elevation of 4 m. The highest
point of the siphon (summit) is located at an elevation of 5.50 m. Estimate:(i) the
rate of discharge, and(ii) the pressure in the siphon pipe at the summit point. The
losses in the pipe may be taken as 0.5 m up to the summit and 1.2 m from the summit
to the outlet.
9. A pipe 300 meters long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers from 1 m diameter at the
high end to 0.5 meter at the low end. Quantity of water flowing is 5400 liters per
minute. If the pressure at the high end is 70 kPa, find the pressure at the low end.
Also determine the velocity and pressure at the mid-section of the pipe.
10. A venturimeter is installed in a 300 mm diameter horizontal pipeline carries water.
The throat diameter is 1/3rd of pipe diameter. The pressure in the pipeline is 13.8
N/cm2 (gauge) and vacuum in the throat is 37.5 cm of Hg. Determine the rate of flow
of water in the pipeline. Take Cd = 0.98
11. A venturimeter having an inlet diameter of 200 mm and a throat diameter of 100
mm is installed horizontally to measure the discharge of oil with a specific gravity of
0.8. The differential manometer connected to the venturimeter shows a difference
in mercury levels of 180 mm. During the experiment, 11,520 kg of oil is collected in
4 minutes. Determine the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter.
12. Determine the maximum discharge of water that can be conveyed without cavitation
through a horizontal venturimeter having an inlet diameter of 150 mm and a throat
diameter of 75 mm. The venturimeter has a coefficient of discharge of 0.96. The inlet
pressure is 10 kPa (gauge), the vapor pressure of water is 4 kPa (absolute), and the
local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
13. A venturimeter is to be installed in a pipe of 250 mm diameter. The available
pressure head of the flowing liquid is 3.6 m(gauge), and the maximum discharge
through the pipe is 8.14 m³/min. Determine the minimum diameter of the throat
such that the pressure at the throat does not fall below atmospheric pressure (i.e.,
vacuum is not formed). Assume the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter as
0.97.
14. A pipe carrying water has a 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter which is positioned inclined
at 30˚ to the horizontal. The flow is upwards. The converging cone is 45 cm in length
and the coefficient of discharge of the meter is 0.98. A differential U-tube manometer
with mercury as indicating fluid is connected to the inlet and to the throat and shows
a differential column height of 30 cm. (i) Calculate the discharge in the pipe. (ii) If
the pressure at inlet section is 50 KPa, determine the pressure at the throat.
15. An orifice meter with an orifice diameter of 15 cm is installed in a pipe of 30 cm
diameter. Pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter
indicate readings of 14.715 N/cm² and 9.81 N/cm², respectively. The coefficient of
discharge for the orifice meter is Cd=0.6C_d = 0.6Cd=0.6. Determine the rate of flow
of water through the pipe in litres per second.