ROCKS
RINO MARIYAM
WHAT IS GOING TO STUDY?
ROCKS
• Types
• Characteristics
METAMORPHISM
• types
• foliation
• Banding
ROCK CYCLE
ROCKS
PETROLOGY – Study of rocks
3 TYPES
• Igneous rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
• Metamorphic rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Known as primary rocks.
• Means fire.
• formed due to solidification of lava or magma.
• normally crystalline.
• Non fossiliferous.
• Granite, gabbro, basalt, are some of the examples
• There are three types of igneous rocks based on place and
time taken in cooling of the molten matter
1. plutonic rocks
2. volcanic rocks
3. intermediate rocks.
1. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS (PLUTONIC ROCKS)
• If magma cools slowly at great depths, mineral grains
formed in the rocks may be very large.
• Such rocks are called intrusive rocks or plutonic rocks
(e.g. Granite).
• These rocks appear on the surface only after being
uplifted and denuded.
2. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS (LAVA OR VOLCANIC
ROCKS)
• Sudden cooling of magma just below the surface or lava
above the surface results in small and smooth grains in
rocks
• Such rocks are called extrusive rocks or volcanic rocks
(e.g. Basalt).
3. DYKE ROCKS OR INTERMEDIATE ROCKS
• These rocks occupy an intermediate position between
the deep-seated plutonic bodies and the surface lava
flows.
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
On the basis of silica content
1. Acidic igneous rocks . E.g. Granite
2. Basic igneous rocks.
E.g -Gabbro, dolerite, basalt.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Formed from sediments accumulated over long
periods.
• Formed due to lithification of soil
• Formed layers
• It have fossil contents
• Non crystalline in nature
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN AND
COMPOSITION
1. Mechanically formed: sandstone, limestone,
conglomerate
2 . Chemically formed: chert , potash , limestone
3. Organically formed: lime stone , chalk, coal etc.
Mechanically Formed Sedimentary Rocks
• They are formed by mechanical agents like
running water, wind, ocean currents, ice, etc.
Chemically Formed Sedimentary Rocks
• Water containing minerals evaporate at the mouth of
springs or salt lakes and give rise to Stalactites and
stalagmites (deposits of lime left over by the lime-mixed
water as it evaporates in the underground caves).
Organically Formed Sedimentary Rocks
• The remains of plants and animals are buried under
sediments, and due to heat and pressure from overlying
layers, their composition changes.
• Coal and limestone are well-known examples.
• Depending on the predominance of calcium content or the
carbon content, sedimentary rocks may be
calcareous (limestone, chalk,
dolomite) or carbonaceous (coal).
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic means changes in forms
• These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume &
temperature changes
• No fossils
• Crystalline in nature
• Seen in layers
• Foliation and lineation processes are associated with
metamorphism
Types of metamorphism based on the cause
1. Dynamic metamorphism
2. Thermal metamorphism
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM BASED ON THE CAUSE
[Link] METAMORPHISM
Mechanical disruption and reorganisation of the
original minerals within rocks due to breaking and
crushing without any appreciable chemical changes is
called dynamic metamorphism
2. THERMAL METAMORPHISM
The process in which materials of rocks chemically
alter and recrystallise due to temperature changes
Thermal metamorphism again divided into 2
1. Contact metamorphism
2. Regional metamorphism
1. Contact metamorphism
In contact metamorphism the rocks come in contact
with hot intruding magma and lava and the rock
materials recrystallise under high temperature
2. Regional metamorphism
In which rocks undergo recrystallisation due to
deformation caused by tectonic shearing together with
high temperature & pressure
Generally happens in plate boundaries.
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHISM
• Granite gneiss
• Lime stone marble
• Sandstone quartzite
• Clay slate
• Slate Schist
FOLIATION OR LINEATION
• In the process of metamorphism in some rock grains or
minerals get arranged in layers or lines such an
arrangement in metamorphic rocks are known as
foliation or lineation.
BANDED ROCKS
• Sometimes minerals or materials of
different groups are arranged into
alternative thin to thick layers
appearing light and dark shades is
called banding.
• Rocks which displaying banding are
called banded rocks.
• Identify the statement which is/are not correct.
1. Igneous rocks are volcanic in type, hence no fossils.
2. Granite and Basalt are examples of igneous rocks.
3. Igneous rocks are primary rocks formed on the earth.
4. Igneous rocks have layered structure.
Codes :
a) 2 only b) Both 1 and 4
c) 4 only d) None of the above
• Which of the following rock is called primary rocks?
a) Metamorphic rocks
b) Sedimentary rocks
c) Igneous rocks
d) Stratified rocks
• Sandstone is an example of :
a) Metamorphic rock
b) Igneous rock
c) Sedimentary rock
d) None of the above
Consider the following statements on sedimentary rocks :
1. They contain fossils and remnants.
2. These rocks are very soft.
3. They are made of many layers.
Identify the correct statement(s)
a) 1 and 2 are correct
b) 1 and 3 are correct
c) 2 and 3 are correct
d) All are correct
• Which of the following types of rocks correctly
matches with their example?
1. Igneous rock - Basalt
2. Sedimentary rock – Slate
3. Metamorphic rock – Marble
a) Only 1 & 2 are correct
b) Only 1 & 3 are correct
c) Only 2 & 3 are correct
d) Only 1 is correct
• Consider the following statements regarding
sedimentary rocks.
[Link] are crystalline in nature
2. It is formed in layers
3. Fossiliferous in nature
Choose the correct answer
a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
THANK YOU