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Note 1

Official MTO Driver's Handbook Overview

The handbook serves as a guide; for official laws, refer to the Highway Traffic Act and
other related acts.
If taking beginner driver education, choose a ministry-approved school.
For driver licensing information, visit the official MTO website.
Contact information for requesting the handbook in alternate formats is provided.
It is emphasized that driving is a privilege, not a right.

Note 2

Introduction to Road Safety in Ontario

Ontario is recognized as a road safety leader in Canada and North America.
Key causes of collisions include:
Driver error (e.g., speeding, improper turns).
Reckless behavior (e.g., running red lights).
New drivers are statistically more likely to be involved in serious accidents compared to
experienced drivers.
Initiatives such as the Graduated Licensing System (GLS) aim to enhance driver skills and
safety.

Note 3

Contents Overview of the Handbook

Part 1 covers:
Introduction to driving and licensing.
Safe and responsible driving practices.
Sharing the road with other users.
Traffic signs and lights.
Part 2 focuses on off-road vehicles.
The handbook includes a glossary and index for quick reference.

Note 4

Getting Your Driver's Licence

To obtain a driver's licence in Ontario:
Must be at least 16 years old.
Must pass a vision test and a knowledge test.
New residents can use their existing licence for 60 days before applying for an Ontario
licence.
Visitors must have a valid licence and may need an international driver's permit if staying
 longer than 3 months.
The Graduated Licensing System involves two levels (G1 and G2) before receiving a full G
licence.

Note 5

Driver's Licence Classification

Ontario has 12 classes of licences, matching the vehicle type:
Class G for cars, vans, small trucks.
Class M for motorcycles without needing a Class G first.
The Driver's Licence Classification Chart helps determine the required licence class for
various vehicles.

Note 6

Proof of Signature Documents

To verify your signature, the following documents are acceptable:
Driver's License (Canadian and U.S. only)
Identity Card with signature (issued by Canadian province/territory or U.S. state authority)
Canadian Certificate of Indian Status
Ontario Student Card with signature
Ontario Health Card with applicant's signature (note: health number will not be recorded)
If additional documents do not indicate the applicant's legal name, they must provide further
proof such as:
Marriage Certificate (Canadian or foreign, government-issued)
Change-of-Name Certificate
Court Order for adoption, name change, or divorce (must include legal name, date of birth,
and court seal)
For confirming complete date of birth where partial information is available:
A sworn affidavit stating the reason for partial or no date, accompanied by supporting
documents.
Contact ServiceOntario for more information at (416) 235-2999 or toll-free at 1-800-387-3445
(Canada-wide). Note: Direct identification by a guardian is not acceptable.

Note 7

Graduated Licensing Requirements - Level One (Class G1)

Level One (Class G1) lasts for 12 months. New drivers are encouraged to take an approved
driver-education course. Successful completion can reduce this to 8 months. Rules include:
Zero Blood-Alcohol Level: Must not drive after consuming alcohol.
Accompanying Driver: Must sit in the front passenger seat with a valid Class G (or higher)
license and at least 4 years of experience.
Seatbelts: Every occupant must wear a seatbelt.
Driving Restrictions:
No driving on 400-series highways with speed limits over 80 km/h.
 Specific high-speed roads are off-limits unless accompanied by a driving instructor.
Night Driving: Not permitted between midnight and 5 a.m.
To advance to Level Two, a road test must be passed.

Note 8

Graduated Licensing Requirements - Level Two (Class G2)

Level Two (Class G2) lasts at least 12 months and offers more privileges due to experience.
Rules include:
Zero Blood-Alcohol Level: Must not drive after consuming alcohol.
Seatbelts: Every occupant must wear a seatbelt.
Passenger Restrictions:
For drivers aged 19 and under, only one passenger aged 19 or under for the first six
months.
After six months, can carry up to three passengers aged 19 or under, unless accompanied
by a fully licensed driver.
After 12 months, drivers can take a road test for full Class G privileges.
Note: All young drivers aged 21 and under must maintain a zero blood-alcohol level.

Note 9

Road Test Guidelines

Road Tests assess driving skills in traffic. Key points include:
Scheduling: Appointments can be made online, by phone, or in-person. Bring the
appropriate vehicle that is fit, plated, and insured.
Accompanying Driver: A Level One driver must have an accompanying driver; Level Two
drivers should prepare for alternate transport if they fail.
Test Conditions: No passengers (except the examiner) are allowed during the test. Driving
aids (like automatic parking) cannot be used.
Duration: Examiners will inform about the time limit for the test.
Feedback: After the test, a report detailing performance and areas for improvement will be
provided. A minimum of 10 days must be waited before retaking a failed test.

Note 10

Failure to Attend or Cancel Road Test

If you cancel or reschedule your road test with less than 48 hours' notice, or fail to attend,
your prepaid fee will not be refunded. Exceptions apply only under certain extenuating
circumstances, preserving the fee as a credit on your driving record.
Out-of-Order Road Test: If the examiner determines that the test cannot proceed due to
vehicle standards or other reasons, it will be declared out-of-order. In this case, you lose 50%
of your fee, which remains as a credit. You must pay the remaining 50% for rescheduling the
test.
Note 11

Driver's Licence Exchange Information

New Ontario Residents: Valid driver's licenses from other provinces or countries can be used
for 60 days. To continue driving, an Ontario driver's license must be obtained.
Licence Exchange for Reciprocal Jurisdictions: Agreements with several countries allow
drivers to obtain a Class G license if they have equivalent experience. For those with less
than 2 years of experience, they may enter Level Two of the graduated licensing system.
Non-Reciprocating Jurisdictions: Applicants must present a valid foreign license, pass tests,
and provide proof of identity. They can obtain a G1 license and may take the exit test after 12
months of combined experience.

Note 12

Preparation for Written and Road Tests

The remaining sections of the handbook provide crucial information for passing tests and
maintaining driving privileges. The written test may cover topics such as:
Traffic Laws: Seatbelts, traffic signs, emergency vehicles, speed limits, and collision
reporting.
Road Tests: Test practical application of knowledge including starting, stopping, turning,
and safe driving practices.
Ensure to study the handbook thoroughly prior to the tests. Sample questions are available
on page 149.

Note 13

Choosing a Driving School

Selecting a professional driving school can significantly enhance your driving skills. Key
features to look for in a Beginner Driver Education (BOE) course include:
Government Approval: Ensure the school is approved and offers a minimum of 40 hours of
instruction (20 hours in-class, 10 hours in-vehicle, 10 hours flexible).
Instructor Qualifications: All instructors must be licensed and offer quality training.
Facilities: Check for modern equipment and a conducive learning environment.
Course Content: Look for comprehensive coverage of driving topics and flexible
instruction.
Consumer Protection: Ensure a clear contract detailing all costs and services.
A quality driving school can help you get your road test sooner and may reduce insurance
premiums.

Note 14

Safe and Responsible Driving

Always check your mirrors every five seconds to maintain awareness of your surroundings.
 Look farther ahead to identify potential hazards early, allowing time to react.
Use signal lights to communicate your intentions to other drivers.
Maintain a cushion of space around your vehicle to see and avoid collisions effectively.
Make eye contact with pedestrians and cyclists at intersections to ensure they see you.

Note 15

Getting Ready to Drive

Assess your physical and mental condition before driving; if unsure, do not drive.
Avoid driving when sick, fatigued, or under the influence of drugs or alcohol, as these
impair your ability to drive safely.
Understand your vehicle's features including braking, steering, and safety systems.
Familiarize yourself with all controls and warning lights in your vehicle to ensure safe
operation.

Note 16

Proper Seating Position

Sit high enough to see over the steering wheel and hood; you should see the ground four
meters in front of the vehicle.
Ensure your elbows are slightly bent and your feet can easily reach the pedals.
Adjust the headrest so it aligns with the back of your head for protection during a collision.

Note 17

Blind Spots and Mirror Adjustment

Identify and adjust your mirrors to minimize blind spots; check blind spots by turning your
head to look.
Properly position your interior and exterior mirrors for maximum visibility, ensuring you can
see directly behind and alongside your vehicle.
Regularly check for blind spots, especially near large vehicles, which have larger areas of
invisibility.

Note 18

Seatbelt Usage and Child Safety

Always wear your seatbelt; it significantly increases your chances of surviving a collision.
Ensure all passengers, especially children under 16, are securely buckled in appropriate
seats.
Follow the manufacturer's instructions for child car seats and booster seats to ensure
proper installation and safety.
Children should not sit in front of active airbags; the safest position is in the back seat.
Note 19

Lighting System Requirements

Use headlights at night and during poor weather conditions to enhance visibility.
Ensure your headlights are functioning properly and are aimed correctly; check regularly
for burned-out bulbs.
Daytime running lights are not a substitute for headlights in low visibility conditions; use
headlights when necessary.

Note 20

Driving Awareness and Defensive Driving

Maintain awareness of traffic by routinely checking mirrors and blind spots.
Be especially cautious during dawn and dusk due to changing light conditions.
Anticipate the movements of other drivers and maintain a safe distance to react to
unexpected situations.

Note 21

Steering and Signaling

Steering: Always steer smoothly and maintain both hands on the wheel whenever possible.
Picture the steering wheel as a clock with hands at 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock.
Turn Signals and Brake Lights: Use them to communicate your intentions to other drivers.
Signal before stopping, turning, or changing lanes.
Make sure the way is clear before acting on your signals.
If signals are malfunctioning, use hand and arm signals (illustrated in previous material).
Lane Positioning: Keep to the right side of the road unless turning left or passing another
vehicle.

Note 22

Following Distance and Speed Limits

Two-Second Rule: Maintain at least a two-second distance from the vehicle ahead.
Steps to measure:
1. Identify a marker on the road ahead (e.g., sign).
1. Count "one thousand and one, one thousand and two" after the rear of the vehicle ahead
passes the marker.
1. If you reach the marker before completing the count, you are following too closely.
Speed Limits: Always obey posted speed limits and adjust speed for conditions (e.g., bad
weather).
Maximum speeds: 50 km/h in urban areas, 80 km/h elsewhere.
 Cruise Control: Can improve fuel economy but should not be used in adverse conditions or
heavy traffic.

Note 23

Obeying Police and Maintaining Space

Obeying Police Directions: Always follow police signals, regardless of traffic lights.
If signaled to pull over, stop safely to the right and remain in your vehicle.
Be prepared to provide your driver’s license and vehicle documents promptly.
Maintaining Space: Keep a safe distance from other vehicles to allow for sudden stops
and visibility.
Avoid blocking traffic and ensure you can see around vehicles ahead.

Note 24

Sharing the Road with Other Users

Pedestrians: Yield to pedestrians and ensure they are seen before proceeding.
Watch for children, especially in school zones and residential areas.
Maintain eye contact with pedestrians when possible.
Cyclists: Keep a safe distance (at least one metre) when passing. Watch for cyclists' hand
signals and maintain caution at intersections.
Be aware that cyclists may use the full lane if necessary for safety.
Large Vehicles: Understand the limitations of large commercial vehicles, including blind
spots and longer stopping distances.
Maintain adequate space when passing and do not cut in front of large vehicles.

Note 25

Special Considerations for Various Road Users

Bus Stops: Yield to buses leaving bus bays and watch for passengers boarding or
disembarking.
Farm Machinery: These vehicles move slowly and may not always be visible. Watch for
slow-moving signs and do not attempt to pass until it’s safe.
Horse-Drawn Vehicles: These vehicles are slow and often display slow-moving vehicle
signs. Maintain a safe distance and pass carefully to avoid startling the horse.

Note 26

Summary of Key Points

Importance of smooth steering and proper signaling to ensure safety on the road.
Understanding and implementing the two-second rule for following distance.
Adhering to speed limits and adjusting speeds based on conditions.
 Responsibilities of drivers when interacting with pedestrians, cyclists, and larger vehicles.

Note 27

Driving Through Intersections

Always be alert when approaching intersections, looking out for:
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Other motor vehicles
Traffic control devices (yield signs, stop signs, traffic lights)
Controlled Intersections:
Have traffic lights or signs (Diagram 2-19).
Green Light: Proceed with caution but be prepared to stop if it turns yellow.
Red Light: Come to a complete stop.
Yield Sign: Slow down or stop if necessary; proceed only when clear.
Stop Sign: Come to a complete stop and drive through only when the way is clear.
Uncontrolled Intersections:
No signs or traffic lights; caution is essential.
If two vehicles arrive simultaneously, the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the
right.
Yielding the Right-of-Way:
At uncontrolled intersections, yield to vehicles approaching before you.
At intersections with stop signs, the first vehicle to stop has the right-of-way.
Yield when turning left or right, waiting for pedestrians and traffic.
When entering a road from a private road or driveway, yield to vehicles and pedestrians.

Note 28

Stopping at Railway Crossings

All public railway crossings in Ontario are marked with large red and white "X" signs.
Be prepared to stop at crossings with warning signs.
Key Points When Approaching a Railway Crossing:
Slow Down: Always look both ways before crossing.
Stop: At least five metres from the nearest rail or gate if a train is coming.
Never Race a Train: Avoid attempting to beat a train to a crossing.
Signal Lights and Gates:
Wait until flashing lights stop and gates rise before crossing.
Do not drive around gates that are down or in motion.
Avoid Stopping on Tracks: Ensure you have enough space to cross completely before
proceeding.
Public Vehicles: Buses must stop at crossings not protected by signals or gates.
If Stranded on Tracks: Evacuate the vehicle immediately and move to safety.

Note 29
Stopping for School Buses and Crossings
School Buses:
Must stop whenever approaching a bus with flashing red lights.
When approaching from the front, stop at a safe distance.
From behind, stop at least 20 metres away.
Vehicles on a road with a median strip only need to stop from behind the bus.
School Bus Laws:
Applicable at any time, not just during school hours.
Stop Sign Arm: Must remain stopped until it folds away and lights stop flashing.
Failing to stop can result in fines and demerit points.
Stopping for Pedestrian Crossovers:
Designated areas for pedestrians to cross; yield right-of-way to them.
Drivers must not pass vehicles within 30 metres of a crossover.

Note 30

Changing Directions and Turns

Before Turning:
Always check mirrors and blind spots to ensure the way is clear.
Turning a Corner:
Signal well in advance and ensure the road is clear before turning.
Use hand-over-hand steering for sharp turns.
Avoid braking and steering simultaneously.
Right Turns:
Begin and end close to the right side unless marked otherwise.
You may turn right on a red light after stopping and ensuring it's clear.
Left Turns:
Begin and end in the far left lane unless marked otherwise.
Wait until the way is completely clear before turning.
When two vehicles turn left from opposite directions, yield to pedestrians and vehicles.
Special Left Turn Lanes:
Use marked lanes for left turns and follow the rules for two-way left-turn lanes.
Do not use left-turn lanes for passing.
Roundabouts:
Yield to traffic already in the roundabout.
Enter when there's an adequate gap and always travel counter-clockwise.
Do not change lanes while inside the roundabout.

Note 31

Exiting a Roundabout
Signal your exit: Always signal before exiting and be vigilant for pedestrians.
Maintain your lane: Stay in the lane you entered from; left lane to left, right lane to right.
Maintain your position: Keep your position relative to other vehicles.
Signal intent to exit: After passing the exit before yours, use your right signal.
Left lane exit: Watch for vehicles on the right when exiting from the left lane, as they may
continue to circulate.
 Consider large vehicles: Allow extra space for large vehicles (trucks/buses) that may
swing wide.
Emergency vehicles: If in a roundabout during an emergency vehicle's approach, exit first,
then pull over; if not yet entered, pull to the right and wait.
Large vehicles: They may need to use the full width of the roadway; give them ample room.
Traffic circles vs. roundabouts: Older circles allow higher speeds and force merging;
roundabouts have a smaller diameter and use splitter islands to slow traffic and protect
pedestrians.

Note 32

Backing Up
Move slowly: Always check that the way is clear before backing up.
Look for pedestrians: Be especially cautious of children and cyclists.
Position your body: When reversing, turn your body to look over your shoulder in the
direction of movement.
For straight back or right: look over your right shoulder.
For left: look over your left shoulder.
Check opposite shoulder: Always check the opposite shoulder as well.
Legal restrictions: It is illegal to reverse on roads with a speed limit over 80 km/h, except in
emergencies.
Seatbelt rule: You can unbuckle your seatbelt to see better while reversing but must buckle
it back before driving forward.

Note 33

Turning Around
Methods: If you miss a turn, the safest method is to drive around the block.
U-turn: Ensure no signs prohibit it, check visibility in both directions, and do not execute on
curves, near crossings, or obstructions.
Three-point turn: Necessary on narrow roads; start from the far right side, signal left, and
proceed when clear.
Turn sharply left to curb, then reverse while signaling right, and finally move forward when
clear again.

Note 34

Summary of Safe Driving Practices

Turning at intersections: Know how to turn left or right properly.
One-way streets: Understand rules for turns onto and from one-way streets.
Roundabouts: Familiarize yourself with navigating roundabouts.
Back-up maneuvers: Know where to look and how to maneuver safely when backing up.
Turning around: Learn methods like U-turns and three-point turns for changing directions.
Note 35

Changing Positions on the Road

Changing lanes: This is necessary for overtaking, avoiding obstacles, or responding to
traffic conditions.
Signaling: Always signal before changing lanes and check mirrors and blind spots.
Steps for lane changing:
1. Check mirrors for safe space.
1. Check blind spots, especially for small vehicles.
1. Signal intention.
1. Ensure clear path and change lanes smoothly without sudden movements.
Passing vehicles: Ensure safe overtaking by checking surroundings and signaling
appropriately.
Restrictions on passing: Do not pass near pedestrian crossovers, bridges, or when visibility
is obstructed.
Special considerations: Be cautious when passing at night and near bicycles or
motorcycles, and always yield to faster traffic when safe.

Note 36

Parking Regulations
General rules: Always obey local parking signs; rules can vary significantly.
Prohibited areas: Never park on the traveled part of the road or in areas that obstruct
visibility.
Specific distances:
Do not park within three meters of a fire hydrant or within 15 meters of traffic lights.
Maintain a distance of nine meters from intersections.
Avoid parking near railway crossings and in ways that block traffic or snow removal.
Door safety: Use the Dutch reach method when opening your door to avoid cyclists.
Accessible Parking Permit: This permit allows designated parking for individuals with
disabilities and is issued under specific conditions.

Note 37

Parallel Parking
Definition: Parallel parking means parking a vehicle with its wheels parallel to the curb or
side of the road.
General Rules:
Park parallel to the curb on roads where parking is allowed, unless otherwise indicated by
signs.
On one-way roads, you can parallel park on both sides unless there are restrictions.
Steps to Parallel Park:
1. Find a space about one and a half times longer than your vehicle.
1. Check traffic beside and behind you; signal your intention to pull over.
1. Align your vehicle parallel to the vehicle ahead of the empty space, leaving a meter
between them.
1. Slowly back into the space, turning the steering wheel fully towards the curb.
1. Once the rear corner of your vehicle is clear, straighten your wheels and continue reversing.
1. Shift into park or reverse gear if applicable, turn off the engine, and check for traffic before
opening your door.
1. Lock your vehicle once parked.
Source Pages: [70, 71]

Note 38

Parking on a Hill
Downhill Parking:
Turn your front wheels towards the curb or right shoulder to prevent rolling into traffic if
brakes disengage.
Uphill Parking with Curb:
Turn the wheels left towards the road; this will catch the curb if the vehicle rolls backward.
Uphill Parking without Curb:
Turn the wheels sharply to the right. If the vehicle rolls, it will go off the road instead of into
traffic.
Always:
Set the parking brake and shift into park (or first/reverse gear for manual transmissions).
Turn off the engine and remove the key.
Check for traffic before opening your door and lock your vehicle.
Source Pages: [71]

Note 39

Roadside Stop Procedures

Stopping by the Roadside:
1. Check mirrors and blind spots before slowing down.
1. Signal your intention to stop unless vehicles are waiting to enter the road from side roads.
1. Steer to the side of the road and stop parallel to the curb, within about 30 centimeters.
1. Turn off your signal and activate hazard lights.
1. For automatic transmissions, put the gear selector in park and set the parking brake.
1. For manual transmissions, set the parking brake and shift into neutral (or low/reverse if
turning off).
Pulling Out from a Roadside Stop:
1. Release the parking brake and move the gear selector to drive or shift into first gear.
1. Turn off hazard lights and signal left.
1. Before pulling away, check mirrors and blind spots.
1. Accelerate smoothly to blend with traffic; in light traffic, accelerate moderately.
1. Turn off the left-turn signal once back on the road.
Source Pages: [72, 73, 74, 75, 76]

Note 40
Freeway Driving Basics
Freeway driving requires understanding of road signs and regulations.
Identify the entrance ramp, which consists of an entrance ramp and an acceleration lane
to match speed with freeway traffic.
Signal and increase speed to merge smoothly into traffic.
Some entrance ramps may join on the left, entering the fastest lane first.
Freeway drivers should move over if safe to allow merging vehicles.

Note 41

Driving on the Freeway

Maintain a steady speed and stay alert, scanning the road 15-20 seconds ahead.
Keep to the right lanes for normal driving; use left lanes primarily for passing.
Avoid cutting off vehicles when changing lanes, especially larger vehicles that block
visibility.
Use the far left lane only for passing slower traffic, then return to the right.
Be aware of signs indicating exits well in advance and signal when moving into
deceleration lanes.

Note 42

High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes

HOV lanes are designated for vehicles with a minimum number of passengers, promoting
carpooling and reducing vehicle emissions.
These lanes are available 24/7 and can lead to faster travel times.
Certain vehicles, like buses and emergency vehicles, are exempt from passenger
requirements.
It is illegal to cross the striped buffer separating HOV lanes from general traffic lanes.
Commercial vehicles must adhere to specific occupancy and size restrictions to use HOV
lanes.

Note 43

Dealing with Aggressive Driving and Road Rage

Aggressive driving can escalate to road rage, which is dangerous for all.
Tips to manage stress while driving include:
Take breaks on long trips.
Avoid competing with other drivers.
Stay calm and don’t take other drivers' actions personally.
Yield the right-of-way when possible and be polite to other drivers.
If feeling threatened, stay in your vehicle and contact authorities.

Note 44
Animal Crossings and Road Safety
Crashes involving animals, particularly moose and deer, are on the rise.
Drivers should be vigilant, especially in areas marked with animal crossing signs.
To reduce animal collisions:
Slow down in low-visibility conditions (darkness, rain, fog).
Stay alert for animals, especially during dusk and dawn.
If an animal is spotted, do not drive around it as their movements are unpredictable.

Note 45

Distracted Driving Laws

Distracted driving laws prohibit the use of hand-held devices while driving, including
texting or dialing.
Hands-free devices are allowed, and GPS can be used if securely mounted.
Other distractions such as eating, grooming, or reaching for objects can still lead to
charges of careless driving.
It is crucial to focus entirely on driving without engaging in secondary activities.

Note 46

Reducing Distractions while Driving

Plan your route before leaving to minimize distractions.
Set vehicle settings such as climate control and audio before starting your journey.
Avoid using your cell phone while driving; pull over to safely use it or let a passenger take
the call.
Store reading materials in the trunk to avoid temptation.
Refrain from emotional conversations as they can impair your focus on driving.
Take breaks when hungry or thirsty to maintain alertness.
Stay focused on driving to prevent collisions, as even a split-second distraction can be
dangerous.
Use apps to block incoming calls/texts or send automatic replies while driving.
If you must respond to calls or texts, pull over to a safe area first.

Note 47

The Dangers of Distracted Driving

Approximately 100 fatalities and 16,000 injuries occur annually in Ontario due to
distracted driving.
Vulnerable road users, like pedestrians and cyclists, account for 25% of these deaths.
Young drivers (ages 16-25) are the most likely to drive distracted.
Texting or using a phone while driving can increase crash risk by 10 times.
Studies show distracted drivers may travel 28 meters further before reacting to hazards
compared to attentive drivers.
Note 48

Legal Consequences of Using Cell Phones while Driving

Fines and penalties are imposed for using handheld cell phones while driving.
Even with driver-assistance features, you can be charged with distracted or careless
driving.
Always be in care and control of your vehicle, constantly monitoring the driving
environment.
Best practice is to park safely to use a phone or use hands-free options if necessary.
Police can charge drivers with careless or dangerous driving if they are not fully attentive
to the driving task.

Note 49

Responding to Emergency Vehicles

When an emergency vehicle approaches, immediately stop and pull over to the right-hand
curb or edge of the roadway.
Use signals to indicate your intentions and check mirrors to ensure safe pulling over.
Do not stop on the shoulder of the roadway, as emergency vehicles may use it to pass.
If you’re in an intersection when an emergency vehicle approaches, abandon your turn and
clear the intersection.
It is illegal to follow within 150 meters of a responding fire vehicle.

Note 50

Driving in Low Visibility Conditions (Night/Fog/Rain)

Night driving: Slow down and avoid overdriving your headlights, which can lead to
dangerous situations.
Glare: Use low-beam headlights when approaching oncoming vehicles to reduce glare and
enhance visibility.
Fog: Avoid driving in fog when possible; if caught, use low-beam headlights and drive
cautiously.
Rain: Wet roads can cause hydroplaning; ensure good tire condition and increase following
distance.
Always check weather forecasts before driving and adjust your speed and driving habits
accordingly to maintain safety.

Note 51

Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS)

ABS Functionality: Designed to sense wheel speed; reduces brake force to prevent wheel
 lock and tire skid.
Improved Safety: Enhances vehicle safety during heavy braking or poor traction conditions.
Stopping Distance: ABS does not shorten stopping distance; drivers should be aware of
this.
Pedal Pulsations: Drivers may feel pulsations in the brake pedal during hard braking; this is
normal and should not distract.
Threshold Braking Technique: 1. Brake hard until a wheel locks; 2. Release pressure
slightly to prevent skidding; 3. Reapply brake force without pumping.
Control on Slippery Surfaces: With ABS, press brake hard and allow the system to control
wheel lock-up.

Note 52

Driving in Snow and Ice

Snow Conditions: Be aware of different types of snow (hard-packed, rutted, or soft) and
adjust speed accordingly.
Whiteouts: Avoid driving during severe blowing snow; visibility can drop to near zero.
Ice Awareness: Watch for black ice, particularly on shaded areas, bridges, and overpasses.
Slow down if road appears shiny.
Snow Plows: Recognize the flashing blue lights on snow-removal vehicles; do not attempt
to pass between them as it is dangerous.

Note 53

Tips for Driving in Blowing Snow and Whiteouts

Before Driving: Check weather forecasts and road conditions; delay your trip if poor
conditions are reported.
Driving Tips:
DO: Slow down gradually, use low-beam headlights, increase following distance, stay alert,
and reduce distractions.
DON'T: Stop on the travelled portion of the road or attempt to pass slowly moving vehicles.
Safety Reminders: Monitor speed, leave a safe braking distance, remain calm, and if
visibility decreases rapidly, find a safe area to pull off the road.

Note 54

Emergency Situations While Driving

Brakes Fail: Try pumping the brake pedal or gently apply the parking brake. Do not drive
away after stopping; call for help.
Gas Pedal Sticks: Lift the pedal with your foot, shift to neutral, and safely stop. Turn off the
ignition and call for help.
Headlights Go Out: Check switch; if they remain off, use hazard lights and stop safely off
the road.
Freeway Trouble: Pull over at the first sign of trouble, activate hazard lights, and stay in the
vehicle until assistance arrives.
 Tire Blowout: Slow down without heavy braking and steer towards your desired direction to
stop safely.

Note 55

Collisions and Reporting

Injuries in Collision: Call for help, turn off engines, set up warning signals, and do not let
anyone smoke near vehicles, especially if fuel leaks are suspected.
No Injuries: Move vehicles off the road if drivable, report to the police if necessary, and
exchange information. Take photos of the scene if safe to do so.
Insurance: Contact your insurance company promptly if intending to make a claim after a
collision.

Note 56

Driving Efficiently and Environmentally

Pollutants from Vehicles: Gasoline and diesel vehicles emit pollutants contributing to
respiratory ailments and global warming.
Driving Suggestions:
Before Driving: Combine errands, avoid rush hours, and consider alternatives like walking,
cycling, or public transit.
While Driving: Avoid unnecessary starts, turn off the engine if parked, obey speed limits,
and maintain vehicle aerodynamics.
Regular Maintenance: Keep the engine tuned, check for leaks, and maintain proper tire
inflation to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency.

Note 57

Safety Practices on the Road

Safe Driving Tips: 1. Don’t drink and drive; 2. Always wear seatbelts; 3. Obey speed limits
and slow down in poor conditions; 4. Avoid risky driving behaviors; 5. Don’t drive when tired
or unwell.
Following Distance: Maintain at least a two-second gap between vehicles.
Check Blind Spots: Always check mirrors and look over your shoulder before changing
lanes.

Note 58

Yield Sign
A yield sign is a triangle with a white background and a red border.
It indicates that you must let traffic in the intersection or close to it go first.
Stop if necessary and proceed only when the way is clear.
Note 59

Railway Crossing Sign

The railway crossing sign is X-shaped with a white background and red outline.
It warns that railway tracks cross the road.
Drivers should slow down and look both ways for trains, being prepared to stop.

Note 60

Types of Traffic Signs

There are four main types of traffic signs:
1. Regulatory signs: Must be obeyed. Typically rectangular or square with black, white, or
colored letters.
1. Warning signs: Indicate potential hazards or unusual conditions.
1. Temporary condition signs: Warn of temporary changes like road work.
1. Information and direction signs: Provide guidance on directions and distances.

Note 61

Regulatory Signs Examples

Common regulatory signs include:
Do not enter
Do not park
Do not turn right when facing a red light
No bicycles allowed on certain roads.
Accessible Parking Permit required for designated spaces.
Speed limit signs indicate maximum allowable speed.

Note 62

Warning Signs Examples

Slow traffic keep right: Indicates slower vehicles should stay in the right lane.
School zone: Alerts drivers to lower speed limits during school hours.
Stop for school bus: Drivers must stop when the bus signals are flashing.
Narrow bridge ahead: Warns of a bridge with limited width.
Bicycle crossing ahead: Caution for cyclist activity in the area.

Note 63
Temporary Condition Signs
Construction zone: Indicates ongoing construction, requiring caution and reduced speed.
Traffic control person ahead: Signals the presence of a traffic controller; drive slowly and
watch for instructions.
Temporary detour: Alerts drivers of a diversion from the normal route.
Signs usually have an orange background with black letters.

Note 64

Information and Direction Signs

These signs are typically rectangular with a green background and white letters.
They provide directions to nearby towns and cities, distances in kilometers, and indicate
facilities like hospitals or airports.
Exit signs on freeways guide drivers on which lane to use for exits.
Advance signs use arrows to help drivers navigate off the freeway.

Note 65

Traffic Lights
Green light: Permits turning left, going straight, or turning right after yielding to others.
Yellow light: Indicates the red light is imminent; stop if safe.
Red light: Requires a complete stop; proceed only when the light turns green and the
intersection is clear.
You may turn right on red after stopping unless otherwise indicated.

Note 66

Traffic Signs and Lights

Left Turn Signal:
After the left-turn green arrow, a yellow light appears for left-turning vehicles only.
Following the yellow light, a red light appears for left-turning vehicles.
Vehicles going straight or turning right will see a green light or green arrows.
Important: Do not begin turning left once the green light appears for traffic going straight
or right.
If the light turns yellow while in the intersection, complete the turn with caution.
Flashing Red Light:
Must come to a complete stop. Proceed only when it is safe.
Flashing Yellow Light:
Indicates to drive with caution when approaching and moving through the intersection.
Blank Traffic Lights:
During a power outage, yield to vehicles in the intersection and treat it like an all-way stop.
Proceed cautiously, similar to using an intersection with stop signs.

Note 67
Pedestrian Signals
Pedestrian Walk Signal:
Indicated by a white walking symbol.
Pedestrians may cross in the direction of the signal while having the right-of-way over
vehicles.
Flashing or Steady Hand Symbol:
Means pedestrians must not begin to cross.
If already crossing, they should reach a safe area as quickly as possible.
Green Light for Pedestrians:
Pedestrians facing a green light may cross, but not on a flashing green light or left-turn
green arrow.
Intersection Pedestrian Signals:
Require pedestrians to use a push-button to activate the walk signal.
These signals provide more time to cross than standard traffic lights, ensuring safer
crossings on busy roads.

Note 68

Pavement Markings
Pavement Markings:
Combine with signs and traffic lights to indicate traffic direction and where to travel.
They define traffic lanes, turning lanes, pedestrian crossings, and indicate where it is
unsafe to pass.
Line Colors:
Yellow lines separate traffic in opposite directions.
White lines separate traffic moving in the same direction.
Solid Line:
Indicates it is unsafe to pass (e.g., Diagram 3-2).
Broken Line:
Indicates you may pass if the way is clear (e.g., Diagram 3-3).
Continuity Lines:
Indicate lane endings or exits, requiring lane change if you wish to continue in the current
direction.

Note 69

Keeping Your Driver's Licence

One-Piece Driver's Licence:
Ontario uses a one-piece driver's licence featuring the driver’s photograph and signature.
Must carry it whenever driving.
Renewal Process:
Renewal application forms are sent by mail.
Visit any Service Ontario Centre with the form, identification, and payment for the
photograph and renewal.
Temporary licence provided immediately if everything is in order.
Senior Drivers (80+):
 Required to renew every two years to ensure safety.
Must undergo a driving-record review, vision test, and participate in a 45-minute education
session.
Aging Effects on Driving:
Reduced vision, slower reaction time, and difficulty judging distance can impair driving.
Consultation with doctors regarding medications is advised.
Requalification for Novice Drivers:
If the novice licence expires, passing a test and paying the fee can retain the same class.
If not completed, must reapply for a Level One licence.

Note 70

Demerit-Point System
Purpose:
Encourages improved driving behavior and protects others from unsafe drivers.
Accumulated demerit points remain for two years from the offense date.
New Drivers:
Two or more points: Warning letter issued.
Six points: Possible interview required to discuss record.
Nine or more points: Licence suspended for 60 days.
Fully Licensed Drivers:
Six points: Warning letter recommending improved skills.
Nine points: Possible interview and driver re-examination required.
Fifteen points: Licence suspended for 30 days; repeated offenses may lead to longer
suspensions.
Common Offences:
Seven points: Failing to remain at the scene of a collision.
Six points: Careless driving, racing, exceeding speed limits significantly.
Five points: Failing to stop at a school bus.
Three points: Failing to obey traffic signals or signs.

Note 71

Traffic Violations and Consequences

Failing to obey traffic signs includes:
Slow signs
School-crossing stop signs
Failure to comply with police directions can lead to penalties.
Driving infractions include:
Wrong way on divided roads
Operating on closed roads
Improper lane usage and crowding the driver's seat
Failing to report a collision to the police.
Violations resulting in two points:
Improper use of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes
Failing to signal when turning
Towing individuals on recreational devices (e.g., toboggans, skis) \n - Driver and
 passenger seatbelt violations involving children under 16 years old.
Other minor violations include:
Unnecessary slow driving
Reversing on highways
Improper opening of vehicle doors.

Note 72

License Suspension Reasons

Driving offences leading to suspension include:
Driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs.
Careless or aggressive driving.
Specific reasons for license suspension:
Escalating sanctions for novice drivers and HTA convictions.
Medical suspension due to conditions affecting driving ability.
Mandatory suspensions for failing to stop for police or non-payment of fines.
Zero Blood-Alcohol Concentration (BAC) rule for novice drivers.
Administrative Driver's License Suspension (ADLS) for exceeding BAC limits or refusing
tests.
Consequences for reckless driving include severe penalties like jail time or lifetime bans.

Note 73

Criminal Code Offences and Impaired Driving

Criminal Code offences leading to license suspension include:
Driving with a BAC over 0.08
Refusing breath tests or to remain at a collision scene.
Impaired driving penalties:
Up to 14 years imprisonment for causing bodily harm.
Life imprisonment for impaired driving causing death.
Consequences of impaired driving:
Increased insurance costs and potential loss of employment.
Legal fees can be substantial following a conviction.
Remedial measures such as mandatory programs for convicted drivers, including 'Back on
Track'.

Note 74

Vehicle Maintenance and Safety

Responsibilities of vehicle owners:
Ensure vehicles meet safety standards and maintenance schedules.
Key driver habits for vehicle checks:
Inspect for damage, fluid leaks, and tire conditions before driving.
Address any dashboard warning lights and unusual noises promptly.
Regular maintenance includes:
 Oil changes, tire rotations, and brake inspections.
Checking fluid levels and replacing filters.
Importance of tire maintenance:
Tires should not exceed 10 years in age and must meet legal standards.
Replace tires with insufficient tread or visible damage.
Winter maintenance tips:
Carry emergency supplies and check exhaust systems for safety.

Note 75

Tires and Vehicle Maintenance

Equip your vehicle with four winter or all-weather tires that have the same tread pattern.
In northern Ontario, studded tires are legally permitted.
Scrap tires pose a significant environmental concern.
To extend tire life and delay disposal:
Maintain the right air pressure.
Regularly inspect tires for wear.
Rotate tires regularly.
Practice good driving habits.

Note 76

Level Two Road Test: Turning Mechanics

Traffic Awareness: Always check for vehicles and pedestrians with the right-of-way before
making a turn.
Steering: Use both hands on the steering wheel to maintain maximum control during a
turn. This is crucial for safety, especially when turning.
Gear Shifting: In vehicles with manual transmissions, avoid shifting gears during a turn to
maintain control. You may shift gears after the turn begins, provided it does not impede
other traffic.
Speed Management: Start moving within four to five seconds when it is safe, maintaining a
steady speed throughout the turn to ensure control.
Lane Positioning: Complete the turn into the correct lane without crossing lane markings.
If turning left onto a multi-lane road, move to the curb lane when safe.
Mirror Checks: After completing the turn, check mirrors to assess the traffic situation
around you.

Note 77

Stop Intersection Procedures

Approaching the Intersection: Look around and check mirrors for traffic before slowing
down.
Speed Control: Gradually reduce speed as you approach a stop, and downshift if driving a
manual vehicle. Do not coast with the clutch pedal engaged.
Safe Stopping Distance: Maintain a two to three-second gap behind the vehicle in front
 while approaching the stop.
Stopping Protocol: Come to a complete stop without rolling forward or backward. Move
forward only when clear to do so.
Positioning at Stop: Stop behind the stop line or at a crosswalk if there is no line, ensuring
you leave space to maneuver around stalled vehicles ahead.

Note 78

Driving Through Intersections

Traffic Checks: Continuously check traffic while waiting to enter the intersection, looking
left, ahead, and right for any oncoming vehicles or pedestrians.
Steering Control: Keep both hands on the wheel throughout the crossing for maximum
control.
Gear Shifting: Avoid shifting gears while crossing the intersection; shift only after you have
moved beyond the intersection.
Acceleration: Move ahead within four to five seconds after the opportunity arises,
smoothly returning to normal traffic speed.
Mirror Awareness: Check mirrors after passing through the intersection to reassess your
traffic situation.

Note 79

Freeway Driving Techniques

Entering the Freeway: Check mirrors and blind spots while on the ramp to find a safe
space to merge with freeway traffic.
Signaling: Activate your signal as soon as freeway traffic can see you for a timely
notification.
Maintaining Space: Keep a two to three-second distance from the vehicle in front while
merging and adjust speed accordingly to match freeway traffic.
Merging Strategy: Merge smoothly into the nearest lane without abrupt movements.
Ongoing Traffic Checks: Continuously monitor traffic and check mirrors while driving along
the freeway, ensuring a safe distance is maintained behind other vehicles.

Note 80

Lane Change Procedures

Preparation for Change: Check your surroundings, including mirrors and blind spots,
before changing lanes.
Signaling: Indicate your intention to change lanes and check for space.
Distance Management: Maintain a two to three-second gap behind the vehicle in front
during the maneuver.
Speed Adjustment: Match the speed of traffic in the new lane as you change lanes.
Control: Keep both hands on the steering wheel for maximum control during the lane
change, and turn off your signal once the change is complete.
Note 81

Roadside Stop Protocol

Approach: Before stopping, check for legal stopping signs and ensure there is enough
space to pull over safely.
Signaling: Use your signal before slowing down, unless there are waiting vehicles that
might misinterpret your intentions.
Stopping Positioning: Stop parallel to the curb, not exceeding 30 centimeters from it. Avoid
blocking entrances or traffic.
Actions After Stopping: Turn off your signal and activate hazard lights. Ensure the vehicle
is properly parked based on transmission type.
Resuming Traffic: Before moving back onto the road, check mirrors and blind spots,
signaling as necessary, and gradually return to normal traffic speed.

Note 82

Navigating Curves
Approaching a Curve: Assess the safe speed for the curve by observing road signs and the
curve's shape.
Speed Control: Slow down before entering the curve and maintain a steady speed
throughout to avoid pushing objects inside the vehicle.
Lane Positioning: Look ahead and across the curve to keep centered in your lane.
Avoid Gear Shifting: Do not shift gears while in the curve to maintain control and prevent
wheels from locking.
Acceleration: Gradually accelerate as you approach the end of the curve, returning to
normal speed safely.

Note 83

Business Section Driving

Traffic Awareness: In business areas, watch for vehicles and pedestrians entering the road
at various locations, not just intersections.
Mirror Checks: Regularly check mirrors, especially in heavy traffic, to maintain awareness
of your surroundings.
Lane Selection: Choose the safest lane for through traffic, typically the curb lane, while
avoiding hazards.
Anticipating Hazards: Look ahead to identify potential dangerous situations or obstacles
that may require speed adjustments.

Note 84

Level Two Road Test - Speed and Space

Speed Management:
 Avoid exceeding the speed limit or driving too slowly.
Maintain a steady speed when possible.
Look ahead for potential obstacles within the next 12 to 15 seconds.
Space Awareness:
Maintain a 2 to 3-second distance behind the vehicle in front.
Increase distance if being followed closely.
Avoid driving in the blind spots of other vehicles.
In slow traffic, do not follow large vehicles that obstruct your view.
When stopping behind another vehicle, ensure visibility of its rear wheels to maneuver
around it if needed.

Note 85

Driving in Residential Areas

Traffic Checks:
Watch for schools, pedestrian crossings, and driveways.
In rural areas, be aware of entrances to residences and farms.
Mirror Checks:
Check mirrors every 5 to 10 seconds, more frequently in heavy traffic.
Lane Positioning:
Keep to the center of the lane; if no markings are present, stay in the traveled part of the
road.
Move right when visibility is limited due to curves or hills.
Always look ahead for possible dangerous situations or obstacles.

Note 86

Parallel Parking Procedure

Approach:
Begin when instructed by the examiner; check mirrors before slowing down.
Signal before slowing, unless vehicles are waiting to enter from side roads.
Gradually reduce speed; do not coast with your foot on the clutch.
Stop parallel to the vehicle in front, leaving at least 60 cm between vehicles.

Note 87

Executing Parallel Parking

Traffic Check Before Reversing:
Look around and check mirrors and blind spots.
Only reverse when the way is clear.
Backing Up:
Reverse into the space while turning toward the curb.
Once halfway in, align your vehicle with the curb.
Finalizing Parking:
Move forward or back to fit within pavement markings.
 In absence of curbs, park off the traveled road.
Parking Gear:
For automatic vehicles, shift into park and set the brake.
For manual vehicles, shift to neutral with brake set, or low/reverse if turning off the engine.

Note 88

Three-Point Turn Procedure

Approach:
Begin when instructed; check traffic before slowing down.
Signal before slowing, unless waiting vehicles are present.
Gradually reduce speed and position your vehicle parallel to the curb, within 30 cm if no
curb exists.
Executing the Turn:
Check mirrors and blind spots before starting the turn.
Turn on your left signal before making the turn.
Turn sharply left and cross the road; reverse sharply right to face the new direction.
Resuming Traffic:
Check mirrors before increasing speed back to normal.
Accelerate smoothly to blend with traffic, shifting gears as needed.

Note 89

Off-Road Vehicles and Snowmobiles Overview

Purpose and Use:
Off-road vehicles and snowmobiles are popular for recreation and necessary in remote
areas.
Understand the laws governing their use in Ontario.
Registration Requirements:
Snowmobiles must be registered with the Ministry of Transportation.
A motorized snow-vehicle operator's licence (MSVOL) is required for those without a
driver's licence.
Safety Regulations:
Alcohol significantly increases risks when operating any vehicle.
Helmets are mandatory for safety, and eye protection is recommended.
Vehicle Condition:
Perform regular checks on the snowmobile to ensure functionality before use.

Note 90

Use of Snowmobiles on Highways

Snowmobiles are not permitted on high-speed roads, including:
Freeways
Queen Elizabeth Way
Ottawa Queensway
 Kitchener-Waterloo Expressway
You may only cross these roads at a 90-degree angle after stopping and checking for
traffic.
When riding in a group, each rider should assess traffic individually; do not signal for
others to cross.
Keep snowmobiles as far away from public roads as possible, adhering to local bylaws
regarding snowmobiling.
Do not drive on railway tracks without permission from the railway authority.

Note 91

Public Trails
Ontario's public trails are maintained by various snowmobile clubs and are patrolled by
authorities such as:
Ontario Provincial Police
Municipal police
Conservation officers
Snowmobile Trail Officer Patrol officers
Some trails require a trail permit, while others may allow usage without one. Always check
local requirements.
For trails operated by the Ontario Federation of Snowmobile Clubs, a trail permit is
mandatory. This applies to:
Private property
Municipal property
Government land
Those exempt from permit requirements must carry proof of exemption and present it
when asked.

Note 92

Trespassing and Legal Obligations

Trespassing occurs if you snowmobile on private property without permission; you must
identify yourself if asked and leave immediately if requested.
Violating trespass laws may result in fines or damages, and charges can be laid against
the driver or the property owner if the snowmobile was used under their permission.
Under the Railway Safety Act, it is illegal to trespass on railway tracks.

Note 93

Speed Limits and Safety Precautions

Speed Limits:
Max 20 km/h in public parks/exhibition grounds, or on roads with speed limits of 50 km/h
or less.
Max 50 km/h on snowmobile trails or roads where the limit exceeds 50 km/h.
Always maintain a safe distance from the snowmobile in front of you, especially at night.
 Use clothing with reflective markings for visibility.

Note 94

Police Interactions and Reporting Collisions

You must stop safely if requested by a police officer; failure to do so may result in fines or
imprisonment.
Report any collision resulting in injury or property damage exceeding $400 to the police
immediately.

Note 95

Driving Under the Influence

Alcohol Impairment:
Driving under the influence of alcohol is illegal and significantly increases the risk of
accidents.
The legal blood-alcohol limit is 0.08; penalties include immediate suspension and possible
criminal charges.
Drivers under 21 years or those in the graduated licensing system must maintain a 0%
blood-alcohol level.
Drugs:
Any mood-altering drugs can impair driving ability. Always consult a doctor about potential
side effects of medications.
Police may require tests or samples if they suspect impairment due to drugs or alcohol.

Note 96

Safe Snowmobiling Practices

Always practice safe snowmobiling techniques, such as:
Maintaining control and balance, especially turning.
Planning your route ahead of time.
Stopping in visible locations when necessary.
Be cautious on ice; check conditions and avoid driving over frozen lakes unless necessary.
Consider wearing a buoyant snowmobile suit for safety.

Note 97

Snowmobile Signals and Signs

Use hand signals for communication while riding:
Left Turn: Extend left arm straight out.
Right Turn: Raise left arm to shoulder height with elbow bent.
Stop: Extend right arm straight up.
 Recognize and obey trail signs for safe navigation. Signs may vary in shape and color,
indicating:
Stop: Come to a complete stop.
Snowmobiling Permitted: Green circle allows snowmobiles.
Snowmobiling Restricted: Red circle indicates restrictions.

Note 98

Wind-Chill Factor Awareness

The wind-chill factor can make outdoor conditions feel much colder than the actual
temperature, enhancing the risk of hypothermia.
Dress appropriately with waterproof outer layers and multiple under-layers. Protect young
passengers by ensuring they are well-dressed.
Prolonged exposure to cold can lead to serious health risks; always be mindful of the
conditions before heading out.

Note 99

Wind-Chill Calculation Chart

The wind-chill chart provides air temperature in °C and the corresponding wind-chill
effects.
Example: At 0°C, wind-chill can feel like -7°C with wind.
At -25°C, the wind-chill can feel like -33°C, posing a frostbite risk with prolonged exposure.
Frostbite can occur in under 10 minutes at -35°C.
At -60°C, frostbite is possible in less than two minutes.
Approximate Thresholds:
Frostbite risk begins at -25°C.
Increased risk at -35°C and becomes critical at -60°C.

Note 100

Snowmobile Driver-Training Course

Required for individuals 12-15 years old or 16+ without a valid Ontario driver's license.
Duration: Approximately six hours, typically spread over three days.
Topics covered include:
Safe driving practices
Snowmobile laws
Maintenance
First aid and survival skills
Night driving and trail signs
Offered by the Ontario Federation of Snowmobile Clubs (OFSC) in collaboration with the
Ministry of Transportation.
Contact the OFSC for course details and nearest club offerings.
Note 101

Snowmobiler's Code of Ethics

Promote Responsible Conduct: Be a good sport and conservationist.
Leave No Trace: Do not litter or pollute.
Respect Nature: Avoid damaging trees and shrubs.
Respect Others: Acknowledge property rights.
Assist Others: Help those in distress and participate in rescue operations.
Obey Laws: Know and follow all local regulations concerning snowmobiling.
Protect Wildlife: Do not harass wildlife or enter protected areas.
Know Your Limits: Do not drive where prohibited.

Note 102

Driving Off-Road Vehicles

Off-road vehicles (ORVs) include ATVs, UTVs, and off-road motorcycles.
Age Requirement: Must be 12+ to drive, with adult supervision recommended.
Registration: Must register with the Ministry of Transportation; required for both new and
used vehicles.
Insurance: Liability insurance is necessary if driving outside the owner's property.
Helmet Requirement: A motorcycle helmet is mandatory when operating an ORV, except on
the owner’s property.
Vehicles not needing registration include farm vehicles and motorized wheelchairs.

Note 103

Safety Measures for Off-Road Vehicles

Pre-Trip Checks: Inspect the vehicle for brakes, throttle, tires, and fuel lines.
Trip Preparation: Check weather forecasts and inform someone of your travel plans.
Buddy System: Always travel with others for safety.
Packing Essentials: Include first-aid kits, repair tools, maps, and extra fuel for long trips.
Driving Regulations: Off-road vehicles are generally not allowed on public roads.
Exceptions include crossing roads directly or driving in provincial parks where permitted.

Note 104

ATV Regulations and Safety

ATV Characteristics: Must have four wheels, steering handlebars, and be designed for a
single driver.
Driving on Roads: ATVs may be used on certain public roads if they meet weight and width
regulations.
Municipal Regulations: Local bylaws govern ATV access on roads.
Licensing: A valid Ontario driver's license is required to operate ATVs on public roads.
 Safety Rules: Wear helmets, cannot carry passengers, and must adhere to posted speed
limits.

Note 105

Driving Impairment Laws

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): Driving with more than 0.08 milligrams of alcohol per
100 milliliters of blood is an offense under the Criminal Code.
Compliance Requirements: Drivers may be required to provide breath, blood, oral fluid, or
urine samples if suspected of impairment. Refusal can lead to charges.
Immediate Suspensions:
BAC over 0.08 results in a 90-day driver's license suspension.
Warn Range (0.05 - 0.08) leads to a 3-day suspension for the first offense.
Subsequent offenses increase suspension duration to 7 days and then 30 days, with
mandatory education programs.
Novice Drivers: Drivers under 21 must maintain a 0.0 BAC. Offenses lead to immediate
roadside suspensions and fines.
Criminal Code Charges: Novice drivers can face charges if their BAC exceeds 0.08 or if
they fall into the warn range.

Note 106

Drug Impairment
Effects of Drugs on Driving: Any drug that alters mood or perception can impair driving
abilities.
Testing Procedures: Police can require physical coordination tests and samples if
impairment is suspected due to drugs.
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications:
Consult with a doctor about potential side effects of prescriptions that may affect driving,
such as dizziness or drowsiness.
Read labels for over-the-counter medications as they may contain sedatives or stimulants
that impair driving.
Combining Alcohol and Drugs: Mixing alcohol with any drug can lead to dangerous effects,
even days later. Seek advice from a healthcare professional.

Note 107

Safe Driving Practices for Off-Road Vehicles

Passenger Restrictions: Do not carry passengers on off-road vehicles designed for one
person to maintain control and stability.
Practice and Preparation:
Familiarize yourself with your vehicle's manual.
Practice driving in open areas free of obstacles.
Driving Surface Awareness: Avoid paved surfaces when driving off-road vehicles; choose
uniform terrain like dirt or sand.
 Water Caution: Check water depth before crossing, drive slowly to avoid hidden obstacles.
Safety Equipment: Use a flag mast in dunes and hilly areas; be cautious around
pedestrians and other activities.

Note 108

Summary of Off-Road Vehicle Regulations

Licensing Requirements: Understand the necessary licenses to operate off-road vehicles
on roads and trails.
Vehicle Preparation: Regularly check and maintain your off-road vehicle before trips,
including protective gear.
Driving Restrictions: Be aware of areas where off-road vehicles are prohibited.
Alcohol Dangers: Recognize the hazards associated with alcohol consumption while
driving any vehicle, especially off-road ones.

Note 109

Driving Regulations and Safety

Roadside Stops: Important for ensuring safety and compliance with traffic regulations.
Refer to pages 71-72, 161-163 for detailed guidelines.
Roundabouts: Specific driving techniques and rules apply; essential for safe navigation.
Safety Chains for Trailers: Crucial for preventing accidents with towed vehicles.
School Zones: Special rules apply to protect children; see pages 43, 57-59, 145 for more
information.
Speed Limits: Adherence is mandatory to ensure road safety. Refer to page 35 for
specifics.
Stop Signs: Know the regulations around stop signs, especially at intersections and
pedestrian crossings. Important pages include 46-47, 49-50, 101, 130.
Yield Signs: Understand yielding rules to avoid accidents, particularly in high-traffic areas.
Check pages 47-48, 77, 79, 82 for details.

Note 110

Vehicle Types and Towing

Large Vehicles: Special considerations are necessary for driving and maneuvering large
vehicles, especially during adverse weather conditions.
Tractor-Trailers: Specific laws and regulations apply, particularly regarding towing and
weight distribution.
Trailers: Guidelines for safe towing practices are vital for preventing accidents; see pages
61, 98, 141-142 for more information.
School Buses: Unique rules to follow when driving near or around school buses,
particularly during pick-up and drop-off times; see pages 51-52.
Commercial Vehicles: Regulations surrounding the operation of commercial vehicles,
including licensing and safety checks, are critical for all drivers to understand.
Note 111

Driving Conditions and Adaptations

Driving in Snow: Techniques for safe driving during snowy conditions, including the use of
snow tires and maintaining visibility. Refer to pages 91, 93, 141, 142.
Skids: Methods for dealing with skids to regain control of the vehicle; see page 90-91 for
guidance.
Visibility: Importance of maintaining visibility while driving under various conditions,
including fog and heavy rain.
Traffic Control Workers: Protocols for navigating areas with traffic control personnel to
ensure safety and compliance with directions.
Winter Maintenance: Strategies for vehicle preparation and maintenance during winter
months to enhance safety.

Note 112

Driver Behavior and Restrictions

Speeding: Legal implications and safety concerns related to exceeding speed limits.
Important pages include 76, 79.
Impaired Driving: Consequences of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs; see
pages 181-183, 196-198 for more information.
Suspension of Licenses: Understand the factors that can lead to license suspension and
the process for reinstatement, detailed on pages 80, 85, 129-130, 132-137.
Ethics for Snowmobilers: Guidelines for responsible behavior when operating
snowmobiles, including respect for wildlife and other users.

Note 113

License Registration and Customization

Personalized License Plates: New options available for creating custom plates with a
minimum of two and up to eight characters. More details can be found on pages 211-213.
Graphic License Plates: Options to select from over 40 designs to support various causes
or teams; see page 213.
License Plate Regulations: Important to understand the legal requirements and processes
involved in registering and customizing license plates.