An introduction to web

programming with Java

This chapter introduces some concepts and terms that you should learn before
you start web programming with servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSPs). In addi­
tion, it describes three approaches that you can use for developing Java web
applications. Finally, it describes some software that you can use to develop
and deploy serv let/JSP applications.

An introduction to web applications ....................................4

A typical web application ................................................................................4
The components of a web application .............................................................6
How static web pages work .............................................................................8
How dynamic web pages work ...................................................................... 10
Three approaches for Java web applications ................... 12
Servlet/JSP ..................................................................................................... 12
JSF.................................................................................................................. 12
Spring Framework ......................................................................................... 12
An introduction to servlet/JSP web development ............ 14
The software components.............................................................................. 14
The architecture ............................................................................................. 16
The standard directories and files ................................................................. 18
Software for developing Java web applications ...............20
IDEs for developing Java web applications ...................................................20
Web servers for Java web applications .......................................................... 22
Database servers for Java web applications................................................... 22
Tools for deploying Java web applications ................................................... 24
Perspective ...........................................................................26
4 Section 1 Get started right

An introduction to web applications

A web application is a set of web pages that are generated in response to
user requests. The Internet has many different types of web applications, such as
search engines, online stores, auctions, news sites, discussion groups, and games.

A typical web application

Figure 1-1 shows the first two pages of the shopping cart application that's
available from [Link]. Here, the first page presents some information
about our Java book. This page contains an Add To Cart link. When you click on
this link, the web application adds the book to your cart and displays the second
page, which shows all of the items in your cart.
The second page lets you change the quantity for an item or remove an item
from the cart. It also lets you continue shopping or begin the checkout process.
In this book, you'll learn all the skills you need to create a shopping cart applica­
tion like this one.
If you take a closer look at these web pages, you can learn a little bit about
how this application works. For the first page, the Address box of the browser
shows an address that has an htm extension. This means that the HTML code for
this page is probably stored in a file with an htm extension.
In contrast, the Address box for the second page shows the address of a
servlet that was mapped to the ordering/cart URL. This means that the HTML
code for this page was generated by a servlet. After the servlet address, you can
see a question mark and one parameter named productCode that has a value of
"htm5". This is the parameter that was passed from the first page.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 5

The first page of a shopping cart application

CJ @}

--
I:] Murach'sJava Progammi x

Cl
:=·
n1urach.cor11/books/javp/[Link]
Apps For quick acces�, place your bookmarks here on the bookmark� bar. Import bookmark� now... L] Other bookmarks

Home I Books I Dov,nloads I Trainers I Instructors I Customer Service I view cart I

Murach's Java Programming
by Joel t,lu ra ch
23 chapters, 802 pages, S40 illustrations
Published November 2011
ISBN: 978-1-890774-65-'3

Book price: S57.50; SAVE 30%, now just S4-0.25

eBook price: S47.50; SAVE 30%, nov, just S33.25
Book• eBook: S67.50; B-est Value! SAVE 30% 1 now Just 547.25

"f Jove your Java book. ft cuts :right to the essential information,
provjding the perfect balance betli'een too many details and too
little information. I bought another wel/-knovl'n Java book, but I
spent several hours trying to tearn what r learned from your book
in about 45 minutes." I add book I
I add ebook I
FREE do1Nnload of
sample chapters That's what one developer wrote us about an earlier edition of our
FREE download of the
�ook applications
core Java book. Now, you can expect th1at same practical, time­
saving approach in the current edition that covers the latest
I add both I
'.'\/hat soft,,vare you release of Java Standard Edition, Java SE 7 (or JDK 1.7).
More about the eBook
n��r1

The second page of a shopping cart application

CJ @}
Cl Mike Murach & AssociatE: x
Cl n1urach.cor11/ordering/cart?productCode = htmS --
:=· Apps For quick access, place your bookmarks here on the bookmark� bar. Import bookmark� now... L] Other bookmarks

Home I Books I Oov1nloads I Trainers I Instructors I Customer Service I view cart I

Your cart

Qty Description

!1 I [ Update I Murach's Java Programming [ Remove j

E � [ Update I Murach's HTML5 and CSS3 [ Remove j
To change the quantity, enter the new quantity and click on the Update button.

[ Continue Shopping ] I Proc eed t o Checkout ]

Do you have a pron1otion code to apply to this order?

If so, enter it here: [ =1
Other books related to what you just picked

Figure 1-1 A typical web application

6 Section 1 Get started right

The components of a web application

Figure 1-2 shows the basic components that make up a web application.
Because a web application is a type of c lientlserver application, the compo­
nents of a web application are stored on either the client computer or the server
computer.
To access a web application, you use a web browser that runs on a client
computer. One widely used web browser is Google Chrome, and a popular
alternative is Mozilla Firefox.
The web application itself is stored on the server computer. This computer
runs web server software that enables it to send web pages to web browsers.
Although there are many web servers, the Apache Software Foundation's Apache
HTTP Server is one of the most popular. Many developers refer to it just as
Apache.
Because most web applications work with data that's stored in a database,
most servers also run a database management system (DBMS), which is also
known as a database server. Two of the most popular for Java development are
MySQL and Oracle. When you use a database server, it doesn't have to run on
the same server as the web server software. In fact, a separate database server is
often used to improve an application's overall performance.
Although this figure shows the client and server computers connected via the
Internet, this isn't the only way a client can connect to a server in a web applica­
tion. If the client and the server are on the same Local Area Network (LAN), they
function as an intranet. Since an intranet uses the same protocols as the Internet,
a web application works the same on an intranet as it does on the Internet.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 7

Components of a web application

Client Server
computer computer

Internet

- connection
- I

Web Web server

browser Database server

Description
• Web applications are a type of client/server application. In a client/server applica­
tion, a user at a client computer accesses an application at a server computer. For a
web application, the client and server computers are connected via the Internet or
an intranet.
• In a web application, the user works with a web browser at the client computer. The
web browser provides the user interface for the application. One widely used web
browser is Google Chrome, but other web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox and
Internet Explorer are also widely used.
• A web application runs on the server computer under the control of web server
software. The Apache server is one of the most widely used web servers.
• For most web applications, the server computer also runs a database management
system (DBMS), which is also known as a database server. For servlet and JSP
applications, Oracle and MySQL are two of the most popular database management
systems.

Figure 1-2 The components of a web application

8 Section 1 Get started right

How static web pages work

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language that the browser
renders to the web pages that make up a web application's user interface. Some
web pages are static web pages, which are the same each time they are viewed.
In other words, they don't change in response to user input.
Figure 1-3 shows how a web server handles static web pages. The process
begins when a user at a web browser requests a web page. This can occur when
the user enters a web address into the browser's Address box or when the user
clicks a link that leads to another page. In either case, the web browser uses a
standard Internet protocol known as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to send
a request known as an HTTP request to the website's server.
When the web server receives an HTTP request from a browser, the server
gets the requested HTML file from disk and sends the file back to the browser
in the form of an HTTP response. The HTTP response includes the HTML
document that the user requested along with any other resources specified by the
HTML code such as graphics files.
When the browser receives the HTTP response, it renders the HTML
document into a web page that the user can view. Then, when the user requests
another page, either by clicking a link or typing another web address in the
browser's Address box, the process begins again.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 9

How a web server processes static web pages

Client Server
HTTP
request

HTTP
response

Description
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language that the web browser converts
into the web pages of a web application.
• A static web page is an HTML document that's stored in a file and does not change
in response to user input. Static web pages have a filename with an extension of
.htm or .html.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that web browsers and web
servers use to communicate.
• A web browser requests a page from a web server by sending the server a message
known as an HTTP request. For a static web page, the HTTP request includes the
name of the HTML file that's requested.
• A web server replies to an HTTP request by sending a message known as an HTTP
response back to the browser. For a static web page, the HTTP response includes
the HTML document that's stored in the HTML file.

Figure 1-3 How static web pages work

10 Section 1 Get started right

How dynamic web pages work

In contrast to a static web page, a dynamic web page changes based on the
parameters that are sent to the web application from another page. For instance,
when the Add To Cart button in the first page in figure 1-1 is clicked, the static
web page calls the web application and sends one parameter to it. Then, the web
application generates the dynamic web page and sends the HTML for it back to
the browser.
Figure 1-4 shows how this works. When a user enters data into a web page
and clicks the appropriate button, the browser sends an HTTP request to the
server. This request contains the address of the next web page along with any
data entered by the user. Then, when the web server receives this request and
determines that it is a request for a dynamic web page, it passes the request back
to the web application.
When the web application receives the request, it processes the data that the
user entered and generates an HTML document. Next, it sends that document to
the web server, which sends the document back to the browser in the form of an
HTTP response. Then, the browser displays the HTML document that's included
in the response so the process can start over again.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 11

How a web server processes dynamic web pages

Client Server
HTTP
request

HTTP
response

Description
• A dynamic web page is an HTML document that's generated by a web applica­
tion. Often, the web page changes according to parameters that are sent to the web
application by the web browser.
• When a web server receives a request for a dynamic web page, the server passes
the request to the web application. Then, the application generates a response, such
as an HTML document, and returns it to the web server. The web server, in turn,
wraps the generated HTML document in an HTTP response and sends it back to
the browser.
• Most modern web applications store and retrieve data from a database that runs on
a database server.
• The browser doesn't know or care whether the HTML was retrieved from a static
HTML file or was dynamically generated by the web application. Either way, the
browser displays the HTML document that is returned.

Figure 1-4 How dynamic web pages work

12 Section 1 Get started right

Three approaches
for Java web applications
There are many ways to develop Java web applications. Figure 1-5 describes
three approaches that are commonly used today. When developing Java web
applications, you typically use parts of the Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
specification. This specification describes how web servers can interact with all
Java web technologies including servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSP), JavaServer
Faces (JSF), Java Persistence API (JPA), Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), and more.

Servlet/JSP
In a well-structured servlet/JSP application, servlets store the Java code that
does the server-side processing, and JavaServer Pages (JSPs) store the HTML
that defines the user interface. This HTML typically contains links to CSS and
JavaScript files. To run a web application that uses servlets and JSPs, you only
need to work with the servlet/JSP part of the Java EE specification.
Since the servlet/JSP API is a relatively low-level API, it doesn't do as much
work for the developer as the other two APis. However, the servlet/JSP API gives
the developer a high degree of control over the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
that's returned to the browser. In addition, the servlet/JSP API is the foundation
for the other two approaches. As a result, it's a good place to get started with
Java web programming. As you progress through this book, you'll learn how to
develop servlet/JSP applications.

JSF
JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a newer technology that's designed to replace
both servlets and JSPs. It provides a higher-level API that does more work for
the programmer. When you use JSF, you typically use more Java EE features
than you do with the servlet/JSP approach.
When you use JSF, you can also use Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) to define
server-side components. Although there are some benefits to using EJBs, they're
overkill for most websites. As a result, this book doesn't show how to use them.

Spring Framework
Like JSF, the Spring Framework is a higher-level API that does more work
for the programmer than the servlet/JSP API. However, due to the way it's struc­
tured, the Spring Framework still gives the developer a high degree of control
over the HTML/CSS/JavaScript that's returned to the browser. As a result, if
control over HTML/CSS/JavaScript is a priority for your website, the Spring
Framework might be the right approach for you.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 13

Three approaches for developing Java web apps

Servlet/JSP
- Is a lower-level API that does less work for the programmer.
- Provides a high degree of control over the HTML/CSS/JavaScript that's
returned to the browser.
JSF
- Is a higher-level API that does more work for the programmer.
- Makes it more difficult to control the HTML/CSS/JavaScript that's returned to
the browser.
Spring Framework
- Is a higher-level API that does more work for the programmer.
- Provides a high degree of control over the HTML/CSS/JavaScript that's
returned to the browser.

Description
• The Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) specification describes how web servers can
interact with all Java web technologies including servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSP),
JavaServer Faces (JSF), Java Persistence API (JPA), and Enterprise JavaBeans
(EJB).
• In a well-structured servlet/JSP application, servlets store the Java code that does
the server-side processing, and JavaServer Pages (JSPs) store the HTML that
defines the user interface. This typically includes links to the CSS and JavaScript
for the user interface.
• JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a newer technology than servlet/JSP that provides a
higher -level API that replaces both servlets and JSPs. For more on JSF, see chapter
21.
• Java Persistence AP/ (IPA) is an API for working with databases. It can be used
with servlet/JSP, JSF, or Spring. For more on JPA, see chapter 13.
• Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) can be used to define server-side components. Since
these components are overkill for most websites, they aren't described in this book.

Figure 1-5 Three approaches for developing Java web apps

14 Section 1 Get started right

An introduction to servlet/JSP
web development
This topic introduces you to servlet/JSP development. In particular, it pres­
ents the software components, application architecture, and standard directories
that you typically use when you develop Java web applications.

The software components

Figure 1-6 shows the primary software components for a servlet/JSP web
application. By now, you should understand why the server must run web server
software. In addition, to work with servlets and JSPs, the server must also run a
servlet/JSP engine, which is also known as a servlet/JSP container. In this book,
you'll learn how to use the Tomcat server. This server is one of the most popular
servers for Java web applications, and it includes both a web server and a
servlet/JSP engine.
For a servlet/JSP engine to work properly, the engine must be able to access
the Java Development Kit (JDK) that comes as part of the Java Standard Edition
(Java SE). The JDK contains the Java compiler and the core classes for working
with Java. It also contains the Java Runtime Environment (IRE) that's necessary
for running compiled Java classes. Since this book assumes that you already
have some Java experience, you should already be familiar with the JDK and the
JRE.
Since all servlet/JSP engines must implement the servlet/JSP part of the Java
EE specification, all servlet/JSP engines should work similarly. In theory, this
makes servlet/JSP code portable between servlet/JSP engines and application
servers. In practice, though, there are minor differences between each servlet/JSP
engine and web server. As a result, you may need to make some modifications to
your code when switching servlet/JSP engines or web servers.
Since most servlet/JSP web applications store their data in a database, the
server typically runs a database server too. In this book, you'll learn how to use
MySQL as the database server. This software is open-source and commonly used
with servlet/JSP applications.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 15

The components of a servlet/JSP application

Client

HTTP HTTP
request response

Server

Description
• A servlet/JSP application must have a web server and a servlet/JSP engine, also
known as a servlet/JSP container, to process the HTTP request and return an HTTP
response, which is typically an HTML page. Most servlet/JSP applications use
Tomcat as both the web server and the servlet/JSP engine.
• Most servlet/JSP applications use a database to store the data that's used by the
application. Many servlet/JSP applications use MySQL as the database, though
there are many other databases to use.
• For a servlet/JSP engine to work, it must have access to Java's Java Development
Kit (JDK), which comes as part of the Java Standard Edition (Java SE). Among
other things, the JDK contains the core Java class libraries, the Java compiler, and
the Java Runtime Environment (IRE).

Figure 1-6 The components of a servlet/JSP application

16 Section 1 Get started right

The architecture
Figure 1-7 shows the architecture for a typical web application that uses
servlets and JSPs. This architecture uses three layers: (1) the presentation layer,
or user interface layer, (2) the business rules layer, and (3) the data access
layer. In theory, the programmer tries to keep these layers as separate and
independent as possible. In practice, though, these layers are often interrelated,
and that's especially true for the business and data access layers.
The presentation layer consists of HTML pages and JSPs. Typically, a web
designer works on the HTML stored in these pages to create the look and feel of
the user interface. Later, a Java programmer may need to edit these pages so they
work properly with the servlets of the application.
The business rules layer uses servlets to control the flow of the application.
These servlets may call other Java classes to store or retrieve data from a data­
base, and they may forward the results to a JSP or to another servlet. Within the
business layer, Java programmers often use a special type of Java class known as
a JavaBean to temporarily store and process data. A JavaBean is typically used
to define a business object such as a User or Invoice object.
The data layer works with the data of the application on the server's disk.
Typically, this data is stored in a relational database such as MySQL. However,
this data can also be stored in text files, binary files, and XML files. Or, it can
come from web services running on the other servers.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 17

The architecture for a typical servlet/JSP application

Presentation layer

Business rules layer

Data access layer

Description
• The presentation layer for a typical servlet/JSP web application consists of HTML
pages and JSPs.
• The business rules layer for a typical servlet/JSP web application consists of
servlets. These servlets may call other Java classes including a special type of Java
class known as a JavaBean. As you progress though this book, you'll learn how to
use several special types of tags within a JSP to work with JavaBeans.
• The data access layer for a typical Java web application consists of classes that
read and write data that's stored on the server's disk drive.
• For most web applications, the data is stored in a relational database such as
MySQL. However, it may also be stored in binary files, text files, or XML files.

Figure 1-7 The architecture for a servlet/JSP web application

18 Section 1 Get started right

The standard directories and files

Figure 1-8 shows a simplified version of the directory structure for the
Music Store application that's presented at the end of this book. Some of these
directories are part of the servlet and JSP specifications. As a result, they are
standard for all web applications. For example, all web applications that use
servlets must have the WEB-INF and WEB-INF\classes directories. In addition,
you can optionally include other standard directories such as the WEB-INF\lib
directory or the META-INF directory.
Of course, to organize and structure an application, a programmer can create
other directories within these directories. In this figure, for example, the admin,
cart, and download directories organize the Administration, Cart, and Download
sections of the Music Store application.
To start, each web application must have a root directory. This directory
can be referred to as the document root directory, or just document root. In this
figure, the document root directory is named musicStore, and it is subordinate
to Tomcat's webapps directory. Then, all of the other directories and files for the
application must be subordinate to this document root directory.
The WEB-INF directory that's subordinate to the document root directory
typically contains a [Link] file for the application. You'll learn more about
this file in the next chapter. In addition, you can use this directory or any of its
subdirectories to store files that you don't want to be directly accessible from the
web. For example, some applications in this book use the WEB-INF directory to
store data files. This prevents users from directly accessing these files.
The WEB-INF directory also has a few standard directories that are subor­
dinate to it. In particular, the WEB-INF\classes directory is the root directory
for all Java classes for the application that aren't stored in JAR files, including
servlets. Typically, these are the classes that you write. In contrast, the
WEB-INF\lib directory contains the JAR files that contain any Java class librar­
ies for the application. Typically, you get these JAR files from a third party.
Remember, though, that Tomcat's lib directory stores the JAR files for the class
libraries that are available to all web applications running on the web server. As a
result, you only use the WEB-INF\lib directory if you want to make the JAR file
available to just that one application.
To organize the classes that you create for the application, you can store
them in packages. In that case, you need to create one subdirectory for each
package. For example, this figure shows five packages. T hree of these packages
([Link], [Link], and [Link]) contain servlets that work with
the Administration, Cart, and Download sections of the application while the
other two contain the Java classes that provide the business objects
([Link]) and data access objects ([Link]) for the application.
As you progress through this book, you'll learn how to use some other
standard directories and files to deploy web applications. For example, if you
want to use the database connection pool that's available from Tomcat, you can
modify the [Link] file that's stored in the META-INF directory as described
in chapter 12. For now, though, this figure should give you a general idea of what
it takes to deploy a web application.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 19

The directory structure for a web application named musicStore

W tomcat
:...... webapps
:......• musicStore (the root directory for HTML and JSP files)
····· admin
····· cart
····· catalog
···· META-INF ([Link] file)
:
:....• WEB-INF (the [Link] file)
:...... classes (the root directory for Java classes)
:......• music
business
controllers
.. . . . data
. ····· util
i ......• lib (JAR files for Java class libraries)

A summary of the directories and files for a web application

Directory Description
(root) This directory and its subdirectories typically contain the
HTML and JSP files for the application.
\WEB-INF This directory typically contains a file named [Link].
You can use this file to configure the servlets and other
components that make up the application. In addition, this
directory is not directly accessible from the web.
\WEB-INF\classes This directory and its subdirectories contain the servlets
and other Java classes for your application. Each subdirec­
tory must correspond with the package for the Java class.
\WEB-INF\lib This directory contains any JAR files that contain Java
class libraries that are used by the web application.
\META-INF This directory contains the [Link] file. You can use
this file to configure the web application context.

Description
• The top-level directory for a web application is known as its root directory.
• A Java web application is a hierarchy of directories and files in a standard layout
defined by the Java EE specification. All Java web applications must use the first
three directories that are summarized above.
• To make classes within a JAR file availa ble to more than one web application, you
can put the JAR file in Tomcat's lib directory.

Figure 1-8 The standard directories and files for a servlet/JSP web application
20 Section 1 Get started right

Software for developing Java

web applications
This topic presents some of the software options that you have for develop­
ing Java web applications.

IDEs for developing Java web applications

In the early days of Java web programming, programmers commonly used
text editors to enter, edit, compile, and test the HTML, JSP, Java, servlet, and
XML files that make up a web application. Today, however, many Integrated
Development Environments (IDEs) are available that make Java web program­
f
ming more ef icient.
Two of the most popular IDEs for developing Java web applications are
NetBeans and Eclipse. Both are open-source, and both are available for free.
Of the two, we think that NetBeans is easier to use, especially when you're
getting started with web programming. That's why we recommend that you use
NetBeans with this book.
In figure 1-9, for example, you can see the NetBeans IDE with the project
for chapter 2 in the Projects window, the code for a servlet class in the editor
window, and runtime messages in the Output window. This is similar to what
you'll find in most IDEs. As a result, once you're done with this book, you can
easily apply the skills that you learn with NetBeans to another IDE.
Although we recommend using NetBeans with this book, you should be able
to use another IDE with this book if you prefer. To do that, though, you will need
to figure out how to import the source code for this book into your IDE so you
can compile and run the sample applications and complete the exercises. In addi­
tion, you will need to use your IDE to perform the tasks presented in chapter 3.
Since the JDK, N etBeans, Tomcat, and MySQL can be run by most operat­
ing systems, Java web developers aren't tied to a specific operating system. In
fact, developers often use Windows or Mac OS X during development. However,
when the applications are ready for release, they are often deployed to a Linux or
Unix server.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 21

The NetBeans IDE

0 ch02e-mail - NetBe-ans IOE B.O I= I @J :·
cv, I

File Edit View Navigate Source Re-factor Run Debug Profile Team Tools Window Help IQ.• Search (Ctrl+I)

Projects • Files I I Services I g

� [Link] •I� I
x Ll:!IIL.-�...;...;�-1..
[Link] rll1 [Link] i:& I 818 G@J
s-� ch02email I '1? �
�����������������__,::::::::....:::...::::,
% I <::iii �� I O D 11/Q! !
I� •
Source History I � (B • � • I to_ '¢ � � :::::� I EB
$m Web Pages package [Link];
! El META-INF �
! iii � WEB-INF 3 S import [Link]. ";
i 13...� styles 4 import [Link].*;
i !· [!I
! L....�
[Link]
[Link]
s import javax. [Link]."; -
6
$@ Source Packages 7 import [Link]; -
! El··· E!3 [Link]
e - import [Link];
i iii § [Link] 9
! El
§3 [Link] 10 public class [Link] extends HttpServlet {
i L. Ii E [Link] 11
$ (R "J:est Packages 12 @override
9.. � Libraries @ protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
i:p � TestL1braries 14 HttpServletResponse response)
El··� Configuratiori Files 1s G throws ServletException, IOException {
i!J-� ch04email

do Post - Navigator x I
16
17 String url = "/[Link]"; -
..-11 ..-1
Q
18
Members <empty> LaJ 19 t/ get c�rre�t act10�
&'.> Emaillistservlet : : HttpServlet 20 String action= [Link]("action"); ...
!·· 'ft:>
doGet(HttpSe-rvletRequestrequest, H
L.t:J doPost(HttpServletRequest request, I :===::;::: = ===============
t)
� Emaillistservlet )

Output I Ii
=============== =======:
doPost ) url ) X

• ch02emai (run) n I Tomcat 8.0 Log R I Tomcat8.0 ae I

• J .o--��.��������������-����--,
11-Apr-2014 15: 48: 44 _394 INFO (:m&i. n] erg_ apac:h@ _ceyetoLAb:!ltrac:tPretocel _!ltart Starting Protoc:oll •
11-Apr-2014 15: 48: 44 _ 399 INFO (:m&i.n] erg_apac:h@ _ [Link] _,.[Link].na_ :!ltart S@rv@r [Link] :
11-Apr-2014 15:48:46_047 INFO lihttp-nio-8080-exec-41 org_apache_catalina_core_StandardContext.r1
11-Apr-2014 15: 48: 47. l 7f> INFO llhttp-nio-8080-exec-4 I org .apache- ca:calina._ c:ore. [Link]. rc
c::::i

�1 rrr J

17:36 I INS

Popular IDEs for Java web development

NetBeans
Eclipse
IntelliJ IDEA

Description
• An Integrated Development Environment (/DE) is a tool that provides all of the
functionality that you need for developing web applications.
• NetBeans and Eclipse are popular IDEs for Java web development that are
open-source and free.
• Chapter 3 shows how to use NetBeans for developing Java web applications. We
recommend using this IDE with this book.

Figure 1-9 IDEs for developing Java web applications

22 Section 1 Get started right

Web servers for Java web applications

Figure 1-10 describes two popular web servers for Java web applications.
This book shows how to use the Tomcat server, which is the most popular server
for Java web applications. Tomcat includes a web server named Coyote and a
servlet/JSP engine named Catalina. As a result, this server can work with the
servlet/JSP part of the Java EE specification.
In contrast, the GlassFish server implements the complete Java EE specifica­
tion. Since it's more than just a servlet/JSP engine, it's known as an application
server. The advantage of using an application server like GlassFish is that it
provides more features for working with other parts of the Java EE specification
such as JSF and JPA. One disadvantage is that it requires more system resources
than Tomcat. As a result, it may not run as quickly on your computer.
This figure also lists four other popular web servers for Java applications.
These web servers include WildFly, which was formerly known as JBoss, Jetty,
Oracle WebLogic, and IBM WebSphere. Each server implements some or all of
the Java EE specification, and each server has its advantages and disadvantages.

Database servers for Java web applications

This figure also describes the most popular database server for Java web
applications, the MySQL database server. This is the database server that you'll
learn to use in this book. Like Tomcat and GlassFish, MySQL is open-source
and runs on all modern operating systems. In addition, MySQL implements most
of the SQL standard. As a result, database code developed for the MySQL server
should be mostly portable between database servers.
Although many Java web applications use a MySQL database, some devel­
opers prefer other open-source databases, such as PostgreSQL. On the other
hand, some large enterprises prefer using a proprietary database like Oracle to
store mission-critical data.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 23

Two popular web servers

Tomcat
- Is a servlet/JSP engine that includes a web server.
- Is free, open-source, and runs on all modern operating systems.
- Is a popular web server for Java web applications.

GlassFish
- Is a complete Java EE application server.
- Is free, open-source, and runs on all modern operating systems.
- Provides more features than Tomcat.
- Requires more system resources than Tomcat.

Other popular web servers

- WildFly (formerly JBoss)
- Jetty
- Oracle WebLogic
- IBM WebSphere

A popular database server

MySQL
- Is a relational database server that implements most of the SQL standard.
- Is free, open-source, and runs on all modern operating systems.
- Is the most popular database server for Java web applications.

Other popular database servers

- PostgreSQL
- Oracle

Description
• A servlet/JSP engine is the software that allows a web server to work with the
servlet/JSP part of the Java EE specification.
• Tomcat is one of the most popular servlet/JSP engines. It includes a web server
named Coyote and a servlet/JSP engine named Catalina.
• A Java EE application server is the software that allows the web server to work
with the entire Java EE specification including servlets, JSP (JavaServer Pages),
JSF (JavaServer Faces), JPA (Java Persistence API), EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans),
and so on.
• GlassFish is one of the most popular application servers. It includes a web server, a
servlet/JSP engine that's based on Tomcat's servlet/JSP engine, and more.
• MySQL is one of the most popular database servers.

Figure 1-10 Web and database servers for Java web applications
24 Section 1 Get started right

Tools for deploying Java web applications

Once you've tested your servlets and JSPs on your own computer or an
intranet, you may want to deploy your web application on the Internet. To do
that, you need to get a web host. One way to do that is to find an Internet service
provider (ISP) that provides web hosting that supports servlets and JSPs. If you
read the text for the ISP on the web page shown in figure 1-11, for example, you
can see that this ISP supports servlets and JSPs.
If you search the web, you'll be able to find many other ISPs and web hosts.
Just make sure that the one you choose not only supports servlet and JSP devel­
opment, but also the database management system that your application requires.
When you select a web host, you get an IP address like [Link] that
uniquely identifies your website (IP stands for I nternet Protocol). Then, you can
get a domain name like [Link]. To do that, you can use any number
of companies that you can find on the Internet. Until you get your domain name,
you can use the IP address to access your site.
After you get a web host, you need to transfer your files to the web server.
To do that, you can use File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The easiest way to use
FTP is to use an FTP client such as the FileZilla client shown in this figure. An
FTP client like this one lets you upload files from your computer to your web
server and download files from your web server to your computer.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 25

An ISP that provides web hosting that supports servlets and JSPs
E] JSP Web Hosting and Sel'\ )(

C [j [Link] --
•••
:· Apps For quick access, place your bookmarks here on the bookmarks bar. Import bookmarks now ... D Other bookmarks

web bostios sales FAQs Account Log11

(716) 689-1593

,-. HOHE HOSTING SERVICES S\JPPORT ORDER [Link] US SOFTWARE

Private JVM with Every

Account!
Don't have a domain yet? See if
yours is available by checking
our whois gateway:

Domain (.com. .net, .org)

L I ,--1 $49.99
--.
C-h e- ck j JSP hosting and servlet hosting accounts ·with CCOUNT
per..-.Ch'
advanced, scalable server technologies like Servlets,
Java Server Pages (JSP). Enterprise JavaBeans
(EJB) and XML are what MMA specializes in.
Java Developer Links
The result is a continuous upgrade • Plu, one-month setup fee st
• [Link]
path that lets small businesses ,isJt of first month.
launch websites built on proven
• JsvaWotld
technology that can grow as you
• Official SeNlet Home achieve success without the need
• JsvaSeN!H Pages Home
_.......,_
to rebuild and redeploy your core

The FileZilla program

fi) [Link] - classes - murach@[Link] m - FileZilla
File Edit Vi� Transfer Server Bookmarks. Help

I � ·ILC1iltiiJI � -. 13 �I��� n
I Host:
Status:
Respoose:
[Link]: Password:
Connection established, waiting for welcome message ...
227 Entering Passive !Mode (72,9,137,30, 138,150)
Port: [ [Link] ] r:;l
-
Command: MLSD
Response: 150 Accepted data connection
Respoose: 226-0ptions: ..a�
Response: 226 4 matches total D
Status: !Directory listing successful

Local site: 1t\Web Site'vnurach_web4\/:,uild'"'eb\\�/EB-,INF\dassesvnurach\fv\ ..- Remote site: /htclocs/WEB-INF/dasses/[Link]/fv

,customers j ... ?, customers
,custserv I ... ? custserv
downloads D L. .? downloads D
.... /..... • fv
�
fv
i
Filename Filesize Filetype Filename Filesize Filetype
- ..
D Financial [Link] 747 CLASS File D Financial [Link] 747 CLASS Fil
Dlliliiiilli lllliltilli LJ [Link] 2,389 CLASS Fil

m
t-----
" < I Ill
Selected 1 file. Total size: 2,389 Open 2 [Link] size: 3,136 byte.s
Edit
Server/local file Size Priority Status
Create directory
Refresh

Queued files Failed tra Delete

Rename
[!] IHI Queue: empty

Figure 1-11 Tools for deploying Java web applications

26 Section 1 Get started right

Perspective
The goal of this chapter has been to provide the background that you
need for developing servlets and JSPs. Now, if this chapter has succeeded,
you should be ready to learn how to use the MVC pattern to structure a web
application.

Summary
• A web application is a set of web pages that are generated in response to
user requests.
• To run a web application, the client requires a web browser and the server
requires web server software. The server may also require a database
management system (DBMS).
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language that the browser
converts into the web pages of a web application, while Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that web browsers and web servers use to
communicate.
• A web browser requests a page from a web server by sending an HTTP
request. A web server replies by sending an HTTP response back to the
browser.
• A static web page is generated from an HTML document that doesn't
change, while a dynamic web page is generated by a web application based
on the parameters that are included in the HTTP request.
• The Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) specification describes how web
servers can interact with all Java web technologies.
• A servlet/JSP engine is the software that allows a web server to work with
the servlet/JSP part of the Java EE specification.
• Tomcat is one of the most popular servlet/JSP engines, and most servlet/JSP
applications use Tomcat as both the web server and the serv let/JSP engine.
• An application server is the software that allows the web server to work
with the entire Java EE specification.
• To run Java web applications, the server requires the Java Development
Kit (JDK), a web server, and a servlet/JSP engine. This allows the server to
process the HTTP request and return an HTTP response.
• Most servlet/JSP applications use a database such as MySQL to store the
data that's used by the application.
• As you develop a Java web application, you try to divide its classes into
three layers: presentation, business rules, and data access. This makes it
easier to maintain the application.
• The top-level directory for a web application is known as its root directory.
 Chapter 1 An introduction to web programming with Java 27

• An Integrated Development Environment (/DE) is a tool that provides most

of the functionality that you need for developing web applications.
• NetBeans and Eclipse are popular IDEs for Java web development. Both are
open-source, free, and work on all modern operating systems.
• To deploy your web application on the Internet, you can get an Internet
service provider (ISP) that provides web hosting that supports servlets and
JSPs.
• When a web application runs on the Internet, it has an IP (Internet Protocol)
address like [Link] and a domain name like [Link]. These
addresses provide two ways to uniquely identify the website.
• To transfer your web application files to a web server, you can use a File
Transfer Protocol (FT P) client such as FileZilla.