School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

SCHOOL PLUS E-PROGRAMME

CLASS IX(CBSE)
2023-2024

Module - I

Brilliant
STUDY CENTRE
PALA
Mutholy Campus, Ph: 04822 - 206100, 206800
Arunapuram Campus, Ph: 04822 - 212415, 210949, 216975
Ernakulam - Ph: 0484 - 2665080, 2665090

[Link]., email: brilliantstudycentre@[Link]

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

CONTENTS
PHYSICS

1. Motion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 05

2. Force and Laws of Motion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

CHEMISTRY
1. Matter in Our Surroundings ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
2. Is Matter Around Us Pure ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
3. Atoms and Molecules ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
4. Structure of the Atom........................................................................................ 53

BIOLOGY
1. The fundamental unit of life ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
2. Tissues ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
3. Diversity in Living Organism ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 83

MATHEMATICS
1. Number System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
2. Polynomials ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114
3. Linear Eaquations in two Variables ----------------------------------------------------------- 125
4. Introduction to Euclid Geometry ---------------------------------------------------------------- 130

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

PHYSICS

CHAPTER - 01
MOTION

REST AND MOTION

Rest : An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to a reference point
with the passage of time.
eg : The chair, black board, table in the classroom are at rest with respect to the students
Motion : A body is said to be in motion if its position changes continuously with respect to the reference
point with the passage of time.
eg : A car moving on the road will be in motion with respect to the person standing on the road.
 Rest and motion are relative terms, there is nothing like absolute motion or rest.
 To describe the position of an object we need to specify a reference point called the origin
Motion along a straight line
 Simplest type of motion
eg : Motion of a car along a straight line.
An object falling freely under gravity
Scalars and vector quantity
Physical quantities (ie, quantities of physics) can be divided into two types :
1) Scalar quantity
Any physical quantity, which can be completely specified by its magnitude, is known as scalar quantity
or scalar.
eg : distance, volume, density, energy, power, .....
2) Vector quantity
The quantity which can be determined by its magnitude and the direction is called a vector quantity.
eg : displacement, velocity, acceleration, ........
Distance
It is the actual length of the path covered by a moving particle. It is a scalar quantity.
 SI unit of distance is metre (m)
 Distance is always positive
 Distance between two given points depends upon the path chosen.
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Displacement
Shortest distance between initial and final position of the particle. It is a vector quantity.
 SI unit of displacement is metre (m)
 Displacement may be positive, negative and zero
Uniform motion
A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small
these time interval may be.
eg : A car running at a constant speed say 10 m/s, will cover equal distances of 10 metre every
second. So, its motion will be uniform
Non-uniform motion
A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
eg : If we drop a ball from the roof of a building we will find that it covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time.
Average speed

Total distance travelled

average speed=
Total time taken

If an object travels a distance s in time ‘t’ then its average speed v is,

s
v
t

 SI unit of average speed = m/s

 Average speed is a scalar quantity
Average velocity
Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a definite direction. The velocity of an object can be
uniform or variable.
Velocity of an object can be changed by changing the object speed, direction of motion or both.
 Velocity is a vector quantity
 SI unit is m/s
 If the body is moving with a variable speed, average velocity is given by the arithmetic mean of initial
velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.

initial velocity  final velocity

 average velocity 
2
Let, u  initial velocity
v  final velocity
vav  average velocity

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

uv
 v av 
2
Rate of change of velocity - (acceleration)
Rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. [Change in velocity per unit time]

change in velocity
In general, average acceleration 
time

Uniform acceleration
If velocity changes by a constant rate, the motion is known as uniformly accelerated. In such a case
acceleration

v u
a
t
v  final velocity
u  initial velocity
t  time interval
a  uniform acceleration
 SI unit of acceleration is m/s2
 It is a vector quantity
Non - uniform acceleration
Velocity changes at a non-uniform rate. For example if a car travelling along a straight road increases
its speed by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time then the car is said to be moving with non-
uniform acceleration.
Graphical representation of motion
Graph provide a convenient method to present basic information about a variety of events
1) Distance - time graph
The change in position of an object with time

Body at rest

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Distance - time graph of a body moving with uniform speed.

From figure,

s2  s1
v
t 2  t1

Distance - time graph of a car moving with non-uniform speed

Velocity - time graph

1) Velocity - time graph for uniform motion

2) Velocity - time graph for a car moving with uniform acceleration

Area under velocity - time graph gives distance travelled or magnitude of displacement.

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

Velocity decreases uniformly with time

non-uniformly acceleration motion

Equations of motion by graphical method
u  initial velocity of the body
v  final velocity of the body after ‘t’ seconds
a  uniform acceleration
s  displacement
t  time interval
From given graph

change in velocity
a
time

v u
a
t

 v  u  at .......... (1)

Area = Area of  ABC  Area of OACD

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1
s t   v  u   t  u v  u  at
2
1
s  at  t  ut
2

1 2
s  ut  at ........ (2)
2
We have

1
Area of a trapezium = a  b c
2

 From graph
1  v u
s u  v  t But t   
2  a 

v u
 u  v  
1
s 
2  a 

1  v 2  u2 
s  
2  2a 
ie, 2as = v2 - u2

v 2  u2  2as .......... (3)

Uniform circular motion

When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion. In uniform circular motion, speed of the particle remains constant, but direction continuously
changes. So uniform circular motion is an example of accelerated motion.

r  radius of circular path

t  time taken for one complete circular path

2r
speed v 
t

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QUESTIONS
1. Newtons’................ law is called law of force:
A) First B) Second C) Third D) First, second and third
2. A particle is simultaneously acted upon by two forces equal to 4 N and 3 N. The net force on the
particle is
A) 0 B) 1 N
C) 3.5 N D) Between 1N and 7N
3. A force of 5 N gives a mass M1 an acceleration equal to 8 m/s2 and M2, an acceleration = 24 m/s2.
What is the acceleration if both masses are tied together?
A) 16 m/s2 B) 6 m/s2 C) 12 m/s2 D) 4 m/s2
4. If the net force acting on a body is doubled, the acceleration of the body is
A) Halved B) Doubled C) Unchanged D) Quadrupled
5. A force of 70N gives an object of unknown mass an acceleration of 20 m/s2. The mass of the object
is
A) 7 kg B) 0.3 kg C) 3.5 kg D) 35 kg
6. One [Link]. equals

A) 1 N B) 103 N C) 19.8 N D) 9.8 N

7. A car accelerates on a horizontal road due to the force exerted by

A) road on the car B) engine of car C) driver of car D) car on earth
8. A kite of mass m is skilfully held stationary in the sky. The net force on the kite is
A) zero B) mg C) - mg D) m/g
9. A bullet of mass 10g is fired from a gun of mass 1kg with recoil velocity of gun = 5m/s. The muzzle
velocity of the bullet will be
A) 500 m/s B) 50 m/s C) 60 m/s D) 600 m/s
10. A force of 6N acts on a body at rest and mass 1kg. During this time the body attains a velocity of 30
m/s. The time for which the force acts on the body is :
A) 10 sec B) 8 sec C) 7 sec D) 5 sec
11. In the given figure, acceleration of the system is:

A) 5 m / sec 2 B) 10 m / sec 2 C) 15 m / sec 2 D) 20 m / sec 2

12. A vehicle is moving on a rough road in a straight line with uniform velocity
A) No force is acting on the vehicle
B) A force must act on the vehicle
C) An acceleration is being produced in the vehicle
D) No work is being done on the vehicle
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13. Rocket propulsion is based on:

A) Newton’s second law of motion only
B) Newton’s third law of motion only
C) Conservation of momentum only
D) Newton’s third law and conservation of momentum
14. A player kicks 0.5 kg football and gives it a velocity of 10 m/s starting from rest. The contact between
the foot and the ball lasts for 1/50 sec. What is the force of impact:
A) 2500 N B) 1250 N C) 250 N D) 625 N
15. If the net force acting on a body is doubled, the acceleration of the body is
A) Halved B) Doubled C) Unchanged D) Quadrupled
16. A force of 5 newton acts on a body of weight 9.8N. What is the acceleration produced in m/s2
A) 0.51 B) 1.96 C) 5 D) 28
17. Four bodies are of m, 2m, 3m, 4m masses. In which body acceleration produced will be maximum
on applying equal amount of force on each one of them.
A) m B) 2m C) 3m D) 4m
18. The principle at which rocket works on :
A) Conservation of energy B) Conservation of momentum
C) Newton’s law D) Charles’s law
19. The velocity of a body of mass 5 kg changes from 20 m/s to 60 m/s in 4 seconds. The force acting
on it is equal to :
A) 40 N B) 200 N C) 50 N D) 100 N
20. A block of mass 0.5 kg rests on a horizontal surface. When a horizontal force of 2.0 N is applied on
it, it acquires an acceleration of 3 ms-1. The force of friction between the block and the horizontal
surface is :
A) 0.0 N B) 0.5 N C) 1.0 N D) 1.5 N
21. A body of mass m is moving with a velocity v, its momentum is :
A) m/v B) mv C) mv2/2 D) mv2/4
22. Which of the following class of forces is different from others ?
A) Pulling of a cart B) Stretching of a coiled spring
C) Kicking of a football D) Electric force
23. A body moving with uniform velocity is stopped in 0.25 second by applying retarding force of
200 Newton. The initial momentum of the body will be :
A) 100 kg m/s B) 150 kg m/s C) zero D) 50 kg m/s
24. A body falling from a height collide with ground with a velocity V. It rebounds with same velocity. The
change in momentum of the body is (mass is m)

mv
A) Zero B) mv C) 4) 2 mv
2

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25. A body of mass 4 kg moving with 10 m/s collide with a body of mass 4 kg at rest. What is the velocity
of the combined system after collision
A) 5 m/s B) 10 m/s C) Zero D) 20 m/s
26. A body of mass 10 kg initiely at rest is acted by a force 40 N what is the momentum of the body after
20 sec ( in kg m/s)
A) 100 B) 400 C) 800 D) 1600
27. Two force are acting on a body as shown in the figure. What is the acceleration of the body

A) 2 m/s2 B) 4 m/s2 C) 1 m/s2 D) 8 m/s2

28. When velocity of a moving body is doubled and mass is halved what happens to momentum
A) Two times B) Four times C) Remains same D) Becomes half

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CHAPTER - 02
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

FORCE
Force is a push or pull which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a
body or changes it direction of motion or shape.
SI unit : Newton
EFFECTS OF FORCE
1. Force can set a stationary object in motion
Eg: Kicking a foot ball
2. Force can stop the moving objects or slow them down
Eg: Cricket player stopping a cricket ball
3. Force can change the direction of moving objects
Eg: Changing the direction of bicycle using handle
4. Force can change the shape of objects
Eg: A spring expands on application of force
BALANCED FORCES
If a number of forces acting on a object does not produce any change in its state of rest or uniform
motion or direction of motion, then they are called balanced forces.

30 N 30 N

Eg: A person holding briefcase in hand

A book resting on a table
UNBALANCED FORCES
If the no. of forces acting on an object produce a change in its state of rest or uniform motion or
direction of motion, then they are termed as unbalanced forces

30 N 50 N

Eg: A briefcase released from a person’s hand

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FIRST LAW OF MOTION

Statement
Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled
by some external unbalanced force
Intertia
Inability of a body to change its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line is called
inertia of a body. It is the natural tendency of objects to resist a change in their state of rest or of
uniform motion.
Eg: 1) Dust removed from a hanging carpet by beating it with a stick
2) When we have shake the branch of a tree, its fruits and dry leaves fall down
3) Coin falls into the tumbler when the card is given a sudden jerk
4) When a horse suddenly starts running, rider falls backward
5) A person getting out a moving bus falls in the forward direction
Mass of an object
Mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. Heavier or massive objects will have larger inertia and
lighter objects offer smaller inertia. Inertia of an object can be measured by its mass.
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Momentum
The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass ‘m’ and velocity ‘v’. Momentum
is represented by ‘P’.

 P=m×v
Momentum has both magnitude and direction
It has direction same as that of velocity
SI unit of momentum is Kg ms-1
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Statement
The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in
the direction of force.
Mathematical formulation of Second Law of Motion
Suppose an object of mass ‘m’ is moving along a straight line an initial velocity ‘u’. It is uniformly
accelerated to velocity ‘v’ in time ‘t’ by the application of a constant force ‘F’ throughout the time ‘t’.
The initial momentum
P1 = mu
Final momentum
P2 = mv
Change in momentum  (P2 - P1)
 mv - mu
 m[v-u]

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m[v  u]
Rate of change of momentum 
t
Applied force

m[v  u]
F
t

m[v  u] v u
F k a
t t

F  k ma
Takin the proportionality constant as 1

F=ma
Unit of force = unit of mass × unit of acceleration
Unit of F = 1Kg × 1 m/s2
= Kg m/s2
1 Kg m/s2 = 1 newton = IN
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Statement
“To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and they are acting on two different bodies”
Explanation
When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object instantaneously exerts a force
back on the first. These two forces are always equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. These
forces act on different objects and never on the same object.
Examples
1) When a gun is fired, it exerts a forward force on the bullet. The bullet exerts an equal and opposite
force on the gun. This is known as recoil of the gun.
2) When a sailor jumps out of a rowing boat, as the sailor jumps forward, force on the boat moves it
backwards.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Statement
In an isolated system, where there is no external force, the total momentum remains conserved
Explanation
Suppose two balls A and B of masses mA and mB are travelling in the same direction along straight
lines at different velocities UA and UB respectively. Let UA > UB. There are no external forces (unbalanced)
acting on them. Two balls collide with each other. During collision which lasts for a time ‘t’, ball A exerts
a force FB A on ball A. Suppose VA and VB are the velocities of two balls A and B after the collision
respectively.

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Before Collision

UA UB A B
mA mB

FBA
FBA

After Collision

VA mB
mA
VB

Momentum before collision Momentum after collision

For A P1 = mA VA
Rate of change of momentum of A

mA [VA  UA ]
 FA B
t
For B P1 = mB UB P2 = mB VA
Rate of change of momentum of B

mB [VB  UA ]
 FB A
t
According to third law of motion, the force FA B exerted by ball A on ball B and the force FB A exerted by
ball B on ball A must be equal and opposite to each other.
FA B = - FB A

mA [VA  UA ]  mB [VB  UB ]

t t

m A VA  m AUA  mB VB  mB UB

MA UA + MB UB = MA VA + MB VB

Sum of momentum of A and B before collision is equal to sum of momentum of A and B after collision.

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QUESTIONS
1. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object to be travelling
with a non-zero velocity ? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and
direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.
2. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.
3. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope ?
4. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a short distance, the ball
comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop because
a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough
b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball
c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion
d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come to rest.
5. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m
in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if its mass is 7 tonnes (Hint : 1 tonne = 1000 kg)
6. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m s-1 across the frozen surface of a lake and comes to
rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice ?
7. A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a horizontal track. If the engine
exerts a force at 40000 N and the track offers a friction force of 5000 N, then calculate :
a) the net accelerating force and
b) the acceleration of the train
8. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the vehicle and road
if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 m s-2 ?
9. What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v ?

a) (mv)2 b) mv2 c) 12 mv 2 d) mv

10. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at a constant
velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet ?
11. Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite directions. The
velocity of each object is 2.5 m s-1 before the collision during which they stick together. What will be
the velocity of the combined object after collision ?
12. According to the third law of motion when we push on an object, the object pushes back on us with an
equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked along the roadside, it will probably not
move. A student justifies this by answering that the two opposite and equal forces cancel each other.
Comment on this logic and explain why the truck does not move.
13. A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 m s-1 is struck by a hockey stick so as to return it along its
original path with a velocity at 5 m s-1. Calculate the magnitude of change of momentum occurred in
the motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.
14. A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 m s-1 strikes a stationary wooden
block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Also
calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet.

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15. An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 m s-1 collides with, and sticks to,
a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then they both move off together in the same straight line.
Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after the impact. Also, calculate the
velocity of the combined object.
16. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 m s-1 to 8 m s-1 in 6s. Calculate
the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object.
17. Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motor car that was moving with a high velocity on an
expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran
started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in
momentum as compared to the change in momentum of the motor car (because the change in the
velocity of the insect was much more than that of the motocar). Akhtar said that since the motor car
was moving with a larger velocity. It exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect died.
Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motor car and the insect experienced
the same force and a change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
18. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls from a height of
80 cm ? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 m s-2.
19. The following is the distance-time of an object in motion :
Time in seconds Distance in metres
0 0
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration ? Is it constant, increasing, decreasing, or
zero ?
b) What do you infer about the forces acting on the object ?
20. Two persons manage to push a motor car of mass 1200 kg at a uniform velocity along a level road.
The same motocar can be pushed by three persons to produce an acceleration of 0.2 ms-2. With
what force does each person push the motocar ? (Assume that all persons push the motocar with the
same muscular effort)
21. A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 ms-1, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in a very short
time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer ?
22. A motor car of mass 1200 kg is moving along a straight line with a uniform velocity of 90 km/h. Its
velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s by an unbalanced external force. Calculate the acceleration
and change in momentum. Also calculate the magnitude of the force required
23. The necessary force required in Newton to produce a pressure of 50 Newton/metre2 on a rectangle of
area 10 square metre will be :
A) 500 B) 60 C) 5 D) 0.2

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24. Four bodies are of m, 2m, 3m, 4m masses. In which body acceleration produced will be maximum on
applying equal amount of force on each one of them.
A) m B) 2m C) 3m D) 4m
25. The principle at which rocket works on :
A) Conservation of energy B) Conservation of momentum
C) Newton’s law D) Charles’s law
26. The velocity of a body of mass 5 kg changes from 20 m/s to 60 m/s in 4 seconds. The force acting on
it is equal to :
A) 40 N B) 200 N C) 50 N D) 100 N
27. A block of mass 0.5 kg rests on a horizontal surface. When a horizontal force of 2.0 N is applied on it,
it acquires an acceleration of 3 ms-1. The force of friction between the block and the horizontal surface
is :
A) 0.0 N B) 0.5 N C) 1.0 N D) 1.5 N
28. A body of mass m is moving with a velocity v, its momentum is :
A) m/v B) mv C) mv2/2 D) mv2/4
29. Which of the following class of forces is different from others ?
A) Pulling of a cart B) Stretching of a coiled spring
C) Kicking of a football D) Electric force
30. A body moving with uniform velocity is stopped in 0.25 second by applying retarding force of
200 Newton. The initial momentum of the body will be :
A) 100 kg m/s B) 150 kg m/s C) zero D) 50 kg m/s

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CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER - 01
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Matter

Any substance which occupies volume and mass

Mass

It is the amount of substance

SI unit of mass = kg (kilogram)

SI unit of volume = m3

Common unit of volume = Litre

1 L = 1 dm3

1 L = 1000 cm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

Earlier classification of matter [done by Indian philosophen]

Air Water Earth Fire Sky

Characteristics of particles of matter

 Particles of matter have intermolecular space between them

 Particle of matter are continuously moving

When temperature increases, kinetic energy also increases.

“ Intermixing of particles of matter is called diffusion”

 Particles of matter attract each other

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STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Fixed shape and fixed volume Fixed volume,shape will be No fixed shape and
the shape of container fixed volume
Negligible compresibility Greater than solid High compressibility

Rigid Fluid (tendency to flow) Fluid

Weaker than solids Negligible attraction

Strong attraction

May break due to force

eg : oxygen, ammonia,
eg : diamond, ice eg : water, mercury LPG

 Liquids and gases which have an ability to flow is called liquid

 Pressure exerted by gas is due to the bombardment of gas molecules with the walls of container.
Changing the states of matter

Heating Heating
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Cooling Cooling
 The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called its melting point.
Melting point of ice = 273.15 K
 The change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion
 Latent heat of fusion : The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called as latent heat of fusion
 The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point

LIQUID VA
P OU
N N RI
SIO IO CO SA
FU AT N DE TIO
I FIC NS
AT N
 LID IO
SO N
SUBLIMATION
SOLID GAS
DEPOSITION

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Evaporation
Change of liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation
Factors affecting evaporation

 Surface area : when surface area increases rate of evaporation increases

 Temperature : when temperature increases, evaporation increases

 Humidity : when humidity increases, rate of evaporation decreases

 Increase in wind speed, also increases evaporation

“ Evaporation causes cooling, because latent heat of vapourisation is absorbed from the body”

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QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following sets of phenomena would increase on raising the temperature
A) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases
B) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility
C) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases
D) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases
2. Fluids are
A) Solids B) Liquids C) Gases D) Both B and C
3. During summer, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool because of the phenomenon of
A) Diffusion B) Evaporation
C) Osmosis D) Transpiration
4. When we add sugar in water, particles of sugar disappear because they
A) are very small B) get into the spaces between water particles
C) are moving D) all the above
5. If molecules of solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from less concentrated
solution into more concentrated one, then it is called
A) Diffusion B) Osmosis
C) Transpiration D) Evaporation
6. Arrange the substances in the increasing order of “forces of attraction”, between their particles
A) water, air, wind B) air, sugar, oil
C) oxygen, water, sugar D) salt, juice, air
7. On converting 350, 1000 and 1020 C to kelvin scale, the correct sequence of temperature will be
A) 308, 373, 375 B) 238, 173, 171
C) 335, 373, 378 D) 318, 383, 385
8. A form of matter has no fixed shape, but it has a fixed volume. An example of this form of matter is
A) Krypton B) Kerosene
C) Carbondioxide D) Carbon steel
9. Which one of the following statements is not true ?
A) The molecules in a solid vibrate about a fixed position
B) The molecules in a liquid are arranged in a regular pattern
C) The molecules in a gas exerts negligibly small forces on each other, except during collisions
D) The molecules of a gas occupy all the space available
10. When water at 00 C freezes to form ice, at the same temperature of 00 C, then it
A) absorbs some heat B) releases some heat
C) neither releases nor absorbs heat D) not predictable

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

11. Which of the following phenomena always result in the cooling effect ?
A) condensation B) evaporation
C) sublimation D) none of these
12. Which of the following cannot be considered as a form of matter
A) atom B) water C) humidity D) electron
13. Which of the following statement is correct
A) Materials existing at room temperature have their melting point and boiling points lower than that of
room temperature
B) The phenomenon involving the transition of a substance from solid state to liquid state is called
sublimation
C) To convert a temperature on the celsius scale to kelvin scale, substract 273 from the given
temperature
D) The density of ice is less than H2O
14. Which of the following is not true regarding the characteristic of matter ?
A) Particles of matter are randomly moving in all directions
B) Kinetic energy of the particles increases with a rise in temperature
C) Kinetic energy of the particle of all matter remains the same at a particular temperature
D) Particles of matter diffuse into each other on their own
15. Which condition out of the following will increase the evaporation of water ?
A) Increase in temperature of water B) Decrease in temperature of water
C) Less exposed surface area of water D) Adding common salt to water
16. Which of the following is not a characteristics of particles of matter ?
A) Particles of matter are very small
B) When temperature rises, rate of diffusion increases
C) Particles of matter attracts each other
D) There is no space between particles of matter
17. CNG is
A) Complete natural gas B) Compressed natural gas
C) Complicated natural gas D) Condensed natural gas
18. The smell of hot cooked food reaches us in seconds, because of
A) Evaporation B) Condensation C) Transpiration D) Diffusion
19. Which state of matter can exert large amount of pressure
A) Gas B) Liquid C) Solid D) Plasma
20. At 273.15 K, if you are heating ice, then melting starts with
A) Increase in temperature B) Decrease in temperature
C) Constant temperature D) Can’t be predicted

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21. Which of the following contain highest amount of heat energy

A) Ice at 00 C B) Water at 1000 C
C) Steam at 1000 C D) Both B and C
22. The conversion of gas to solid without changing into liquid is called ––––––––––––
A) Sublimation B) Deposition
C) Condensation D) Vapourisation
23. Which of the following is not related to evaporation ?
A) At hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof
B) During summer, we wear cotton clothes
C) Acetone vapourises after pouring
D) When a tyre punctures, air effuses out
24. Which of the following is not a SI unit of below mentioned quantity
A) Length - Metre B) Volume - Litre
C) Pressure - Pascal D) Weight - N

increase heat and

25.
decrease pressure
E

A B
Solid Liquid Gas

D C

Find the correct match

A) A  vapourisation B) E  Sublimation
F  Sublimation C  Evaporation

C) C  Condensation D) A  Melting
F  Deposition D  Condensation

26. 1 atm is equal to

A) 1.01325 × 105 Pa B) 101.325 KPa
C) 105 Pa D) Both A and B
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

27. For the liquifaction of gases

A) Increase pressure B) Decrease pressure
C) Reduce the temperature D) Both A & C
28. With increase in humidity, rate of evaporation
A) Increases B) Decreases
C) Doesnot depend on humidity D) First increases, then decreases
29. Which of the following is not a Bulk phenomenon ?
A) Evaporation B) Melting C) Boiling D) Absorption
30. Flame is an example of which state of matter ?
A) Gas B) Liquid
C) Bose Einstein condensate D) Plasma

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CHAPTER - 02
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE ?

Matter
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter. It may be solid, liquid or gas.
Matter is of 2 types
1. Pure Matter
2. Impure substances
Pure Matter
Pure substances may be defined as material which contains only one kind of atoms or molecules.
Pure substances are of 2 kinds : -
1. Elements -
Pure substances which are made up of only one kind of atoms are known as elements. All atoms in an
element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different.
2. Compounds -
Pure substances which are made up of only one kind of molecules are known as compounds. Atoms
constituting are from two or more different elements. The different elements are combined in fixed
proportion in a compound.
Impure Matter
Impure matters are also called mixture. A mixture is a material which contains two or more different
kinds of particles (atoms or molecules) which do not react chemically but are physically mixed together
in any proportion.
Mixtures are of 2 types:
(a) Homogeneous mixtures -
A mixture is said to be homogeneous if all the components of the mixture are uniformly mixed and
there are no boundaries of separation between them. For example - Salt in water etc.
(b) Heterogeneous mixtures -
A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture are not thoroughly mixed
and there are visible boundaries of separation between them. For example- Sand in water etc.
Before we proceed further we should know the difference between the properties of compounds and
mixtures.

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

Properties of compounds
1. A compound is a homogeneous substance.
2. A compound has a definite composition.
3. A compound has definite melting point or boiling point.
4. Energy is absorbed or evolved in the form of heat or light during the formation of a compound.
5. The properties of compound are entirely different from those of its constituents.
For example - If we mix Iron and Sulphur in a watch glass, we get a mixture. This is then heated till a
black mass is formed. This leads to formation of compound called Iron Sulphide.


Fe  S 
Heat
 FeS
 element   element   compound

On bringing magnet near to it, no Iron is attracted towards it. Also, Sulphur does not dissolve on adding
carbon disulphide, thus, not showing the properties of its constituents.
6. The constituents of a compound cannot be separated by simple physical means.
Properties of mixtures -
1. A mixture may be homogenous or heterogeneous.
2. The composition of a mixture is variable.
3. A mixture does not have a definite melting point or boiling point.
4. Energy is neither absorbed nor evolved during the formation of a mixture.
5. The properties of mixture are the properties of its constituents.
For example- If we mix Iron and Sulphur in a watch glass, we obtain a mixture. Now, if we bring a
magnet near it, it attracts the iron-filings which is the property of its constituent (Iron) whereas if we
dissolve it in carbon disulphide, then Sulphur gets dissolved leaving the iron-filings unchanged, thus
showing the property of its constituent (Sulphur).
6. The constituents of mixture can be separated by simple physical methods.
Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical Change -
Those changes in which only physical properties of the substances change but no new substances
are formed are called physical changes.
For example - Melting of ice to form water, breaking of glass, preparing a solution etc.
Chemical Change -
Those changes in which new substances are formed are called chemical changes and chemical
properties of a substance gets changed in a chemical change. For example - Rusting of iron, burning
a piece of paper etc.
NOTE : There are many features which distinguish a physical and a chemical change. They are as follows:

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Physical change Chemical change

1. A physical change brings about change in
1. A chemical change brings about change in
physical properties such as physical state,
chemical properties
shape, size etc
2. There is always a change in chemical
2. There is no change in chemical composition
composition of a substance during chemical
of a substance during physical change
change
3. No new substance is formed 3. A new substance is always formed

4. It is temporary and hence reversible 4. It is permanent and hence irreversible

Tyndall Effect

If a light is passed through a medium and its path can be seen, then the substance is said to show
Tyndall effect.
Example - When a beam of sunlight enters a dark room through some hole in the window, path of light
becomes visible due to scattering of light by the colloidal dust particles present in the air of cinema
hall. This shows Tyndall effect.
Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids
Solution -
A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting substances
whose composition can be varied within limits.
A solution as 2 components;
1. Solute : The component which is dissolved or which is present in small amount is called solute. It is
also called dispersive medium.
2. Solvent : The component which is present in larger amount is called solvent. It is also called dispersion
medium.
Types of solutions -
1. Solid in Liquid : Like sugar in water, tincture of iodine (in it iodine is dissolved in alcohol) etc.
2. Liquid in Liquid : Like alcohol in water etc.
3. Gas in Liquid : Like CO2 dissolved in water in cold-drinks.
4. Solid in Solid : Like Alloys such as Brass (copper + zinc), Bronze (copper + tin) etc.
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

5. Gas in Gas : Like in air, various gases are mixed such as O2, N2 etc.
6. Liquid in Solid : Like copper sulphate in dental amalgam.
7. Gas in Solid : Gas is adsorbed over the surface of metal.
8. Solid in Gas : Like camphor in air.
9. Liquid in Gas : Like clouds and fog.
Properties of Solutions -
1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
2. Size of particles is smaller than 1 nm (10–9 m).
3. The particles cannot be seen by microscope.
4. It is a stable mixture, solute does not settle down over a period of time.
5. If solutions passed through filter paper, solute and solvent do not separate
6. It does not scatter light i.e. it do not show Tyndall effect.
Suspensions -
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain
suspended throughout the bulk of medium.
Properties of Suspension -
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.
3. Particles can be seen by naked eyes.
4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settle down at the bottom over period of time.
5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, solute and solvent gets separated.
6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows Tyndall effect.
Colloids -
Solutions in which the size of particles lies in between those of true solutions and suspensions are
called colloidal solutions or simply colloids.
Types of colloids -

Dispersed Phase Dispersion Medium Type Examples

1. Solid Solid Solid Sol Milky glass
2. Solid Liquid Sol Muddy water
3. Solid Gas Solid aerosol Smoke
4. Liquid Solid Gel Jelly
5. Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk
6. Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog
7. Gas Solid Solid foam Pumice stone
8. Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream

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Properties of Colloids -
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture
2. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
3. Particles can be seen by microscope.
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.
5. When the solution passes through the filter paper , the solute and solvent do not separate.
6. No Tyndall effect is observed.
Terms related to Solution
1. Dilute and concentrated solution -
Dilute and concentrated are comparative terms. A solution having a small amount of solute in a given
solvent is dilute whereas a large amount of solute in that given solvent is concentrated when compared
with one another.
2. Unsaturated and saturated solution -
 A solution that can dissolve more solute in it at a given temperature is called unsaturated solution.
 A solution which contains maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at the
given temperature and which cannot dissolve any more solute at that temperature is called saturated
solution.
3. Solubility -
The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100 gm of solvent is called solubility of that
solute in that solvent at a particular temperature.
Alternatively, we can say that
The amount of solute needed to make saturated solution of 100 gm of solvent is called solubility of that
solute in that solvent at a particular temperature.
4. Effect of Temperature on Solubility -
(a) Solubility of Solid solute in Liquid :
 As temperature increases, solubility also increases.
 Saturated solution becomes unsaturated.
 If saturated solution is cooled down, some dissolved solute separates.
(b) Solubility of Gas in Liquid:
 As temperature increases, solubility decreases.
5. Effect of Pressure on Solubility -
(a) Solid solute in Liquid:
 As temperature increases, solubility increases.
 Pressure has no effect on solubility in case of solid solute in liquid.
(b) Gas In Liquid:
 As temperature increases, solubility decreases.
 As pressure increases, solubility increases.
This is the reason that cold drinks are packaged at high pressure.
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

6. Concentration of Solution -
(a) Solid in Liquid:

Mass of solute
Concentration   100
Mass of solution

(b) Liquid in Liquid :

Volume of solute
Concentration   100
Volume of solution

Concentration is the measure of amount. It is the amount of solute present in the amount of solution.
Separation of Mixtures
The method to be used for separating a mixture depends on the nature of its constituents. Here are
few to separate various constituents of mixture -
1. Filtration :
Filtration is a process in which the solute and the solvent are separated using Filter paper. The difference
in the solubility of the constituents is used to separate them in this process.
Basically, it is used to separate insoluble substances from liquid. The substance which is not soluble
and remains behind on the filter paper is called residue while the one which is filtered out is called
filtrate.

For example: Sand and water can be separated by the process of filtration.
2. Evaporation :
Evaporation is a process which is used to separate a substance that has dissolved in water (or any
other liquid). The use of process of evaporation for separating a mixture is based on the fact that
liquids vaporize easily whereas solids do not vaporize easily.
Evaporation is used for recovering dissolved solid substances from liquid mixtures (or solutions) but
the liquid itself cannot be recovered by this method. The liquid vaporizes and get lost to the air. Due to
evaporation, ink which is a mixture of dye and water, we can obtain its constituents separately.

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3. Crystallization :

It is a process of cooling a hot, concentrated solution of a substance to obtain crystals is called

crystallization. The process of crystallization is used for obtaining a pure solid substance from impure
sample. This is done as follows :

1. The impure solid substance is dissolved in the minimum amount of water to form a solution.

2. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.

3. The clear solution is heated gently on a water bath till a concentrated or a saturated solution is
obtained. Then stop heating.

4. Allow the hot, concentrated solution to cool slowly.

5. Crystals of pure solid are formed. Impurities remain dissolved in the solution.

6. Separate the crystals of pure solid by filtration and dry.

4. Chromatography :

Chromatography is a technique used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in same solvent in
very small quantities, the most common being paper chromatography. This separation is based on
the fact that though two or more substances are soluble in same solvent (say water) but their solubility
may be different.

It can be used to separate dye from ink. The method for separation is as follows:-

 Take a thin and long strip of filter paper. Draw a pencil line on it, about three centimeters from one
end.

 Put a small drop of black ink on filter paper strip at the centre of the pencil line. Let the ink dry.

 When the drop of ink has dried, the filter paper strip is lowered into a tall glass jar containing some
water in its lower part (keeping the pencil line at the bottom). The strip should be held vertical. Please
note that though the lower end should dip in water but pencil line should remain above the water level.

 When the water reaches the top end, the strip is removed from the jar and dried. The paper containing
separate coloured spots is obtained.

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5. Sublimation :
The changing of a solid directly into vapours on heating and of vapours into solid on cooling is called
sublimation. The solid which undergoes sublimation is said to sublime. The process of sublimation is
used to separate those substances from mixture which sublime on heating. The solid substance
obtained by cooling the vapours is known as sublimate. The substances like ammonium chloride,
camphor undergo sublimation.
The process of sublimation is used to separate that component of solid-solid mixture which sublimes
on heating (the other component of the mixture being non-volatile).
Here is an example to show how sublimation helps in separating common salt and ammonium chloride
 Take a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride in a china dish placed on a tripod stand.
 Cover the china dish with an inverted glass funnel and put a cotton plug on the open end of the
funnel to prevent vapours going to the atmosphere.
Heat the mixture using burner. On heating, ammonium chloride changes into white vapours which
rise up and get converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact with cold inner walls of
the funnel.
 Here, pure ammonium collects on thinner walls of the funnel in the form of the sublimate and can be
removed. Since common salt is not prone to sublimation so it remains behind in the china dish.

6. Separation of Two Immiscible Liquids :

This process is used to separate 2 liquids which don't mix into one another. These two immiscible
liquids are separated through separating funnel.
A separating funnel is a type of funnel which has a stopcock in its stem to allow the flow of liquid from
it , or to stop the flow of liquid from it. The separation of two immiscible liquids depends on the difference
in their densities. Example - Kerosene Oil and water.

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Figure below shows separation of Kerosene oil and water.

Kerosene Oil having low density settles to the top of water and water is easily obtained by opening the
stopcock of the funnel.
NOTE: - The principle is that immiscible liquids separate out in layers depending on their
densities.
7. Separation of Miscible Liquids / Distillation :
This process is used to separate 2 liquids which are miscible i.e. they mix into each other in all
proportions and form a single layer when put in a container. In this method , we start heating a liquid to
form vapour , then cooling the vapour to get back liquid. The liquid obtained by condensing the vapour
is called distillate. This process is used for those liquids which have sufficient difference in their boiling
points.

This process is valid only when the difference in boiling point is more than 25 K.

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

8. Fractional Distillation:
Fractional distillation is a process of separating two or more miscible liquids by distillation, the distillate
being collected in fractions boiling at different temperatures.
When the boiling point difference between 2 miscible liquids is less than 25 K, then fractional distillation
is used. In this process, except distillation apparatus, a fractionating column is fitted in between
distillation flask and the condenser.
A simple fractionating column has glass beads. These beads provide surface for vapour to cool and
condense rapidly.
Figure above shows the process of Fractional distillation.

9. Separation of Gases from Air

Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases and can be separated into its constituents by fractional
distillation. The flow diagram shows the steps of process:

Air

Compress and cooled by increasing

pressure and decreasing temperature

Liquid Air

Allow to arm up slowly in

fractional distillation column

Gases get separated at different heights

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10. Centrifugation :
If we have a mixture of fine suspended particles in liquid, we can separate it through filtration but that
is time consuming .So, we use the process or centrifugation to rapidly separate the mixture.
Centrifugation is done by a machine called centrifuge.
Centrifugation is a method for separating the suspended particles of a substance from a liquid in
which the mixture is rotated (or spun) at high speed in a centrifuge.
As the mixture rotates rapidly, a force acts on heavier suspended particles in it and brings them down
to the bottom. The clear liquid being lighter remains on the top. This process is used to separate
cream from milk.
11. Cleaning Water for Drinking
To have clean water we need to pass the water obtained from lake through a long process. It is as
follows -
1. SEDIMENTATION TANK - Heavy impure particles settle down when water is left for some time.
2. LOADING TANK - Alum is mixed with water. Even small suspended particles settle down.
3. FILTRATlON TANK - It has 3 layers of fine sand, coarse sand & tiny stones. When water passes
through them, it is further cleaned.
4. CHLORINATION TANK - Chlorine is mixed with water in the tank. It kills gems. Now water is sent
to home.
Classification of Matter
We have studied that matter are of two types - Pure and Impure. Elements are pure matters.
Around 100 elements exist in nature. Out of those, around 92 are natural and rests are man- made
elements. Among them 2 elements are liquid in state - Bromine and Mercury whereas 11 of them
exhibit gaseous state like hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen etc. Thus, most of them are solid in nature.
Cesium and Gallium are solid at room temperature but tends to change into liquid when temperature
increases.
Properties of metals and non-metals -

Metals Non - metals

1. Metals are luster Non - metals do not have luster

2. They are generally grey or gold n colour They posses multiple colours

3. They conduct heat & electricity They do not conduct heat & electricity

4. They are malleable i.e., they can be They are non malleable i.e, they cannot be
beaten into thin sheets beaten into thin sheets
5. They are ductile i.e, they can be drawn They are non ductile i.e, they cannot be
into thin wires drawn into thin wires
6. They are sonorous i.e, they produce sound They are non sonorous i.e, they do not
when hit produce sound when hit.
Metalloids -
They are those elements which have properties of both metal and non-metal. For example - Germanium,
Silicon etc.
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

QUESTIONS
1. The quantity of matter present in an object is called its :
A) Weight B) Volume C) Mass D) Density
2. Which among the following is not metalloid ?
A) Germanium B) Silicon C) Iodine D) Arsenic
3. Latent heat of vaporisation of water is :
A) 2.25 × 102 J/kg B) 22.5 × 105 J/kg C) 3.34 × 105 J/kg D) 34.4 × 102 J/kg
4. In sublimation process :
A) Solid changes into liquid B) Liquid changes into gas
C) Solid changes directly into gas D) Liquid changes into solid
5. Dry ice is :
A) Solid ammonia B) Solid carbondioxide
C) Solid sulphurdioxide D) Normal ice
6. In which phenomenon water changes into water vapour below its boiling point ?
A) evaporation B) condensation C) boiling D) sublimation
7. Identify a physical change among the following
1) respiration B) digestion of food C) melting of wax D) curdling of milk
8. The reverse of sublimation is called
A) fusion B) deposition C) condensation D) solidification
9. At melting point,
A) kinetic energy remains constant and potential energy increases
B) kinetic energy increases and potential energy remains constant
C) both potential energy and kinetic energy increase
D) potential energy increases with a decrease in kinetic energy
10. Which of the following will respond to sublimation ?
A) Common salt B) Sugar C) Camphor D) Potassium nitrate
11. Solids cannot be compressed because :
A) constituent particles are very closely packed
B) interparticle attractive forces are weak
C) movement of constituent particles is restricted
D) constituent particles diffuse very slowly
12. During evaporation, particles of a liquid change into vapours only :
A) from the surface B) from the bulk
C) from both surface and bulk D) neither from surface nor from bulk

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13. The bulb of a thermometer when dipped in petrol and then taken out, the level of the mercury thread in
the thermometer
A) starts falling B) starts rising
C) remains at the same level D) initially falls and then rises
14. Water kept in an earthen pot, during summer days becomes very cold due to
A) condensation B) evaporation C) freezing D) fusion
15. The electric bulb on long use forms a black coating on its inner surface. The process associated with
this is
A) melting of tungsten B) sublimation of tungsten
C) oxidation of tungsten D) reduction of tungsten
16. In which of the following cases, cooking is very slow ?
A) pressure cooker at sea level B) pressure cooker at higher altitude
C) open vessel at sea level D) open vessel at higher altitude
17. The lower layer in filtration tank is made up of
A) Water B) Fine sand C) Gravel D) Coarse gravel
18. The apparatus used for the separation of two immiscible liquids having different densities is :
A) Separating funnel B) Centrifuge
C) Liebig condenser D) Chromatogram
19. Which among the following is not a homogeneous mixture ?
A) Solder B) Aqueous solution of NaCl
C) Sulphur in carbondisulphide D) Sulphur in water
20. Name an instrument that works on the sedimentation principle
A) Separating funnel B) Centrifuge
C) Chromatogram D) Fractionating column
21. Which of the following compounds can be separated by fractional distillation only
i) Ethanol ii) Water iii) Kerosene iv) Petrol
A) i & ii B) i & iii C) ii & iv D) iii & iv
22. Two miscible liquids can be separated by distillation when there is a large difference in their :
A) melting point B) boiling point
C) volatilization D) freezing point
23. Liquid dispersed in solid type colloid is known as
A) Sol B) Gel
C) Emulsion D) Foam
24. Purity of a solid substance can be checked by its
A) boiling point B) melting point
C) solubility in water D) solubility in alcohol

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

25. A sample contains two substances and has uniform properties. The sample is
A) a compound B) a heterogeneous mixture
C) an element D) a homogeneous mixture
26. Which of the following is considered to be pure substance ?
A) granite B) sodium chloride
C) muddy water D) milk of magnesia
27. Which of the following gas have lowest boiling point
A) Oxygen B) Nitrogen C) Argon D) Carbon dioxide
28. Filtration can be used to separate
A) solids from solids B) solids from liquids
C) liquids from liquids D) liquids from gases
29. Smoke is an example of
A) gas dispersed in liquid B) gas dispersed in solid
C) solid dispersed in gas D) solid dispersed in solid
30. Which of the following forms a colloidal solution in water ?
A) NaCl B) glucose C) starch D) barium nitrate

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CHAPTER - 03
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Ancient Greek philosophers (Democritus and Leucippus) suggested that, if we go on dividing matter,
a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these indivisible
particles atoms (meaning indivisible). Several Indian and Greek philosophers tried to explain the except
of atoms in several ways but their ideas could not satisfy modern scientists. The first meaningful effort
in this directions was made by John Dalton (1804). By the end of the 18th centuary scientists recognist
the difference between elements and compounds and naturally became interested in finding out how
and why elements combine and what happens when they combine.
Antoine Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical science by establishing two important laws of chemical
combination. Lavoisier is regarded as father of chemistry.
Laws of chemical combination
Chemistry deals mainly with the reactions. In 18th century, chemist found that all chemical reactions
always takes place in accordance to certain laws. These laws referred to as laws of chemical
combination.
1. Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier) - 1774.
Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
OR
During a chemical or physical change, the total mass of the product obtained is always equal to the
total mass of the reactants taken at the beginning of the change ie total mass is conserved in a
reaction. Matter can be changed from one form to another.
This law can easily be understood by considering following examples :
(i) When calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is strongly heated, it decomposes to give CaO and CO2. If
100 g CaCO3 are strongly heated, we get 56 g CaO and 44 g CO2. The total mass of the product
(56 + 44 = 100 g) is exactly the same as the mass of CaCO3 taken in the beginning of the reaction.
Heat
CaCO3   CaO CO2
100 g 56 g 44 g

2. Law of constant propotion (Joseph Proust) - 1799

Law of constant/definite propotion states that in a chemical substance the elements are always present
in definite proportions by mass.
For example, water (H2O) is composed of two elements hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1 : 8 by
mass, what ever the source of water.
The carbon dioxide contains only two elements carbon and oxygen combined together in the ratio 3 :
8 by mass.
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY - 1804

Laws of chemical combinations suggest that, the matter is composed of descrete particles which
donot break up during a chemical reaction. On the basis of these laws and the work of Greek
philosophers. Dalton proposed a very important theory known as Daltons atomic theory.
The basic postulates of this theory are the follows
1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms, which participate in chemical reactions
2. Atoms are indivisible particles which cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
3. Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical properties
4. Atoms of the different elements have different masses and chemical properties
5. Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds
6. The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound
7. Atom in the unit of a chemical reaction ie it is the smallest particles take part in the chemical
reaction.
ATOM
Atom is the smallest particle of the element and is the unit of chemical reaction. It may or may not
have independent existance.
Atoms of the element like hydrogen, oxygen etc cannot exist independently. Atoms of the element like
helium Argon, Xenon etc posses independent existance.
Atoms are very small, they are smaller than anything that are can imagine.
Atomic radius is measured in nanometers
1 nm = 10–9 m
1 m = 109 nm
SYMBOLS OF ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENT
Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements in a very specific sense.

eg : - Hydrogen - Sulphur

- Oxygen C - Copper
In the beginning, the name of the elements, were derived from the name of the place where they were
found for the first time eg : copper were taken from Cyprus. Some name were taken from specific
colums : eg Gold was taken from the English word meaning yellow.
Now a days IUPAC (International union of pure and applied chemistry) approves name of the
elements, symbols, and units. Many of the symbols are first one or two letters of the elements name
in English. First letter of the symbol is always written as a capital letter and second letter as small
letter.
eg : Hydrogen - H Aluminium - Al
Cobalt - Co
Symbols of some elements are formed from first letter of the name and a letter appearing later in the
name.
Eg : Zinc - Zn Chlorine - Cl
Other symbols have been taken from the names of elements in Latin, German or Greek.
Eg : The symbol of iron is Fe from its Latin name ferrum, sodium is Na from natrium, potassium is K
from kalium.

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Symbols of some elements

Aluminium - Al Copper - Cu
Arger - Ar Gold - Au
Barium - Ba Hydrogen - H
Bromine - Br Iron - Fe
Carbon - C Lead - Pb
Cobalt - Co Oxygen - O
ATOMIC MASS
Since determining the mass of individual atom was a relatively difficult task, relative atomic masses
were determined using the laws of chemical combinations and the compounds formed.
In 1961, C - 12 (the most stable isotope of carbon was adopted by international union of chemists to
calculate the relative atomic mass of the elements. The new scale adopted is called atomic mass unit
scale. On this scale, the relative atomic mass of an element is expressed in terms of atomic mass
unit (abbreviated as amu), now it is written as u - unified mass.
th
One atomic mass unit (1 amu) is defined as the mass equal to 1 mass of an atom of C - 12. The
12
relative atomic masses of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of C - 12.

1
1 amu =  mass of carbon  12 atom  1.66  1023 g
12
The relative atomic mass of an element is the number of times the atomic mass of an element is
1
heavier than th mass of C - 12 atom.
12

1
Eg 1 : Mass of one atom of oxygen is 16 time heavier than th mass of C - 12 atom.
12
Therefore relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16.

1
Eg 2 : Mass of one atom of nitrogen is 14 times heavier than th mass of C - 12 atom.
12
Therefore relative atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.
On atomic mass unit scale, atomic mass of oxygen is 16 u and that of nitrogen 14 u.
Similarly, the relative atomic mass of the atom of an element is defined as the average mass of the
1
atom, as compared to th mass of one carbon atom.
12
Element Atomic mass (u)
Hydrogen 1
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 14
Oxygen 16
Magnesium 24
Chlorine 35.5
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

EXISTANCE OF ATOM
Atoms of the most element are not able to exist independently. Atoms form molecules and ions.
These molecules and ions aggregate in large numbers to form the matter.
MOLECULES (Term molecule was first used by Avogadro)
A molecule in general a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together by attractive
force.
A molecule is defined as the smallest particle of the substance which can exist independently and
show all the properties of that substance.
It can be subdivided as
1) Homoatomic molecules
Homoatomic molecules are the molecules of same element. Homoatomic molecules can be further
divided into monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic molecules depending on the number of atoms.
Monoatomic molecules - He, Ne, Ar
Diatomic molecule - O2, N2, H2
Polyatomic molecules - P4, S8
2) Heteroatomic molecules
Heteroatomic molecules are molecules of compound or contain atoms of the different element. They
can be diatomic or polyatomic.
Eg : NO, HCl, H2SO4, PCl5
Molecules of the element
The molecules of an element constituted by the same type of atoms.
Monoatomic molecule - He, Ne, Ar, Kr
Diatomic molecules - N2, O2, H2
Triatomic molecule - O3
The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.
Metal and some elements such as carbon do not have simple structure but consist of a very large and
indefinite number of atoms bonded together.
Element Atomicity
Ar Monoatomic
He Monoatomic
Hydrogen (H2) Diatomic
Chlorine (Cl2) Diatomic
Phosphorus (P4) Tetraatomic
Molecules of compounds
Atoms of the different element join together in definite propotion to form molecules of the compound
Compound Elements combining Rate by mass
Water (H2O) Hydrogen, oxygen 1:8
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon, Oxygen 3:8

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IONS
An atom or group of atoms that carries positive or negative charge as a result of loss or gain of one or
more electrons. Compounds composed metals and non metals contain charged species. There are
two types of ions.
1. Cations
A positively charged ions are called cations.

eg : Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4

2. Anions
A negatively charged ion are called anions

eg : Cl ,Br  ,O2 ,SO 24 ,PO34 ,CO32 

A group of atoms carrying charge is known as polyatomic ion. Consider sodium chloride (NaCl), its
constituents are positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl–)
Writing chemical formula
Chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition. The chemical formula
of different compounds can be written easily. For this we need to learn symbol and combining capacity
of the elements. The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency. The valencies of
some common ions are given in following table.

Non metallic
Valency Name of ion Symbol Symbol Polyatomic ions Symbol
element
Sodium Na+ Hydrogen H+ Ammonium NH4+
+ - -
1 Potassium K Hydride H hydroxide OH
Silver Ag+ Chloride Cl- Nitrate NO 3
-

Magnesium Mg2+ Oxide O 2- Carbonate CO 32-

Calcium Ca2+ Sulphide S2 - Sulphate SO42 -
2
Zinc Zn 2+
2+
Copper(II) Cu
Aluminium Al 3+ Nitride N3- Phosphate PO4
3-

3
Iron (III) Fe 3+

Rules for writing chemical formula

1. The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
2. When a compound consists of a metal and non-metal, the name or symbol of the metal is written
first.
eg : Calcium oxide (CaO)
Sodium chloride ( NaCl)
Copper oxide (CuO)
3. In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the number of ions present in the compound is indicated
by enclosing the formula of the ion in the bracket and writting the number of ions outside the bracket
eg : Mg(OH)2
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

FORMULAE OF SIMPLE COMPOUNDS

While writting the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the constituent elements and their
valencies. Then we must crossover the valencies of the combining atoms.
eg :
1) Formula of hydrogen chloride

Symbol H Cl

Valency 1 1

Formula of the compound = HCl

2) Formula of hydrogen sulphide

Symbol H S

Valency 1 2

Formula of the compound = H2S

3) Formula of aluminium oxide

Symbol Al O

Valency 3 2

Formula of the compound = Al2O3

4) Formula of calcium oxide

Symbol Ca O

Valency 2 2

Formula of the compound = CaO

Molecular mass
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule
of the substance. It is therefore the relative mass of a molecule expressed in atomic mass unit (u).
Eg : Relative molecular mass of HNO3
The molecular mass of HNO3 = The atomic mass of H + Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic mass of
oxygen
= 1 × 1 + 1 × 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 u
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FORMULA UNIT MASS

The formula unit mass of a substance is a sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of
a compound. Formula unit mass is calculated in the same way as we calculate the molecular mass.
The only difference is that we use the word formula unit for those substance whose constituent particles
are ions.
Eg : Formula unit mass of NaCl = 1 × 23 + 1 × 35.5 = 58.5 u
MOLE CONCEPT (The word ‘mole’ was introduced by Wilhelm Ostwald)
One mole is defined as the amount of substance contains 6.022 × 1023 particles. Mole is the counting
unit in chemistry. Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance. Its symbol is ‘mol’.
The number 6.022 × 1023 is called Avogadro number and is represented by NA.
The amount of substance (symbol, n) of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary
entities. An elementary entity may be atoms, molecules, an ion, an electron etc.
The mass of 1 mole of a substance is equal to its relative atomic mass or molecular mass in grams.
The atomic mass of an element gives in the mass of one atom of that element in atomic mass unit (u).
To get mass of one mole of a atom of that element (molar mass) we have to take the same numerical
value but change the unit from u to g.
Molar mass (mass 1 mole of atom) of atom is also known as gram atomic mass.
eg :
Atomic mass of hydrogen is = 1 u
Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1g
1 u hydrogen has only 1 atom of hydrogen.
1 g hydrogen contain 6.022 × 1023 / 1 mol of atoms of hydrogen
Molecular mass of water = 18 u
Gram molecular mass of water = 18 g
18 u water has only one molecules of water
18 g water has 1 mol of molecules of water is 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 number = Relative mass in gram
1 mole carbon atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms of C = 12 g of carbon atoms
1 mol H2O molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecule of H2O = 18 g of water

Given mass in gram

Number of moles 
Molar mass

m
n
M
n = Number of moles m = Given mass in gram
M = Molar mass

Number of particles  Atoms / molecule 

Number of moles 
6.022  1023 NA 

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

QUESTIONS
1. A balanced chemical equation is in accordance with
A) Avogadros law
B) Law of constant proportion
C) Law of conservation of mass
D) Law of definite proportion
2. Two elements X and Y combine in gaseous state to form XY in the ratio 1 : 35.5 by mass. The mass
of Y that will be required to react with 2 g of X is
A) 7.1 g B) 3.55 g C) 46 g D) 71 g
3. Which of the following is not correct postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory ?
A) All matter is made up of tiny particles called atom
B) Atoms of the given element are identical in mass
C) Atoms of the different elements have same masses and same chemical properties
D) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds
4. A sample of NH3 molecule irrespective of source contains 82.35 % nitrogen and 17.65 % of hydrogen
by mass. This data supports
A) Law of conservation of mass B) Law of multiple proportion
C) Avogadros law D) Law of definite proportion
5. Molecular mass is defined as the
A) Mass of one molecule of any substance compared with the mass of one atom of C - 12
B) Mass of one atom compared with the mass of one atom of hydrogen
C) Mass of one atom compared with mass of molecule
D) Mass of one molecule of compared with mass of one atom of nitrogen
6. Which of the following is not an element :
A) Diamond B) Graphite
C) Silica D) Ozone

th
7. An atom is 20 times heavier than 1 mass of the C - 12 atom. The atomic mass is
12
A) 10 B) 20 C) 240 D) 1.66
8. Which of the following statement is not true about an atom ?
A) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed
B) Atoms are always neutral in nature
C) Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently
D) Atoms aggregate in large number to form matter that we can see, feel or touch
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9. An element X is divalent and another element Y is tetravalent. The compound formed by these two
element will be

A) XY B) XY2 C) XY4 D) X2Y

10. Which of the following is a wrong combination ?

A) 6.022 × 1023 molecule of oxygen = 32 g of oxygen

B) 6.022 × 1023 ions of sodium = 23 g of sodium

C) 6.022 × 1023 atom of carbon = 24 g of carbon

D) 6.022 × 1023 atom of hydrogen = 1 g of hydrogen atoms

11. Number of moles present in 42 g of nitrogen atoms are

A) 1 mole B) 1.5 mole

C) 2 mole D) 4.5 mole

12. What mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) will contain 3.011 × 1023 molecules ?

A) 11.0 g B) 22.0 g

C) 44.0 g D) 2.2 g

13. The formula of a chloride of a metal M is MCl2, the formula of the phosphate of metal will be

A) MPO4 B) M3(PO4)2

C) M2(PO4)3 D) M2PO4

14. Which of the following contains the largest number of molecules ?

A) 0.2 g H2 B) 0.8 g O2

C) 0.14 g N2 D) 0.9 g H2O

15. The molecular mass of X is 106. X can be

A) CaCO3 B) SO2

C) Na2CO3 D) NaCl

16. 1 U or 1 amu means

th
A) 1 mass of C - 12 atom
12

B) Mass of C - 12 atom

C) Mass of O - 16 atom

D) Mass of hydrogen molecule

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

17. The percentage of hydrogen in H2O is

A) 8.88 % B) 11.12 %

C) 20.60 % D) 80.0 %

18. When an atom loses electrons, it is called a (an) ––––––––– and has a –––––––– change

A) Anion, positive B) Cation, positive

C) Cation, negative D) Anion, negative

19. Mass of 9.033 × 1023 methane (CH4) is

A) 24 g B) 16 g C) 32 g D) 48 g

20. The formula of the nitride of metal X is XN, the formula of metal sulphate is

A) X2(SO4)3 B) X3(SO4)2 C) X2SO4 D) X4(SO4)3

21. The molecular formula of magnesium nitrate

A) MgNO3 B) Mg2(NO3)3 C) Mg(NO3)2 D) Mg3(NO3)2

22. Which of the following represent a correct chemical formula ?

A) CaCl B) Na3(SO4)2 C) Na2S D) Al3O2

23. Which of the following pair of atoms of the elements represent a mole ratio of 1 : 1 ?

A) 20 g sodium and 20 g of calcium

B) 7 g of nitrogen and 12 g of sodium

C) 10 g of calcium and 6 g of carbon

D) 28g of nitrogen and 24 g of magnesium

24. A student heats 25 g of reactant A with 50 g of reactant B. He obtains 50 g of product C and recover
25 g unreacted B. Which of the following law is confirmed in the following reaction

A) Law of constant proportion

B) Law of conservation of mass

C) Law of conservation of mass and law of constant proportion

D) Law of multiple proportion

25. Number of atoms in 46 g Na is

A) 6.022 × 1023 B) 12.044 × 1023

C) 9.033 × 1023 D) 3.011 × 1024

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26. Number of moles of oxygen atoms in two moles of nitric acid is

A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 6

27. Calculate the formula unit mass of MgCl2 ?

A) 36 B) 83 C) 59.5 D) 95

28. Which of the following does not represent molar mass of a substance ?

A) 1 mole of HCl B) 6.022 × 1023 molecule of He

C) 16 g of O2 D) 44 g of CO2

29. Which of the following does not change when a chemical reaction takes place ?

A) Volume B) Physical properties

C) Mass D) Chemical properties

30. The number of atoms present in 0.5 mole of nitrogen atoms is same as in
A) 24 g of Mg B) 32 g of S
C) 12 g of C D) 8 g of O

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

CHAPTER - 04
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

QUESTIONS
1. The fundamental building blocks of matter are
A) Atoms B) Molecules
C) Symbols D) Both A & B
2. Which of the following statements about the electron is incorrect ?
A) It is a – vely charged particle
B) The mass of electron is equal to the mass of neutron
C) It is a basic constituent of all atoms
D) It is a constituent of cathode rays
3. Which is the fundamental particle of an atom that can be displaced when atoms rub against each
other or they undergo chemical reactions with other atoms ?
A) proton B) neutron
C) electron D) neutrino
4. The nucleons are
A) Protons and electrons B) Electrons and neutrons
C) Protons and neutrons D) Protons, neutrons and electrons

5. Rutherford’s alpha    particles scattering experiment resulted in the discovery of

A) Electron B) Proton
C) Nucleus in the atom D) Neutron
6. According to J.J. Thomson, an atom is a positively charged sphere. Which sub atomic particle is
embedded in it ?
A) Electron B) Protons
C) Neutrons D) Positron

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7. Which of the following are true for an element ?

1) Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons
2) Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
3) Atomic mass = number of protons = number of neutrons
4) Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons in atom
A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4
8. The number of electrons in an element X is 15 and the number of neutrons is 16. Which of the
following is the correct representation of the element ?

31 31 16 15
A) 15 X B) 16 X C) 15 X D) 16 X

9. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the structure of an atom ?

A) The whole mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus
B) The atom is an indivisible particle
C) The atom as a whole is neutral
D) Isotopes are atoms of the same elements
10. The electronic configuration of chlorine (atomic number = 17) is
A) 2, 7 B) 2, 8, 8, 7 C) 2, 8, 7 D) 2, 7, 8
11. How many electrons are present in M-shell of an element with atomic number 18
A) 2 B) 8 C) 18 D) 10
12. Isotopes have same –––––––
A) atomic number B) mass number
C) number of neutrons D) number of nucleons

27
13. 13 Al has

A) 13 protons and 27 neutrons B) 13 protons and 13 neutrons

C) 13 protons and 13 electrons D) 27 protons and 13 electrons
14. The mass number ‘A’, atomic number ‘Z’, and number of neutrons ‘n’ are related as

A) n = A - Z B) n = A + Z C) n = A × Z D) n  A  Z
15. Which of the following is not true about neutron ?
A) It is a neutral particle B) It is present in the nucleus of atom
C) It is highly unstable in nature D) It contributes to the mass of the atom

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

16. What is the average atomic mass of chlorine ?

 35
17 Cl  75 % and 37
17 Cl  25 % 
A) 35 B) 37 C) 35.5 D) 36
17. Why do most of the elements try to participate in the chemical combinations ?
i) To gain more electrons
ii) To achieve inert gas configuration
iii) To completes their octet
iv) To complete their inner shells
Choose the correct options among the following
A) Both i & iii B) Both ii & iii C) Only ii D) Both i & iv
18. The maximum number of electrons present in any main energy level is given by
A) 2n2 B) n2 C) n D) 2n
19. The atomic mass of element is 19. The second shell of its atom contains 7 electrons. The number of
neutrons in its nucleus is
A) 10 B) 9 C) 7 D) 12
20. An isotope of ––––––– is used in the treatment of goitre
A) Hydrogen B) Uranium C) Iodine D) Carbon
21. Match the following
Scientist Contribution
1) John Dalton p) Discovered neutron
2) [Link] q) Planetary model of atom
3) J.J. Thomson r) Atomic theory
4) Rutherford s) Proposed watermelon model of atom
A) 1 - r, 2 - s, 3 - q, 4 - p B) 1 - r, 2 - p, 3 - s, 4 - q
C) 1 s, 2 - q, 3 - p, 4 - r D) 1 - q, 2 - r, 3 - p, 4 - s
22. Maximum number of electrons that can be accomodated in the outermost shell of an atom is
A) 2 B) 8 C) 18 D) 32
23. The maximum number of electrons in N shell is
A) 32 B) 18 C) 8 D) 2

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P 17
24. 8X atom is isotonic to 9 Y atom. The value of ‘P’ is

A) 8 B) 16 C) 9 D) 17
25. The energy of shells –––––––– as the distance from the nucleus increases
A) decreases B) increases
C) remains same D) first increases then decreases
26. What property of an element determines its chemical behaviour ?
A) Size of an element B) Valency of an element
C) Molar mass of an element D) Number of neutrons in an element
27. Mass of electron is
A) equal to hydrogen atom B) double the mass of hydrogen atom

1
C) half the mass of hydrogen atom D) part of the mass of the hydrogen atom
1837

28. Symbols (not real symbols) of some atoms are given

17 40 16 40
1) 8 P 2) 18 Q 3) 8 P 4) 20 R

Which among these are isobaric pairs

A) 1 & 2 B) 2 & 4 C) 1 & 3 D) 2 & 3

29. Number of electrons in the nucleus of 12

C is

A) 6 B) 12 C) 0 D) 3
30. The number of electrons, neutrons and protons in a species are equal to 2, 2 and 2 respectively. The
proper symbol of the species is

A) 22 He B) 64 Be C) 24 He D) 62 He

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

BIOLOGY

CHAPTER - 01
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

CELL
 Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
 A cell is defined as a mass of cytoplasm and nucleus surrounded by plasma membrane
 Structural organisation of cell can be studied under a microscope by peelings of onion bulb etc.
Discovery of cell
1. Robert Hooke - 1665 - First discovered the cell ie, dead, cork cells
2. A.V. Leeuwenhoek - 1674 - First observed living cells
3. Robert Brown - 1831 - First discovered nucleus
4. Purkinje - 1839 - Coined term ‘Protoplasm’

M.J Schleiden-1838 
5.  -1839- Proposed cell theory
T Schwann-1839 

6. Rudolf Virchow - 1855 - Modified cell theory

Cell theory
Proposed cell theory by Schleiden & Schwann
 All living organisms are made up of cells
 Cell is the basic structural & functional unit of life
 All cells are formed from pre-existing cells
Shape of cell
 Shape of cell may be variable in Amoeba
 Cell shape is fixed in some case and is based on functions
 In human cell
Elongated - Nerve cell
Spherical - RBC, Egg
Spindle - Smooth muscles
Flattened - Skin cell

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Type of cells

Unicellular Multicellular

Body consists of single cell Many cells together constitute the body

All functions carried out by a single

There is division of labour
cell

eg : Chlamydomonas, Amoeba,
eg : Plants, Animals, Fungi
Paramoecium, Bacteria

Types of cells based on structural organisation

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Size : 1 - 10  m Size : 5 - 100  m
W ell defines nucleus absent .
W ell defined nucleus with
Nuclear m em brane absent.
nuclear m em brane
ie, Nucleoid
Not true chrom osom e/single
More than 1 chrom osom e
chrom osom e
Eg : Bacteria Eg : Plants, Anim als, Fungi

Structure of cell
Structural components of cells are
1) Plasma membrane
2) Cell wall
3) Nucleus
4) Cytoplasm - cell organelles
1. Plasma membrane

 It is the outermost covering of cell in both plants and animals and also in prokaryotes
 It is living, thin and delicate membrane
 It is flexible and is made up of lipid & proteins
 It is a selectively permeable membrane, ie, it allow the movement of selected substances across
cells.

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

Functions
 It is the outer boundary of cell and ensures protection to cell from undesirable materials
 Exchange of materials between cells as well as between cells and external environment by diffusion
or osmosis - ie, it is selectively permeable.
 Flexibility of PM enables the cell to engulf in food and other materials from external environment
(Endocytosis) as in Amoeba
Membrane transport
Diffusion
 Movement of any substances (Gas, Liquid, Solid) from region of high concentration to lower
concentration.
 It involved in gaseous exchange within the plant body and environment like exchange of CO2,
oxygen etc.
Osmosis
 Osmosis is the movement of only solvent molecules (water) through a semipermeable membrane
from high water concentration area to low water concentrated area.
 Osmosis is based on concentration of water or amount of solutes present in it (Tonicity)
Types of solution
Isotonic :
Concentration (water) of external medium is same as that of cell.
There is no net flow of water
Hypotonic
External solution is dilute (higher water concentration) than the cell
It results swelling of cells due to entry of water
Hypertonic
External solution is more concentrated than cell (Lower concentration of water)
It results shrinkage of cell (Plasmolysis) due to exosmosis
2. Cell wall
 Cell wall is absent in animal cells
 It is the outer covering around plasma membrane, in plants fungi and bacteria
 Plant cell wall is freely permeable to substances
 Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose
Functions
 It provide structural strength to plant cells
 It maintain the shape of cells and preventing the bursting of plant cells in hypotonic solution due to
pressure exerted by cell wall.

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3. Nucleus
 Discovered by Robert Brown in 1831
 It is the controlling unit of cell which contain the genetic material for inheritance
 It is present in both plant and animal cells
 Structure of nucleus can be observed under microscope as spherical structure from human cheek
cells
Structure of nucleus
A) Nuclear membrane : It is double layered covering around nucleus, with several opening called
nuclear pores, which allow transfer of material into or out of the nucleus.
B) Nucleoplasm : It is the inner fluid part.
It contain nucleolus and chromatin fibres
C) Chromatin material and chromosome
 Chromatin material is a mass of thread like structure and it is organised to form a thick, rod -
shaped structure called chromosome during cell division
 It carry unit of inheritance called “genes”
 It consists of protein and DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid)
Functions
 It controls all the activities of cell
 It carry unit of inheritance ‘genes’ and involved in transfer of characters from one generation to next
 It regulate cell division and cellular reproduction
4. Cytoplasm
 It is the inner fluid part of cell inside the PM
 It contains water, dissolved materials and different cell organelles carrying different functions
5. Cell organelles
Single membraneous - Endoplasmic reticulam,Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacoules
Doubled membraneous - Mitochondria, Chloroplast
Non-membraneous - Ribosomes
5.1 Endoplasmic reticulam (ER)
 It is a network of membrane bound tubules, vesicles or sheets
 Its appearance is different in different eukaryotic cells
 They are 2 types

Rough endoplasmic re ticulum (RER) Smooth ER (SER)

Ribosom e attached on the surface Ribosom e not attached

Involved in protein synthesis Lipid or fat synthesis

Detoxification of poisons or drugs
in liver cells

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Functions
 Membrane biogenesis - Formation of plasma membrane by lipids and protein synthesised in ER
 It acts as channels for transport of materials within the cell
 It acts as a cytoplasmic frame work and provide structural support to cellular components
5.2. Golgi apparatus
 Discovered by Camilo Golgi
 It consists of membrane bound parellely arranged stacks-cisternae, vesicles and vacoules, arranged
in connection with ER
Functions
 Secretion of variety of materials as vesicles after modification and packaging
 Synthesis of complex sugars from simple sugars
 Formation of lysosomes
5.3. Lysosomes
 They are small, spherical, sac like membrane bound vesicles contain digestive enzymes
 It acts as the waste disposal system of cell
 When the cell gets damaged, lysosome may burst and their enzymes digest its own whole cell, so
it is commonly known as ‘Suicidal bags’
Functions
 Helps in digestion of foreign substances or worn-out cell organelles and keep the cell clean
 Provide protection against bacteria & fungal infection
 Acts as waste disposal unit of cell
5.4. Vacoules
 They are solid/liquid filled, membrane bounded vesicle found in cytoplasm
 They are different in different organisms
1) Animals : Vacoules are smaller but numerous
2) Plants : Single, large vacoule
It occupies 50 - 90 % of cell volume in somecase
Functions
It store water and other substances
It helps in maintaining turgidity & rigidity of plant cell
3) Amoeba :
Food vacoules - Contains engulfed food
Contractile vacoule - Helps in excretion
5.5. Mitochondria
 Small rod-shaped structure
 Also known as “power house of the cell”

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Structure
 It is double membrane bounded structure

Outer membrane - Porous

Inner membrane - Folded, that increases surface area

 Inner fluid portion is called matrix
 It contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Functions
 Synthesize energy for various chemical activities of cell in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
 It acts as power house of cell because ATP is the energy currency of cell
 Synthesize their own proteins with ribosomes
5.6 Plastids
 Present only in plant cells & absent in animal cells
 They are different types
1) Leucoplast
 White or colourless plastids
 Involved in storage of materials such as starch, oil, protein etc
2) Chromoplast
 Variously coloured plastids
 Present in flower, leaf etc
3) Chloroplast
 Green coloured chromoplast containing chlorophyll pigment
 It is a double-membrane bound structure
 Inner fluid part is stroma which contains numerous piled membraneous structure called grana
 It also have their own DNA and ribosomes
Functions
 Photosynthesis - Synthesize food by trapping solar energy
5.7. Ribosome
 Non-membraneous cell organelle
 Present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 It consists of a larger & smaller subunits
 Its function is protein synthesis

Plant ce ll Animal ce ll

Cell wall present Cell wall absent

Plastids present Plastids absent

Vacoules - single & large Sm all num erous, vacoules

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Cell division
 It is the process of formation of daughter cells by division of parental cell
 It is 2 types
M itosis M e iosis

Equal division Reduction division

O ne cell  2 daughter cells 1 cell  4 daughter by 2 division

Chrom osom e num ber sam e in Daughter cells have half the
parent and daughter cell num ber of chrom osom es as that
of parental cells

It occur for growth, repair etc It occurs for gam ete form ation

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QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following is correct according to cell theory ?
A) All living organisms are made up of cells
B) Cell is the basic unit of life
C) All cells arise from pre-existing cells
D) All are correct
2. Categorise the following organisms into unicellular and multicellular and choose the correct option ?
1) Amoeba 2) Paramecium 3) Chlamydomonas
4) Humans 5) Plants 6) Bacteria 7) Mushroom

A) Unicellular  1,2,3 B) Unicellular  1,6,7

Multicellular  4,5,6,7 Multicellular  2,3, 4,5

C) Unicellular  1,2,3,6 D) Unicellular  1,2,6

Multicellular  4,5,7 Multicellular  3, 4,5,7

3. If we study a cell under a microscope, we see the basic structural component of cells. They are
A) Plasma membrane B) Nucleus
C) Cytoplasm D) All the above
4. Identify the wrong statement regarding plasma membrane ?
A) Plasma membrane is the outermost covering of every cell, that separates cell from its external
environment
B) Cell membrane is fully permeable to all the substances into or out of the cell
C) Flexible plasma membrane is chemically made up of lipids and proteins
D) It control the exchange of materials between cells as well as external environment and cells
5. What would happen, if a deshelled egg cell is put in concentrated salt solution and why ?
A) Egg cell shrinks, because water passes out of the egg cell into the hypertonic solution
B) Egg cell swells, because water passes into the cell by osmosis
C) No change in the size of egg cell, because the cell is isotonic with external salt solution
D) Egg cell become huge due to plasmolysis (exosmosis)
6. Identify the wrongly matched option from the following ?
A) Diffusion - movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration
B) Osmosis - movement of water from high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
C) Plasmolysis - swelling of cells due to entry of water through osmosis and attain turgidity
D) Endocytosis - engulfing of food and other materials from environment by flexible plasma membrane
as in amoeba

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7. Put dried raisins or apricots in plain water and leave them for sometime. Again placed them into
concentrated sugar or salt solution. What is the result in these 2 cases respectively ?
A) Swells in water and shrinks in solution
B) Shrinks in water and swells in concentrated solutions
C) No change in the shape or structure of raisins and apricots in both cases
D) Raisins swells and apricot shrinks in both situations
8. Given below are steps for preparing a temporary mount of human cheek cells to observe the nucleus.
Arrange them in correct sequence of steps.
i) Taking scraping from inner side of the cheek and spreading it on a clean slide
ii) Adding 1/2 drops of methylene blue
iii) Rinsing the mouth with fresh water and disinfectant solution
iv) Place the slide with materials on the microscope
A) i - ii - iii - iv B) iii - i - ii - iv
C) iv - i - iii - ii D) i - iii - ii - iv
9. Which of the following is not a part of nucleus ?
A) Nuclear membrane with pores
B) Chromatin and chromosomes
C) Nucleoplasm and nucleolus
D) Cytoplasm with organelles
10. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised respectively ?
A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough ER
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth ER
C) Endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes
D) Golgi complex and ribosomes
11. Why lysosomes are called suicidal bags ?
A) It synthesize protein for cellular activities
B) It digest the whole cell during cell damage
C) It is involved in breakdown of foreign materials
D) It is involved in cell division or reproduction
12. Which is not a function of Golgi complex ?
A) Packaging of materials in vesicles
B) Synthesis of complex sugars from simple sugars
C) Detoxification of poisonous substances in liver
D) Formation of lysosomes
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13. Identify the mis-matched option ?

A) Lysosome - suicidal bags of cell
B) Mitochondria - power house of cell
C) Chloroplast - kitchen of cell
D) Vacuole - ATP factory of cell
14. Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic material ?
A) Nucleus and vacoules B) Mitochondria and chloroplast
C) ER and Golgi complex D) Lysosome and ribosome
15. Where are proteins synthesised inside the cell ?
A) SER B) Golgi complex
C) Ribosomes D) Vacoules
16. Energy currency of the cell is ––––
A) Adenosine triphosphate B) Ribonucleic acid
C) Deoxy ribonucleic acid D) Chromosome
17. Identify the mis-matched option ?
A) Chromoplast - coloured plastids in flowers
B) Chloroplast - chlorophyll containing plastid in leaf
C) Leucoplast - colourless plastid for storage
D) Plastids - organelle in plants and animals for storage and colour
18. Which type of cell division is required for growth and repair and which type involved in gamete formation
respectively ?
A) Mitosis and meiosis B) Meiosis and mitosis
C) Reduction and equal divisions D) Endocytosis and fission
19. Match the following correctly
Column I Column II
a) Robert Hooke 1) Cell theory
b) Robert Brown 2) Dead cell
c) Leeuwenhoek 3) Nucleus
d) Schleiden and Schwann 4) Living cell

ab c d ab c d
A) 123 4 B) 23 41

ab c d ab c d
C) 4 3 21 D) 3 2 41

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20. Match the items in column I with column II and choose the correct option
Column I Column II
a) Endoplasmic reticulum 1) Digestion of materials
b) Golgi complex 2) Packaging of materials
c) Lysosome 3) Channel for transport of materials
d) Vacoules 4) Storage of materials

ab c d ab c d ab c d ab c d
A) 123 4 B) 4 3 21 C) 3 214 D) 23 41

21. Listed below are the cell [Link] them into single membrane bounded, double
membraneous and non-membraneous structures and choose the correct option
1) Ribosome
2) Lysosome
3) Nucleus
4) Mitochondria
5) Chloroplast
6) Vacoule
7) ER
8) Golgi complex

A) Single  1,2,7,8 B) Single  2,3,8

Double  4,5 Double  4,5,6
Non  memb  3,6 Non  memb  1,7

C) Single  1,7,8 D) Single  2,6,7,8

Double  3,4,5 Double  3,4,5
Non  memb  2,6 Non  memb  1

22. Match the items in column I and column II and choose the correct option ?
Column I Column II
a) Small, numerous vacoule 1) Amoeba
b) Large sap vacoule 2) Plants
c) Food vacoule 3) Animals
d) Contractile vacoule 4) Paramoecium

ab c d ab c d
A) 123 4 B) 3 214

ab c d ab c d
C) 4 3 21 D) 213 4

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23. Observe the following statements and choose the correct option ?
Statement A : In eukaryotic cell, DNA is found in nucleus, mitochondria & chloroplast
Statement B : DNA is present only in prokaryotes
A) Statement A is correct and B is wrong
B) Statement A is wrong and B is correct
C) Both statement A and B are correct
D) Both A and B are wrong
24. Observe the distinguishing features of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Fill in the gaps in the table and
choose the correct option

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

1. Size = 1 - 10  m 1. Size = 5- 100  m
1
2. Nuclear region - 2. Well defined nucleus

3. Chromosome single 3. More than 1 chromosome

4. Membrane bound cell organelles 2
4
absent

A) 1- well developed, 2- ribosome is the only organelles

B) 2- no nucleus, 2- cell organelles present except ribosome
C) 1-nucleoid, 2- all cell organelles present
D) 1- well nucleus with nuclear membrane, 2-cell organelles present without exception
25. Fill in the gaps in following column and select the correct option based on difference between plant
and animal cell.

Characteristics Plant cell Animal cell

1. Cell wall Present Absent

2. Vacoules 1 2

3. Plastids Present 3

4. Centrosome Absent Present

A) 1- small, numerous, 2- single large, 3- absent

B) 1- single, large, 2- small numerous, 3- absent
C) 1- sap vacoule, 2 - food vacoules, 3- present except chloroplast
D) 1- gas vacoule, 2- single large, 3- present except humans

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26. You want to see microscopic view of a cell structure which takes part in the transmission of hereditary
characters from one generation to the next. Which labelled part will your teacher focus to make a
microscopic view of that structure

A) P B) Q C) R D) S

27. Identify the structure given below and its function ?

A) Golgi complex - breakdown of complex molecules

B) Endoplasmic reticulum - membrane biogenesis

C) Mitochondria - synthesis of ATP

D) Nucleus - storage of water and other materials

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28. Figure given below represents the differently shaped cells from different parts of human body. Identify
the cells and their shapes

1.

2.

3.

A) 1 - Nerve cell - elongated

2 - RBC - spherical

3 - Smooth muscle cell - spindle shaped

B) 1- Neuron - largest cell

2 - WBC - spindle shaped

3 - Sperm cell - elongated, tailed

C) 1 - Muscle cell - elongated

2 - Red blood cell - rounded

3 - Bone cell - longest, narrow cell

D) 1 - Sperm cell - elongated, tailed

2 - Ovum cell - rounded

3 - Muscle cell - spindle shaped

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29. Oberve the figure given below and identify the labelled part and its function ?

A) 1 - Nucleus - controlling unit

2 - Vacoules - storage of water & materials
3 - Mitochondria - ATP production
B) 1 - Chloroplast - photosynthesis
2 - Vacoules - waste disposal unit
3 - ER - synthesis of proteins & lipids
C) 1 - Vacoule - dumping yard of cell
2 - Nucleus - kitchen of cell
3 - Mitochondria - power hour of cell
D) 1 - Nucleus - lipid & protein synthesis
2 - Chloroplast - food synthesis
3 - Lysosome - scavenges of cell
30. In a biology class, your teacher provide or give detailed clues regarding a particular cell structure, and
finally he told the name of that. Mention the cell structure based on the characteristics given below ?
1) It is present only in eukaryotic plant cell
2) It is a double - membrane bound structure
3) Structurally it consists of stroma & grana
4) It also have their own genetic material and protein synthesizing machineries
5) It involved in synthesis of their own food
Your teacher lectured the idea about –––––
A) Nucleus B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Chloroplast D) Mitochondria

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CHAPTER - 02
TISSUES

 Tissue is a group of specialized cells together with extracellular (Intercellular) substances

performing specific function

Tissue

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 The covering or protective tissues of the animal body are epithelial tissues
 The cells are compactly packed with little or no intercellular space/matrix
 Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body and also faces outside environment.
 Avascular (Blood vessels are absent)
 It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate. The grows on other tissue, resting on
basement membrane, derive nourishment from underneath connective tissue, by diffusion

Occurrence:-
 The skin (covering), the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung - alveoli and kidney tubules
are all made of epithelial tissue.
Function:- Protection, Secretion, Absorption, reproduction, Excretion, Sensory.
 Any substances enters or leaves the body through the epithelium, and the permeability of the cells of
various epithelia play an important role in regulating the exchange of materials between the body and
the external environment and also between different parts of the body.

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1. Epithelial Tissue:-

(A) Simple epithelium:- Possess single layer of cells

(i) Simple squamous/Pavement epithelium—Squama = Scale of skin

 Made of single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries

 Cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining
Occurrence:-

 Walls of blood vessels, lung-alveoli, oesophagus, lining of mouth.

Function:-

 Acts as a diffusion boundary. Transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable

surface

(ii) Cuboidal epithelium:-

 Made of a single layer of cube-like cells. May have micro villi at the apical surface
Occurrence:-

Ducts of salivary glands and tubular parts of nephrons (Lining of kidney tubule)

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Function:-
Secretion and absorption, also provide mechanical support.
(iii) Columnar epithelium:-
 Made of a single layer of tall, pillar like and slender cells.
 Free surface may have microvilli
 Nuclei are located at the base.

Occurrence:-
Lining of stomach and intestine
Function:-
Secretion and absorption
 Ciliated columnar epithelium:- Bears cilia on their free surface
Occurrence:-
Inner surface of hollow organs-trachea, bronchiole (respiratory tract), fallopian tube (genital tract).
Function: -
These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward and thus to clear the dust
particles from the respiratory tract and helps to move the egg through the oviduct or mucus in a
specific direction over the epithelium.
Glandular epithelium:- Modified cuboidal or columnar – For Secretion
(a)Simple gland (Unicellular):- Eg:-Goblet cell of Alimentary canal secrete Mucus
(b)Multicellular gland:- Consisting of cluster of cells Eg:-Salivary gland
(B) Compound epithelium (Stratified)
 It is composed of two or more cell layers.
 Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear. Since they are ar-
ranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.
Occurrence: -
Cover the dry surface of the skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, inner lining of duct of salivary gland
and pancreatic duct.
Function:-
To provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses (prevent wear & tear. [Limited
role in secretion and absorption]

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2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE:-

 Most abundant & widely distributed tissue – 30%

 The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix and the
matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid
 The major protein content of connective tissue-----Collagen
 Function:- Linking and supporting other tissues/organs of the body.
(A) Loose connective tissue:-
 Cells and fibres loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance.
(a) Areolar tissue:-
 Found between skin (Integument) and muscle, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow.

Function:-
 It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.
(b) Adipose Tissue

 Located mainly beneath the skin and between internal organs.

 The cells of this tissue are specialised to store fat globules called Adipocytes
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Function:-
 It synthesise, store and metabolize fat.
 Act as insulating layer – to prevent loss of heat from the body.
 It forms shock absorbing cushion around-kidney (Adipose capsule) and eye ball
 Hump of camel & Blubber of whale is a stored fats (Acts as insulator in whale)
(c) Tendon:-
It is a type of connective tissue made of White collagen fibres
 It connects ----------Muscle to bone
 Provide good strength & Limited flexibility/less elastic
(d) Ligaments:-
It is a type of connective tissue made of Yellow elastin fibres.
 It connects ----------Bone to Bone
 Not very strong, more flexible/more elastic
“Sprain caused due to stretching of ligament”

[The skin is composed of 2 main layers.

(i) Epidermis : - Made of closely packed stratified squamous epithelial cells, cover dry surface of skin
(ii) Dermis : - Made of dense, irregular, connective tissue and it supports the epidermis]
(B) Specialised connective tissue:-
Bone, Cartilage, Blood
(i) Bone:- Study of bone--------------Osteology
 It is a strong and nonflexible tissue
 Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds

Function:-
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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

 Provides structural frame to the body.

 Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
 Limb bones serve weight-bearing functions.
 Limb bones interact with skeletal muscles attached to them to bring about movements/locomotion
 The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells.
(ii) Cartilage:- Study of cartilage - Chondrology-
 Intercellular material (matrix) of cartilage is solid, composed of proteins and sugars.
 It is flexible and resists compression
 Chondrocytes are the cells.

Occurrence:-
 Tip of nose, external ear, trachea, larynx, and smoothens bone surface, at joint
(iii) Blood:- Haematology-Study of blood
 Blood is a fluid connective tissue and fibres are absent in matrix
 Fluid portion is called Plasma and solid components (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) suspended in
plasma
 Plasma contains plasma proteins, salts and hormones.
Different types of blood cells

Function:-
 Blood transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body
and regulate body temperature.

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3. MUSCULAR TISSUE - Around 639 muscles in our body-40 -50%]

 Sarcology/Myology:-Study of muscles
 Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called Muscle fibres.
 Muscles contain contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin), which contracts and relax causes
movement.
1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Smooth Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

Cardiac muscle - Function

 Presence of intercalated disc is a unique feature of cardiac muscle and acts as a booster of
contraction
 They are involuntary muscle
They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation through out life without any fatigue, results pumps
the blood throughout the body.
4. NERVOUS (NEURAL TISSUE):-
 Nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord
 They are capable of transmitting information quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and
vice-versa. Thus we can react to different stimuli.
 The Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
 These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
Structure of a Neuron
 Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system
 Neuron is an elongated cell with a Cell Body (Soma/Cyton), and it has cytoplasm and Nucleus.
From the cell body arises some branches called Dendrons, and it branches again to form Dendrites
 One of the dendrons elongated to form an Axon. (Axon is a nerve fibre)
 Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve.

 Neuron is the longest cell in our body (1 m long)

 Neuron has no / least regenerating power.
 The functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue (Neuro muscular junction) is enables
animals to move rapidly in response to stimuli.
 The signal that passes along the nerve fibre is called a nerve impulse
 Dendrites and dendrons carry impulses towards cell body and Axon carry impulses away from the
cell body.

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QUESTIONS
1. Group of cells performing similar function is called
A) Tissues B) Organs C) Organ system D) Cell aggregate
2. Meristems are cells that :
A) Store food B) Help in excretion
C) Provide support D) Divide continuously to produce new cells
3. Which of the cell organelle is absent or very small in meristematic tissue ?
A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast C) Vacuole D) Mitochondria
4. In plants, cell division is restricted to :
A) Meristematic cells B) Permanent Cells C) Xylem D) Phloem
5. Which one of the following plant tissues causes growth in girth of stem and root ?
A) Apical meristem B) Intercalary meristem
C) Lateral meristem D) Secondary meristem
6. Which among the following is the most abundant permanent tissue in a young plant ?
A) Parenchyma B) Collenchyma C) Sclerenchyma D) Phloem
7. Which tissue acts to increase length of a grass stem ?
A) Primary meristem B) Apical meristem
C) Lateral meristem D) Intercalary meristem
8. A permanent plant tissue made up of living cells having thickening at the corners is:
A) Parenchyma B) Collenchyma C) Sclerenchyma 3) Phloem
9. The walls of sclenchyma cells are thickened due to :
A) Cutin B) Suberin C) Lignin D) Gum
10. Lignified elongated dead cell are :
A) Parenchyma B) Collenchyma C) Sclerenchyma D) None
11. In desert plants (Xerophytes) the rate of waterloss get reduced due to covering of epidermis by :
A) Cutin B) Suberin C) Lignin D) Gum
12. The hardest tissue in the plant body is :
A) Collenchyma B) Sclerenchyma C) Xylem D) Phloem
13. In plants phloem tissues perform the functions of :
A) Conduction of water B) Conduction of food
C) Photosynthesis D) Mechanical support
14. The function of xylem in plants is :
A) Transport of food B) Transport of oxygen
C) Transport of water and minerals D) Transport of aminoacids

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15. Of the following, which is not a component of phloem tissue

A) Sieve cells B) Tracheids C) Companion cells D) Sieve tube
16. The most abundant type of tissue in our body is :
A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Muscular tissue D) Nervous tissue
17. The entire body surface and cavities inside the body are lined by :
A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue
C) Muscular tissue D) Nervous tissue
18. Columnar epithelium is present in :
A) Kidney tubules B) Small intestine
C) Skin D) Blood capillary
19. Which one of the following is a fluid connective tissue?
A) Cartilage B) Ligament C) Blood D) Areolar tissue
20. The tissue which is under the control of animal’s will is
A) Striated muscle B) Non Striated muscle
C) Cartilage D) Cardiac muscle
21. Longest cell in our body is :
A) Liver cell B) Bone cell C) Muscle fibre D) Neuron
22. Tendon join :
A) Muscle to bone B) Bone to bone C) Muscle to muscle D) Muscle to skin
23. External ear contains a flexible structure composed of ?
A) Ligament B) Cartilage C) Bone D) Tendon
24. Bone matrix is rich in :
A) Calcium and potassium B) Phospherous and potassium
C) Calcium and phospherous D) Calcium and flouride
25. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of the hand were dislocated. Which among
the following may be the possible reason ?
A) Tendon break B) Break of skeletal muscle
C) Areolar tissue break D) Ligament break
26. The muscular tissue which function throughout life continously without fatigue is :
A) Skeletal muscle B) Cardiac muscle C) Striated muscle D) Voluntary muscle
27. The site of formation of blood cell is ?
A) Heart B) Liver C) stomach D) Bone marrow
28. Match the columns. Find the correct option
Column A Column B
a) Adipocyte 1) Blood

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b) Cartilage 2) Fat storing cell

c) Tendon 3) Tip of nose
d) Ligament 4) join bone to bone
e) Fluid connective tissue 5) join muscle to bone

abcd e abcd e abcd e abcd e

A) B) C) D)
5 4 321 2 35 41 2 3 4 51 12345
29. Sprain caused due to
A) Stretching of tendon B) Stretching of ligament
C) Breakage of cartilage D) Breakage of bone
30. Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth is :
A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
C) Simple columnar epithelium D) Compound epithelium

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CHAPTER - 03
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

DIVERSITY
This earth is full of organisms of various shapes and sizes. This variety in living beings is called
diversity The variety of animals and plants living in a given geographical area is called Biodiversity of
that geographical area.
NEED FOR A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Because of the huge diversity in living beings it becomes very difficult task to study each of them one
by one. To make their study easier animals and plants were categorized in groups and sub-groups.
Thus the system of classification started.
Classification by Aristotle
Aristotle classified animals according to their living anvironment. Aristotle classified living organisms
in to aquatic terrestrial and aerial.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
(a) Presence or Absence of Nucleus in cells
Prokaryotes - Those organisms which have cells with out well defined nucleus.
Eukaryotes - Those organisms which have cells with well defined nucleus.
(b) Number of Cells in an organism
Unicellular - Those organisms having single cell
Multicellular - Those organisms having more than one cell
(c) Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophs - Organisms producing their own food by themselves.
Heterotrophs - Organisms dependent on other plants or animals for their food.
(d) Level of Organisation in Body
Place of organisms in cellular levels of organisation ie, Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System
 Organism
Evolutionary Relationship or Phylogenetic Relationship
Because of common ancestry, all organisms are related. The closer evolutionary relation between
two organisms is also one of the basis of classification of organisms.
Biologists such as Ernst Hackel (1896) Robert Whittaker (1969) and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to
classify all living organisms into broad categories called kingdoms.

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Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Further Levels of Classification Beyond Kingdom
Phylum (for animals)/Division (for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Thus by separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and smaller
groups, we arrive at the basic unit of classification, which is ‘species’.
Species - A group of similar organisms which can interbreed and can produce fertile offspring.
The important characteristics of the five kingdoms of Whittaker are as follows.
1) Monera

These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or membrane bounded organelles and are unicellular
Cell walls present in majority of this groups
Nutrition : Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Eg : Bacteria, Blue green algae etc.
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2) Protista

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

Locomotion : By hair like cilia or whip like flagella for moving around in some members.
Nutrition : Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Eg : Unicellular algae, diatoms, Protozoa etc.

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3) Fungi

Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.

Nutrition : Saprophytic-they use decaying organic materials as food.
Cell wall is made up of Chitin.
 Eg : Yeast, moulds, mushrooms etc.
Lichens : Symbiotic association of fungi with green algae or blue green algae (cyano bacteria). The
algal partner provides food and the fungal partner provides minerals.
4) Plantae
Multicellular eukaryotes with cellulosic cell wall.
Nutrition : Autotrophic use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
5) Animalia
Multicellular eukaryotes without cell wall.
Nutrition : Heterotrophic.

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KINGDOM - PLANTAE
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Plant Kingdom

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiosperm

1) Thallophyta

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Plants that do not have well differentiated body design fall in this group. These plants are predominantly
aquatic.
eg: Algae- Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva and Chara
2) Bryophyta

These are called amphibians of the plant kingdom. The plant body is commonly differentiated to form
stem and leaf-like structures. There is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other
substances.
eg: Moss (Funaria) and Marchantia
3) Pteridophyta

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The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has specialized tissue for conduction
of water and other substances.

eg: Marsilea, ferns, Horse-tails etc.

 The reproductive organs of Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta are very inconspicuous and they
are therefore called ‘cryptogams’ or ‘those with hidden reproductive organs’.

 Plants with well differentiated reproductive parts that ultimately make seeds are called ‘phanerogams’.
This group is further classified into two ie, Gymnosperms (the seeds are naked) and Angiosperms
(the seeds are enclosed in to fruits).

4) Gymnosperms

The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.

eg: Pinus, Deodar etc.

5) Angiosperms

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These are also called flowering plants. The seeds develop inside an ovary which is modified to become
a fruit. Plant embryos in seeds have cotyledons (seed leaves).
The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the
seed.
a) Monocotyledonous / Monocots - Seeds have a single cotyledon.
b) Dicotyledonous / Dicots - Seeds have two cotyledons.

KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
These are organisms which are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic. Their cell do not have cell
wall. Most animals are mobile.
They are further classified in to several phylum. Each phylum has its own classes, sub-classes,
orders, families etc.

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1) PORIFERA

 These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support which comprises of spicules of
calcium carbonate, silica etc.
 There are holes or ‘Pores’ all over the body. These lead to a canal system that helps in circulating
water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
 Animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton which comprises of spicules of calcium
carbonate, silica etc.
 They have very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.
eg: Sponges.
2) COELENTERATA

 Aquatic animals
 There is a cavity in the body hence the name Coelenterate (coelom means cavity)
 Body is made up of two layers of cells
 eg : Hydra, Jelly fish

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3) PLATYHELMINTHES

 The body is bilaterally symmetrical

 There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made ie, triploblastic
 There is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which well developed organs can be accomodated.
 The body is flattened dorsiventrally, therefore these animals are called flatworms.
 They are either free-living or parasitic
eg: Planaria, Liver fluke etc.
4) NEMATODA

 Body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

 Body is cylindrical rather than flattened
 False body cavity or a pseudocoelom is present
 These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in
the intestines (roundworm or pinworms).
eg: Ascaris, Wuchereria

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5) ANNELIDA

 These are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

 True body cavity present
 Body is divided into many ring like segments, hence the name annelida
Eg : Earthworms, Leech
6) ARTHROPODA

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 The largest group of animals.

 These are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented
 There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels.
 They have jointed legs (the word ‘arthropod’ means ‘jointed legs’)
 Eg: Ants, Cockroach, Grasshopper, Scorpions
7) MOLLUSCA

 These are bilaterally symmetrical

 Reduced coelomic cavity
 The soft body is covered with hard shell made up of calcium carbonate.
Eg: Snails, Mussels
8) ECHINODERMATA

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 In Greek, echino means hedgehog and derma means skin. Thus, these are spiny skinned
organisms.
 Exclusively free-living marine animals.
 Triploblastic animals with coelom.
 They have peculiar water-driven tube system that they use for moving around.
 Skeleton made of calcium carbonate
Eg: Star fish and Sea urchins
9) PROTOCHORDATA

 These animals are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom.

 In addition, they show a new feature of body design, namely a notochord, at least at some stages
during their lives.
 The notochord is a long rod-like support structure (Chord-string) that runs along the back of the
animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease
of movement.
eg: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Amphioxus etc.
10) VERTEBRATA
 These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different
distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
 These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation
of body tissues and organs.
All chordates possess the following features
Notochord
Dorsal nerve cord
Triploblastic
Paired gill pouches
Coelomate

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Vertebrates are grouped into 6 classes:

i) Cyclostomata

Cyclostomes are jawless vertebrates. They are characterised by having an elongated eel-like body,
circular mouth, slimy skin and are scaleless. They are ectoparasites or borers of other vertebrates.
Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish) are examples.
ii) Pisces

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Body is streamlined and has fins and tail for swimming.

Skin is covered with scales

Skeleton can be made up of bone or cartilage

Intake of oxygen is by gills

Cold-blooded animals

The two - chambered heart is present

Eg: Fishes like Rohu, Tuna, Shark etc.

iii) Amphibia

They are adapted to live both on land and water

Respiration is through either gills or lungs

The three - chambered heart is present

Eg: Frogs, Toads, Salamander

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iv) Reptilia

These are crawling animals

Skin is rough and modified to withstand extreme temperatures.

The heart is three-chambered in most, while four-chambered in crocodiles.

Cold-blooded animals
Eg: Lizards, Turtles, Snakes etc.

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v) Aves

Body is covered with feathers and forelimbs are modified for flying.
Breathing through lungs
Warm-blooded animals
The four-chambered heart is present
Eg: Sparrow, Eagle, Crow, Parrot etc.
vi) Mammalia

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Mammary glands are present which produce milk to nurture young ones.
Skin is covered with hairs and has sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Warm-blooded animals with four-chambered heart
Most animals are viviparous (giving birth to young ones)
Eg: Man, Horse, Kangaroo, Lion .
Some are oviparous (producing eggs)
Eg: platypus, echidna etc.

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NOMENCLATURE

- Systematic naming of living organisms .

Carolus Linnaeus - Known as Father of Taxonomy

Introduced Binomial Nomenclature

Organisms are named with scientific name and that name is unique and can be used to identify
it anywhere in the world.

Conventions for writing the scientific names

1) The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.

2) The name of the species begins with a small letter

3) When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.

4) When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately.

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QUESTIONS
1. Choose the correct sequence of taxonomic categories
A) class  phylum  order  family  genus  species
B) division  class  order  family  genus  species
C) division  class  family  order  genus  species
D) phylum  order  class  family  genus  species
2. Scientific study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationship is called
A) Morphology B) Anatomy C) Taxonomy D) Systematics
3. The basic unit of classification is
A) Species B) Genus C) Family D) Phylum
4. In five kingdom classification, single celled eukaryotes are included in
A) Fungi B) Protista C) Monera D) Plantae
5. Blue green algae/cyanobacteria are members of kingdom :
A) Monera B) Protista C) Fungi D) Plantae
6. Which of the following is not a character of protista ?
A) Protists are prokaryotic organisms
B) Some protists have cell walls
C) Mode of nutrition is both autotrophic and heterotropic
D) Body organisation is cellular
7. Which of the following is wrong for fungi ?
A) They are both unicellular and multicellular
B) They are eukaryotic organisms
C) All fungi possess purely cellulosic cell wall
D) They are heterotrophic
8. A plant producing seeds but lacking flowers is
A) Gymnosperm B) Bryophyte C) Angiosperm D) Alga
9. Which of the following is known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom ?
A) Algae B) Bryophytes C) Pteridophytes D) Gymnosperms
10. Marsilea, ferns and horse-tails are example of :
A) Algae B) Bryophytes C) Pteridophytes D) Gymnosperms
11. Seeds develop inside the ovary in the members of
A) Bryophytes B) Pteridophytes C) Gymnosperms D) Angiosperms
12. Seeds have two cotyledons in
A) Monocots B) Dicots C) Funaria D) Spirogyra

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13. Which one of the following have the highest number of species in nature ?
A) Birds B) Mammals C) Insects D) Reptiles
14. Which one of the following is wrongly matched ?
A) Viviparity - Platypus
B) Three chambered heart - Frog, Lizard, Snakes
C) Cold blooded - Fishes
D) Warm blooded - Birds
15. One of the representatives of phylum arthropoda is :
A) Ascaris B) Earthworms C) Snails D) Cockroach
16. Match the following columns and select the correct option
Classes Examples
1) Mammals p) Anabas
2) Pisces q) Lizards
3) Amphibia r) Platypus
4) Reptilia s) Salamanders
A) 1- p, 2 - q, 3 - r, 4 - s B) 1- q, 2 - s, 3 - p, 4 - r
C) 1- r, 2 - p, 3 - q, 4 - q D) 1- r, 2 - p, 3 - s, 4 - q
17. Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by birds and mammals ?
A) Breathing using lungs B) Hairs on the skin
C) Warm blooded nature D) Vertebral column
18. Choose the correct statement :
A) All mammals are viviparous
B) All reptiles are cold blooded
C) All pisces have skeleton made of bone
D) All amphibians have four chambered heart
19. Select an example for phylum porifera :
A) Hydra B) Jelly fish C) Sponges D) Planaria
20. The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use today was introduced by
A) Carolus Linnaeus B) R.H. Whittaker C) Ernst Haeckel D) Carl Woese
Answer the following
21. Name the different kingdoms proposed by Whittaker :
22. Define phylogenetic classification
23. Name the largest phylum of kingdom animalia
24. Name the reptile that has four chambered heart

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Long answer type questions

25. Describe the important criteria selected by Whittaker for five kingdom classification
26. Discuss any five characteristic features of kingdom protista
27. Write the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms
28. Lists any 5 characteristic features of phylum porifera
29. Write any 5 differences between platyhelminthes and nematode
30. Write important rules in binomial nomenclature

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MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER -05
NUMBER SYSTEM

Natural numbers(N)
All the counting number (numbers start from one) are called Natural numbers and denoted by N
Ex: 1,2,3,4,5....
Even numbers and odd numbers
The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called as even numbers and which leave a remain-
der of one when divided by two are called as odd numbers
Ex: 2,4,6,8 are even numbers
1,3,5,7 are odd numbers
Prime numbers and composite numbers
Any number greater than one is divisible by unity (one) and itself
If a number is not divisible by any other number except one and itself it is called a prime number
Ex: 2,3,5,7,11....
Also only even prime number is 2 numbers which are divisible by other numbers along with one & itself
are called as composite numbers (non prime numbers)
Ex: 4,6,8,9,10
The number 1 is neither prime nor composite
Whole numbers (W)
If zero is included in the collection of natural numbers then the set of numbers are called whole
numbers

Ex: W  0,1, 2,3, 4,......

It is denoted by W

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Integers (Z)
The collection of all whole numbers (natural numbers zero) and negative of natural numbers are
called integers it is denoted by z

Rational number (R)

p
Any number which can be expressed as where p and q are integers and q  0 is a rational number..
q
All rational numbers are integers, terminating decimals, recurring decimals
Are the following statements true or false
i) Every whole number is a natural number
ii) Every integer is a rational number
iii) Every rational number is an integer
iv) Every natural number is a whole number
v) Every integer is a whole number
vi) Every rational number is a whole number
Terminating Decimal
A decimal which contains a finite number of digits is called a forminating decimal

1 1
Ex:  0.25  0.125
4 8
Non-Terminating Decimal (Recurring Decimal)
A decimal in which a number or group of numbers are repeated as called as recuring decimal

1 1
Ex:  0.333....  0.3  0.1111  0.1
3 9

1
 0.142857
7
Irrational numbers
Numbers which are in the form of non-terminating and non terminating decimals are termed as irratio-
nal words

Ex: 2  1.414 3  1.732 5  2.226

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Real Numbers
The combination of rational and irrational numbers is called as Real Numbers
(i) Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2 ?
(ii) If x and y are two given rational numbers, then how many rational numbers between x and y?
A) (x+y) rational number B) xy rational numbers
C) infinitely many rational numbers D) finite number of rational numbers
(iii) Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4?

3 4
(iv) Find five rational numbers between and ?
5 5
Perfect Numbers
A number is said to be a perfect numbers if the sum of all its factors excluding itself (but including 1)
is equal to the number itself
Ex: 6 is a perfect number 6 = 1+2+3
28,496,8.128 etc are other examples
i) Find the sum of all prime numbers between 30 and 70?
ii) How many prime numbers between 50 and 100?
Factors
When a number is expressed as a product of two or more numbers, the latter numbers are called
facotrs
Multiples
If P divides q completely without leaving any remainder, then p is a factor of q, and q is a multiple of p
Ex: If you multiply 5 with 3, the product is 15, Here 5 and 3 are called the factors of 15, and 15 as a
multiple of 5 and 3
Co-primes
If two numbers are such that there is no common factor between them expect one, then they are said
to be relatively prime or co-prime to each other. The two numbers individually may be prime or
composite.
General rules of divisibility for all numbers

 If a number is divisible by another number, then it is also divisible by all the factors of the other number

 If two numbers are divisible by another number, then their sum and difference is also divisible by the
other number

 If a number is divisible by two co-prime numbers, then it is also divisible by the product of the two co-
prime numbers

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Divisibility of numbers by 2

A number that has [Link] or 8 in its ones place is divisible by 2

Divisibility of numbers by 3
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
Divisibility of numbers by 4
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits (i.e., ones and tens) is divisible 4
Divisibility of numbers by 5
A number that has either 0 or 5 in its ones place is divisible by 5
Divisibility of numbers by 6
A number is divisible by 6 if that number is divisible by both 2 and 3
Divising of number by 7

A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the last digit and the number formed by the
other digit is either 0 or a multiple of [Link] 2975, it is observed that the last digit of 2975 is ‘5’ so
297...(5×2)=297, 10=287 which is a multiple of 7 hence, it is divisible by 7

Divising of number by 8

A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits is divisible by 8

Divising of number by 9

A numbers is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9

Divising of number by 10

A number that has 0 in its ones place is divisible by 10

Divising of number by 11

If the difference between the sum of the digits at the odd and even places in a given number is either
0 or a multiple of 11, then the given number is divisible by 11

Divising of number by 15

Any number which is divisible by both 3 and 5 is also divisible by 15

Divising of number by 16

Any number whose last 4 digit number is divisible by 16 is also divisible by 16

Least common multiple (L.C.M) and Highest common Factor (H.C.F)

L.C.M of two or more numbers is the least number which is divisible by each of these numbers

H.C.F is the largest factor of two or more given numbers

L.C.M. is multiple of H.C.F

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1) Find the LCM and HCF of the number 36,90,48

2) Find the LCM and HCF of 38,152,228

3) Find the LCM and HCF of 27,45,56,24

LCM and HCF of Fractions

For finding LCM and HCF of fracitons, first reduce each fraction to its simplest form ie cancel out any
common factors between numerator and denominator and then apply appropriate formula from the
following

LCM of numerators
LCM of fractions 
HCF of Denominators

H C F of numerators
HCF of fractions 
LCM of Denominators

5 10 15
 Find the LCM and HCF of the fracitons , ,
7 9 14

 1 126   1 5  1  5 
 ,   ,  ,6   30, 
 30 5   5 12  126   126 

2 4 8
 Find the LCM and HCF of the fracitons , ,
3 9 15

 8 2   8 2   45 3   45 3 
 ,  ,  ,  , 
 45 3   3 45   2 8   8 2 

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QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following numbers is divisible by both 2 and 9?
A) 7448 B) 2436 C) 4032 D) 6201
2. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2,3,4,6,8 and 9?
A) 6756 B) 4608 C) 2408 D) 7270
3. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 3,8 and 12?
A) 4248 B0 2708 C) 5824 D) 8192
4. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2, 4,8 and 11?
A) 2304 B) 5824 C) 4752 D) 3808
5. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2,3,9,5 and 10?
A) 7140 B) 3780 C) 4290 D) 1575
6. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 24?
A) 6666 B) 3384 C) 2732 D) 8072
7. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 22 and 33?
A) 7752 B) 4356 C) 9856 D) 1089
8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 36 and 24?
A) 9856 B) 9828 C) 2268 D) 6336
9. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 40 and 72?
A) 7560 B) 3840 C) 5670 D) 3780
10. What is the least whole number that should be added to the following numbers to make them multiples
of g?
a) 320526
A) 2 B) 3 C) 0 D) 5
11. b) 24312
A) 6 B) 2 C) 0 D) 3
12. c) 2347904
A) 5 B) 7 C) 2 D) 4
13. d) 789457
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
14. e) 123456789
A) 3 B) 6 C) 5 D) 0
15. What is the least whole number that should be added to the following numbers to make them multiples
of 11?
a) 243741
A) 3 B) 8 C) 5 D) 0

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16. b) 321423
A) 6 B) 5 C) 3 D) 8
17. c) 243081
A) 8 B) 3 C) 4 D) 7
18. d) 723111
A) 4 B) 8 C) 7 D) 3
19. e) 123456789
A) 3 B) 6 C) 5 D) 8

1. Rule of H C F and L C M
Product of two numbers = Product of their H C F and L C M

N1  N 2  H.C.F  L.C.M

2. If the L C M of two numbers is 750 and their product is 18750 find the H C F of the numbers?
A) 50 B) 30 C) 125 D) 25
3. Three bells rang simultaneously at 9 a m. The first bell rings every 15 minutes, the second bell rings every 20
minutes and the third bell rings every 25 minutes. At what time immediately after 9 a.m. would all the bells ring
simultaneously
A) 12 pm B) 3 pm C) 2 pm D) 1 pm
4. Five bells toll at intervals of 5,6, 10, 12 and 15 seconds respectively. If they toll together at the same time,
after how many seconds will they toll together again, for the first time?
5. Six bells toll at intervals of 3,6,9,12,15 and 18 seconds respectively. If they toll together at 9:00 a.m. how
many times do they toll together by 9:45 a.m?
A) 16 times B) 20 times C) 24 times D) 28 times
6. Find the fractions of the following recurring decimals?
A) 0.3 B) 0.6 C) 0.16 D)

p
7. Express the following recurring decimals in form?
q

A) 0.51 B) 2.9 C) 1.32

8. The difference of 5.96 and 2.1 ?

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A) 3.86 B) 3.95 C) 3.85 D) 3.75

9. Two numbers have a H. C.F of 16 and a product of two numbers is 2560. Find the L.C.M of the two
numbers?
A) 140 B) 150 C) 160 D) 170

Surds

Let ‘a’ be a rational number ‘n’ be a positive integer such that n a is irrational, then n a is called a surd of
the order n

Example : 3 9, 6 4, 5 25

2  1.414 3  11.732 5  2.236

A particular type of irrational numbers are called surds

7
Check whether 7 5, , 2  21,   2 are irrational numbers or not?
5

Add 2 2  5 3 and 2 3 3 ?

Multiply 6 5 by 2 5 ?

Divide 8 15 by 2 3
(i) The sum or difference of a rational number and ain irrational number is irrational.
(ii) The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is irrational
(iii) If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrationals, the result may be rational or irrational

(i) ab  a  b

a a
(ii) 
b b

(iii)  a b  
a  b ab

(iv)  a  b  a  b   a 2
b

(v)  a b  b  
c  d  ac  ad  bc  bd

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 School Plus E-Programme Class IX (CBSE) Module-I

 
2
(vi) a b  a  2 ab  b

 
Simplify 5  7 2  5  
 
Simplify 5  5 5  5  
 
2
 Simplify 3 7

 Simplify  11  7  11  7 
Rationalisation of surds
Rationalising factor (R.F)
When the product of two surds is a rational number, then each surd is called a ‘rationalising factor’ of the other

Example :  3 2  
3  2  3  2  1, which is rational

  3  2 and   
3  2 are rationalising factors of each other

Rationalisation of surds
The process of converting a surd to a rational number by multiplying it with a suitable rationalising factor is
called the rationalisation of the surd
Conjugate surds

Two binomial surds which differ only in the signs   /   between them are called conjugate surds

  
Example : i) a  b and a  b are conjugate binomial surds 
(ii)  a  b and   
a  b are conjugate binomial surds

1
Rationalise the denominator of
2

1
Rationlise the denominator of
2 3

6
Rationalise the denominator of
10  2

7 5 7 5
Simplify  ?
7 5 7 5

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CHAPTER - 02
POLYNOMIALS

Algebraical Expression
An algebraical expression is a combination of variables and constants connected with usual algebraical
operations.
eg :
1) 3x3 – 4x2 + 5

2) 3x 3/2  5 x  6xy
Coefficient, variable and power :
In the term axn, a is the coefficient of xn, x is a variable and power of x is n.
In the term 3xy2, coefficient of x is 3y2, power of x is 1 and power of y is 2, x and y are variables.
Polynomial :
An algebraical expression is said to be a polynomial, if its coefficients are real numbers and power
of variables are non negative integers.
eg:
1) 3x3 - 4x + 1 is a polynomial

2 5
2) 3x  x is a polynomial
3

3
3)  4 is not a polynomial, since power first term is – 1
x

1
4) 2x 2  3 x is not a polynomial, since power of second term is .
2
An algebraical expression in the form anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + ..........+ a1x + a0 is known as a polynomial in
one variable, where a0, a1, a2, .........., an are real numbers. n is non negative integer.
Types of polynomials according to the number of terms
1) Monomial : Polynomial having only one term
eg :
1) p (x) = 3x4
2) q(x) = 5
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2) Binomial : Polynomial having two terms

eg : p(x) = 3 + 4x
3) Trinomial : Polynomial having three terms

eg : p(x) = 2 + 4x2 + 3 x4
Types of polynomials according to the degree
1) Constant polynomial : Polynomial having degree zero
eg : p(x) = 5
2) Linear polynomial : Polynomial having degree one
eg : p(x) = 3x
3) Quadratic polynomial : Polynomial having degree 2
eg : p(x) = 2 – 4x + 3x2
4) Cubic polynomial : Polynomial having degree three
eg : p(x) = 8x3 - 2x2 + 5x + 1
5) Biquadratic Polynomial : Polynomial having degree four
eg : p(x) = 2x + 3x3 + x4
Value and zero of a polynomial
Consider a polynomial p(x). Substitute x = a in the polynomial, then we get the value of the polynomial
as p(a).
eg : p(x) = 3x3 - x + 1, find p(2) and p(– 1)
p(2) = 3 × 8 - 2 + 1 = 23
p(–1) = 3 ×(-1) – (-1)+1 = – 1
If p(a) = 0, we can say ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial.
eg :
1) p(x) = x2 - 4
p(2) = 0
 2 is a zero of the polynomial
2) p(x) = x2 - 5x + 6
p(1) = 1 - 5 + 6 = 2  0
 1 is not a zero of the polynomial
p(2) = 4 - 10 + 6 = 0
 2 is a zero of the polynomial
p(3) = 9 - 15 + 6 = 0
 3 is a zero of the polynomial.

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Problems
1. Find the zero’s of the following polynomials
(i) 3x + 4 (ii) x2 - 3
(i) 3x + 4 = 0
 3x = – 4

 x = 4 3

 Zero of the polynomial is 4 3

(ii) x2 - 3 = 0
 x2 = 3

 x 3

 Zero of the polynomial are 3 and  3

2. If x = 2 is a zero of ax2 - 3x + 1, find the value of a.
p(x) = ax2 - 3x + 1
p(2) = 0  4a - 6 + 1 = 0
 4a = 5

5
 a=
4
3. If x = 1 and x = – 2 are the zeroe’s of p(x) = ax2 + bx + 5. Find the values of a and b.
p(1) = 0
 a+b+5=0 ....(1)
p(–2) = 0
 4a - 2b + 5 = 0 ....(2)
(1) × 2  2a + 2b + 10 = 0 ....(3)
(2) + (3)  6a + 15 = 0

5
 a=
2

5
(1)  +b+5=0
2

5
 b= 5
2

5
=
2

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Division Algorithm
If the polynomial p(x) is divided with d(x), the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r (x)
Then p(x) = d(x) × q(x) + r(x)
ie, dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
Remainder theorem
p(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and x - a is linear polynomial, where a is real
numbers, then when p(x) is divided with x - a, the remainder is p (a)
eg :
1) Divide the polynomial 3x4 - 4x3 - 3x - 1 by x - 1.
By long division, we have :

Here, the remainder is – 5. Now, the zero of x - 1 is 1. So, putting x = 1 in p(x), we see that
p(1) = 3(1)4 - 4(1)3 - 3(1) - 1
=3-4-3-1
= – 5, which is the remainder.
2) p(x) = 6x5 - 5x2 + 1 is divided with x + 2. Find the remainder
p(– 2) = 6 × (-2)5 - 5 × 4 + 1
= - 192 - 20 + 1
= - 211
3) p(x) = x3 + ax2 + 1 is divided with x + 3, the remainder is 5, find the value of a
p(x) = x3 + ax2 + 1

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p(-3) = 5
 - 27 + 9a + 1 = 5
 9a = 31

31
a=
9
4) p(x) = 3x2 + ax + b is divided with x - 2 and x + 1, the remainder are 5 and – 2 respectively, find the
values of a and b.
p(2) = 5
 12 + 2a + b = 5  2a + b = - 7 ....(1)
p(-1) = -2
 3 - a + b = -2  -a + b = - 5 ....(2)
(1) - (2) = 1

2
3a = - 2  a =
3

2 17
(2)  b = - 5 - =
3 3
Factor theorem
If p(x) is a polynomial of degrees greater than or equal to one, ‘a’ is a real number and p(a) = 0, then
x - a is a factor of p(x)
eg :
1) p(x) = x3 - 5x2 + 6x, check whether x + 1, x - 2, x - 3 are factor of p(x).
p(-1) = -1 - 5 - 6 = -12  0
 x + 1 is not a factor of p(x)
p(2) = 8 - 20 + 12 = 0
 x - 2 is a factor of p(x)
p(3) = 27 - 45 + 18 = 0
 x - 3 is a factor of p(x)
2) p(x) = ax3 + bx + 5, x + 1 and x - 2 are factors of p(x), find the values of a and b
p(-1) = 0  - a - b + 5 = 0 ....(1)
p(2) = 0  8a + 2b + 5 = 0 .....(2)
(1) × 2  -2a - 2b + 10 = 0 .....(3)
(2) + (3)  6a + 15 = 0

5
 a=
2

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(1)  b = 5 - a

5
= 5
2

15

2
3) Factorize the polynomial
p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
The factor of 20 are
1,  2,  4,  5,  20
Now,
p(1) = 1 + 13 + 32 + 20  0
p(-1) = -1 + 13 - 32 + 20 = 0
 x + 1 is a factor
p(-2) = -8 + 52 - 64 + 20 = 0
 x + 2 is a factor
p(2) = 8 + 52 + 64 + 20  0
Now, (x + 1) (x + 2) = x2 + 3x + 2
Divide p(x) with x2 + 3x + 2

x + 10
3 2
x2 + 3x + 2 x + 13x + 32x + 20
x3 + 3x2 + 2x

10x2 + 30x + 20
10x2 + 30x + 20
0 0 0

The quotient is x + 10
 x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = (x +1) (x + 2) (x + 10)
4) Factorize : 2x2 + 3x - 2

ac  4 
  (a,c)  (4, 1)
a  c  3

2x2 + 3x - 2 = 2x2 + 4x - x - 2
= 2x(x + 2) - (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (2x - 1)

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Algebraical Identities
1) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
3) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab
4) (a + b)2 = (a - b)2 + 4ab
5) (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
6) (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
7) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b)
= (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
8) a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 + 3ab (a - b)
= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)

9) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2 bc + 2ac

10) a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)

Problems

1) If x2 + y2 + z2 = 21, x + y + z = 1 and xyz = 8, find (1 - x) (1 - y) (1 - z)

(1-x) (1-y) (1-z) = (1 - y - x + xy) (1 - z)

= 1-z + xy - xyz - x + xz - y + yz

= 1- (x + y + z) + xy + xz + yz - xyz .....(1)

(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + nz)

 1= 21 + 2(xy + yz + xz)

xy + yz + xz = - 10

(1)  (1-x) (1-y) (1-z) = 1 - 1 + (-10) - 8 = - 18

2) Find the values of

x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
if x = 288, y = 432, z = 280
xy  yz  xz  x 2  y 2  z 2

x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz


 x  y  z  x 2  y 2  z2  xy  yz  xz 
xy  yz  xz  x 2  y 2  z2 
 x 2  y 2  z2  xy  xz  yz 
= - (x + y + z)
= – 1000

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3) Evaluate

0.32  0.32  0.32  0.68  0.68  0.68

0.32  0.32  0.32  0.68  0.68  0.68

Choose 0.32 = a, 0.68 = b

a 3  b3
Then LHS =
a2  ab  b2

 a  b   a2  ab  b2 

a2  ab  b2

=a+b
= 0.32 + 0.68
=1

1 1
4) If a   3 find a3  3
a a

2
 1 2 1
a  a   9 a  2  2  9
  a

1
 a2   11
a2

1  1 1 1
a3  3
  a    a2  a   2 
a  a  a a 

= 3 (11 + 1)
= 36
5) Evaluate (0.98)3 using identify

 0.98   1  0.02 
3 3

 1  3  0.02  3   0.02    0.02 

2 3

= 1 - 0.06 + 0.0012 - 0.000008

= 0.941192

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QUESTIONS
1. If a + b = 3 and ab = 2, then a3 - b3 is
A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 0
2. If one of the zeroes of the polynomial (p - 1)x2 + px + 1 is – 3, the value of p is

4 2 1 1
A) B) C)  D)
3 3 3 3
3. If one of the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + ax - 4 is 1. then the other zero is
A) 2 B) – 3 C) – 4 D) 1
4. Which of the following is binomial and quadratic ?
A) 3x2 + 1 + 4x B) 4x3 + 2x C) 4x2 + 5 D) 6x2
5. The remainder, when the polynomial x3 - 4x2 + 6x + k is divided by x - 2 is 2, then the value of k is
A) 1 B) – 1 C) 3 D) – 2
6. If 3 is a zero of the polynomial 2x3 - x2 - 13x - 6, then the other two zeroes are

1 1 1 1
A) – 2, B) 2, - C) - 2, - D) 2,
2 2 2 2
7. If the polynomial x4 - 2x3 - 8x2 + kx - 5 is exactly divisible by x + 3, the value of k is

50 50 58 58
A)  B) C) D) 
3 3 3 3
8. If 2 is a zero of both the polynomials 3x2 + px - 14 = 0 and 2x3 + qx2 + x - 2, the value of p - 2q is
A) – 1 B) 5 C) 9 D) – 9
9. If x + y + z = 9 and xy + xz + yz = 26, find x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz
A) 27 B) 20 C) 25 D) 15
10. If a + b = 4 and ab = 3, a3 - b3 is
A) 25 B) 26 C) 27 D) 30
11. If x2 - 4 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 12, then the value of a + b is
A) 5 B) 11
C) – 11 D) – 5
12. The remainder when x6 + 3x2 + 10 is divided by x3 + 1 is
A) x2 - 11 B) 3x2 + 11 C) x3 - 1 D) 1- x3

a b
13. If   1, then a3 - b3 is
b a

1
A) 1 B) – 1 C) D) 0
2
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14. Which of the following is not a polynomial

2 3 1 2 5 3 3
A) x  2x  1 B) x  0.6x  5 C) 3x3  1 D) x  5x  1
3 2 x 2
15. Simplified form of (2a - 3b) (2a + 3b) (4a2 + 9b2) is
A) 9a4 - 81b4 B) 16a4 - 81b4 C) 9a4 + 81b4 D) 16a4 + 81b4

1 1
16. x2  2
 18, then x 3  3 is
x x
A) 76 B) 80 C) 81 D) 86
17. Evaluate 763 - 423 - 343
A) 325584 B) 338554 C) 325684 D) 328654

2863  7143
18. The value of is
2862  286  714  7142
A) 1000 B) 1286 C) 1500 D) 1834
19. x - 2 is a factor of 3x2 + ax + b and when ax3 + 4 is divided by x - 2, the remainder is 12, then the value
of a - b is
A) 10 B) 12 C) 13 D) 15
20. The area of a reactangle is 6x2 + x - 1, length is 2x + 1, then its breadth is
A) 2x + 3 B) 3x + 1 C) 3x - 1 D) 3x + 2
21. If x2 - 4x + 3 is a factor of ax3 + bx2 + 2x - 1, then 9(a - b) is
A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 13
22. If –1 and 2 are zeroes and ax + b is a factor of 2x3 - 3x2 - 3x + 2, then (a,b) is
A) (2, –1) B) (– 2, 1) C) (1, 2) D) (– 1, – 2)
23. One of the factors of 8x3 - 27y3 is
A) 2x + 3y B) 4x2 + 6xy + 9y2 C) 4x2 - 6xy + 9y2 D) 3x + 2y
24. a4 + b4 is same as
A) (a + b)4 - 2a2b2 B) [(a + b)2 - 2ab]2 - 2a2b2
C) (a + b)4 - 4a2b2 D) [(a + b)2 + 2ab]2 - 2a2b2]
25. The false statement is

B)  3x 
2/3
A) 3x 2  1 is a polynomial  1 is not a polynomial

C) 4x + 1 is binomial D) 5 is not a polynomial

26. Which of the following is not a factor of x4 - 9

A) x  3 B) x  3 C) x2 -3 D) x - 3

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1
27. The remainder when x3 + x2 + x + 1 is divided with x 
2

3 1 5 3
A) B) C) D)
8 2 8 8

28. Which of the following is a factor of p(x) = x3 - 23x2 + 142x - 120

A) x - 2 B) x + 2 C) x - 1 D) x + 1

29. One of the factor of 9a2 + 16 b2 +25 c2 + 24ab + 40bc + 30 ac is

A) a + b + c B) 3a + 4b + 5c C) 3a - 4b - 5c D) 3a + 4b - 5c

30. One of the factors of 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 is

A) 2x - 3y B) 4x2 + 9y2 C) (2x + 3y)2 D) 4x2 - 9y2

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CHAPTER - 03
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

The general form a linear equation in two variable is ax + by + c = 0

eg : 3x + 2y + 3 = 0
2x + 0y + 5 = 0
0x + 4 y + 6 = 0
4x - y = 0
Solution of a linear equation
A linear equation is having infinitely many solutions
eg : 2x + 3y = 2

 3y  2  2x
2  2x
y
3

22
when x = 1y = =0
3

24 2
x=2  1y= 
3 3
2  14
x = 7 1 y =  4
3

2  2  2
When x = -2  y = 2
3

2
 Some of the solutions are (1, 0), (2, ), (7, -4) (-2, 2)
3
Graph of linear equations
To draw the graph of a linear equations, we have to find two points satisfying the equation. But it is
safe to take three points to avoid mistakes.

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eg : 3x + 2y = 17

x 1 3 5

17  3 x
y 7 4 1
2
Now plot the points on a graph paper and join the points using a scales.
Graph of x = a

y
x= a

x
y a

y1

 x = a is a vertical line ie parallel to y - axis and perpendicular to x-axis

Graph of y = a

y
y=a

x
x

y1

 y = a is horizontal line and is parallel to x- axis and perpendicular to y-axis

In brief
 The equation ax + by = C = 0 has an infinite number of solutions
 The graph of the equation ax + by + c = 0 is a straight line
 A point ( ,  ) lines on the line ax + by + c = 0 if and if it satisfies the equation ax + by + c = 0
 All the points , that lie on the graph of ax + by + c = 0, give its solution
 In the equation ax + by + c = 0 if a = 0, the equation becomes by + c = 0 the graph is a straight line
parallel to x- axis and perpendicular to y-axis.
 In the equation ax + by + c = 0, if b = 0 the equation becomes ax + c = 0, the graph is a straight line
parallel to y-axis and perpendicular to x-axis.

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QUESTIONS
1. The line x = a shows
a) A straight line parallel to x axis b) A straight line parallel to y axis
c) Equation of x axis d) Equation of y axis
2. The line Y = b shows
a) A straight line parallel to x axis b) A straight line parallel to y axis
c) Equation of x axis d) Equation of y axis
3. The linear equation 4x - 10y = 14 has:
a) Unique solution b) Two solutions
C) infinitely many solutions d) No solutions
4. If (2, 0) is a solution of the linear equation 2x + 3y = k, then the value of k is :
a) 4 b) 6 c) 5 d) 2
5. If (3, 4) is a solution of the linear equation kx + y = 5, then the value of k is

1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
3 4 5 2
6. The graph of the linear equartion 2x + 3y = 6 cuts the y axis at the point
a) (2, 0) 2) (0, 3) c) (3, 0) d) (0,2)
7. What is the geometrical representation of linear equation in two variable
a) It is square b) It is cube c) It is a curve d) It is a straight line
8. Y = mx is the line
a) Which does not pass through origin b) Which is parallel to X axis
c) Which is parallel to y axis d) Which pass through origin
9. Y = Mx + c is the line
a) Passing through origin b) Not passing through origin
c) Parallel to x axis d) Parallel to y axis
10) Any point on the line y = x is of the form:
a) (a, -a) b) (0, a) c) (a, 0) d) (a, a)
11) The value of Y at X = -1 in the equation 5y = 2 is

5 2
a) b) c) 10 d) 0
2 5
12) Equation of a line which is 5 units distnce above the x-axis is
a) x = 5 b) x + 5 = y c) y - 5 d) x - y = 0
13. Which of the following is not the solution of equation x + 2y = 4
a) (0.2) b) (4, 0) c) (-2, 3) d) (1, 1)

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14. If X = .2 and y = 3 is the solution of equation x + 2y = k then k is

a) 8 b) 4 c) -4 d) 2
15. If a point (a, b) lies on the line, that means
a) X = a, y = b b) X = b, y = a c) X = .a, y = -b d) X = -b, y = -a
16. Which of the following is the equation of a line parallel to y-axis
a) y = 0 b) x + y = z c) y = x d) x = a
17. Any point on the line y = 3x is of the form
a a
a) (a, 3a) b) (3a, a) c) (a, ) d) ( , -a)
3 3
18. To which equation does the graph represent ?

19. Y = 8 can be written in two variable form as

a) 0x + y-8 = 0 b) 0x - y - 8 = 0 c) 0x + y + 8 = 0 d) 0x - y = 8
20. In this equation X + 2/3y + 2 = 0, a, b and c are
a) a = 1, b = 2/3, c = 2 b) a = 3, b = 2, c = 6 c) a = 1, b - 2/3, c= -2 d) Both a and b
21. A linear equation in two variable has _____ solutions
a) No b) Infinitely many c) Unique d) Both b and c
22. Any point of the form (a, -a) always lie on the graph of the equation
a) X = -a b) y = a c) y =x d) x + y = 0

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23. The graph of the equation 2x + 3y = 6 cuts the x-axis at the point
a) (0,3) b) (3,0) c) (2,0) d) (0,2)
24. Which of the following ordered pairs is a solution of the equation x - 2y - 6 ?
a) (2, 4) b) (0, 3) c) (-4, 1) d) (4, 1)
25. How many linear equation in x and y can be satisfied by x = 1 and y = 2 ?
a) only one b) two c) infinitely many d) three
26. If (3, 2) is the solution of the equation 3x - ky = 5, then k equals

1
a) 2 b) 4 c) 3 d)
2
27. Cost of book (x) exceeds twice the cost of pen (y) by Rs 10. This statement can represent in equation
us
a) x - 2y - 10 = 0 b) 2x - y - 10 = 0 3) 2x + y - 10 = 0 d) x - 2y + 10 = 0
28. (2, 1) is solution of
a) x - 2y - 10 = 0 b) 2x - y - 10 = 0 c) 2x + y - 10 = 0 d) x - 2y + 10 = 0
29. Equation of a line passing through origin is
a) x + y = 1 b) x = 2y - 4 c) x + y = 0 d) y = x - 1
30. The linear equation is that equation whose degree is
a) 0 b) 1 c) -1 d) Not defined
31. In this equation 6x - 5y - 7 = 0
a) a = 6, b = 5, c = 7 b) a = 6, b = 5, c = -7
c) a = 6, b= -5, c = -7 d) a = 6, b = 5, c = 7

32. In this equation 5 x  7  7 y

a) a = 5 , b = -7, c = 7 b) a = 5 , b=7, c = 7

c)a= 5 , b = 7, c = -7 d) a  5, b  7, c  7

33. Which of the following is not the solution of equation x + 2y = 4

a) 0.2 b) (4,0) c) (-2, 3) d) (1, 1)
34. Draw the graph of the equation 3x - 2y + 6 = 0. Find whether the points (2,6) and (1. 2) lie on the graph
or not
35. Verify that x = 3, y = 4 is the solution of the equation 5x + 2y = 23, x = 1, y = 2 is not the solution of the
equation. Find two more solutions.

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CHAPTER - 04
INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID GEOMETRY

Euclid’s Definitions
1. A point is that which has no part
2. A line is breadthless length
3. The ends of a line are points
4. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself
5. A surface is that which hs length and breadth only
6. The edges of a surface are lines
7. A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on ltself
Though Euclid defined a point , a line, and a plane, the definitions are not accepted by mathematicians.
There fore, these terms are now taken as undefined
Euclid’s axioms
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal
3. If equals are substracted from equals, the remainders are equal
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another
5. The whole is greater than the part
6. Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
7. Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another
Euclid’s five postulates
Postulate : A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.
Note that this postulate tells us that at least one straight line passes through two distinct points, but
it does not say that there cannot be more than one such line. However, in his work, Euclid has
frequently assumed, without mentioning that there is a unique line joining two distinct points. We
state this result in the form of an axion as follows:
Axion 5.1 : Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them.
How many lines passing through P also pass through [Link] one that is, the line PQ. How many
lines passing through Q also pass through P ? Only one that is the line PQ. Thus, the statement
above is self-evident and so is taken as an axion.

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Postulate 2 : A
A terminated line can be produced indefinitely
Note that what we call a line segment now-a-days is what Eulid called a terminated line. So, according
to the present day terms, the second postulate says that a line segment can be extended on either
side to form a line.

Postulate 3 : A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius
Postulate : All right angles are equal to one another
Postulate 5 : If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of
it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines if produced indefinitely meet on
that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.
For example. the line PQ in figure falls on lines AB and CD such that the sum of the interior angles 1
and 2 is less than 1800 on the left side of PQ. There fore, the lines AB and CD will eventually intersect
on the left side of PQ.

The statement that were proved are called propositions or theorems. Euclid deduced 465 propositions
in a logical chain using his axioms, postulates, definitions and theorems proved earlier in the chain.
In the next few chapters on gemetry, you will be using these axioms to prove some theorems.
Theorem : Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common
Equivalent Vesions of Euclid’s Fifth Postulate
There are several equivalent versions of this postulate. One of them is ‘Playfair’s Axiom’ (given by a
Scottish mathematician John Playfair in 1729) as stated below :
‘For every line I and for every point P not lying on I, there exists a unique line m passing through P and
parallel to l’.

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From figure you can see that of all the lines passing through the point P, only line m is parallel to line l

This result can also be stated in the following form:

Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line

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QUESTIONS
1. The number of dimensions, a solid has :
A) 1 B) 2 C)3 D) 0
2. The total number of propositions in the elements are
A) 465 B) 460 C) 13 D) 55
3. The things which are double of same thing are
A) equal B) halves of same thing
C) unequal D) double of the same thing
4. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
A) A line segment has definite length
B) Three lines are concurrent if and only if they have a common point
C) Two lines drawn in a plane always intersect at a point
D)
5. Select the wrong statement
A) Only one line can pass through a single point
B) Only one line can pass through distinct point
C) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides
D) If two circles are equal, the their radii are equal
6. Which one of the following statements is true ?
A) Only one line can pass through a single point
B) There are an infinite number lines which pass through two distinct points
C) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common
D) If two circles are equal, then their radii are not equal
7. If the point P lines in between M and N and C is mid point of MP, then
A) MC + PN = MN B) MP + CP - MN C) MC + CN = MN D) CP + CN = MN
8. Lines are parallel if they do not intersect is stated in the form of :
A) An axion B) a definition C) a postulate D) a proof
9. Two planes intersect each other to form a :
A) plane B) point C) straight line D) angle
10. The number of lines that can pass through a given point is
A) two B) none C) only one D)infinitely many
11. How many lines do pass through two distinct points ?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
12. The number of line segments determined by three collinear point is :
A) two B) three C) only one D) four

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13. Number of dimension (S) a surface has

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
14. Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each other in the form of
A) an axion B) a definition C) a postulate D) a proof
15. The things which concid with one another are
A) equal B) unequal C) Half of same thing D) triple of one another
16. Given four points such that no three of them are collinear then the number of lines that can be drawn
through them is
A) 2 lines B) 4 lines C) 6 lines D) 8 lines
17. Two intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line is stated in the form of
A) an axion B) a definition C) a postulate D) a proof
18. Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each other in the form of
A) an axion B) a definition C) a postulate D) a proof
19. Which of the following needs a proof ?
A) theorem B) Axion C) Definition D) Postulate
20. If x + y = 10 then x + y + z = 10 + z. Then the Euclids axiom that illustrates this statement is :
A) First axiom B) Second axiom C) Third axiom D) Fourth axiom

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About IJSO:
The science Olympiad programme is fully funded by the Government of India through the Board of
Research in Nuclear Science, Department of Atomic Energy (BRNS, DAE), Department of Science
and. Technology (DST), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and the Indian Space
Research Organisation, Department of Space (ISRO, DoS). The national Olympiads are overseen by
a National Steering Committee (NSC), constituted by DAE, and comprised of members of each funding
agency as well as eminent experts in each subject.

Stages:
The junior Science Olympiad program will follow the following 5 stages:
 Stage I: National Standard Examination in Junior Science (NSEJS)
 Stage II: Indian National Junior Science Olympiad (INJSO)
 Stage III: Orientation cum Selection Camp (OCSC) in junior science
 Stage IV: Pre-departure Training Camp (PDT) for IJSO
 Stage V: Participation in International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO)
Stage I will be entirely the responsibility of IAPT. All the remaining stages will be organized by the
HBCSE.
Stage I: National Standard Examination in Junior Science

National Standard Examination in Junior Science (NSEJS): NSEJS is the first stage of selection of
students in the Junior Science Olympiad Programme. NSEJS is organised by the Indian Association
of Physics Teachers (IAPT). Every student aspiring to go through successive stages of the programme
must enroll for NSEJS. NSEJS is held at a large number of centres in the country.

Syllabus:

The syllabus for NSEJS will be broadly equivalent to the secondary school level (upto Class X) of
CBSE. The different basic subjects of science (physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics) will
have roughly equal emphasis. This is only a broad guideline, and there is no detailed syllabus given for
NSEJS.

Paper Pattern

Test Paper Pattern of NSEJS (Stage-1) (Question paper is in English Language only)

Test No. of questions Max. Marks Time

PCMB (Objective Type) 80 240 120 Min.

There will be '1' negative mark for each wrong answer

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Qualifying for the Second Stage:

Based on performance in NSEJS, the top 300 students in order of merit quality to appear for the
Second Stage of the Olympiad programme INJSO.
Stage II: Indian National Junior Science Olympiad
Indian National Junior Science Olympiad (INJSO) INJSO will be organized by HBCSE at about 15
centres in the country.
Eligibility:
Students selected from Stage I examination (NSEJS) are eligible to appear for INJSO. In addition
those students two have been exempted as described in the Enrollment page are also eligible to
appear for INJSO. Besides these two ways, there is no other way by which a student becomes eligible
to appear for INJSO.
Syllabus:
The syllabus for INJSO will be broadly similar to NSEJS. The syllabus is, however, only a broad
guideline. Questions and problems in National Olympiads are usually non-conventional and of high
difficulty level, comparable to international Olympiads. On the basis of performance in INJSO, the top
35 students in the merit list will be selected for Stage III: Orientation Cum Selection Camp (OCSC) in
Junior Science.
Paper Pattern:

Test Paper Pattern of INJSO (Stage-2) (Question paper is in

No. of
Test Max. Marks Time
questions
Section -A PCB
30 30 60 Min.
(Objective Type)
Section - B PCB
12 60 120 Min.
(Subjective Type)
In Section -A there will be 0.25 negative marking & No Negative Marking

Stage III: Orientation Cum Selection Camp

Orientation Cum Selection Camp (OCSC) in Junior Science OCSC in Junior Science will be organized
by HBCSE sometime in April to June for 2-3 weeks: The precise dates will be announced prior to or
along with the announcement of the selection list for the OCSC.
The camp will include several theoretical and experimental tests. Orientation will be provided to students
especially in experiments. The camp will conclude with a valedictory function where distinguished
scientists will be invited to speak to the students.
The merit list of OCSC in Junior Science will be prepared on the basis of the combined theoretical and
experimental score aggregated over all the tests in the camp, with 60% weightage for theory and 40%
weightage for experiment. Performance in previous stages (NSEJS and INJSO) will not be a
consideration for the merit list and awards of the OCSC.
The top 6 in the OCSC Junior Science merit list will be declared to be special merit awardees. These
special merit awardees will be given Rs. 5,000 each in the form of books and cash.

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The 6 special merit awardees in Junior Science selected at the end of the OCSC.
Stage IV: Pre-departure Training
The selected 6 member student team will undergo a rigorous training programme at HBCSE in theory
and experiment. Special laboratories are being developed at HBCSE for the purpose of experimental
training. Resource persons from HBCSE and different institutions across the country will train the
students.
Stage V: International Junior Science Olympiad
Participation in international Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO)
The 6 member student team and 3 teacher leaders will constitute the delegation to represent India at
the International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO).
Important Web Links:
Stage-1 [Link]
Stage-2 [Link]

About PRMO
The Mathematical Olympiad Programme in India is organized by the Homi Bhabha Centre for Higher
Mathematics
(NBHM) of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India.
Stages:
1) PRMO : Pre-Regional Mathematicl Olmpiad at centres across India Questions with 1 or 2 digit
numbers as answers.
2) RMO: Regional Mathematicla Olympiad at a small number of centres in the region
3) INMO : Indian National Mathematical Olympiad at 30 centres across India, Problem solving exam
4) IMOTC : IMO Training Camp at HBCSE. Lecture & Problem Solving Sessions
5) Pre-Departure Camp: At HBCSE, Lecture & Problem Solving sessions
6) IMO : International Mathematical Olympiad: International Venue, Problem Solving Competition
Syllabus
The syllabus for Mathematical Olympiad (Regional, National & International) is pre-degree college
mathematics. The areas covered are arithmetic of integers, geometry, quadratic equations and
expressions, trigonometry, co-ordinate geometry, system of liner equations, permutations and
combination, factorization of polynomial, inequalities, elementary combinatorics, probability theory
and number theory, finite series and complex numbers and elementary graph theory. The syllabus
does not include calculatus and statistics. The major areas from which problems are given are algebra,
combinatorics, geometry and number theory. The syllabus is in a sense spread over Class XI to
Class XII levels, but the problems under each topic involve high level of difficulty and sophistication.
The diffculty level increases from RMO to INMO to IMO.
Important Web Links:
[Link]
[Link]

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