Solution
1. True Error=True value – Approximate value --------------------------------(0.5 pt)
d ( sin (2 x) )
True value = = 2 cos (2 x )
dx
@ x=π/4,
True value=2 cos ( 2 x )=2 cos ( π2 )=0 ------------------------------------------------ (1 pt)
Approximate value=¿
---- (0.5 pt)
@ x=π/4,
Approximate value=
sin ( 2 x +2 h )−sin (2 x)
=
sin ( π2 +2 h)−sin ( π2 )
h h
¿
sin ( π2 +2 h)−1 -------------------------------------------------- (0.5pt)
h
But,
sin ( π2 +2 h)=sin ( π2 ) cos ( 2 h) +sin ( 2 h) cos( π2 )=cos (2 h)-------------- (0.5 pt)
Thus,
Approximate value=
sin ( π2 +2 h)−1 = cos ( 2 h)−1 ------------------------------------- (1 pt)
h h
True Error=True value – Approximate value
¿ 0− ( cos ( 2hh) −1 )
1−cos (2 h)
¿ -------------------------------------------------------------------- (1 pt)
h
2. The number of significant digits at least correct is given by the largest value of m for
which
|∈a|≤0. 5×10 2−m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- (2.5pt)
0 . 004≤0 .5×102−m
1
0 . 008≤10 2−m
log ( 0 . 008 )≤2−m
m≤2−log ( 0 . 008 )=4 . 096
Som=4 , the number of significant digits at least correct in our
Estimate is 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2.5pt)
3. √ 2=1.414213562373 …
(1.414213562373 …)10=(1.01101…)2 ---------------------------------------------- (1.5 pt)
The representation of √ 2 in a fixed five point register with 2 bits for the integer part and 3 bits
for the fractional part is,
0 1 0 1 1
(1.5 pt) -----------
Integer part Fractional part
The equivalent base ten representation of the fix
ed five point register is
(1.011)2=(1.375)10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1 pt)
Round-off error of most nearly introduced for representing √ 2 in a fixed five point register is,
Roundofferror=1.41421356−1.375
¿ 0.03921 ----------------------------------------- (1 pt)
4. Solving
( )
p+
a
v
2
( v−b )−RT=0, by substituting the values of p, a, b, R & T
(
3.592
)
10+ 2 ( v −0.04267 ) −24=0
v
We get,
( 3.592
)
f ( v )= 10+ 2 ( v−0.04267 )−24 ------------------------------------------ (1 pt)
v
2
v ℓ =2 , v u =4
Take
Check if the function changes sign between ℓ and u .
v v
f ( v l )=f (2)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
2
2 )
( 2−0.04267 ) −24=−2.669
f ( v u )=f ( 4)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
4
2 )
( 4−0.04267 ) −24=16.461
Hence
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v u )=f ( 2 ) f ( 4 )=(−2 . 669 ) ( 16. 461 )< 0
So there is at least one root between
v ℓ and v u , that is, between 2 and 4 .
Iteration 1
The estimate of the root is
vℓ + vu
v m=
2
2+ 4
= =3
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
f ( v m ) =f (3)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
(3)2 )
( 3−0.04267 )−24=6.7536
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v m) =f ( 2 ) f ( 3 )=(−2 .669 )( 6 . 7536 ) <0
Hence the root is bracketed between
v l and v m , that is, between 2 and 3 . So, the lower and
upper limits of the new bracket are
3
v ℓ =2 , v u =3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (0.5 pt)
At this point, the absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| cannot be calculated as we do not
have a previous approximation.
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
v +v
v m= ℓ u
2
2+3
= =2 .5
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
f ( v m ) =f (2.5)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
(2.5)
2 )
(2.5−0.04267 )−24=1.98557
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v m) =f ( 2 ) f ( 2 . 5 )=(−2 . 669 ) (1 . 98557 ) <0
Hence the root is bracketed between
v l and v m , that is, between 2 and 2 .5 . So, the lower and
upper limits of the new bracket are
v ℓ =2 , v u =2 .5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 2 is
v new old
m −v m
|∈a|=| |×100
v new
m
2.5−3
=| |×100
2.5
=20 %
None of the significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root
v m=2. 5
4
as the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5 % .
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
vℓ + vu
v m=
2
2+2 .5
= =2 . 25
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (0.5 pt)
f ( v m ) =f (2.25)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
(2.25)
2 )
(2.25−0.04267 )−24=−0.360533
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v m) =f ( 2 ) f ( 2 . 25 )=(−2 . 669 ) (−0 .360533 )> 0
Hence the root is bracketed between m and
v v u , that is, between 2 .25 and 2 .5 . So, the lower
and upper limits of the new bracket are
v ℓ=2 .25 , v u =2. 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 3 is
v new old
m −v m
|∈a|=| |×100
v new
m
2.25−2.5
=| |×100
2.25
=11. 11%
None of the significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root
v m=2. 25
as the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5 % .
5
Iteration 4
The estimate of the root is
vℓ + vu
v m=
2
2 .25+2. 5
= =2 .375
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
f ( v m ) =f (2.375)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
(2.375)2 )
(2.375−0.04267 )−24=0.80854
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v m) =f ( 2 . 25 ) f ( 2. 375 ) =(−0 .360533 )( 0 . 80854 )< 0
v v
Hence the root is bracketed between l and m , that is, between 2 .25 and 2 .375 . So, the
lower and upper limits of the new bracket are
v ℓ =2 .25 , v u =2. 375
------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 4 is
v new old
m −v m
|∈a|=| |×100
v new
m
2.375−2.25
=| |×100
2.375
=5 . 26 %
None of the significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root
v m=2. 375
as the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5 % .
Iteration 5
The estimate of the root is
vℓ + vu
v m=
2
6
2 .25+2. 375
= =2 .3125
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
f ( v m ) =f (2.3125)
(
¿ 10+
3.592
(2.3125)
2 )
(2.3125−0.04267 )−24=0.222936
f ( v ℓ ) f ( v m) =f ( 2 . 25 ) f ( 2. 3125 ) =(−0 .360533 )( 0 . 222936 ) <0
v v
Hence the root is bracketed between l and m , that is, between 2 .25 and 2 .3125 . So, the
lower and upper limits of the new bracket are
v ℓ=2 .25 , v u =2. 3125
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 5 is
v new old
m −v m
|∈a|=| |×100
v new
m
2.3125−2.375
=| |×100
2.3125
=2 . 702 %
One of the significant digits is at least correct in the estimated root of the equation as the
absolute relative approximate error is less than 5 % .
Therefore the value for v is,
v=2.3125 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1 pt)
5. The time at which the maximum concentration reached is given by,
dc
=0 -------------------------------------------------------- (0.5pt)
dt
K e −aKt e =0, substituting the values of K & a
−at −at
−0.25 t −0.25 t
2e −0.5 t e =0
7
Let, f ( t )=2 e−0.25 t −0.5 t e−0.25 t =( e−0.25 t ) (2−0.5 t) --------------------------- (1 pt)
' −0.25 t −0.25 t −0.25 t
f ( t )=−e + 0.125 t e =e (0.125 t −1)
t =3.
ake the initial guess of the root of f ( t )=0 as 0
T
Iteration 1
The estimate of the root is
f ( t0 )
t 1=t 0 −
f (t 0)
'
−0.25 ( 3 )
e (2−0.5 (3))
¿ 3− −0.25 (3 )
e (0.125(3)−1)
¿ 3.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 1 is
t 1−t0
|∈a|=| |×100
t1
3.8−3
=| |×100
3.8
=21 . 052 %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
f (t 1)
t 2=t 1 −
f ' ( t1 )
−0.25 ( 3.8 )
e (2−0.5(3.8))
¿ 3.8− −0.25 ( 3.8)
e (0.125 (3.8)−1)
¿ 3.990475 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 2 is
t 2 −t 1
|∈a|=| |×100
t2
8
3.990475−3.8
=| |×100
3.990475
=4 . 77 %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (0.5 pt)
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
f ( t2 )
t 3= t 2 −
f ' (t 2)
−0.25 ( 3.990475 )
e (2−0.5(3.990475))
¿ 3.990475− −0.25 ( 3.990475)
e (0.125(3.990475)−1)
¿ 3.999975 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error
|∈a| at the end of Iteration 2 is
t 2 −t 1
|∈a|=| |×100
t2
3.999975−3.990475
=| |×100
3.999975
=0. 2375 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (0.5 pt)
The absolute relative approximate error is less than5 % .Thus, the estimated root is 3.999975.
Therefore the time at which the maximum concentration reached is t=3 . 999975s -- (0.5 pt)
6. Given
x o=3
f ( x o ) =5
o
θ=57
x 1=?
The root of the equation f ( x )=0 is found by using the secant method as,
' o
f ( x o ) =tan ( θ ) =tan (57 ) ---------------------------------- (2.5 pt)
¿ 1.53986
f (x o ) 5
x 1=x o− '
=3− ------------------------------ (2.5pt)
f (x o ) 1.53986
¿−0.247048