PipinglnspectionCode

Inspection,Repair,Alteration,and Rerating
of In-servicePipingSystems

DownstreamSegment

API570
SECOND EDITION,
OCTOBER1998
ADDENDUM 1, FEBRUARY
2OOO
ADDENDUM 2, DECEMBER
2OO1
ADDENDUM 3, AUGUST
2OO3

4 American
Petroleum
Institute

Helping You
Get The fob
Done RightY

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 CONTENTS

Page

scoPE ......1-l
1.1 GeneralApplication .....1-l
1.2 SpecilicApplications ....1-l
1.3 Fitness-1br-serv'ice.. ....1-1

R E F E R E N C E. .S. . . ... ,.. ..2_I

DEFINTTIONS..... . .......3-1

OWNERAJSERINSPECTIONORGANIZAT1ON . .. . .4-1
4.1 General .. . .. ..4-l
t idoCne r t i l i c a t i o.n. . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1
4 . 2 A P l A u t h o r i z e d P i p i n g l n s p e c t o r Q u a l i f i c an
4.3 Responsibilities... .....4-1

INSPECTIONAND TESTING PRACTICES. . . . . . . . . .5-1

5.1 Risk-Basedlnspection .. .......5-1
5.2 Preparation .....5-1
/ S.Z InspectionforSpecilicTypesof Corrosionand Cracking . . . . . . . . . .5-l
' 5.4 Typesof Inspectionand Surveillance . . . . .5-6
5.5 ThicknessMeasurementlocations .......5-7
5.6 ThicknessMeasurementMethods. .......5-8
5 . 1 P r e s s u r e T e s t i n gPoi fp i n g S y s t e m s , ......5-8 01
, 5.8 MaterialVerilicationandTraceability.... ........5-9 00
5.9 InspectionofValves .....5-9
5.10 lnspectionof Weldsln-service . .5-10
-5.11 Inspectionof FlangedJoints . . . .5-10

FREQL}ENCYANDEXTENTOFINSPECTION...,,.,....,.6-1
6.1 General ........6-1
6.2 PipingServiceClasses. .........6-1
6.3 Inspectionlntervals .....6-2
6.4 Extentof VisualExtemaland CUI Inspections. . . . .6-2
6.5 Extentof ThicknessMeasurement Inspection . . . . .6-2
6.6 Extentof Small-BoreAuxiliary Piping,and
Threaded-Connectionslnsoections .......6-3

INSPECTIONDATA EVALUATION, ANALYSIS, AND RECORDING . , , . . ..1.1

7.1 ConosionRateDetennination. ..........1-l
1.2 Ma-rirnumAllowableWortingPressure Determination.. . . . . . . . . . .7-l
7 .3 RetirementThicknessDetermination . . . . .1-2
7 . 4 A s s e s s m e n t lonf s p e c t i o n F i n d i n g s .......1-2
7 .5 Piping StressAnalysis . . ."1-2
7 .6 Reporting and Recordsfor Piping SystemInspection . . . . . .1-4

REPAIRS, AL]ERAIIONS, AND RERATING OF PIPING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . 8-1

8 . 1 R e p a i rasn d A l t e r a t i o n
. .s. . . ....8-l
8.2 WeldingandllotTapping ,......8-2 01
8.3 Reratine .......8-3
 Page

INSPECTIONOFBTJRIEDPIPING ..........9_1
9.1 TypesandMethodsoflnspection ........9-l
9.2 Frequencvand Extentof Inspection . . . . . .g-2
9.3 RepairstoRuriedSysfems. ......9-3
9.4 [Link]. .......9-3

APPENDIXA INSPECTOR
CERTIFTCA'nON.
. A_1 | 00
n_rI or
A P P E N D I X CE X A M P L E S O F R E P A I R S ......C-l
APPENDIXD EXTERNALINSPECTION
CHECKLISTFORPROCESS PIPING. . . . D_I

Figures
5-1 TypicalInjectionPoint PipingCircuit . . . . . .5-2
C - l E n c i r c l e m e n t R e p a i r S l e e. v e ..... C-l
C-2 SmallRepairPatches. ....C-2

Tables
6-1 RecommendedMaximumlnspectionlntervals ......6-3
6-2 RecommendedExtentof ctIlInspectionFollowingvisualInspecrion. ...... .6-3
"' 7-l lwo Exanples of the Calculationof Ma:iimum Allowable
Working Pressure(MAWP) Illustrating the Use of the Conosion
tlalf-Life Concept . .7-3 | 01
9- I Frequencyof lnspection fbr Buried Piping Without Efl'ective
CathodicProtection. ......9-2
 PipingInspection
Cod+-lnspection, Repair, andRerating
Alteration,
PipingSystems
of In-service
1 Scope 1.2.2 Excludedand OptionalPipingSystems
1.1 GENERALAPPLICATION The fluid seryices and classes of piping systerns listed
below are excludedfrom the specificrequirementsof API 570
1.1.1 Coverage but may be included at the owner's or user's (owner/user's)
option.
API 570 covers inspection,repair',alteration,and rerat-
ing proceduresfor metallic piping svsternsthat have been a. Fluid services that are excluded or optional inclucle the
in-service. following:
1. Hazardousfluid sen'ices below threshold limits, as
1.1.2 Intent de{inedby jurisdictional regulations.
API 570 was developedtbr the petroleum refining and 2. Water (including {ire protection systems). steam,
steam-condensate, boiler [Link] CategoryD fluid
chemicaiprocessindustriesbut may be [Link] practi-
services,as definedin ASN'{E831.3.
cal, fbr any piping [Link] is intendedfor use by organi-
zations that maintain or have access to an authorized b. Classesof piping systemsthat are excludedor optional are
inspection agency, a repair organization,and technically as follows:
qualihed piping engineers,inspectors,and [Link] 1. Piping systemson movable structurescoveredby juris-
as delined in Section3. dictional regulations,including piping systenlson ffucks,
[Link],iurd other mobile equipment.
1.1.3 Limitations 2. Piping systemsfhat a-rean integral part or cornponent
API 570 shall not be used as a substitutefbr the original of rotating or reciprocating mechiurical devices, such as
constructionrequirementsgoverning a piping systembefore pumps, cunpressors, turbines, generators,engines, and
it is placedin-service;nor shall it be usedin conflict with any hydraulic or pneurnatic cylinders where the primary
prevailingregulatoryrequirements. designconsiderationsand/or stressesare derivedfiom the
tunctional requirernentsof the device.
3. Intemal piping or tubing of fired heatersand boilers,
1.2 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
including tubes, tube headers, return bends, external
1.2.1 IncludedFluidServices crossovers,turdmmifolds.
4. Pressurevesseis,heaters, fumaces, heat exchangers,
Exceptasprovidedin L2.2, API 570 appliesto piping sys- and other fluid handlingor processingequipment,includ-
ternslbr processfluids, hydrocarbons,and similar flammable ing intemal piping and connectionsfor extemal piping.
or toxic fluid services,such as the tbllowing: 5. Plumbing, sanitarv sern'ers,processwaste sewers,and
STOITN SEWETS.
a. Ra*', intemrediate,and finishedpetroleumproducts.
6. Piping or tubing n'ith an outside diameternot exceed-
b. Rap',intermediate,eurdfinishedchemicalproducts. ing that of NPS llz.
7. Nonmetallicpiping and polymeric or glass-linedpiping.
c. Catalystlines.

d. Hydrogen,natural gas,fuel gas,and flare systems. 1.3 [Link]

This inspectioncoderecognizesfitness-fbr-service concepts
e. Sour water and hazardouswaste streamsabove tlu'eshold
for evaLluating in-service degradationclf pressurecontaining
limits. as delined by jurisdictional regulations. 01
[Link] RP 579 provides generalrequirementsand
f. Huardous chemicalsakrve thresholdlimits, as definedby detailedassessmenf proceduresfor spocific types of degrada-
j urisdictionalregulations. tion that are ref-erencedin this code.
 2-REFERENCES
SECTION
'I'he
nrostrecenteditionsof the tbllowing standards,
codes, ASNT2
and specifications
are cited in this code. SNT-TC-IA PersonnelQuolification and Certificatiotr
in lr'lortdestr ucti ve Tbsting
API cP-189 Standard,l,r Qualification and Certifica-
-510 Pre ssure \bssel I nspectionCode tion oJNondestttctive TestirtgPersonnel
01
Publ2201 [Link] Welding or |l ot Tapping on
ASTM3
EquipmentContainingF lamnwbles
G57 Method fttr Field Meastrement of Sctil
RP574 Inspec'tionof Piping Sr.s/enComponents
Resisrii'iryUsing the WennerFour-
RP578 Mat er ial \/erification Prog rarn fbr N eu' a nd electrodeMetltod
00
Existi ng P ip irtgSystents
01 RP579 Fiurcss-Jbr-senice NACE4
RPOl69 Control of [Link] Corrosion on Under-
RP6,51 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground
growtd or Subnterged Metallic Pipittg
Petroleum Storage Tanks
St*stems
RP 750 Managementof ProcessHazarcls
RPO170 Protection aJ' [Link] Stainless Steels'
rd 598 lh I ve I nspacti on a nd Testing
.from Pal'tthionic Acid Stress Corrosion
[Link] Inspection of ReJtneryEquipment, Crucking During Shutdown oJ Refnerl-
Chapter II (This document will be Equipment
replacedby API RP 571, ConditionsCaus- RP0274 High-voltage Electical Inspet:tionof Pipe-
ing Deterioration or Failttres, currently line CoatinqsPrior to Installation
under development.) RP0275 Applic'ation of Organic' Coatings to tke
API57O Inspector Certification [Link] Bodt of Exterrml Stuf'ac'eof Steel Pipe for Under-
Knowledge groundService

ASME I NFPA5
8r6.34 lblves-F'langed, T'hreaded,and Welding 704 Itlentificati,nt rf the Fire Hazards 4
End Materials
831.3 ProcessPiping jThe
Arnerican Society for NondestructiveTesting, 1711 Arlingate
831G Manual .for Determining the Remaining Ime, [Link] 28518,Columbus,Ohio [Link].
Strengthc$ Conoded Pipelines 3American Society for Testing ancl Malerials, 100 Barr Harbor

Boiler and Pressure\,'esselCode,SectionVIII. Divisions 1 Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959,

[Link].
and 2; SectionIX, +NACE Intemational, 440 South Creek Drive, Housron, Texas
77084. [Link].
LASME Intemational, Three Park Avenue. New York, New York SNational Fire hotection Associaiion. 1 Batreryrnarch Park. P.O.
I {n1 6--599O,[Link]. Box 9 l0 l, Quincy,Massachusetts
02269-9I 0 I, [Link].

2-1
 SECTION3-DEFINITIONS

For the purposesof this standard,the following definitions [Link] term inspector is used in API [Link]
apply. piping inspector.
refersto an authorized
3.1 alteration: A physical changein any cornponentthat 3.6 auxiliary piping: Instrumentand machinerypiping,
lns design implications aff'ectin_ethe pressure containing typically small-boresecondaryprocesspiping that can tre iso-
capabilitv or flexibilit;, of a piping system beyond the scope lated frorn primary piping [Link] include flush
of its desigu. The fbllowing are not consideredalterations: lines, seal oil lines. analyzer lines, balance iines, buff-ergas
comparable or duplicate repiacement; the addition of any lines. drains. and vents.
reinfbrced branch comection equal to or less than the size of
3.7 critical check valves: Valvesthat havebeenidentilled
existing reinfbrced branch comections; and the addition of
as vital to processsaf'etyand must operatereliably in order to
branch connectionsnot requiring reinfbrcement.
avoid the potential for haziudouseventsor substantialconse-
3.2 applicable code: The [Link] section,or otherrec- quencesshould a leak occur.
ognized and generally acceptedengineeringstandardor prac-
3.8 CUI: C'orrosionunder insulation, including stresscorro-
tice to which the piping systemwas built or which is deemed
sion cracking under insulation.
by the owner or user or the piping engineerto be most appro-
priate for the situation, including but not limited to the latest 3.9 deadlegs: Componentsof a piping system that nor-
editionof ASME 831.3. maily have no significant flow'.Exarnplesinclude the lbllow,
ing: blanked branches, lines with nomtally closed block
3.3 ASME 831.3: A shortenedfonn of ASMEB31.3, Pro-
valves. lines with one end blanked, pressurizeddummy sup-
cessPiping, published by the American Society of Mechani-
port legs, stagnantcontrol valve bypass piping, spare pump
cal Engineers. ASME 831.3 is written tbr design and
piping, level bridles, relief valve inlet and outlet headerpip-
constructionof piping [Link],most of the techni-
ing, pump trim bJpasslines, high-point vents,sanple points,
cal requirementson design,welding, examination,and rnateri-
[Link] ilrslrumcntconnections.
als also can be applied in the inspection, rerating. repair, and
alteration of operating piping [Link] ASME 831.3 3.10 defect: An imperfection of a type or magnitude
cannot be fbllowed becauseof its new constructioncoverage exceedingthe acceptable
criteria.
(such as revised or new material specilications,inspection
3.11 design temperatureof a piping system com-
requirements,cefiain heat treatments,and pressuretests),the ponenl: The temperature at which, under the coincident
piping engineeror inspectorshall be guidedby API 570 in lieu pressure,the greatestthicknessor highestcomponentrating is
of strict conformity to ASME 831.3. As an exampleof intent, required. It is the same as the design temperatue defined in
the plu'ase"principles of ASME 831.3" hasbeenemployedin ASME 831.3 and other code sectionsand is subjectto the
API 570, rarherthan "in accordancewithASME 831.3"" samerules relating to allowancesfbr variations of pressureor
3.4 authorized inspection agency: Defined as any of temperatureor both. Dill'erent componentsin the seunepiping
the fbllowing: system or circuit may have diff'erentdesign [Link]
establishing the design temperature, consideration shall be
a. The inspection organization of the jurisdiction in which
given to process fluid temperatures,ambient temperatures,
lhe pipingsyslemis used.
heatingand cooling rnediaternperatures,and insulation.
b. The inspectionorganizationof an insurmce company that
is licensedor registeredto write insurancefor piping systems. 3.12 examiner: A personwho assiststhe inspectorby per-
c. An owner or user of piping systems who maintains an forming specific nondestructiveexamination (NDE) on pip-
inspectionor,eanizationtbr activitiesrelating only to his equip- ing system componentsbut does not evaluatethe results of
ment and not for piping systemsintendedfor saleor resale. those examinationsin accordancewith API 570, unless spe-
d. An independentinspection organization employed by or cifically trained and authorizedto do so by the owner or user.
under contractto the owner or user of piping systemsthat are The examiner need not be qualified in accordancewith API
usedonly by the owner or user and not for saleclr resale. 570 or be err employee of the op'ner or user but shall be
e. An independentinspectionorganizationlicensedor recog- trained and qualified in the applicable procedures in rvhich
nized by the jurisdiction in which the piping system is used the examineris involved. In somecases,the examinermay be
and employed by or under contract to the owner or user. required to hold other certiiications as necessaryto satisfy
owner or user [Link] of other certification
3.5 authorized piping inspector: An employeeof an that may be requiredare SNT-TC-lA or CP-189; orAWSI
authorizedinspectionagencywho is qualilied and certilied to
perfbrm the f'unctionsspecilied in API 570. A nondestructive rAmerican Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeute Road, Miami, Flor-
(NDE) examiner is not required to be an authorized piping i d a3 3 1 3 5 .
3-2 API570

Welding Inspector certificatiorr. The exarniler's ernployer 3.27 owner/user: An owneror userof piping systemswho
shall maintain ceftiflcation records of the exammers exercises controlover the operarion. engineering. inspeetion.
[Link] resultsof personnelcluali{ica- repair,alteration,testirrg,anclrerlting of thosepiping svstems.
tions, and shall make them availableto the inspector.
3.28 owner/user inspector: An authorizedinspector
3.13 hold point: A point in the repair or alterarionprocess employed by an orvner/userwho has qualified either by writ-
beyond which work may not proceed unril the required ten examiuation under the provisions of Section 4 and
inspecrtionhas beenperformed and documented. Appendix A of API 570 or has qualified under the provisions
of A.2, and who meetsthe requirementsof the jurisdiction.
3.14 imperfections: Flaws or other discontinuitiesnored
durinr inspection that may be subject to acceptancecriteria 3.29 PT: A liquid-penetranttesring.
during an engineeringand inspectionanalysis.
3.30 pipe: A pressure-tight cylinder usedto conveya fluid
3.15 indication: A responseor evidenceresultingfiom the or to transmit a fluid pressure md is ordinarily designated
"'pipe"
applicatiorrof a nondestructiveevaluationtechnique. in applicablernaterlal specifications.(Materials desig-
nated "tube" or "tubing" in the specilicationsare treated as
3.16 injeClion point: Locations where relatively small pipe when intended for pressureservice.)
quantities of materials are injected into process sfieams to
3.31 piping circuit: A sectionof piping thar has all poinrs
control chemistry or other [Link] points
exposedto an environmentof sinflar corrosivity and that is of
do not include locations where two process streams join
(mlxin-u tees). Exeunplesof injection points include chlorine similardesi_en conditionsand [Link]
process units or pipilg systems are divided into piping cir-
in [Link] injection in [Link]
cuits to managethe necessaryinspections,calculations,and
injection in catalytic cracking wet gas. antitbern injections,
record keeping. When establishingthe boundaryof a piirticu-
inhibitors. and neutralizers.
lar piping circuit, the inspector rnav also size it to provide a
3.17 in-service: Ref'ersto pipin-esvstems that have been practical package lbr record keeping and perfomring lield
placed in operation. as opposedto new constructionprior to inspection.
being placed in service.
3.32 piping engineer: One or more personsor organiza-
3.18 inspector: An aurhorizedpiping inspector. tions acceptableto the owner or userwho are knowledgeable
and experiencedin the engineeringdisciplinesassociatedwith
3.19 jurisdiction: A legallyconstitutedgoveflrmenradmin- evaluating mechanical and material characteristicsaffecting
istrationthat may adopt rules relating to piping svsrems. the integrity and reliability of piptng componentsand systems.
T'he piping engineer,by consulting with appropriatespecial-
3.20 level bridle: A level gauge glass piping assembly
ists, should be regardedas a [Link] all entities neces-
attachedto a vessel.
sary to properly addressa technicalrequirement.
3.21 maxamumallowable working pressure: 3.33 piping system: An assembiyof interconnected pip-
(MAWP): The mrximum intemal pressurepermirted in the
ing that is subject to the same seror setsof design conditions
piping systemfbr continued operationat the most severecon-
and is used to convey. distribute. mix. separate,discharge,
dition of coincident intemal or extemal pressureand tempera- meter, control, or snub fluid flows. Piping system also
ture (minimum or maximum) expectedduring [Link] is the includes pipe-supporfin-rrelementsbut does not include sup-
sarneas the design [Link] defined in ASME 83 1.3 and port structur€s,such as structuraltiames and foundations.
other code sections,md is subjectto the samerules relating to
allowancesfor variationsof pressureor temperatureor both. 3.34 primary process piping: Processpiping in normal,
active service that cannot be valved off or, if it were valved
3.22 mixing tee: A piping conlponentrhat combinestwo ol1, would significantly affect unit operability. Primiry pro-
processsffeamsof dift-eringcomposition and/or temperature. cesspiping normally includes all processpiping greaterthan
NPS 2.
3.23 MT: Magnetic-paflicle resting.
3.35 PWHT: postweid heat trearment.
3.24 NDE: Nondestructiveexamination.
3.36 renewal: Activiry that disc:ardsan existing component
3.25 NPS: Nominal pipe size (fbllowed, when appropri- zurdreplacesit with new or existing spare materials of the
ate, by the specific size designation number without an sameor betterqualities as the original component.
inch symbol).
3.37 repair: The work necess€[yro restorea piping system
3.26 on-stream: Piping containing any arnountof process to a condition suitablelbr safe operation at the design condi-
fluid. tions. If any of the restorativechangesresult in a change of
 , L T E R A T T oA
P t p l N Gl N S p E c I o N C o D E - l N S p E c l o N , R E p A r HA NN, DR E B A T T NoGF I N - S E R V I CP
EI P I N GS Y S T E M S 3-3

design temperatureor pressure,the requirementslbr rerating 3.46 test point: An areadelirted by a circle having a diam-
also shall be satis{'[Link] rvelding. cutting, or grinding oper- eter not greaterthan 2 inches t50 rnm) for a line diameternot
ation on a pressure-containing piping componentnot specili- exceeding10 inches(250 rnnr), or not Sreaterthan 3 inches
cally consideredan aiterationis considereda repair. (7,5mm) fbr larger lines. Thicknessreadingsmay be averaged
within this area.A test point shall be within a thicknessmea-
3.38 repair organization: Any of the following: surementlocation.
a. An orvner or user of piping systemsrvho repairs or alters 3.47 thicknessmeasurementlocations(TMLs):Des-
his or her own equipmentin accordancewitlt API 570. ignated areas on piping systems*'here periodic [Link]
b. A contractor whose qualilications are acceptableto the eurdthicknessmeasurementsare conducted.
owner or user of piping systemsand who makes repairs or
3.48 WFMT: Wet fluorescentmagnetic-particletestilg.
aiterationsin accordancewith APi 570"
c. One who is authorized b)'. acceptableto, or otherwise not 3.49 alloy material: Any- metallic material (including
prohibited by the jurisdiction and who rnakes repairs in welding filler materials)that containsnlloying [Link]
accordancewith API 570. [Link],or molybdenum,which are intentionally
added to enhancemechanical or physical properties and/or
3.39 rerating: A changein either or both the designtem- corrosionresistance.
perature or the maximum allowable working pressureof a
3.50 material verilication program: A documented
piping system. A rerating may consist of an inctease. r
cluality assuranceprocedure used to assessmetallic alloy
decrease,or a combi,nationof both. Derating below original
materials(includin-gweldmentsand attachmentswhere speci-
design conditions is a means to provide increasedcorrosion
{ied) to verit,vconlbrmancewith the selectedor speciliedalloy
ailowiurce. 00
material designated by the owner/[Link] progrnrn may
3.40 secondary process piping: Small-bore(lessthan include a description of methods lbr alloy material testing,
or equal to NPS 2) processpiping downstreamof normally physical componentmarking, iurd program record-keeping.
ciosedblock vaives.
3.51 positive materialidentification(PMl)testing:
3.41 small-bore piping (SBP): Piping that is lessthan or Any physical evaluationor test of a material to confirm that
equal to NPS 2. the material which has been or will be placed into service is
consistentwith the selectedor speciftedalloy material desig-
3.42 soil-to-air (SlA) interface: An areain which exter- nated by the owner/[Link] evaluationsor tests may pro-
nal corrosion rnay occur on partially buried pipe. The zone of vide qualitative or quantitativeinfonnation that is sufticient tcl
the corrosion will vary dependilg on factors such as mois- verify the nonrinalalloy conrposition.
ture, oxygen content of the soil, and operating temperature.
assessment:A methodology
3.52 fitness-for-service
The zone generally is consideredto be from 12 inches (305
whereby flaws and conditions containedwithin a structureare
mm) below to 6 inches (150 mm) abovethe soil [Link]
assessedin order to determinethe intesritv of the sffucturelbr
running parallel with the soil surfacethat contactsthe soil is
continuedservice.
included. 01
3.53 industry-qualifiedUT shearwaveexaminer:A
3.43 spool: A section of piping encompassedby flangesor person who possessesan ultrasonic shearwave qualification
other connectinglittings such as unions. from API or an equivalent qualification approved by the
3.44 temper embrittlement: A lossof ductility and notch owner/user.
toughnessin susceptiblelow-alloy steels,such as 1l/a Cr and 3.54 off-site piping: Piping systemsnot includedwithin
2tlt Cr, due to prolonged exposureto high+emperatureser- the plot (battery) limits of a processunit, such as, a hydroc-
vice [700'F- 1070'F(370"C* 575"C)1. racker, an ethylene cracker or a crude unit. Examples of off-
site piping include tank farm piping and other lower conse-
3.45 temporary repairs: Repairsmade to piping systems 03
quencepiping outsidethe limrts of the processunit.
in order to restore suflicient integrity to continue safe opera-
tion until pemanent repairs can be scheduled and accom- 3.55 on-site piping: Piping systemsincluded within the
plished within a time period acceptableto the inspector or plot limits of processunits, such as, a hydrocracker,an ethyl-
piping engineer. enecracker,or a crudeunit.
 SECTION4-OWNER/USERINSPECTION
ORGANIZATION

4.1 GENERAL k. Controls neceijsluy so that only qualified nondestructive

examination(NDtr) personneland proceduresare utilized.
An owner/userof piping systemsshall exercisecontrol of
the piping system inspection program. inspection fiequen- l. Controls necessar-)' so that only materials conforming to
cies. and maintenanceand is responsiblefbr the function of the applicable section of thc ASME Code are utilized for
an autirorizedinspectionagencyin accordancewith the provi- repair-sand alterations.
sions of API 570. The owner/user inspection organization m. Controls necessaryso that all inspectionmeasurementand
also shall control activities relating to the rcrating. repair, and test equipment are properly maintainedand calibrated.
alterationo1its piping systems. n. Controls necessaryso that the work of conftact inspection
or repair organizationsmcc{ thc samc inspection require-
4.2 APIAUTHORIZED
PIPINGINSPECTOR mentsa\ theowner/user organization.
QUALIFICATION
ANDCERTIFICATION o. Intemal auditing requirementsfor the quality control [Link]-
Authorized piping inspectors shall have education and tem fbr pressure-relievingdevices.
experiencein accordancewith Appendix A of this inspection 4.3.2 PipingEngineer
code. Authorized piping inspectors shall be certified by the
American Petroleum Institute in accordancewith tlrc provi- The piping engineer is responsible to the ownerftrserlbr
sions of Appendix A. Wheneverthe term inspectoris usedin activities involving design, engineering review, analvsis. or
this document,it refers to an authorizedpiping inspector. evaluationof piping systemscoveredby API 570.

4.3.3 RepairOrganization
4.3 RESPONSIBILITIES

4.3.1 Owner/User The repair organization shall be responsible to the

owner/user and shall provide the materials, equipment,
An owner/userorganizationis responsiblelbr developing, quality control, and workmanship necessaryto maintain
documenting,[Link],and assessiugpiping and repair the piping systeins in accordance with the
inspection s,vstemsand inspection proceduresthat will meet requirementsof API 570.
the requirementsof this inspection code. These systemsand
procedureswill be containedin a quality assuranceinspection 4.3.4 AuthorizedPipingInspector
manual or written proceduresand shall include:
When inspections,repairs, or alterations are being con-
a. Organization and reporting structure for inspection ductedon piping [Link]-authorizedpiping inspector
personnel. shall be responsibleto the owner/usertbr determinilg that the
b. Documenting and maintaining inspection and quality requirements of API 570 on inspection, examination, and
assuranceprocedures. testing are met, and shall be directly involved in the inspec-
c. Documentingand reporting inspectionand test results. tion activities. The APl-authorized piping inspector may be
d. Correctiveaction fbr inspectionand test results. assistedin performing visual inspections by other properly
e. Intemal auditing tbr compliance with the cluality assur- trained and qualified individuals, who may or may not be cer-
anceinspectionmanual. tifi ed piping ilspectors. Personnelper{brming nondestructive
f. Review ard approvalof drawings,designcalculations,and examinationsshall meet the qualifications identified in 3.12,
specificationsfbr repairs,alterations,and reratings. but need not be APl-authorized piping [Link],
g. Ensuring that ali jurisdictional requirernentsfor pipin-q all exzrninationresultsmust be evaluatedand acceptedby the
[Link], alterations,and rerating are continuously API-authorized piping inspector.
met.
4.3.5 OtherPersonnel
h. Reporting to the authorized piping inspector any process
changesthat could affect piping integrity. Operating, maintenance. or other personnel who have spe-
i. Training requirementsfbr inspection personnelregarding cial knowledge or expertiserelafed to particular piping sys-
inspectiontools, techniques,and technicalknowledge base. tems shall be responsiblefor promptly making the inspectoror
j. Controls necessaryso that only qualified welders and pro- piping engineer aware of any unusual conditions that may
ceduresare usedfbr all repairs and alterations. develop and fbr providing other assistance,where appropriate.

4-1
 SECTIONs-INSPECTIONANDTESTINGPRACTICES

5.1 RISK-BASEDINSPECTION be tatrienbefbre any piping slstent is openecland before sorne

Identit"ving and [Link] degradation mecha- types of external inspection iu'e pedbmed. In general, the
nisms are imponant stepsin an assessmentof the likeiihood section of piping to be opened should be isolated liorn all
of a pipin-t firilure. However, adjustmentsto inspection strirt- sourres of hamful liquids, gases,or vapors and purged to
eg-v and tactics to account lbr consequencesof a failure rerlove all oil and toxic or flanmrablegasesand vapors.
should also be [Link] the assessmentof like- Before sttrting inspection, inspection personnel should
Iihood of lailure and the consequenceof failure are essential obtain permissionto work in the vicinity fiom operating per-
elementsof risk-basedinspection(RBI). sonnelresponsiblc for thepipingsvsrem.
When the owner/userchoosesto conduct a RBI assessment Protectiveequipmentshall be wom when required by re-uu-
it must inciude a systematicevaluationof both the likelilrood Iations or by the owner/user.
of failure and the associatedconsequenceof tailure, in accor- Nondesffuctive testin-eequipment used tbr inspecrion is
03 subjectto the operatingtacility's safetyrequirementsfor elec-
dance with APi RP 580. The likelilrood assessmenrmusr be
based on all tbrms of degradationthat could reasonably be trical equipment.
expected to afl'ect piping circuits in any particular service. ln general, inspectorsshould farniliarize themselveswith
Examples of those degradationmechmisms include: intemal prior inspection results and repairs in the piping systernslbr
or extemal metal loss liom an identilied fbmr of corrosion which they are [Link] particular, they should briefly
(localized or general),all ibrms of cracking including hydro- review the history of individual piping systemsbefore making
gen assistedand stresscorrosion cracking (frorn the inside or any of the inspectionsrequired by API 570. (SeeSection 8 of

I
outside surt'acesof piping). and :rry other fbrms of metallur- API RP 514 tor supplementar,vrecommendedpractices.)A
gical, corrosion, or mecharricaldegradation,such as fatigue. general overview of the tlpes of deterioration and failure
embrittlement, crcep. etc. Additionall-v*,rhe efl'ectivenessof modes experiencedby pressurecontaining equiprnentis pro-
the inspection practices, tools" and techniques utiiized lbr vided inAPI RP 579,Appendix G.
finding the expectedand potential degradationmechanisms
ntust be evaluated. This likelihood of failure assessment
5.3 INSPECTION
FORSPECIFICTYPES
OF
should be repeatedeach time equipment or processchrmges CORROSIONANDCRACKING
are made that could significantly afl'ect degradationrates or Nole: For more thoroughand completeinlbrmation,seeAPI IRE
causeprematurefaiiure of the piping. ChapterII. 100
Other f'actorsthat should be considered in a RBI assess- Each owner/user shor:ld provide specific attention to the
03 ment conducted in accordancewith API RP 580 include: need for inspection of piping systemsthat are susceptibleto
appropriateness of the materialsof construction:piping cir- the following specifictypes and areasof deterioration:
cuit design conditions. relative to operating conditions;
a. Injection points.
appropriatenessof the design codes and standardsutilized;
b. Deadlegs.
effectivenessof corrosionmonitoring programs;and the qual-
ity of maintenanceand inspectionQuality Assurance/Quality c. Corrosion under insulation (CUD.
Control progrzrms. Equiprnent failure data and infomration d. Soil-to-air (S/A) intertaces.
will also be irnportant intbrmation tbr this [Link] Sewice specific and localized corrosion.
consequenceassessment must considerthe potential incidents f. E,rosionand corrosion/ero:ion.
that may occur as a result of fluid [Link] explo- o
b' Environmentalcracking.
sion. fire, toxic exposure, environmental impact. and other h. Corrosion beneathlinings and deposits.
health effectsassociatedwith a failure of piping. i. Fatigue c,racking.
It is essentialthat all RBI assessments be thoroughly docu- j. Creep cracking.
uo mented in accordancewith API RP 580, clearly defining all k. Brittle tiacture.
the lactors contributing to both the likelihood and conse- L Freezedamage.
quenceof a piping failure. Other areas of concem arc noted in IRE Chapter II, and
5.2 PREPARATION Section6 of API RP 574.

Becauseof the products carried in piping systems,safety 5.3.1 lnjectionPoints

precautionsare important when the system is inspected,par- Injection points are sometimes subject to acceleratedor
ticularly if it is openedfor examining intemal surfaces. localized corrosion from normal or abnonnal operating con-
Procedures for segregatilg piping systems, installing ditions. Those that are may be treated as separateinspection
blanks (blinds), and testing tightness should be an integral circuits, and theseareasneed to be inspectedthoroughly on a
pafi of saf'[Link] saf'etyprecautionsshall resular schedule.
5-2 APt570

Overheadvaporline
o r ' 1 2 "m i n i m u m
whichever is

lnjectionpoint
pipingcircuit

*Typicalthicknessmeasurement
localions(TMLs)withininjection
pointcircuits

Figure5-1-TypicalInjection
PointPipingCircuit

When designatingan injection point circuit lbr the purposes The preferred methods of inspecting injection points are
of inspection,the recomlnendedupstreamlimit of the injec- radiography and/or ultrasonics. as appropriate. to establish
tion point circuit is a minimum of 12 inches(300 mm) or three the minimum thickness at each TML. Close grid ultrasonic
pipe diametersupstreamof the injection point, whichever is measurementsor scanningmay be used, as long as tentpera-
greater. The recommended downstream limit of the injection tures are appropriate.
point circuit is the secondchange in flow direction past the
injection point, or 25 feet (7.6 rn) beyond the lirst changein For some applications, it is benelicial to remove piping
flow direction, whichever is less. In sorne [Link] may be spools to facilitate a visual inspection of the inside surface.
more appropriate to extend this circuit to the next piece of However thickness measurententswill still be required to
pressureequipment,as shownin Figure 5- l. determinethe remaining thickness.
The selectionof thicknessmeasurementlocations (TMLs) During periodic scheduled inspections, more extensive
within injection point oircuits subject to localized corrosion inspection should be applied to an area beginning 12 inches
should be in accordancewith the following guidelines: (300 mm) upstreamof the injectionnozzle and continuing for
a. EstablishTMLs on appropriatefimingswithin the injection at least ten pipe diarnetersdownstrearnol'the injection point.
point circuit. Additionally, measureand record tle thickness at atl TMLs
b. Establish TMLs on the pipe wall at the location of within the injection point circuit.
expectedpipe wall impingementof injected fluid.
5.3.2 Deadlegs
c. TMLs at intermediate locations alon_ethe longer straight
piping within the injection point circuit may be required. The corrosion rate in deadlegs curnvary significantly frorn
d. EstablishTMLs at both the upstreamand downstreamlim- adjacent active piping. The inspector should monitor wall
its of the inlectionpoint circuit. thickness on selected deadlegs,including both the stagnant
 oF lN-SERVtcEPIPINGSYSTEMS
AND RERATTNG
PtptNGlNspEcrrorl Cop+-lruspEoTloN, [Link],

end ard at the connectionto an active line. In hot piping sys- [Link] CommonLocationson PipingSystems
tems, the high-point areamay corode due to convectivecur- Susceptible
to CUI
rents set up in the [Link] be given to
The areasof pipin,esystemslistedin 5.3.3.1rnay havespe-
removing deadlegsthat ser"veno flilirer processpurpose.
citic locationswithin thern that are more susceptibieto CUI.
5.3.3 CorrosionUnderInsulation including the following:

External inspection of insulated piping systems should a. All penetrations or' breaches in the insulation jacketing
include a review of the integrity of the insulation system for sYstems, suchas:
conditionsthat could leadto conosionunderinsulation(CUI) l. Deadle-us([Link]. and other sirnilu iterns).
and fbr signs of ongoing CUI. Sources of moisture may 2. Pipe hangersand other supports.
includerain, water [Link],and deluge systems. 3. Valvesand fittings (irregular insulation surfaces).
The most common fbrms of CUI are localized corrosion of 4. Bolted-onpipe shoes.
carbon steel and chloride stresscorrosion cracking of austen- 5. Stearntracertubing penetrations.
itic stainiesssteels. b. Termination of insulation at flanges and other piping
components.
T'his section provides guidelines for identifying potential
c. Damagedor missing insulationjacketing.
CIJI areastbr [Link] extentof a CUI inspectionpro-
d. Insuiationjacketing seamslocatedon the top of horizontal
gram may vary depending on the local clinate-warmer
piping or improperly lapped or sealedinsulationiacketing.
marinelocationsmay requirea very activeprogram;whereas
e. Terminationof insulation in a vertical pipe.
cooler. drier. mid-continent locations may not need as exten-
f. Caulkingthat [Link] separated, or is missing.
sive a prograrn.
-e. Bulges or staining of the insulation or jacketing systemor
[Link] InsulatedPipingSystemsSusceptible
to missing bands. (Bulges nray indicate corrosion product
cul buildup.)
h. l-ow points in piping systernsthat have a known breachin
Certain areas and types of piping systemsare potentially the insulation [Link],includrng low points in long unsup-
more susceptibleto CUI, including the tbllowing: poted piping runs.
i. Carbon or low-alloy steel flanges,bolting, and other com-
a. Areas exposed to mist overspray tiom cooling water
ponentsunder insulation in high-alloy piping systems.
towe-rs.
l,ocations where insulation plugs have been removed to
b. Areas exposedto stean vents.
permit piping thickness lneasurernentson insulated pipin-r1
c. Areas exposedto deluge systems. should receive particular attention. These plugs should be
d. Areas subjectto processspills, ingressof moisture,or acid promptly replaced and [Link] types of removable
vapors. plugs are commercially available that permit inspection and
e. Carbon steel piping systems,including those insulated identif,cation ofinspection points for future reference.
fbr personnel protection. operating between 25"F-250'F
(-4'C-120'C). CUI is particularly aggressivewhere oper-
5.3.4 Soil-to-AirInterface
ating temperatures cause liecluent or continuous Soil-to-air (S/A) interfacesfor buried piping without ade-
condensationand re-evaporationof atmosphericmoisture. quate cathodic protection shall be included in scheduled
f. Carbon steel piping systemsthat normally operatein-ser- extemal piping [Link] at grade should check
vice above250'F ( 120'C) but are in intermittent service. lbr coating damage,barepipe. and pit depth [Link]
g. Deadlegs and attachments that protrude from insulated significant corrosion is noted, thickness measurementsand
piping and operateat a different temperaturethan the operat- excavationmay be required to assesswhether the corrosion is
ing temperatureof the active line. Iocalizedto the S/A interfaceor may be more pervasiveto the
buried system. Thickness readings at S/A interfaces may
h. Austenitic stainless steel piping systems operating
expose the metal and acceleratecorrosion if coatings and
between 150'F--40O'F' (65"C-204'C). (These systems are
wrappings are not properly [Link] the buried piping has
susceptibleto chloride stresscorrosion cracking.)
satisfactorycathodic protection as detemrinedby monitoring
i. Vibrating piping systems that have a tendency to inflict in accordancewith Section 9. excavationis required only if
damage to insulation jacketing providing a path for water thereis evidenceof coating or wrapping [Link] the buried
in-tress. piping is uncoatedat grade,considerationshould be given to
j. Stearntraced piping systemsthat may experiencetracing excavating6 inchesto 12 inches (150 mm to 300 rrrm) deepto
[Link] tubing littings beneaththe insulation. assessthe potential for hidden damage.
k. Piping svstems with deteriorated coatings and/or At concrete-to-air and asphalt-to-air intertaces of buried
wrappings. piping without cathodic protection, the inspectorshould look
 API 570

for evidencethat the caulking or sealat the interfacehas dete- paflicles flowing at high velocities.A combination of corro-
riorated and allowed moisture ingress. If such a condition sion and erosion (corrosion/erosion)results in signilicantly
exists on piping systernsover 10 years old. it may be neces- greatermetal loss than can be expectedliom corrosioll or ero-
sary to inspect tbr conosion beneath the surface before sion [Link] type of conosion occurs at high-velocitv and
resealingthe joint. high-turbulence areas.
Examplesof placesto inspect include the fbllou,ing:
5.3.5 Service-Specific
and LocalizedCorrosion
a. Downstreamof control valves, especiallywhen flashing is
An effective [Link] includes the following
occurring.
three [Link] help identify the potential for senice-
b. Downstreamof orilices.
specificand localizedcorrosionand selectappropriateTMLs:
c. Dorvnstreamof pump discharges.
a. An ilspector with knowledge of the service and where d. At an1,point of flow [Link], such as the inside
corrosion is likely to occur. and outsideradii of elbows.
b. Extensiveuse of nondestructiveexamination(NDE). e. Downstrearnof piping configurations(such as welds, ther-
c. Communication from operating personnel when process mowells, and flanges)that [Link] in
upsetsoccur that may affect corrosion rates. velocitl' sensitive systems such as ammonium hydrosulfide
A few examplesof where this type of corrosion might be and sulfuric acid systems.
expectedto occur include the follorving: Areas suspecled of havirrg localized corrosion/erosion
should be inspectedusing appropriateNDE methodsthat will
a. l)ownstream of injection points and upstream of product
yield thicknessdata over a wide area,such as ultrasonicscan-
separators,such as in hydroprocessreactor etfluent lines.
ning, radiographicprofile, or eddy currenl
b. Dew-point corrosion in [Link] as over-
headfractionation. 5.3.7 Environmental
Gracking
c. Unanticipated acid or caustic caffyover from processes
Piping systemconstructionmaterialstue normedlyselected
into nonalloyedpiping systemsor caustic carrvover into steel
piping systemsthat are not postweldheat treated. to resistthe various fbrms of stresscorrosion cracking (SCC).
Ilowever, some piping systems may be susceptibleto envi-
d. Ammonium salt condensationlocations in hvdroprocess
ronmental cracking due to [Link] process conditions, CtI,
streams.
unanticipatedcondensation,or exposureto wet hvdrogen sul-
e. Mixed-phaseflow and turbulent areasin acidic systems.
hde or carbonates.
f. Mixed grades of carbon steel piping il hot corrosive oil
Examplesof environmentalcracking include:
service [450"F (230"C) or higher tenlperatureand sulfur con-
tent in the oil greater than 0.5 percent by weightl. Note that a. Chloride SCC of austeniticstainlesssteelsdue to moisrure
nonsilicon killed steel pipe, such as A-53 and API 5L, rnay and chlorides under insulation, under deposits,under g:uskets,
corrodeat higher ratesthan doessilicon killed steelpipe, such or in crevices.
as ,{-106, especially in high+emperature sulfidic b. Poll'thionic acid SCC of sensitizedaustenitic alloy steels
environments. due to exposureto sulfide, moisture condensation,or oxygen.
g. Underdepositcorrosion in slurries, [Link], c. Caustic SCC (sometimes known as caustic
or cokeproducingfluids. embrittlement).
h. Chloride carryover in catalytic reformer regeneration d. Amine SCC in piping systemsthat are not stressrelieved.
systems. e. CarbonateSCC.
i. Hot-spot corrosion on piping with externalheat tracing. In f. SCC in environmentswhere wet hydrogen sulfide exists,
servicesthat becomemuch more corrosive to the piping with such as systemscontaining sour water.
increasedtemperature,such as caustic in carbon steel,corro- g. Hydro-renblistering and hydrogen inducedcracking (HIC)
sion or stresscorrosiotrcracking (SCC) can occur at hot spots darnage.
that developunder low-flow conditions. When the inspector suspectsor is advisedthat specific cir-
5.3.6 ErosionandCorrosion/Erosion cuits may be susceptible to environmental cracking, the
ilspector should schedule supplemental inspections. Such
Erosion can be defined as the removal of surlace material inspectionscan take the forn of surface NDE fliquid-pene-
by the action of numerousindividual impactsof soiid or iiquid hant testing (PT), or wet fluorescentmagnetic-particletesting
particles. It can be chuacterized by grooves,rounded holes, (WFMT)1, or ultrasonics (UT). Where available, suspect
waves, emdvalleys in a directional pattem. Erosion usually spoolsmay be removedfrom the pipin-esystemand split open
occurs in areasof turbulent flow, such as at changesof direc- fbr intemal surfaceexamination.
tion in a piping systemor downstreamof conffol valveswhere If environmental cracking is detected during intemal
vaporization may take place. Erosion damage is usunlly inspection of pressurevessels and the piping is considered
increasedin strearnswith large quantities of solid or liquid equally susceptible,the inspectorshoulddesignateappropriate
 P t p t N Gl N S p E c I o N C o D E - l N S p E C T t o N ,R E p A r RA
, L T E R A T T oA
NN, D R E R A T T NoGr l r u - S r R v r c r P r p r N GS Y S T E M S 5-5

piping spoolsupstreamand downstreamof tire pressurevessel expansionare joined by welding may be susceptibleto ther-
tor environmentalcracking [Link] the potential fbr mai tatigue. (See 6.6.3 lbr fatigue considelationsrelative to
en,konmental cracking is suspectedin piping circuits. i-nspec- tiueaded connections.)Pref'en"edNDE rnethodsof detecting
tion of selectedspoolsshouldbe scheduledprior to an upcom- fatigue cracking include liquid-peneffanltestirg (PT) or mag-
ing tumaround. Such inspection should provide inlbmtation netic-paflicle testirlg (MT). Acoustic emission also may be
useful in tbrecastingtumaroundmaintenance. usedto detectthe presenceof cracksthat are activatedby test
pressuresor stressesgeneratetlduring the test.
5.3.8 CorrosionBeneathLiningsand Deposits
It is important that the owner/userand the inspectorunder-
If extemal or internal coatings,refractory linings. and cor- stand that fatigue cracking is likely to cause pipin.q failure
rosion-resistantlinings are in good condition and there is no belbre it is detected with any NDE methods. Of the total
reason to suspecta deterioratedcondition behind them, it is number of fatigue cycles required to produce a failure, the
usually not necessaryto remove them lbr inspection of the vast majority are required to initiate a crack and relatively
piping system. lewer cycles are required to popagate the crack to t'ailure.
The eftbctivenessof corrosion-resistantlinings is greatly Therefbre,proper design and installation in order to prevent
reduceddue to breaks or holes in the lining. The linings the initiation offatigue cracking are irnportant.
should be inspectedfor separation,breaks,holes,eutdblisters.
If any of these conditions are noted. it may be necessaryto 5.3.10 CreepCracking
remove portions of the intemal lining to investigatethe ell'ec-
Creep is dependenton time. temperature,and [Link]
tivenessof the lining and the condition of the metai piping
cracking nray eventually occur at design conditions, since
beneath the lining. Altemativel,v,ultrasonic inspection tiom
sorne piping code allowable stressesare in the creep range.
the external surface can be used to measurewall thickness
Cracking is acceleratedby creep trndfatigue interaction when
ard detect separation,[Link] blisters.
operatingconditions in the creeprangeare cyclic. The inspec-
Refractory linings rnay spill or crack in-service with or
tor should pay particular attentionto areasof high stresscon-
without causing any signilicant problems. Corrosion beneath
centration. If excessive tenlperafures are encountered.
reliactory linings can result in separationand bulging of the
mecharical property and microstructural changes in metals
refiactory. If bulging or separationof the refiactory lining is
also may take place. which may permanently weaken equip-
detected,portions of the reliactory may be removedto permit
ment. Since creep is dependent on time. temperature. and
inspection of the piping beneath the refractory. Otherwise,
stress,the actual or estirnatedlevels of theseparametersshall
ultrasonic thickness measurementsmay be made liom the
be usedin any [Link] exampleof where creepcrack-
extemal metal surface.
ing has been experiencedin the industry is in llla Cr steels
Where operating deposits,such as coke, are present on a
above900"F (480'C).
pipe sudace,it is particularly irnportant to detemrinewhether
NDE methods of detecting creep cracking include liquid-
such depositshave active corrosion beneaththem. This may
[Link]-parlicletesting,ultrasonic testing.
require a thorough inspection in [Link] lines
radiographic testing, and in-situ metallography. Acoustic
should have the depositsremovedin selectedcritical areastbr
emission testing also may be used to detect the presenceof
spot examination. Smaller lines may require that selected
cracks that are activated by test pressuresor stressesgener-
spools be removed or that NDE rnethods,such as radiogra-
atedduring the test.
plty. be perfbrmed in selectedareas.

5.3.9 FatigueCracking 5.3.11 BrittleFracture

Fatigue cracking of piping systemsrnay result fiom exces- Carbon,low-alloy, and other ferritic steelsmay be suscepti-
sive cyclic stressesthat are often well below the static yield ble to brittle farlure at or below ambient [Link]
strength of the [Link] cyclic stressesrnay be imposed fiacture usually is not a concem with relatively thin-wall pip-
by pressure,mechanical,or thermal neans and may result in ing. Most brittle fractureshave occurred on the first applica-
low-cycle or high-cycle fatigue. The onset of low-cycle tion of a pruticular stresslevel (that is, the first hydrotest or
fatigue cracking is ofien directly related to the number of overload)unlesscritical def'ectsare intloduced during service.
heat-up and cool-down cycles [Link] The potential for a brittle farlure shall be considered when
system vibration (such as machine or flow-induced vibra- rehydrotesting or more carefully evaluated when testing
tions) also can causehigh-cyclefatigue damage.(See 5.4.4 equipment pneumatically or when adding any other additional
for vibrating pipin-e sun'eillance requirements and 7.5 tbr loads. Special attention should be given to low-alloy steels
design requirementsassociatedwith vibrating piping.) (especially21lq Cr-l Mo material),becausethey may be prone
Fatigue cracking can typically be first detectedat points of to temperembrittlement,and to fenitic stainlesssteels.
high-stressintensification such as branch [Link]- API RP 579, Section 3 provides proceduresfbr the assess-
tions where metals havins different coefiicients of thermal ment of equipmentfbr resistanceto brittle fracture. lo'
 API570

5.3.12 FreezeDamage tact areas, lifiing off such supports may be required for
[Link] doing this, care should be exercisedif the
At subh'eezingtemperatures,water and aclueoussolutions
piping is in-service.
in piping systemsmay freezeand causetailure becauseof the
Externalpipin-einspectionsnray be rnadewhen the piping
expansion oi' these rnaterials. After unexpectediv severe
system is in-service. Ret-erto .\Pl RP 514 for information
tieezing r'l,'eather.
it is irnportantto check fbr fieeze damageto
helpf'ul in conducting extemal inspections.A checklist to
exposedpiping cornponentsbelbre the system thaws. If rup-
assistil conducting externalpipin-uinspectionsis provided in
ture has occun'ed,leakage ma-vbe temporarily preventedby
Appendi-r D.
the frozen tluid. Low points. driplegs. and deadlegsof piping
Extemal inspections shall include suweys tbr the condi-
s!'stemscontaining water should be carefully examined lbr
tion of piping hangersand [Link] cracked or
damage.
broken hmgers, "bottoming out" of spring supports,suppofi
shoes displaced from suppon mernbers, or other improper
5.4 TYPESOF INSPECTION
ANDSURVEILLANCE
restraint conditions shall be reported and [Link]
Difl'erent types of inspection and surveillance are appro- support dumm_v-Iegs aiso shall be checked to confinn that
priate dependingon the circumstancesand the piping system they have not filled with water that is causingextemal corro-
(seenote).Theseinclude the following: sion of the pressue piping or intemal corrosionof the support
leg. Horizontal support dummy legs also shall be checkedto
a. Intemal visual inspection.
determine that slight displacementsfiom horizontal are not
b. Thicknessmeasurementinspection.
causing moisture traps against the extemal surface of active
c. Extemalvisualinspection.
piping components.
d. Vibrating piping inspection.
Bellows expansionjoints should be inspectedvisually tbr
e. Supplenrental inspection.
unusual deformations, rnisalignment. or displacementsthat
Note:SeeSection6 for frequency
andextentofinspection. may exceeddesi-sn.
5.4.1 InternalVisual
Inspection The inspector should examine the piping system fbr the
presenceof any field modifications or temporary repairs rrot
Intemal visual inspectionsare not normally perfonned on previousl,vrecorded on the piprng drawings and/or records.
piping. Wren possible and practical, intemal visual inspec- The inspectoralso should be alefi ro the presenceof any com-
tions mav be scheduledfbr systems such as large-diameter ponents in the service that ma1' be unsuitablelbr long-term
tlansfer lines, ducts, catalyst lines, or other large-diarneter operation, such as improper flanges, temporary repairs
piping [Link] inspectionsare similar in nature to pres- (clamps), modifications (flexible hoses), or valves of
sure vesselinspectionsand should be conducted with meth- improper specification. Threaded components that may be
ods and procedures similar to those outlined in API 510. more easily removed and installed deserveparticular atten-
Remote visual inspection techniques can be helpful when tion because of their higher potential lbr installation of
inspectingpiping too small to enter. improper components.
An additional opporrunity fbr internal inspection is pro- The periodic extemal inspection called fbr in 6.4 should
vided when piping flanges are disconnected,allowing visuerl nonnally be conducted by the inspector. who also shall be
inspection of intemal surlaces with or without the use of responsiblefor record keeping and repair inspection. Quali-
NDE. Rernoving a section of piping and splitting it along its fied operating or maintenancepersonnel also may conduct
centerlinealso permits accessto intemal surt'aceswhere there extemal inspections, when acceptable to the inspector. ftt
is need for such inspection. such cases,the persons conducting external piping inspec-
tions in accordancewith API 570 shall be qualified through
5.4.2 ThicknessMeasurement
Inspeclion
an appropriateamount of training.
A thicknessmeasurementinspectionis performedto deter- In addition to theseschedulet'lextemal inspectionsthat are
mine the intemal condition and remaining thickness of the documentedin inspectionrecords,it is beneficialfor personnel
piping components. Thickness measuremenfs may be who fuequentthe area to report deterioration or changesto the
obtainedwhen the piping systemis in or out of operationand inspector.(SeeAppendix D and Section6.3 of API RP 574 for
shall be performed by the inspector or examiner. examplesof suchdeterioration.)
5.4.3 ExternalVisual
Inspection 5.4.4 VibratingPipingand LineMovement
An extemal visual inspection is performed to determine
Surveillance
the condition of the outside of the piping, insulation sysrem, Operating personnel should report vibrating or swaying
painting and coating systems,and associatedhardware; and piping to engineeringor inspectionpersonnelfor assessment.
to check fbr signs of misalignment, vibration, and leakage. Other significant line movementsshould be reportedthat may
When corrosionp:oduct buildup is noted at plpe supportcon- have resulted from liquid hammer, liquid slugging in vapor
 PrprNG
lNSpEcroNCoDE-lNSpEcroN,REpArR, ANDRERATTNG
ALTERATToN, oF IN-SERVTcE
PtprrucSvsrrvs

lines. or abnormal thermal expansion. At iuirctions where and fittings, with special attention to the irnide and outside
vibrating piping systems are resfi'[Link] magnetic- radius of elbows and tees where corrosion/erosion could
particle testir-rgor liquid-penefant testing should be consid- incrcaseconosion [Link] a minimum, the thinnest reading
ered to check for the onset of latigue cracking. Branch con- and its location shall be recorded.
nectionsshouldreceivespecialattention. TMLs should be establishedtor areaswith continuing
5.4.5 Supplemental
lnspection CUl, corrosion at S/A interfaces, or other locations of
potential localized corrosion as well as lbr general, uni-
Other inspectionsmay be scheduledas appropriateor nec- fbrm corrosion.
essar),.Exiulples of such inspectionsinclude periodic use of TMLs should be marked on inspection drawings iurd on
radiography and/or thermography to check fbr fouling or the piping systemto allow repetitivemeasurementsat the
intemal plugging, themrography to check for hot spots in sare TMLs. This recording procedureprovidesdata lbr more
refiactory lined systems, or inspection for environmental accurate corrosionratedetenrrination.
cracking. Acoustic emission, acoustic lezrli detection, and
thermographycan be used for remote leak detectioncurdsur- 5.5.3 TMLSelection
veillance. Ultrasonics and/or radiography ceur be used tbr
detectinglocalizedcorrosion. In selectirrg or adjusting the number and locations of
TMLs. the inspectorshould take into accountthe pattems of
corrosion that would be expectedand have beenexperienced
5.5 THICKNESS
MEASUREMENT
LOCATIONS
in the processunit. A number of corrosionprocessescommon
5.5.1 General to refining and petrochernicalunits are relativeiy unifomr in
nature, resulting in a iairly constantrate of pipe wall reduc-
Thickness measurementlocations (TMLs) are specific
tion independentof location within the piping circuit, either
areas along the piping crcuit where inspections are to be
axially or circumf'erentially.f:xamples of such corrosion phe-
[Link] natureof the TML variesaccordingto its location
nomena include high-temperafuresulfur corrosion and sour
in the piping system. The selection of TMLs shall consider
water conosion (provided velocities are not so excessiveas to
the potential lbr localized corrosion and service-specificcor-
causelocal corrosion/erosionof elbows, tees,and other simi-
rosion as describedin 5.3.
lar iterns). In these [Link] number of TMLs required
5.5.2 TMLMonitoring to monitor a circuit will be t'ewerthan thoserequired to mon-
itor circuits subject to more localized metal loss. In theory, a
Each piping system shall be monitored by taking thick-
circuit subject to perf'ectly unilbmr corrosion could be ade-
ness measurementsat TMLs. Piping circuits with high
quately monitored with a single TML. In reality, corrosion is
potential consequencesif failure should occur and those
never truly unifonn, so additional TMLs may be required.
subject to higher corrosion rates or iocalized corrosion
Inspectorsmust use their knowledge (and that of others) of
will nonnally have more TMLs and be monitored more
the processunit to optimize the TML selectionfbr each cir-
frequentiy (see6.3). TMLs should be distributedappropri-
cuit, balancing the effort of collecting the data with the bene-
ately throughout each piping circuit. TMLs may be elimi-
lits provided by the data.
nated or the number reducedunder certain circumstances,
such as olefin plant cold side piping, anhydrousamrnonia More TMl.s should be selected for piping systems with
piping, clean noncorrosivehydrocarbon product. or high- any of the tbllowing characteristics:
alloy pipin-e tor product purity. In circumstances where
a. Higher potential fbr creating a saf'ety or environmental
TMLs will be substantiallyreducedor eliminated,persons
emergencyin the event of a leak.
knowledgeablein corrosion should be consulted.
b. Higher expectedor experiencedcorrosionrates.
The minimum thickness at each TML can be located by
c. Higherpotential for localized corrosion.
ultrasonic scanning or radiography. Electromagnetic tech-
niques also can be usedto identify thin areasthat may then be d. More complexity in tenns of fittings, branches,deadlegs.
measuredby ultrasonicsor [Link] accomplished injection points, and other sinrilar items.
with ultrasonics,scanningconsistsof taking severalthickness e. Higher potential for CUI.
measurementsat the TML searchingtbr localized thinning. Fewer TMLs can be selectedfor piping systernswith any
The thinnest reading or an averageof severalmeasurenent of the following threecharacteristics:
readingstaken within the areaofa test point shall be recorded
and used to calculatecorrosion rates,remaining life, and the a. Low potential lbr creating a saf'etyor environmental emer-
next inspectiondate in accordancewith Section7. gency in the eventof a leak.
Where appropiate, thickness measurements should b. Relativelynoncorrosivepiping systems.
include measurementsat each of the fbur quadrantson pipe c. Long. straight-runpiping systems.
5-8 API570

TMLs can be elirninated for piping systemswith either of Altematively, the minimum reading or ar] averageof several
the fbllowingtwo characteristics: readingsat a test point may be considered.
When piping svstemsare out of service. thickness mea-
a. Extremely low potential tbr creatinga safetyor environ-
surementsmay be taken through openingsusin_ecalipers.
mental emergeltcyin the eventof a le;rk.
Calipersare useful in determininuapproximatethicknessesof
b. Nonconosive systems,as demonstratedby history or sirni-
castings,tbrgings. and valve bodies, as well as pit depth
lar sen'ice. and svstems nnt subject to changes that could
approxirnationstiom CUI on pipe.
causecorrosion.
Pit depth measuring devises also may be used to deter-
[Link]
[Link] of localized metal loss.
5.6 THICKNESS
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
Ultrasonic fhickness measuring instruments usually are 5.7 PRESSURETESTING
OF PIPINGSYSTEMS
the most accuratemeans for obtaining thicknessnteasure-
Pressuretests are not normally conductedas pafi of a rou-
ments on installed pipe larger than NPS i. Radiographicpro-
tine inspection. (See 8.2.6 for pressuretesting requirernents
file techniquesare pret-erredfbr pipe diametersof NPS I and
lbr repairs, alterations, and rerating.) Exceptions to this
srnaller. Radiographic prolile techniques rnay be used for
include requirements of the United States Coast Guard for
locating areasto be measured,particularly in insulated sys-
overwaterpiping and requirementsof local jurisdictions, afier
tems or where nonuniform or localized corrosion is sus-
welded alterationsor when specrfiedby the inspectoror pip-
pected. Where practical. ultrasonics can then tre used to
ing [Link] they are conducted,pressuretestsshall be
obtain the actual thickness of the areasto be recorded. Fol-
perfonned in accordancewith the requirements of ASME
lowing ultrasonic readin,esat TMLs, proper repair of insula-
831.3. Additional considerationsare provided in API RP 574
tion and insulation weather coating is recomnended to
and API RP 579. Lower pressuretests, which are used only | 01
reduce the potential for CUI. Radiographic profile rech-
ibr tiglrtness of piping [Link] be conducted at pres-
niques. which do not require removing insulation, may be
suresdesignatedby the owner/user.
consideredas an altenrative.
The test fluid should be water unlessthereis the possibility
When corrosion in a piping systernis nonuniform or the
of darnagedue to freezing or other adverseeffectsof water on
remaining thickness is approaching the minimum required
the piping system or the processor unlessthe test water will
thickness, additional thickness rneasuringmay be required.
become contaminatedand its disposal will present environ-
Radiographyor ultrasonic scanningare the preferredmethods
[Link] either case,anothersuitablenontoxic liq-
in such [Link] current devicesalso may be used.
uid may be [Link] the liquid is flammable,its flash point shall
When ultrasonic measurementsare taken above 150'F
be at least 120"F-(49'C) or [Link] considerationshall be
(65"C.), instrurnents, couplants, and procedures should be
given to the effect of the test environmenton the test fluid.
used that will result in accuratelneasurementsat the higher
Piping iabricated of or having componentsof 3fi) series
temperatures. Measurements should be adjusted by the
stainlesssteel should be hydrotestedwith a solution made up
appropriatetemperaturecorrectionfactor.
of potable water (seenote) or [Link] testing
Inspectors should be aware of possible sourcesof mea-
is completed, the piping should be thoroughly drained (all
surement inaccuracies and mtke every eflbrt to eliminate
high-point vents should be open durin-edmining), air blown,
their [Link] a general rule, each of the NDE, tech-
or otherwise dried. If potable water is not available or if
niques will have practical limits with respect to accuracy.
immediatedraining and drying is not possible,water having a
Factors that can contribute to reduced accuracyof ultrasonic
very low chloride level, higher pH (>10). and inhibitor addi-
measurementsinclude the fbllowing:
tion may be considered to reduse the risk of pitting and
a. Improper instrument caiibration. rnicrobiologically induced corrosion.
b. Extemal coatingsor scale. Note:Potablewaterin this contextfollowsU.S. practice,with 250
c. Excessivesurfaceroughness. rnillion miximum [Link] chlorineor
d. Excessive"rocking" ofthe probe(on the curvedsurface). :il;"*
e. Subsurfacematerial flaws, such as laminations. For sensitizedaustenitic stainlesssteel piping subject to
f. l-emperatureeffects fat temperaturesabove 150oF(65.C)]. polythionic stresscorrosioncracking, considerationshould be
g. Small flaw detector screens. given to using an alkaline-water solution lbr pressuretesting
h. Thicknessesof less than lls inch (3.2 mm) for typical digi- (seeNACE RP0l70).
tal thicknessgauges. If a pressuretest is to be maintained for a period of time
In addition, it must be kept in mind that the pattem of cor- and the test fluid ir: the system is subject to tl'lennal expan-
rosion can be nonunilbrm. For corrosion rate determinations sion, precautionsshall be taken to avoid excessivepressure.
to be valid, it is important that measurementson the thinnest When a pressuretest is required,it shall be conductedafter
point be repeateda-sclosely as possible to the same location. any heat treatment.
 PrprNG
lNspEcrroru
Cope-lruspEcTroN,REpArR,
ALTERATToN,
nrupRenerrncor [Link]
SysrElas 5-9

Before applying a hydrostatictest to piping systems,con- piping systems.A rnaterial verification progranr consistent
siderationshould be given to the supportingstructuredesign. rvith API RP 57it ma_v- include proceduresfor prioritization
A pneumaticpressuretest may be usedwhen it is impracti- and risk rankin-epiping [Link] assessmentmay lead to
cable to hydrostatically test due to tenlperature,structural,or retroactivePMI testing, as describedin API RP 578, to con-
processlimitations. However, the potential risks to personnel fimr that the installed materials are consistent with the
and property of pneurnatictesting shall be consideredwhen intended [Link] during this verifica-
00
canying out such a test. As a minimurn, the inspection pre- tion that do not meet acceptancecriteria of the PMI testing
cautionscontainediu ASME 831.3 shall be applied in auv progfam (such as in API RP 578, Section 6) would be tar-
pneumatictesting. geted for [Link] owner/userand authorizedpiping
During a pressurelest, where the test pressurewill exceed inspector, in consultation with a corrosion specialist, shall
the set pressureof the [Link] on a piping system, the establish a schedule {br replacernentol those conlponents.
safetyreliefvalve or valves should be removed or blankedfor The authorized inspector shall use periodic NDE, as neces-
the duration of the test. As an altemative- each valve disk sar)',on the identified componentsuutil the replacement.
must be held down by a suitably designed test clamp. The
5-9 INSPECTIONOFVALVES
application of an additional load to the valve spring by tum-
ing the adjusting screw is not [Link] appufie- Normally, thicknessrneasurementsare not routinely taken
nancesthat are incapable of withstanding the test pressure. 'fhe
on valves in piping circuits. body of a valve is nomrally
such as gage glasses,pressuregages,expansionjoints, and thicker than other piping cornponents for design reasons.
rupture disks. should be removed or bianked. Liles contain- However. when valves are dismantled fbr servicing and
in-eexpansionjoints that cannot be removed or isolated rnay repair, the shop should be attentiveto any unusual corrosion
be testedat a reducedpressurein accordancewith the princi- pattems or thirming and, when noted. report that infomration
ples of ASME 831.3. If block valvesareusedto isolatea pip- to the [Link] of valves that are exposedto steep
ing system for a pressuretest, caution should be used to not temperature cyclin-u (for example, catalfic refonning unit
exceed the permissible seat pressureas described in ASME rcgenerationand steamcleaning) should be examinedperiod-
816.34 or applicablevalve manulbcturerdata. ically for thermal fatigue crackhg.
Upon completion of the pressure test, pressure relief If gate valves are known to be or are suspectedof being
devices of the proper settings and other appuftenances exposed to corrosiorVerosion,thickness readings should be
removed or made inoperableduring the pressuretest shall be taken between the seats,since this is an area of high turbu-
reinstalledor reaclivaled. Ienceand high stress.
5.8 MATERIALVERIFICATIONAND Control valves or other throttling valves, particularly in
THACEABILITY high-pressuredrop-and-slurn' sewices, can be susceptibleto
localized conosion/erosion of the body downstream of the
During repairsor alterationsalloy material piping systerns, orifice. If such metal loss is suspected,the valve should be
WHERE THE ALLOY MATERIAL IS REQUIRED TO removed from the line for intemal inspection. The inside of
MAINTi\IN PRESSLIRE CONTAINMENT, the inspecror the downstream mating flange atd piping also should be
shall vedfy that the installation of new materialsis consistenr inspectedfor local metal loss.
00 with the selected or specified construction materials. This
When valve body and/or closure pressuretests are per-
material verification program should be consistentwith API formed afier servicing, they should be conducted in accor-
RP 578. Using risk assessment procedures,the owner/userctur dancewith API Std 598.
make this assessment by l0O-percentverification, PMI testing
Critical check valves should be visually and intemally
in certaincritical situations,or by samplinga percentageof the
inspected to ensure that they will stop flow [Link]
[Link] testing can be accontplishedby the inspeotor
example of a critical check valve may be the check valve
or the [Link] the use of suitablemethojs as described
locatedon the outlet of a rnultistage,high headhydroprocess-
inAPi RP 578.
ing charge purnp. Failure of such a check valve to operate
If a piping system componenr should f'ail because an
correctly could result in overpressuringthe piping during a
ircorrect matel'ialrvas inadvertentlysubstitutedfor the proper
flow reversal. The normal visual inspection method should
piping material, the inspector shall considerthe need for fur-
include:
ther verilication of existing piping materials. The extent of
further verification will depend upon circumstancessuch as a. Checkin-eto insure that the flapper is free to move, as
the consequencesot failure ard the likelihood of further required,without excessiveloosenessfrom wear.
material errors. b. The flapper stop should not have excessivewear. This will
The owner/usershall assessthe need and extent regarding minimize the likelihood that the flapper will move past the
application of the practices consisrent with API RP 578 top dead cenffal position and remain in an open position
00
addressinginadvertentmaterial substitution in existing alloy when the check valve is mountedin a vertical position.
5 - 10 APt570

c. The flapper nut should be secured to the flapper bolt to not just the welds examined. in order to assessthe probable
avoid backingoff in service. quality of all welds (or weldersl in the system. Some welds
Leak checks of critical check valves are nomraily not rnay exist that will not meet thesccriteria but will still perlbnn
required. satisfactorilyin-service affer being [Link] is espe-
cially true on small branch connectionsthat are nonnally not
5.10 INSPECTION OFWELDS [Link] exarnined duringnew construclion.
'fhe
Inspectionfor piping weld qualit.v is normally accom- owne/user shall specify industry-querlifiedUT sheiu
plished as a part of [Link] new construction, wave examinerswhen the owner/userrequiresthe following:
[Link] [Link] welds are often inspectedfor a) detection of interior surl-ru:e(ID) breaking planar flaws
corrosion as pru't of a radiographic profile [Link] as when inspectingfrom the extenral suriace (OD); or b) where
part of intemal [Link] preferential weld corosion detection, characterizalion, eurdlor through-wall sizing is
is noted, additional welds in the samecircuit or systemshould requiredof [Link] examplesfbr the use of 0 1
be examinedfor corrosion. such industry-qualifiedUT shearwave examinersinclude fit-
On occasion, radiographic profile examinations may ness-for-serviceand monitoring of known flaws. The require-
revealwhat appearsto be imperf'ectionsin the weld. If crack- rnent ibr use of industry-qualitiedUT shearwave examiners
like imperf'ectionsare detectedwhile the piping system is in becomeseffective two years afier publication in this code or
operatior.r,further inspection with weld quality radiography addendum.
and/or ultrasonicsnay be usedto assessthe magnitudeof the
imperf'[Link], an effort should be made to deter- 5.11 INSPECTION
OF FLANGED
JOINTS
mine whether the crack-like imperfections are fiom original The markings on a representative sample of newly
weld fabrication or may be from an environmental cracking installed fasteners and gaskets should be exarnined to
mechanism. determine whether they meet the material specification.
Environmental cracking shall be assessedby the piping The markings are identified in the applicable ASME and
engineer. ASTM standards.Questionable1'asteners should be veri-
If the noted imperfectionsare a result of original weld fab- fied or renewed.
rication. inspectionand/or engineeringanalysisis required to
Fastenersshould extend completely through their nuts.
assessthe impact of the weld quality on piping integrity. This
Any fastener failing to do so is considered acceptably
analysismay be one or more of the fbllowing:
engagedif the lack of complete engagementis not more than
[Link]. one thread.
[Link] weiding inspectorjudgment. If installed flanges are excessivelybent, their markings
[Link] engineerjudgment. and thicknesses should be checked against engineering
[Link] tness-tbr-serviceanalysis. requirenrenls beforetakingcorrectiveaction.
Issuesto consider when assessingthe quality of existing Flange and valve bonnet fastenersshould be examined
weldsincludethe following: visually for corrosior.r.
a. Original fabrication inspectionacceptancecriteria. Flanged and valve bonnet joints should be examined for
b. Extent, magnitude,and orientationof imperfections. evidenceofleaka-ee,such as stains,deposits,or drips. Process
c. Lengthof time in-service. leaks onto flange and bonnet fbstenersmay result in corrosion
d. Operatingvemusdesign conditions. or environmental cracking. This examhation should include
e. Presence of secondary piping stresses (residual turd thoseflangesenclosedwith flange or splash-and-spray guards.
thermal). Flanged joints that have been clamped and pumped with
f. Potentialfor fatigue loads (mechanicaland thermal). sealantshould be checked for leakageat the bolts. Fasteners
g. Prinraryor secondar), piping system. subjected to such leakage mav corrode or crack (caustic
h. Potentialfbr impact or transientloads. crac,king, for exmrple). If repumping is contemplated,
i. Potentialfor environmentalcracking. affectedfbstenersshould be renewedfirst.
j. Weld hardness. Fastenerson instrumentation that are subject to process
In m;[ry casesfor in-servicewelds, it is not appropriateto pressureand/or temperatureshould be included in the scope
use the random or spot radiography acceptancecriteria fbr of theseexaminations.
weld quality in ASME 83 1.3. These acceptancecriteria are SeeAPI RP 574 for recommendedpracticeswhen flanged
intendedto apply to new constructionon a samplingof welds, joints are opened.
 SECTION
o-FREQUENCYAND EXTENTOF INSPECTION

6.1 GENERAL require nrore extensiveinspectionat shorler irrterv'alsin order

to atfirm their integrity fill continued [Link]-
The frequencyand extentof inspectinnon piping circuits
cationsshouldbe basedon potential safetyand environmental
dependon the fomrs of degradatiorlthat can affect the piping
efl'ectsshould a leak occur.
and consequence of a piping failure. The various forms of
degradation that can afl'ect relinery piping circuits are Ownerlusersshall maintairra record of processpiping flu-
describediu 5.3. while a sirnpli{iedclassificationof piping ids handled. including their [Link] RP 750 and
basedon the consequenceof failure is delined in 6.2. As NFPA 704 provide inibnnation that may be helpful in classi-
describedin 5.1, inspectionstrategybasedon likelihoodand fying piping svstemsaccordingto the potentialhazardsof the
consequence ot failure,is referredto as risk-basedinspection. pr()resslluidstheycontain.
'Ihe The three slasseslisted below in 6.2.1 throush 6.2.3 are
simplilied piping classificationschemein Section6.2
is basedon the consequenceof a I'[Link] classificationis recommended.
used to establish tiequency and extent of inspection. The 6.2.1 Class1
ownerfuser may devise a rnore extensive classilication
schemethat more accuratelyassesses consequencefor certain Services with the highest potential of resulting in an
piping circuits. 1he consequenceassessmentwould consider immediate emergencyif a leak were to occur are in Class L
the potential tbr explosion, firc, toxicitl., environmental Such ruremersencymay be safetyor environrnentalin nature.
impact. and other potential effects associatedwith a tailure. Examplesof Class I piping include,but are not necessarily
Afier an efl'ectiveassessmentis [Link] resultscan limited to, thosecontainingthe tbllowing:
be used to establisha piping circuit inspection strategyand a. Flamrnableservicesthat rnav auto-refriserateand lead to
more specifically betterdefine the tbllowing: brittle fracture.
a. llhe most appropriateinspectionmethods,scope,tools and b. hessurized services that may rapidly vaporize during
techniques to be utilized based on the erpected fclmrs of release,creating vapors that rnay collect and form amexplo-
degradation; [Link] C2,C3,:rnd C4 strearns. Fluidsthat will
I
b. The appropriateinspectionfrequency; rapidly vaporizeare thosewith atmosphericboiling tempera-
loS
turesbelow 50'F (10'C). I
c. The need for pressure testing after darna-eehas been
incurred or after repairs or rnodifications have been com- c. Hydrogen sulfide (greaterthan 3 percentweight) in a gas-
pleted; and eoussnSarn.
d. The prevention and mitigation stepsto reduce the likeli- d. Anhydrous hydrogenchloride.
hood and consequenceof a piping lailure. e. Hydrofluoric acid.
f. Piping over or adjacent t() water and piping over public
A RBI assessment may be usedto increaseor decreasethe
throughways. (Ref'er to Department of Transportation and
inspectionlimits describedin'I'able 6-1. Similarly. the extent
U.S. Coast Guard resulations for inspection of overwater
of inspection rnay be increaseclor decreasedbeyond the tar-
piping.)
gets in Thbie 6-2. by a RBI assessment. When used to
increaseinspectioninterval limits or the extent of inspectiorr. 6.2.2 Glass2
RBI assessments shall be conductedat intervaisnot to exceed
Servicesnot includedin otherclassesare in Class2. This
the respectivelimits in Thble 6-1, or more olten if wuranted
classificationincludesthe majority of unit processpiping and
by process,equipment,or [Link] RBI
selectedoff-site piping. Typrcal examples of these services
assessments shall be reviewedand approvedby a piping engi-
include thosecontainingthe lollowing:
neerand authorizedpiping inspectorat intervalsnot to exceed
the respectivelimits in Table 6-1, or rnore often if warranted a. On-site hydrocarbons that will slowly vaporize during
by process,equipment,or consequencechanges. releasesuch as thoseoperatingbelow the flash point. I oS
b. Hydrogen,fuel gas,and natural gas.
6.2 PIPING SERVICE CLASSES
c. On-sitestrongacidsand caustics.
All pnrcesspiping systemsshall be categorizedinto dift-er-
6.2.3 Class3
ent [Link] a classihcationsystemallows exfra inspec-
tion efforts to be focusedon piping systemsthat may havethe Servicesthat are flammablebut do not significantlv vapor-
highest potential consequencesif failure or loss of contain- ize when they leak and are not located in high-activity areas
ment should occur. In general, the higher classilied systems are in Class3. Servicesthat are potentiallv harmful to human
o-l
 6-2 API 570

tissuebut are located in remote areasmay be inciuded in this other forms of [Link] extemal visual inspection
[Link] Class 3 serv'iceare as follows: fbr potential CIJI is also to assessinsulation condition and
shall be conductedon all piping systemssusceptiblem CtlI
a. On-site hydrocarbonsthat will not [Link]
vapodze
listedin -[Link].
The resultsof the visual inspectionshouldbe I __
031 dudngreleasesuchas thoseoperatingbelowthe flashpoint.
clocumentecl to facilitatefollow-up inspections. lo'
b. Distillate and product lines to and fron.r storage and
hading. Folhw,ing the extemalvisual inspectionof susceptiblesys-
c. Off-siteacidsand caustics. tems, additional examinationis requirecllbr the inspectionof
CtlI. The extentand type of the rdditional CflI inspec'tionare
6.3 INSPECTION INTERVALS listed in Table 6-2. Damaged insulation at higher elevations
may result in CIJI in lower areasremote fron the damage.
The interval betweenpiping inspectirmsshall be estab- NDE inspectionfor CUI should a"lsobe conductedas listed in
lished and maintainedusing the following cr-iteria: Table6-2 at suspectlocationsof [Link](excludingc) meeting
a. Corrosion rate and remaininglife calculations. the temperaturecriteria fbr [Link] (e, f, h). Radiographic
b. Piping serviceclassification. examination or insulation removal and visual inspection :is
nomrally required for this inspection at damagedor suspect
c. Applicablejurisdictionalrequirements.
[Link] NDE assessmenr methodsmay be usedwhere
d. Judgmentof the inspector,the piping engineer,the piping
[Link] the inspectionof the damagedor suspectareas
engineersupervisor,or a conosion specialist,basedon oper-
has located significant CUI. additional areas should be
ating conditions, previous inspection history, current
inspectedand, where [Link] to 100 percentof the cir-
inspection results, and conditions that may wzurant supple-
mental inspectionscoveredin -5.4.-5. cuit shouldbe inspected.
The owner/useror the inspector shall establishinspection The extent of the CUI program describeclin Table 6-2
intenals tbr thickness nleasurementsand extemal visual should be consideredils target levels for piping svstemsand
inspectionsand, where applicable, for intemal md supple- locationswith no CUI [Link] is recognized
mental inspections. that severalfactors may zrffectthe likelihcnd of CUI to include:
Thicknessmeasurementsshould be scheduleclbasedon the
a. Local climaticconditions(sec5.3.3).
calculation of not more than half the remaining life deter-
b. Insulationdesign.
mined from corrosionratesindicatedin 7.1.1or at the maxi-
mum intervals suggestedin Table 6-1. whichever is shorter. c. Coating quality.
Shorter intervals may be appropriateunder certain circum- d. Serviceconditions.
[Link] to using Thble 6-1, corrosion rates should be Facilitieswith CUI inspectionexperiencemay increaseor
calculatedin aocordance with 7.1.3, reduce the CUI inspection targets of Thble 6-2. An exact
Thble 6-1 contains recommended maximum inspection accountingof the CUI inspectiontargetsis not [Link]
intervals for the three categoriesof piping servicesdescribed owner/usermay conlimr inspection targetswith operational
in 6.2, as well as recommendedintervals for injection points historyor otherdocumentation.
and S/A interfaces. Piping systemsthat are known to have a remaining life
The inspection interval must be reviewed and adjusted of over 10 yeiLrsor that are adequatelyprotected against
as necessaryafter each inspectionor significant changein external corrosion need not be included for the NDE
operating conditions. General corrosion, localized corro- inspection recomrnendedin Table 6-2. However, the con-
sion. pitting. environmentalcracking, and other forms of dition of the insulating systemor the outer jacketing, such
deterioration must. be considered when establishins the as a cold-box shell, should be observed periodically by
variousinspectionintervals.
operating or other personnel. If deterioration is noted, it
should be reported to the inspector. l'he fbllowing are
6.4 EXTENT
OFVISUALEXTERNAL
ANDCUI examplesof thesesystems:
INSPECTIONS
a. Piping systems insulated effectively to preclude the
Extemal visual inspections,including inspectionsfor corro-
entranceof moisture.
sion under insulation(CUI), shouldbe conductedat maximum
[Link]
listed in Table 6-1 to evaluateitems such as those in b. Jacketedcryogenicpiping sy\tems.
Appendix D. Altematively. extemalvisual inspectionintewals c. Piping systemsinstalled in a cold box in which the atmo-
I
031 cur be establishedby using a valiclRBi assessment conclucted sphereis purgedwith an inen gas.
I

I in accordancewith API RP [Link] extemalvisual inspection d. Piping systemsin which the temperaturebeing maintained
on bare piping is to assessthe condition of paint and coating is suf{iciently low or sufficiently high to preclude the pres-
systems,to check for extemal corrosion, and to check for enceof water.
 P I P I N GI N S P E C T I oCNO D E - I N S P E c T I o NR, E P A I RA, L T E R A T I o N
A,N DR E R A T I N o
GF I N - S E R V I CP
EI P I N GS Y S T E M S 6-3

6.5 EXTENT OFTHICKNESS MEASUREMENT When selectingTMLs on thrcadedconnections,include only

INSPECTION thosethat can be radiographedduring scheduledinspections.
Tlueadedconnectionsassociatecl with rnachinervanclsub-
To satisfyinspectionintervalrequirernents. eachthickness
ject to t'atiguedanage shouldhe periodicallyassessed
andcon-
lneasurementinspection should obtain thicknessreadingson
sideredfor Erssiblerenewalwrth a thicker-wal1or upgradingto
a representative samplingof TMI-s on eachcircuit (see-5.5).
Tltis representativevrnpling should include data for all the welded [Link] schedule for such rrnewal will
various types of componentsand orientations(horizontal and dependon severalissues,including the fbllowing:
vertical) lound in each circuit. This sampling also must a. Classificationof piping.
include T'MLs witli the eiuliest renewal date as of the previ-
b. Magnitude and fiequency of vibration.
ous inspection. The more TMLs nreasuredfcl each circuit,
the nore accuratelythe next inspectiondatewill be projected. c. Amount of unsupportedweight.
Theretbre, scheduledinspection of circuits should obtain as d. Curent piping wnll thickncss.
manv nleasurementsas necessaly. e. Whether or not the systenlcan be maintainedon-stream.
The extent of inspectionfor injection points is covered
f. Corrosionrate.
in 5.3.1.
g. Intennittent service.
6.6 EXTENT OF [Link], AUXILIARY
Table6-1-RecommendedMaximum
PIPING,
ANDTHREADED-CONNECTIONS
Inspection
Intervals
INSPECTIONS
Thickness Visual
6.6.1 Small-BorePipinglnspection Type of Circuit Meirsurentents Extemal
Class1 5 ycirs 5 years
Small-bore piping (SBP) that is primary processpiping
Class2 l0 vcars 5 years
should be inspectedin accordancewith all the requirements
Class3 l0 lears l0 years
of this document. Injection pointsa 3 yeirs By Class
SBP that is secondaryprocesspiping has dill'erent mini- Soil-to-air interfacesb By Class
mum requirements depending upon serv'ice classilication.
Class 1 seconderySBP shall be inspectedto the samerequire-
nlents as primary processpiping. Inspectionof Class 2 turd Note: Thickness measurementsirpply fo systemslbr which TMLs
havebeenestablishedin accordancewith 5.5.
Class3 secondarySBP is [Link] deadlegs(suchaslevel a [Link] potentiallyconosivc injecriorV
I
bridles) in Class 2 and Class 3 systemsshould be inspected mix points can alsobe establishcdby a valid risk-basedinspection I Og
wherecorrosionhasbeenexperiencedor is anticipated. anulysisin uccordancewith API RP 580. I
b See5.3.4.
6.6.2 AuxiliaryPipingInspection
Inspection of secondary'.auxiliary SBP associatedwith Table6-2-Recommended Extentof CUIlnspection
instrumentsand machineryis optional. Criteria to considerin Following
VisualInspection
determining whether auxiliary SBP will need sonte ftrrm of
Approximate Amount of CUI
inspectioninclude the following: Approximate Amount of Follow- Inspection by NDE at Suspect
up Exanrinationwith NDE or Areas(5.3,3.2)on PipingSystems
a. Classitrcation.
Insulation Removalal Areas with within SusceptibleTemperature
b. Potentialfor environmentalor fatigue cracking. Damased Insuiation Ranges([Link],e.1,h)
c. Potential fbr corrosion basedon experiencewith adiacent
Pipe Class
primary systems.
I 75t/(, 50o/o
d. Potentialtbr CUl. 2 5O7o 3 -1"/(

6.6.3 Threaded-Connections
Inspection 3 25%, l0o/o

lnspection of threadedconnectionswill be according to the

requirementslisted abovefbr small-boreand auxiliary piping.
 ANALYSIS,
SECTION7-INSPECTIONDATAEVALUATION, AND RECORDING

7.1 COHROSION
RATEDETERMINATION the statisticalffeatment of data results reflectsthe actual con-
dition of the various pipe [Link]
7.1.1 Remaining
LifeCalculations ernploying point measurementsis not applicable to piping
The remaining life of the piping systemshall be calculated systemswith significant localized unpredictablecorrosion
fiom the lbllowing lbnnuia: mechanisms.
Long-term and short-term corrosion rates should be com- 01

' otnQl \ reaultcl

pared to see which results in the shortest rernaining lil'e as
RemainingLif'e (years) = pan of the data assessment. The authorizedinspector,in eon-
corrosl0nrate
sultation with a corrosion specialist,shall selectthe corrosion
Iinches(rnm) per year]
rate that best reflects the [Link].(See6.3 for inspec-
where tion interval determination.)

[Link],tl= the actualthickness,in inches (rnillimeters), 7.1.2 NewlylnstalledPipingSystemsor Changes

measuredat the time of inspectionfor a given in Service
location or componentas specifiedin 5.6.,
For new piping systemsand piping systemsfor which ser-
trequiret= the required thickness,in inches (millirneters), vice conditions are bein-echanged,one of the following meth-
at the samelocationor conrponenlasthe tor,uo1 ods shall be employed to determine the probable rate of
measurementcomputedby the design fbrmulas corosion fiom which the rcmaining wall thickness at the
(e.g..pressureand structural)befbre corrosion time of the next inspectioncan be estimated:
allowanceand manufacturer'stoleranceare
a. A corrosion rate for a piping circuit may be calculated
added.
from data collected by the owner/useron piping systemsof
similar material in compiuable service.
The long-term (LI) corrosion rate of piping circuits shall
be calculatedAom the followins fbrmula: b. lf data for the sarneor similu service are not available,a
01 corrosion rate fbr a piping circuit may be estimatedfrom the
owner/user's experience or tiom published data on piping
' tntltal 'actual
Conosion rate (LT; = systenlsin comparableservice.
time (years) between
c. I1'the probable corrosion rate cannot be determinedby
tinlryol &ftd to"rrro1
either method listed in item a or item b. the initial thickness
measurement determinations shall be made aiier no rnore
The short term (ST) corrosion rate of piping circuits shall than 3 months of [Link] using nondestructivethickness
be calculatedfrom the followins tbrmula: measurementsof the piping [Link] monitoring
devices, such as corrosion coupons or corrosion probes,
may be useful in establishinsthe timing of these thickness
Corrosionrate (ST) = [Link] be made
time (years) between
after appropriate intervals until the corrosion rate is
tprerious ar'd to"ruo,
established.

where 7.1.3 ExistingPipingSystems

. tnttnl - the [Link] inches(millimeters), at the Corrosion rates shall be calculated on either a short-term
samelocation &storluolmeasuredat initial 01
or a long-temr basis.
installation or at the commencenlentof a new Ifcalculations indicate that an inaccuraterate ofcorrosion
corrosionrate environment, hasbeen [Link] rate to be used fbr the next rreriodshall
be adjustedto agreewith the actualrate found.
.pre|nus - the thickness,in inches(millimeters), at the
samelocation&slor.1,,o1measured during one or 7.2 MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLEWORKING
more previous inspections. PRESSURE
DETERMINATION
The preceding formulas ma-v-be applied in a statistical The maximum allowable working pressure(MAWP) for
approachto assesscorrosion ratesand remaining lit'e calcula- tire continueduseof piping systemsshall be establishedusing
tions fbr the piping [Link] must be taken to ensurethat the applicable code. Computationsmay be made for known
t- |
 API 570

rnateriais if all the lbllowing essentialdetails are known to This assessmentrequires the use of a future corrosion allow-
comply with the principles of the applicablecode: [Link] be established.
basedon Section7.1 of this
inspectioncode.
a. Upper and/or lower temperaturc limits for specific
rnaterials. 1. Assessmentof Generai Metai Loss-AP[ RP 579.
b. Quality of materialsand workmanship. Section4.
c. Inspectionrequirements" 2. Assessmentof Local Metal Loss-API RP 579. Sec-
tion 5.
d. Reinlbreement
ol' openiugs.
3. Assessmentof Pitting Corrosion-APl RP 579, Sec-
e. Any cyclical servicerecluirements. tion 6.
For unknown materials, computations may be made
b. To evaluateblisters and lamrnations.a fitness-for-sen'ice
assumingthe lowest gradematerial and joint efliciency in the
assessmentshould be perfonned in accordtrncewith API RP
applicable code. When the N{AWP is recalculated,the wall
579, Section 7. In some cases,this evaluationwill require the 01
thicknessusedin thesecomputationsshall be the actualthick-
use of a future corrosion allolvance. which shall be estab-
ness as detennined by inspection (see 5.6 fbr clefirrition)
lished,basedon Section7.1 ofthis inspectioncode.
minus trvice the estimated corrosion loss before the date of
the next inspection (see6.3). Allowance shall be made for the c. To evaluateweld misalignment and shell distortions, a fit-
other loadings in accordancewith the applicable code. The ness for service assessment should be performed in
applicablecode allowanceslbr pressureand temperaturevari- accordancewith API RP 579, Section 8.
ations from the MAWP are permittedprovided all of the asso- d. To evaluatecrack-like flaws. a fitness for service assess-
ciated code criteria are satistied. ment should be perfbrmed in accordancewith API RP 579.
Table 7-1 containstwo examplesof calc:ulationsof MAWP Section9.
illustratingthe useofthe corrosionhalf-life concept.
e. To evaluatethe effects of frre dzrnage.a fitness fcrr service
7.3 RETIREMENTTHICKNESS
DETERMINATION ilssessmentshould be performed in accordancewith API RP
579,Section1 l.
The minimum required pipe wall retirementthicknessshall
be equerlto or greaterthan the minimum recluiredthickness,or 7.5 PIPINGSTRESSANALYSIS
retirementthickness,and shall be basedon pressure,mechan-
ical, and sffuctural considerations using the appropriate Piping must be supportedand guided so that (a) its wei_eht
design lbrmulae and code allowable [Link] is carried safely.,(b) it has sufticienr flexibility for thermal
both general and localized corrosion shall be included. For expansion or contraction, and (c) it does not vibrate exces-
services with high potential consequencesif failure were to [Link] flexibility is of hcreasing concem the larger the
occur, the piping engineer should consider increasing the cliameterof the piping and the greaterthe difference between
required ndnimum thickness above the calculated minimum ambient and operatingtemperatureconditions.
thicknessto provide fbr unanticipatedor unknown loadings, Piping stressanalysisto assesssystem flexibility and sup-
undiscoveredmetal loss, or resistanceto normal [Link] this port adequacyis not normally perfomred as part of a piping
case,the retirement thicknessshall be usedin lieu of the min- [Link],rnany exisringpiping systenlswere ana-
imum required thickness in 7.1.1 for rernaining lif'e calcula- lyzed as part of their original designor as part of a reraring or
tions. modilication. and the results of these analysescan be useful
in developing inspection plans. When unexpectedmovenlent
01 7.4 ASSESSMENT
OF INSPECTION
FINDINGS of a piping system is observed. such as during an extemal
visual inspection (see 5.4.3), the inspector should discuss
Pressurecontaining componentstbund to have degrada-
theseobservationswith the piping en_qineer and evaluatethe
tion that could affect their load carryin*ucapability (pres-
need for conducting a piping stressanalysis.
sure loads and other appiicable loads, e.g., weight, wind,
Piping stressanalysiscan identify the most highly stressed
etc., per API RP 579) shalt be evaluatedfor continued ser-
componentsin a piping systemand predict the thermal move-
vice. Fitness-for-servicetechniques,such as those docu-
ment of the systemwhen it is placed in [Link] infor-
mented in API RP 579, may be used for this evaluation.
mation can be used to concentrate inspection ellbrts at the
The fitness-for-sen'icetechniquesused must be applicable
locationsmost prone to iatigue damageliom thermal expan-
to the specific [Link] following tech-
sion (heatup and cool-down) [Link] and/or creep damagein
niquesmay be used as applicable:
high-temperaturepiping. Comparingpredictedthermal move-
a. To evaluate metal loss in excess of the corrosion allow- ments with observed movements can help identify the occur-
ance, a litness-for-serviceassessmentilray be pertbmred in rence ofunexpected operatingconditions and deteriorationof
accordancewith one of the fbllowins secrionsof API RP 579. guides turd suppofis. Consultation with the piping engineer
 PrprNG
lNSpEcroNCoDE-lNSpECTroN,
REpArR,
ALTERATTON,
ANDRERATTNG
or lru-SrnvrcrPrprr{cSvsrei,rs 7-3

Table7-1-TwoExamples of Maximum
of theCalculation Allowable (MAWP)
WorkingPressure
lllustrating Half-Life
theUseof theCorrosion Concept
Bliurrple l:

Design pressure/temperature ,5[XJpsigl400"F (3447 kPA/20.+'C)

Pipe description NPS 16,standardweigirt.A 106-8

Outsidediameterof pipe, D 16 iri. (406 mm)

Ailowable stress 2O,fXil psi (137,900 kPa)

lxrngitudinalweld 1.0
efliciencl,, E

Thicknessdetemrinedfrom inspcction 0.32 in. (8.13 mm)

Observedcorrosionrate iJ.(tI in./yr. (0.254 mm/vr.)

( s e e7 . 1 . 1 )

Next plannedinspection 5 yrs.

Estimatedcorrosion loss by date of next inspection = 5 X 0.01 = 0.05 in. (5 X 0.254 = 1.27mm)

MAWP = 2S&lD

Int-T'S'units
'-'--
[ z r . 1 z o , o o o ; x ( 1 . 0 ) x ( 0 . 3 2 - ( 2 x 0 . 0=- s s) )n-.l " ; o
L
InS'Iunits
[Link],trtlrtt.t =3.t47kpa
.

Conclusion:OK

Exampie ?:

Nexl plannodinspection 7 yrs.

Estimatedcorrosion loss by date of next inspection = 7 X 0.01 = 0.07 in. (7 x 0.254 = 1.78rnm)

MAWP = 2SEr/D

In u's' units
[z t lzo,ooolx ( 1.0)x (0.32- (2 x 0.07) )-l= 4sonsio
t - l

In [Link] = 3104kPa 101

[ + o o ]
Conclusion: Must reduce inspection interval or determine that normal operating pressurewill not exceedthis new MAWP
during the seventhyear, or renew the piping befbre the seventhyear.

Notes:
1. psig = poundsper squareinch gauge;psi = pounds per squareinch.
2. The lbnnula for MAWP is fromASME 831.3, Equation 3b. where r = corrodedthickness.
7-4 APt570

may be recessary to explain obsen'ed deviations liorn the rnaintenanceactivities and et'entsall'ecting piping system
analvsis prcdictions, pafiicularly fbr complicated systems integrity also should be included. The date and results of
involving multipie suppoflsand guides betweenerrdpoints. required external inspections shall be recorded. (See API
Piping stressanalysisalso ciur be employed to help solve RP 574 lbr guidanceon piping inspectionrecords.)
observedpiping vibration [Link] natural liequencies The use o1'acomputer-based [Link] storing,calculat-
iu rvhich a piping system will vibrate can be predicted by ing, and analyzing data should be consideredin view of the
[Link] ef{ectsof additional guiding can be evaluatedto volume ol data that will be generateclas parl of a piping test-
assessits ability to controi vibration by increasing the s;-s- point program. Computer programsare pafiiculafly usefui fbr
tenr's natural irecluenciesbeyond the frequency of exciting the ibllowirrg:
lbrces, such as machine rotational [Link] is important to
detemine that guides added to control vibrarion do not a. Storingthe actualthicknessrL:adings.
adverselyrestrict thermal expansion. b. Calculating short- and lon-t-term corrosion rates, retire-
ment dates.I4AWP and reinspectionintervals on a test-point
7.6 REPORTING AND RECORDS FOR PIPING by test-pointbasis.
SYSTEM INSPECTION
c. Highlighting areas of high corrosion rates, circuits over-
Any significant increase in conosion rates shall be due for inspection,circuits close to retirement thickness,and
reported to the owner/userfor appropriateaction. other informatiorr
The owner/user shall maintain appropriatepemanent d. Fitness-1br-service assessntent documentation require-
and progressiverecords of each piping [Link] by ments are described in API RI' -579. Section 2.8. Specific
API 570. Theserecordsshall contain peftinent data such as docurnentation requirernents for the type of flaw being 01
piping system service: classificatiorr;identilication num- assessedare provided in the appropriate section of API RP
bers; inspection intervals; and documents necessary to 579.
record the name of the individual performing the testing, Algorithms tbr the analysis of data fiom entire circuits
the date, the types of testing. the results of thicknessmea- also may be included in the program. Care should be taken to
surementsand other tests. inspections,repairs (ternporary ensure that the statistical reatment of circuit data results in
and permanent),alterations,or rerating. Design infbrma- predictions that accuratelyre{lect the actuerlcondition of the
tion and piping drawings nay be included. Infonnation on piping circuit.
 SECTION8-REPAIRS,ALTERATIONS,
AND RERATING
OF PIPINGSYSTEMS

8.1 REPAIRS
ANDALTERATIONS Fu' minor leaks, propelly designedenclosuresma,v be
welded over the leak while the piping systemis in-scrvice,
The principlesof ASME, 831.3 or the code to which the
provided the inspectoris satisfiedthat adecluatethickness
piping systeln was truilt shall be followed.
remainsin the vicinity of the weld and the piping component
8"1.1 Authorization can u,ithstandv,'eldingwithoLrtthe likelihood of further mate-
rial [Link] flom causticscrvicc.
All repair and alteration work must be done by a repair
Temporaryrepairs should be removed and replacedwith a
organization as defined in Section 3 and rnust be authorized
suitable permanentrepair at the next available rnaintenance
bv the inspectorprior to its [Link] fbr
opportunity. Temporary repuirs may remain in place for a
alteration work to a piping systen may not be given without
longer period of tirne only it approved and documented by
prior consultationwith, and approval by, the piping engineer.
the [Link].
The inspector will designate any inspection hold points
required during the repair or alteration [Link] inspec- [Link] PermanentRepairs
tor may give prior generalauthorizationtbr limited or routine
Repairs to def'ectsfound in piping cornponentsmay be
repairs and procedures. provided the inspector is satisfied
made by preparinga welding groove that completelyremoves
with the competencyof the repair organization.
the defect and then filling the groove with weld metal depos-
8.1.2 Approval ited in accordancewith 8.2.
Corrodedareasmay be restoredwith weld metal deposited
All proposed methods of design, execution, materials,
in accordancewith 8.2. Surfaceinegularities and contamina-
welding procedures, examination, and testing must be
tion shall be removed before welding. Appropriate NDE
approvedby the inspectoror by the piping engineer,as appro-
methodsshall be applied after completion of the weld.
priate. Owner/userapprovalof on-streamwelding is required.
lfit is feasibleto takethe piping systemout ofservice. tle
Welding repairs of cracks that occuned in-service should
defective area may be removed by cutting out a cylindrical
not be attempted without prior consultation with the pipin_q
section and replacing it with a piping component that meets
engineer in order to identify and correct the cause of the
the applicablecode.
cracking. Examples are cracks suspectedof being causedby
Insert patches(flush patches)may be usedto repair dam-
[Link] cycling, [Link]
agedor corrodedareasif [Link] requirementsare met:
envirorlnental cracking.
T'he inspector shall approve all repair and alteration work a. Full-peneffationgroove welds are provided.
at designatedhold points and after the repairsand alterations b. For Class I and Class 2 piping systems,the welds shall be
have been satisfactorily completed in accordancewith the 100percentradiographedor ultrasonically testedusing NDE
requirements of API 570. proceduresthat ere approvedby the inspector.
c. Patchesmav be any shapcbut shall have rounded comers
8.1.3 WeldingRepairs(lncludingOn-Stream) f l inch (25 mm) minimum radiusl.
[Link] TemporaryRepairs 8.1.4 NonweldingRepairs(On-Stream)
For temporary repairs, including on-stream,a full encir- Temporary repairs of locirlly thinned sectionsor circum-
clement welded split sleeveor box-tJpe enclosure designed ferential linear defectsmay be made on-streamby installing a
by the piping engineermay be applied over the damagedor properly designed and fabricated bolted leak clamp. The
corroded area. Longitudinal cracks shall not be repaired in design shall include control of axial thrust loads if the piping
this manner unless the piping engineer has determined that componentbeing clamped is (or may become)insuflicienf to
cracks would not be expected to propagateliom under the control pressure thrust. The eft'ect of clamping (crushing)
[Link] sone cases,the piping engineerwill need to consult forces on the componentalso shall be considered.
with a fracture analyst. During tumarounds or other appropriate opportunities,
If the repair area is localized (fbr example,pitting or pin- temporary leak sealing and leak dissipating devices, includ-
holes) and the specilied minimum yield strength (SMYS) of ing valves. shall be removed and appropriateactions taken to
the pipe is nol more than 40.000 psig (275,8Cx)kPa), a tempo- restorethe original integrity of the piping [Link] inspec-
rary repair may be made by fillet welding a properly designed tor and/or piping engineer shall be involved in determining
split coupling or plate patch over the pitted area. (See 8.2.3 repair methodsand procedures.
lbr design considerationsand Appendix C fbr an example.) Proceduresthat include leak sealingfluids ("pumping") fbr
The material lbr the repair shall match the basemetal unless process piping should be reviewed for acceptance by the
approvedby the piping engineer. inspector or piping [Link] review should take into con-
8-1
8-2 API570

sideratiorrthe cornpatibility of the setrlantwith the leaking the piping engineer who should consider the potenlial for
materiall the pumping pressureon the ckunp (especiallvwhen environmental cracking and whether the welding procedure
repunping); the risk of sealaut all'ecting downstreiun flow will provide [Link] of [Link]
[Link] valves,or machinery;the risk of subsequentleak- where this altemativecould be consideredinclude seal welds,
age at bolt tlrreadscausingcorrosionor strcsscorrosioncrack- weld metal buildup ol thin [Link] supportclips.
ing of bolts; andthe nurnberof times the sealareais repumped.
[Link] PostweldHeatTreatment
8.2 WELDING
ANDHOTTAPPING
PWHT of piping systemrepairsor alterarionsshould be
All repair and alteration welding shall be done in accor- made using the applicablerequirementsof ASME,831.3 or
dance with the principies of ASME 831.3 or the code to the code to which the piping was built. See [Link] for an
which the piping systemrvasbuilt. altemative preheatprocedure fbr some PWHT requirements.
Any welding conducted on piping componenrsin opera- [Link] temporary repaus must be approved by the
tion must be done in accordancewith API Publ 22A1.T\e pipine engineer.
inspector shall use as a minimum the "suggested Hot Thp Local PWI{T may be substitutedfor 360-degreebanding
Checklist" containedin API Publicarion 2201 lbr hot tapping on local repairs on all materials, provided the fbllowing pre-
perfbrmed on piping components. cautionsand requirementsare applied:

8.2.1 Procedures,
Qualifications,
and Records a. The application is reviewed, ind a procedureis developed
by the piping engineer.
The repair organizationslnll use welders and welding pro-
b. In evaluating the suitability of a [Link]
cedures qualilied in accordancewith ASME 831.3 or the
shall be given to applicable factors. such as basemetal thick-
code to which the piping was built.
[Link] gradients,material properties,changesresulting
The repair organizationshall maintain records of weiding from PWH| the need for till-penetration welds, and surf,ace
procedures and welder pertbrmance qualifications. These
and volunetric examinations atler PWHT. Additionally, the
recordsshall be availableto the inspectorprior to the stafi of
overall and local strains and distor-tionsresulting from the
welding. heating of a local restrainedarea of the piping wall shall be
8.2.2 Preheatingand PostweldHeatTreatment consideredin developingand evaluatingPWHT procedures.
c. A preheatof 300"F ( I 50"C), or higher as specifiedby spe-
[Link] Preheating cific welding procedures,is maintainedwhile welding.
Preheatlemperatureused in making welding repairs shall d. The required PWHI temperatureshall be maintainedfbr a
be in accordancewith the applicablecode and qualified weld- distance of not less than two tirnes the basemetal thickness
ing procedure. Exceptions for ternporary repairs must be measured from the weld. The PWHT temperatureshall be
approvedby the piping engineer. monitored by a suilable number of thermocouples(a mini-
mum of two) based on the size and shapeof the area being
Preheatingto not less than 300'F (150"C) may be consid-
heat treated.
ered as an altemativeto postweld heat treatmentIpWHT) fbr
e. Controlled heat aiso shall be applied to any branch con-
aiterationsor repairsof piping systemsinitially postweld heat
nection or other attachmentwithin the PWHT area.
ffeated as a code requirement(seenote). This applies to pip-
f. The PWHT is performed fbr code compliance and not tbr
ing constructedof the P-1 sreelslisred in ASME 831.3. p-3
environmentalcrackhg resistance.
steels,with the exception of Mn-Mo steels,also may receive
the 300'F (150"C) minirnum preheat altemative when the 8.2.3 Design
piping system operating temperatureis high enough to pro-
vide reasonabletoughnessand when there is no identifiable Butt joints shall be full-penetr-ationgroove welds.
hazard associatedwith pressuretesting. shutdown, and star, Piping componentsslull be replacedwhen repair is iikely
tup. The inspector should determine that the minimum pre- to be [Link] connectionsand replacementsshall be
heat temperatureis measuredand [Link] welding, designed and f'abricatedaccording to the principles of the
the joint should immediately be covered with insulation to applicable code. The design of temporary enclosures and
slow the cooling rate. repairs shall be approvedby the piping [Link].
New connectionsmay be installed on piping systemspro-
Note:heheatingmaynot be considered
asan altemativeto environ- vided the design, location, and method of affachrnentcon-
mental prcvcntion.
crackilrg
form to the principles of the applicablecode.
Piping systemsconstructedof other steelsinitially requir- Fillet-welded patches require special design consider-
ing PWHT normally are postweld heat treatedif alterationsor ations, especiallyrelating to weld-joint efficiency and crevice
repairs involving pressureretaining welding are performed. [Link]-welded patchesshall be designedby the pip-
The use of the preheataltemative requires consultation with ing engineer.A patch may be applied to the extemal surfaces
 , e p n r R ,A L T E R A T T oA
P t p t N GI N S P E C T T oCNo D E - l N S p E C T r o N R NN, DR E R A T T NoGr l r u - S e R v t c rP r p r N GS Y S T E M S 8-3

of piping, provided it is in accordancewith 8.l.3 and meets Sockelwelds shall be per ASME 831.3 and shail be a mini-
eitherol' tlre{bllowingrequilcments: mum of two passes.
c. Any final closure butt-weld shall be of 1O0-percentradio-
a. The proposedpatch providesdesignstrengthequivalentto a
graphic quality; or angle-beanrultrasonicsflaw detectionmay
reinibrced openingdesigred accordingto fhe applicablecode.
be used. provided the appropriate acceptancecriteria have
b. The proposedpatch is designedto absorb the membrane
beenestablished.
strain of the parl in a rnannertirat is in accordancewith the
pdnciples of the applicablecode, if the tbllowing criteria are d. N,{T or PT shall be pertbrmed on the root pass and the
nret: completedweld fbr butt-welds and on the completedweld for
l. The allorvablemembranestressis not exceededin the lillet-welds.
piping part or the patch. The owner/user shall specify industry-qualilied UT shear
2. The strain i-n the patch does not result in fillet weld wave examinerslbr closure uelds that have not beenpressure
stressesexceedingallowablestresses tbr suchwelds. testedand fbr weld repairs identified by the piping engineer
3. An overiay patch shall have rounded comers (see 01
or authorizedinspector'.The requirementlbr use of industry-
Appendi-rC). qualified UT shear wave examiners becomes eff'ective two
8.2-4 Materials yearsafier publication in this code or addendum.

The materials used in miLliingrepairs or alterations shall

8.3 RERATING
be of known weldable quality',shall conform to the applicable
code. and shali be compatible with the original material. For Rerating piping systemsby changing the temperaturerat-
rnaterialveritication requirements.see5.8. ing or the MAWP may be done only after all of the tbllowing
requirementshave beenmet:
8.2.5 NondestructiveExamination
a. Calculations are perfonned by the piping engineer or the
Acceptanceof a welded repair or alteration shall include
inspector'.
NDE in accordancewith the applicable code end the owner/
user's specification,unlessotherwisespeci{iedin API 570. b. All reratings shall be establishedin accordancewith the
requirementsof the code to which the piping systemwas built
8.2.6 PressureTesting or by computationusing the appropriatemethodsin the latest
edition ofthe applicablecode.
After welding is completed,a pressuretest in accordance
with 5.7 shall be perfonned if practical and deemednecessary c. Current inspectionrecordsverity that the piping systenris
by the inspector. Pressuretests are normally required atier satisfactoryfor the proposed service conditions and that the
alterationsand major [Link] a pressuretest is not nec- appropriatecorrosion allowanceis provided.
essaryor practical. NDE shall be utilized in lieu of a pressure d. Reratedpiping systernsshall be leak testedin accordance
03 | test. Substituting appropriateNDE proceduresfbr a pressure with the code to which the piping systemwas built or the lat-
test after an alteration or repair may be done only after con- est edition of the applicable code for the new service
sultation n'ith the inspectorand the piping engineer. conditions, unless documented records indicate a previous
When it is not practical to perfbnn a pressuretest of a final leak test was performed at greater than or equal to the test
closure weld that joins a new or replacementsectionof piping pressuretbr the new condition. An increasein the rating tem-
to an existing [Link] of the fbllowing recluirementsshall peraturethat does not affect allowable tensile stressdoes not
be satis{ied: require a leak test.
e. The piping system is checked to affirm that the required
Il a. The new or replacement piping is pressure tested and
pressurerelieving devicesare present,are set at the appropri-
I examined in accordancewith the applicable code goveming
atepressur€,and havethe appropriatecapacity at set pressure.
03 I the design of the piping system,or if not practical. welds are
f. The piping system [Link] acceptableto the inspector
examined with appropriateNDE, as specified by the autho-
I or piping engineer.
I rized piping inspector.
b. The closure weld is a full-penetration butt-weld between g. All piping components in the system (such as valves,
any pipe or standardpiping componentof equal diameterand flarges, bolts, gaskets, packing, and expansion joints) are
mI
thickness, axially aligned (not miter cut), and of equivalent adequate for the new combination of pressure ard
[Link] altemativesare: (l) slip-on flangeslbr temperature.
design casesup to Class 150 and 5m'F, (260'C) and (2) h. Piping flexibility is adequate for design temperature
socket welded flemgesor socketwelded unions fbr sizesNPS changes.
2 or less and design casesup to Class 150 and 500'F (260'C). i. Appropriate engineeringrecordsere updated.
A spacerdesignedlbr socket welding or some other means j. A decreasein minimum operating temperatureis justified
shall be usedto establisha minimum l/16 inch (1.6 mm) gap. by impact test results,if required by the applicablecode.
 g-INSPECTION
SECTION OF BURIEDPIPING

Inspectionof buried processpiping (not regulatedby the Measurementsof soil resistivity shoulc{ be performed
Departmentof Transporlation)is differcnt fiom other process using the WennerFour-Pin lllethod in accordanoervith ASTM
piping inspection bec:ausesignificant extemal deterioration G57. In casesof parallelpipesor in areasof intersectingpipe-
can be causedby corrosive soil conditions"Since the inspec- lines, it may be necessaryto use the Single-Pin Method to
tion is hindered by tlre inaccessibilityof the affected areasof accuratelymeasurethe soil rcsistivity. For measuringresistiv-
the piping" the [Link] buried piping is treatedin a sepa- ity of soil samplesfrom augerholes or excavations.a soil box
rate section of API 570. Important, nonmandatoryref-erences servesas a convenientmeansfor obtaining accurateresults.
for undergroundpiping inspection are the tbllorving NACE The depth ofthe piping shall be consideredin selectingthe
documents:RP0l69, RP0274,and RP027-5:and Section 11 method to be used and the location of [Link] testing
ofAPI RP 65 l. and evaluation of results should be perfonned by personnel
trained and experiencedin soil resistivity testing.
9.1 TYPESANDMETHODS
OF INSPECTION
9.1.5 CathodicProtectionMonitoring
9.1.1 Above-GradeVisual
Surveillance
Cathodically protected buried piping should be monitored
Indicationsof leaks il buried piping may include a change regularly to assureadequatelevels of protection. Monitoring
in the surfacecontour of the ground, discolorationof the soil. should include periodic measurementand analysisof pipe{o-
softening of paving asphalt,pool fonnation, bubbling water soil potentials by personneltririned and experiencedin catlrcdic
puddles, or noticeable odor. Surveying the route of buried protection systemoperation. More frequent monitoring of criti-
piping is one method of identifying problem areas. cal cathodic protection components,such as impressedcurrent
rectifiers,is requiredto ensurereliable systemoperation.
9.1.2 Close-lnlervalPotentialSurvey
Referto NACE RP0l69 and Section11 of API RP 651 for
The close-interval potential survey perfonned at ground -euidanceapplicable to inspecting and maintaining cathodic
level ovel the buried pipe can be used to locate active corro- protectionsystemsfor buried piping.
sion points on the pipe's surface.
9.1.6 InspectionMethods
Corrosion cells can fomr on both bare and coated pipe
where the bare steel contactsthe soil. Since the poteniial at Severalinspection methods are available. Some methods
the area of corrosion will be measurably dift'erent from an can indicate fhe extemal or wall condition of the piping,
adjacentareaon the pipe, the location of the corrosion activ- whereas other methods indicate only the intemal condition.
ity can be [Link] this survey technique. Examplesareas lbllows:

9.1.3 PipeCoatingHolidaySurvey a. Intelligent pigging. This nrethodinvolves the movementof

a device (pig) through the piping either while it is in-service
The pipe coating holiday survey can be used to locate or after it has been removed from service. Severnl types of
coating defectson buried coatedpipes, and it can be used on devicesare availableemploying different methodsof inspec-
newly constructedpipe systemsto ensurethat the coating is tion. The line to be evaluatedmust be free from restrictions
intact and holiday-tiee. More often it is usedto evaluatecoat- that would cause the device to stick within the line. Five
ing serviceabilityfor buried piping that has been in-service diameterbendsare usuadlyrequired since standard9O-degree
for an extendedperiod of time. 'lhe
pipe eils may not passa pig. line must also have facilities
From survey data, the coating efl'ectivenessand rate of for launching and recoveringthe pigs.
coating deteriorationcan be [Link] infbrmation b. Video [Link] camerasare availablethat can
is used both lbr predicting corrosion activity in a specilic be insertedinto the piping. Thesecamerasmay provide visual
areaand lbr fbrecastingreplacementof the coating fbr cor- inspectioninformation on the intemal condition of the line.
rosion control. c. Excavation. In many cases,the only available inspection
method that can be perfbrmed is unearthing the piping in order
9.1.4 Soil Resistivity
to visuall,vinspectthe extemal condition of the piping and to
Corrosion of bare or poorly coated piping is often evaluateits thicknessand intemal condition using the methods
causedby a mixture of difl'erent soils in contact with the discussedn 5.4.?. Care should be exercisedin removing soil
pipe [Link] corrosivenessof the soils can be deter- from above and around the piping to prevenf damaging the
mined by a measurementof the soil resistivity. Lower lev- line or line [Link] last few inches(mm) of soil should be
els of resistivity are relatively more corrosive than higher removedmanuallv to avoid this [Link] the excavationis
[Link] areaswhere the pipe is exposedto sig- sufficiently deep, the sides of the trench should be properly
nilicant changesin soil resistivity. shored to prevent their collapse, in accordance with OSHA
9-1
9-2 API 570

regulations, where applicable. If tire coating or wrapping is consider the possibility of acceleratedintemal corrosion itt
deterioratedor dunaged, it should be removed in that areato deadlegs.
inspectthe coirdition of the underlying metal. 'I'he
extemal condition of buried piping that is not cathodi-
cally protectedshould be detemrinedby either pigging, which
9.2 FREQUENCY
ANDEXTENT
OF INSPECTION can rlreasurewall [Link] bv excavatingaccordingto the
'Iable
9.2.1 Above-GradeVisual
Surveillance frequency given in 9-1. Si-enificiurtexternal corrosion
detectedby pigging or by other nleansmay require excavatiort
The owner/usel should, at approxirnately 6-rnonth inter- and evaluationeven ifthe piping rs cathodicallyprotected.
virls sun,ey the surlace conditions on and adjacent to eacli Piping inspected periodically by excavation shall be
p i p e l i n ep a t ht s e e9 . 1 . 1 ) .
inspectedin lengths of 6 feet-8 t'eet(2.0 rn*2.5 rn) at one or
9.2.2 Pipe'to-SoilPotentialSurvey more locations judged to be most susceptibleto corrosion.
Excavatedpiping should be inspectedfull circumferencefor
A close-interval potential survey on a cathodically pro- the type and extent of corrosion (pitting or general) and the
tected line may be used to verily that the buried piping has a conditionof the coating.
protective potential throughout its length. For poorly coated
If inspectionrevealsdamagedcoating or corrodedpipin-e.
pipes where cathodic protection potentiais are inconsistent.
additional piping shall be excavateduntil the extent of the
the suwey may be conductedat 5-year intervals for verilica-
condition is identified. If the averagewall thickness is at or
tion of continuouscorrosion control.
below retirement thickness,it shall be repairedor replaced.
For piping with no cathodic protection or in areas where
If tire piping is contained insrde a casing pipe. the condi-
leaks have occurred due to erlemal corrosion. a pipe-to-soil
tion of the casing should be inspectedto determine if water
potential survey may be conductedalong the pipe route. The
and/or soil has enteredthe [Link] inspectorshould verity
pipe should be excavatedat siteswhere active corrosion cells
the following: (a) both ends of the casing extend beyond the
have been located to determine the extent of corrosion dam-
grourrdline; (b) the endsof the casing are sealedif the casing
age.A continuouspotential prolile or a close-intervalsurvey
is not self-draining; and, (c) the pressure-carryingpipe is
may be required to locate active corrosion cells.
properiy coatedand wrapped.
9.2.3 PipeCoatingHolidaySurvey
9.2.7 LeakTestingIntervals
The frequency of pipe coating holiday survevs is usually
basedon indications that other tbrms of corrosion control are An altemative or supplemeni to inspection is leak testing
ineffective. For example, on a coated pipe where there is with liquid at a pressureat least l0 percentgreaterthan mrxi-
gradual loss of cafhodic protection potentials or an extemal mum operating pressure at inten'als one-half the length of
corrosion leak occurs at a coating det'ect,a pipe coatin_eholi- those shown in Table 9-1 for piping not cathodicallyprotected
day suwey may be usedto evaluatethe coating. and at the same intervals as shown in Thble 9-1 fbr cathodi-
cally protectedpiping. The leali test should be maintainedfor
9.2.4 SoilCorrosivity a period of 8 hours. Four hours after the initiai pressurizatiorr
For piping buried in lengths greaterthan 100 feet (30 m) of the piping system.t}te pressurcshould be noted zurd,if nec-
and not cathodically protected,evaluationsof soil corrosivity essary,the line repressurizedto original test pressureand iso-
should be performed at 5-year intervals. Soil resistivity mea- lated from the [Link] the remainderof the
surenlentsmay be used for relative classificationof the soil test period, the pressuredecreasesmore than 5 percent, the
corrosivity (see 9.1.4). Additional factors that may [Link] piping should be visually inspected extemally and/or
considerationarechangesin soil chemistty and analysesofthe inspectedintemally to find the leak and assessthe extent of
polarizationresistanceof the soil and piping interface. corrosion. Sonic measurementsmay be helpful in locating
[Link] leak testing.
9.2.5 CathodicProtection Buried piping also may be surveyedfor integrity by using
If the piping is cathodically protected, the system temperature-correctedvolumetric or pressure test methods.
should be monitored at intervals in accordancewith Sec-
tion 10 of NACE RP0169 or Section I I of API RP 65 I .
Table9-1-Frequency of Inspection
forBuriedPiping
WithoutEffective
CathodicProtection
9.2.6 Externaland InternallnspectionIntervals
Soil Resistivity (ohm-crn) InspectionInterval (years)
If intemal corrosionof buried piping is expectedas a result < 2,000 5
of inspection on the above-gradeportion of the line, inspec- 2,000to 10,000 l0
tion intervals and methods fbr the buried portion should be > 10.()00 l5
adjusted accordingly. The inspector should be aware of and
 , L T E R A T T oA
P t p r N Gl N S p E c l o N C o D F - l N S p E c T r o N , R E p A r RA NN, DR E R A T T NoGF l N - S E R V I C P
EI P T N G
SYSTEMS

Other alternativelerk test methodsinvolve acousticemission In addition, coating repairs rnay be tested using a high-
examination and the addition of a tracer fluid to the pressur- voltage holiday detector'. f'he detector voltage shall be
ized line (such as helium or sulfur hexafloride).If the tracer is adjustedIo the appropriatevalue lbr the coating material ind
added to the service fluid. the owner/usershall conllrm suit- [Link] holidays fountl shall be repairedand retested.
abilit;, tbr Processand Product.
9.3.2 ClampRepairs
9.3 REPAIRS TO BURIED PIPING SYSTEMS If piping leaks are clunped and reburied, the Iocation of
9.3.1 Repairsto Coatings the clamp shall be logged in the inspectionrecord and may be
surf'acemarked. Both the marker and the record shall note the
An,rrcoating removed for inspection shall be renewedand date of installation and the location of the clamp. All clantps
inspectedappropriately. shall be [Link] piping should be perma-
For coating repairs, the inspector should be assuredthat nentlvrepai-red at the first opportunity.
the coating meetsthe following criteria:
9.3.3 WeldedRepairs
a. It has sutficient adhesionto the pipe to prevent underfihrt
migration of moisture. Weldedrepairs shall be made in accordancein 8.2.
b. It is sufliciently ductile to resist cracking.
9.4 RECORDS
c. It is fiee of voids tmd gapsin the coating (holidays).
d. It has sufhcient strengthto resist damagedue to handling Record systemstbr buried piping should be maintained in
and soil stress. accordancewith 7.6. In additron.a record of the location and
e. lt can supportany suppiementalcathodic protection. dateof installationof temporary clirnps shall be maintained
 A-I NSPECTOR
APPENDIX CERTIFICATION

A.1 Examination A.3 CertificationAgency

A written examination tcl certify inspectors within the The Arnerican Petroleum lnstitute shall be the certifvinq
scope of API 570, Pipittg hnpectiott Cocle, Insltection, agency.
Repair,Akeration, attd Rernting of In-Seruic'ePiping Sys-
ren^[Link] be administeredby API or a third party designated A.4 Retroactivity
by the API. The exarnination shall be based on the current
The certification requirementsof API 570 shall not be ret-
API Body of Knowledgeas publishedby APL
roactiveor interpretedas applying before twelve months after
the date of publication of thrs edition or addendum to APi
A.2 Certification 570. The recertification requirementsof API 570 A.5.2 shall
4.2.1 An API 570 authorized piping inspector certilicate not be retroactive or interpreted as applyrng before 3 years
will be issued when an applicant has successfullypassedthe atirr the date of publication of tlis edition or addendum to
API certification exam and satisfiesthe criteria for experience API 570.
and [Link]/her educationand [Link] com-
bined. shall be equal to at leastone of the fbllorvin-o: A.5 Recertification
a. A Bachelorof Sciencedegreein engineeringor technol- A.5.1 Recertification is required three years fiom the date
ogy, plus one vear of experiencein supervisionof inspection of issuanceof the API 570 authorizedpiping inspectorcertifi-

l'
activities or perfomranceof inspection activilies as described cate. Recerti{icationby written examination will be required
in API 570. 1br authorizedpiping inspectorsu'ho have not been actively
engaged as authorized piping inspectors within the most
b. A two year deggeeor certi{icatein engineeringor technol- recent three-yearcertification period and for authorized pip-
ogy'.plus two years of experiencein the design,construction, ing inspectors who have not previously passed the exarn.
[Link],or operationof piping [Link] which on Exams will be in accordancewith all orovisions contained in
year nrust be in supervisionof inspection activities or perfor- APi 570.
manceof inspectionactivities as describedin API 570. "Actively
4.5.2 engagedas an authorizedpiping inspector"
c. A high school diploma or [Link] three yeus of shall be deflned as a minimunt of 2OVoof time spentperfbrm-
experiencein the [Link],[Link] ing inspection activitiesor supervision
inspectionactivitiesas
operation of piping [Link] which one year must be in describedin the API 570 over the most recentth-reeyear certi-
supervisionof inspectionactivities or perfomranceof inspec- lication period.
tion activities as describedin API 570.
Note: hrspection activities comn'lon to other API inspection docu- |
d. A minimum of five yearsof experiencein the design,con- ments (NDE, record-keeping,review, of welding documents,etc.t 100
may bc considcrcdhcrc. I
struction, repair, inspection, or operation of piping systems.
of which on year must be in supewision of i-nspectionactivi- A.5.3 Once every other recertification period, (every six
ties or performance of inspection activities as descdbed in years) inspectors actively engaged as an authorized piping
API 570. inspector shall demonstrate knowledge of revisions to API
4.2.2 An API authorized piping inspector certifisate is 570 that were instituted during the previous six years. This
requirementshall be effective six yeers fiom the inspector's 03
valid fbr three yearsfiom its date of issuance.
initial certification date. Inspectors who have not been
A.2.3 An API inspector certification will be valid in all actively engagedas an authorizedpiping inspectorwithin the
jurisdictions and any other location that acceptsor otherwise most recent three-yearcertification period shalt recertify as
doesnot prohibit the use ofAPI 570. requiredin A.5.1.

A-1
 B-TECHNICALINQUIRIES
APPENDIX

8.1 Introduction revisionsto API 570 basedon new data or technolog]'.Inquir-

ies shallbe submittedin the following fonnat:
API will consider written requestslbr intetpretationsol
API 570. API staff will make such interpretationsil writing a. Scope-The inquiry shall involve a single subject or
alier consultation,if necessal'y,with the appropriateconmril- closely related subjects"An rnquiry ietter concetning unre-
tee offlcers and the [Link] API commit- lated subjectswill be retumed.
tee responsiblefbr maintaining API 570 meets regularly to
b. Background-The inquily letter shall statethe purpose of
consider written requests for interpretations and revisions,
the inquiry. which shail be either to obtain an inteipretation of
and to develop new criteria as dictated by technological
API 570 or to proposeconsidcrationof a revisionto API 570.
[Link] committee's activities in this regard are
The letter shali provide concisely the intbtmation neededfor
lirnited strictly to interpretationsof the latest edition of API
completeunderstandingof the inquity (with [Link] nec-
570 or to the considerationof revisions to API 570 basedon
essary) and include references to the applicable edition,
the new dataor technology.
revision. paragraphs,figures, and tables.
As a matter of policy, API does not approve,certify. rate,
or endorse any item, construction. proprietary device, or c. Incluiry-The inquiry shall be statedin a condensedand
activity; ard accordingly. inquiries requiring such consider- precise question format, omitting superfluousbackground
ation will be [Link], API does not act as a con- information and, where [Link] such a
"no" (perhapswith provisos) would be a
sultant on specific engineering problems or on the general way that "yes" or
r"rnderstanding or application of the rules. If. based on the suitablereply. This inquiry statementshould be technically
inquiry infbrmation submitted. it is the opinion of the com- and editorially [Link] inquirer shall statewhat he or
mittee that the inquirer should seek engineeringor technical she believes API 570 requrres. if in the opinion of the
[Link] inquiry will be retumed with the recommenda- inquirer a revision to API 570 is needed,the inquirer shall
tion that such assistancebe obtained. provide recommendedwordrng.
All inquiries that do not provide the infomration needed
Submit the inquiry in typewritten fonn; however, legibly
fbr full understmding will be refumed.
handwritten inquiries will be [Link] the name
and the mailing addressof the [Link] the proposal
8.2 InquiryFormat

l"
to the fbllowing address:director of the StandardsDepart-
Inquiries shall be limited strictly to requestsfor interpreta- ment. American Peffoleum lnstitute, l22A L Street, N.W.,
tion of the latestedition of API 570 or to the considerationof Washington.D.C. 20005, standards@[Link].

B-1
 C-EXAMPLESOF REPAIRS
APPENDIX

C.1 Repairs steel backing strip (see note) to avoid fusing the weld to the
sidewall of the pipe.
Manual welding utilizing the gas metal-arcor shieided
metal-arcprocesses may be used. Note:II'lhe originalpipc alongweld numbert hasbeenchecked
Wheir the temperatureis belou' 50"F (10'C), low-hydro- thicknessfor
lhorougiilyby ultrasonicmethodsandit is o1'sulficient
welding,a backingstripis not necessary.
gen electrodes,AWS E-XX16 or E-XXIU. shallbe usedwhen
welding materials confonning to ASTM A-53. GradesA iurd All repair and welding procedures lbr on-streant lines
B; A-106. GradesA and B; A-333; A-334; API 5L; and other must conformto API Publ 2201.
similiu material. These electrodes should also be used on
lower gradesof material when the temperatureof the material C.2 SmallRepairPatches
is below 32'F (0"C). The piping engineershould be consulted
The diarneter of elecfrodesshould not exceed s/r: inch
fbr casesinvolving dill'erentmaterials.
(4.0 mnt). When the temperatue of the basematerial is below
When AWS E-XXI6 or E-XXI8 electrodesare used on
32'F (0"C), low-hydrogen electrodesshall be [Link]
weld numbers2 and 3 (seeFigure C-l below),the beadsshall
of weld beadsdepositedwith low-hydrogenelectrodesshould
be depositedby starring at the bottom of the assernblyand
be avoided.
welding upwtrd. The diameterof theseelectrodesshould not
All repair and welding procedures for on-stream lines
exceecislzz nch (4.0 mm). Electrodes larger that 5/:z inch
must confbmr to API Publication 22t11.
(4.0 mm) may be used on weld number I (seeFigure C-1),
Examples of small reparr patches are shown below in
but the diametershouldnot exceed3716 inch (4.8 mm).
Figure C-2.
The longitudinal welds (number 1, Figure C-1) on the
reinforcing sleeveshall be fitted with a suitable tape or mild

gasketmaterial

FigureC-1-Encirclement
RepairSleeve

u-l
\.- z API 570

-Sir"
ot rn p^r"n "nould not exceed1/zthe pipe diameter.
A full encirclementsleeveshouldbe used i{ the corroded
area exceedsr/2the diameter.

1 "( 2 5m m )m i n i m u m
radius

FigureC-2-SmallRepairPatches
 APPENDIXD-EXTERNALINSPECTION FORPROCESS
CHECKLIST PIPING

D.1 ExternalInspectionChecklistfor 2. Hangerdistortionor breiLkage.

ProcessPiping 3. Bottomed-outsprings.
4. Brace distoniorr/breakage.
PublicationTitle #
-5. Loose brackets.
DateInspected
6. Slide plates/rollers.
Item lnspectedBy Status
7. Counterbalancecondition.
a. Leaks. 8. Support corrosion.
1. Process. Corrosion.
2. SteamTracing. L Bolting supportpoints underciamps.
3. ExistingClamps.
2. Couting/Painting detenoralion.
b. Misarlignment.
3. Soil-to-air interlace.
1. Piping misalignment/restrictednlovement.
4. Insulation intertaces.
2. Expansionjoint misalignment.
5. Biological growth.
c. Vibration.
l. Excessiveoverhungweight. f. Insulation.
2. lnadequatesupport. l. Damage/penetrations.
3. Thin, small-bore,or alloy piping. 2. Missing jacketing/insulation.
4. Threadedconneutions. 3. Sealingdelerioration.
5. Loose supportscausingmetal wear. 4. Bulging.
d. Supports. 5. Banding (brokenlmissing).
1. Shoesoff support.