What if it all works out?

DR MIRA
ABDELKARIM

BIOLOGY

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 2

Contents
Digestion .............................................................................................................................. 5
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 12

Circulatory system............................................................................................................... 22
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 28

The Human Immune System ................................................................................................ 35

QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 43

Human Systems................................................................................................................... 52
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 56

Animal Behavior ................................................................................................................. 58

QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 64

Cellular Respiration ............................................................................................................. 76

QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 81

Photosynthesis..................................................................................................................... 91
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 96

Plants I.............................................................................................................................. 108

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 113

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 3

Plants II............................................................................................................................. 115

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 121

The cell ............................................................................................................................. 129

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 140

The cell II.......................................................................................................................... 151

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 158

Ecology ............................................................................................................................. 170

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 180

Ecology II .......................................................................................................................... 191

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 198

Biochemistry I ................................................................................................................... 216

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 220

Biochemistry II .................................................................................................................. 229

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 235

MOLECULAR GENETICS
DNA…………………………………………………………………………………………...266
QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 256

MOLECULAR GENETICS II ................................................................................................. 262

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 269
THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM
 What if it all works out? 4

CELL DIVISION ................................................................................................................. 285

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 292

Classical genetics............................................................................................................... 313

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 322

Classical Genetics II........................................................................................................... 336

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 345

EVOLUTION I.................................................................................................................... 369

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 377

EVOLUTION II .................................................................................................................. 387

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 393

EVOLUTION III ................................................................................................................. 400

QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 412

VOCABULARY………………………………………………………………………………436

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 5

; Digestion
←

⑤ *&Boly
、

=
Sacchride
= su
‰• Fats get broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, starch
-

i
into monosaccharides, nucleic acids into nucleotides, and
proteins into amino acids.
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• Vitamins and minerals are small enough to be absorbed
without being digested.

• The digestive tract is made of smooth (involuntary) muscle that

- ^

pushes the food along the digestive tract.

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λ y
i

a
- TX
>
-
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^

&self
• The muscles of the digestive
-xe
tract are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
automatic
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THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM
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赤
 digestive system

start ∞
mouth
Starch
-
digestion by
=

Salivary Hinnylase
Saliv* 0
ephe
π ae
Amylase

*
-
e →

to{ mac
、

Depsinogen ic Nail
Hcl
← F
,

Gepsin
s amino
Protein acid
in14 →

Acidic Basic,
√

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 digestion
duedonem
Small Intestine
m ·

digestioffatsAcids 霉
~ Nuclic
starch 、
absorption
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 What if it all works out? 6

Mouth
• The enzyme salivary amylase in saliva begins starch

·to
digestion.

Esophagus j _

• No digestion occurs here.

☆ m
• The esophagus transports food from the throat to the stomach.
∞
Stomach
• Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur here.
• The pH in the stomach is acidic, ranging from 2 to 3.
• Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

• Hydrochloric acid(HCL) begins the breakdown of muscle

(meat) and activates the inactive enzyme pepsinogen to
become pepsin, which digests protein.

*
• The stomach has 2 sphincters, the cardiac sphincter in the

メ
top of the stomach and the pyloric sphincter in the bottom of
stomach.
'

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THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM
 Mouth --
Starch digestion begins
>
-
Salivary Amylase
Esophegus >
- Transport

digestion begins
Protein
Stomach -> >

x Pepsin
λ
Pepsinogen
s
>
-

Hydrochloric Aid 出
PH acidic ≡ 213 .

' =

^
SmallIntestine starch
' > Protein
) adigestion
>
-

fats ( lipids)
- a

completed
→
s
nuclia Acids
>
-
示
dyedoneo
all digestion

all Absorption
 What if it all works out?
Stomach-> Pepsin 7

SI- >
Trypsin
Small Intestine
• Allσdigestion is completed  duodenum ∞
A =

• All nutrients are absorbed  latter part of SI O

⑨
• The pH in the small intestine is 8. G
Enzymes in SI
Pancreatic amylase → Starch
Peptidases,etrypsin&→Protein
chemotrypsin,
Nuclease => Nucleic acids to nucleotides

Lipids (fats) j * dl
>
-

Lipase →
ー

←
θ Liver
D ⑧

Bien
23
• Sends bile to the gallbladder until its release into the small
intestine
• Has 5 functions:
1. Produces Bile PH 11  Emulsify Fats & Neutralizes∞

ge Direhtt love
^
、

Chyme (acidified food from stomach) entering small

intestine
2. Breaks down and recycles red blood cells
3. Detoxifies blood—removes alcohol and drugs
4. Produces cholesterol  cell stability
5. Produces the nitrogenous waste urea from protein
metabolism

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY

#man on and
DR MIRA ABDELKARIM
%
up top
 =
Stomach PH

223

f
i-Bile
Acidia Basic

t
l
Alkaline

Juice ☆
* /]
_
Bile Juice- ·←
的的
、
emulsify ⑧5
址ss ≠
lipids
=

Nuetrilize
\

'

o
Chyme &s
Ac foumet .
③
 What if it all works out? 8

Produce Bile
)
,

Gallbladder
• Stores bile that is produced in liver
• Body can function well without a gallbladder

Pancreas (secrete enzymes)

• Secretes peptidases, lipases, amylases.
LF
o
常
Large Intestine or Colon
• No digestion occurs here
↓• Egestion: removal of undigested
θ waste
e Coli
• Vitamin production—bacteria symbionts living in the colon
.

☆ -

produce the B vitamins, vitamin K, and folic acid.

⑤
凶• Reabsorption of water.

Xdigestion Absorpzion
X
焉些
Vitamins
Br K
Vitamin Acid
Folif
THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM
 4802 — → G : 12

σ
What if it all works out? 9

MUSCLES

There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

• Smooth muscles are involuntary and non-striated. They make up
y
=

万 the digestive tract.

the walls of blood vessels and
&x
e
s
• Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated.

• Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated. Cardiac muscle is

_

found in the heart. Individual heart cells will beat on their own,
even when removed from the body

∅ =

F b
-o
Voluntary Voluntary
_

not not voluntary

not stricted Stricte Stricted
、

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 59
つ
What if it all works out?

00
• tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to
10

☆ ②
bone. (LigamentL leg)

Digestive TRACT. Accessory Organs

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 11

NOTES

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 12

EASY & MEDIUM QUESTIONS

1. Where do nutrients’ absorption occur in?
A) Large intestine
B) Mouth
C) Stomach
D) Small intestine

2. In the human body, tendons connect …………….to ……………

A) Bone, bone
B) Muscle, muscle
C) Muscle, bone
D) Bone, ligament
E) Muscle, ligament

[Link] of the following is not correctly matched?

A) Lipids - glycerol
B) Protein - fatty acid
C) Nucleotide -nitrogenous base
D) Carbohydrate -polysaccharide
E) DNA - nucleotide

4. A PH of 2 is found in digestive system in.............., while a PH of 8 is

found in ...........
A) Colon, mouth
B) Stomach, mouth
C) Stomach, small intestine
D) Colon, small intestine
E) Mouth, stomach

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 13

5. What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A) Striated and voluntary
B) Striated and involuntary
C) Smooth and involuntary
D) Smooth and voluntary

6. Which of the following best describes the appearance and movement

of cardiac muscle tissue?
A) Striated with voluntary movement
B) Striated with involuntary movement
C) Nonstriated with voluntary movement
D) Nonstriated with involuntary movement

7. What is an accessory organ?

A) Pancreas
B) Esophagus
C) Small intestine
D) Colon

8. Which of the following parts of the human digestive system is an

θstructure?
accessory organ or accessory
A) Esophagus
B) Stomach
C) Large intestine
D) Pancreas

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 14

1 .:
Questions 9-14
Match the description to the parts of the human digestive system below.
(A) Small intestine
(B) Stomach
(C) Esophagus
(D) Colon
(E) Mouth

9. Digestion of starch begins _____

10. Digestion of starch is completed _____
11. Digestion of proteins begins _____
12. Water absorption _____
13. Vitamin production _____
14. Organ of egestion
_________________________________________________
15. Gastric enzymes work best in an environment with a pH of ___________
(A) 3
(B) 6
(C) 7
(D) 8
(E) 11

16. Intestinal enzymes work best in an environment with a pH of __________.

(A) 2
(B) 6
(C) 7
(D) 8
(E) 11

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 15

17. The digestive tract consists of ___________ and is under the control of
the ___________ nervous system.
(A) smooth muscle; autonomic
(B) smooth muscle; somatic
(C) skeletal muscle; autonomic
(D) skeletal muscle; somatic
(E) striated muscle; autonomic

18. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the ___________

(A) stomach
(B) beginning of the small intestine ←
(C) latter part of the small intestine
(D) colon
(E) rectum

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 16

[Link] statement is true about bile?

I. Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

II. Bile is secreted by theαsmall intestine and stored in the gallbladder
III. Bile emulsifies lipids.
≠
㎡
IV. Bile neutralizes the digested food coming from the stomach to small
intestine. →□
A) I and IV
←
B) I, III and IV
C) I and III
D) II, III and IV

20.

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 17

21. A man was having painful cramps along with other symptoms. The doctor told
e Q
him that he is having problems in digesting fat. Which of these organs is the LEAST
involved in causing this condition?
_

A) liver
B) gall bladder
C) small intestine
>
-
D) stomach protein .
E) pancreas

22. The heart, kidney, stomach, and thyroid all belong to different organ
systems in the body. Which of the following correctly matches the organ
with its function?
A) Heart; filters waste from blood
B) Kidney; filters waste from blood
C) Stomach; produces bile
D) Thyroid; produces bile

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

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23.

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

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Digestive Extra

1. A scientist studied the activity of enzyme X at different pH levels. The results are represented in the
graph below:

Referring to the results shown in the above bar graph and based on your knowledge, in
which digestive organ(s) is this enzyme found?

A. Stomach
B. Mouth
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine
E. Stomach and small intestine

2. Which statement is true about bile?

I. Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
II. Bile is secreted by the small intestine and stored in the gallbladder.
III. Bile emulsifies lipids.
IV. Bile neutralizes the digested food coming from the stomach to small intestine.
A. I and III
B. I and IV
C II and III
D. I , III, and IV
E. II,III, and IV

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 20

3. The following graph shows the activity of salivary amylase, Pepsin, and Arginase enzymes at
different PH levels

at conclusion can be drawn from the graph above?

A. The optimum pH for all enzymes is 8.

B. The optimum pH for all enzymes is 6.
C. The optimum pH for salivary amylase and Arginase is 8, while the optimum pH for Pepsin is 2.
D. The optimum pH for salivary amylase is 7, for Arginase it is between 9 and 10, and for Pepsin it is
2.
E. The optimum pH for salivary amylase and Pepsin is 5, while the optimum pH for

4. In order to study the digestion of proteins, an experiment was done where the amount of amino acid
was measured in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine after the ingestion of a meal rich in protei ns.
The results are shown in the graph below.

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM

 What if it all works out? 21

From the results shown in the graph, we can conclude that

A. digestion of proteins starts in the mouth and ends in the small intestine.
B. digestion of proteins starts in the mouth and ends in the stomach.
C. digestion of proteins starts in the stomach and ends in the small intestine,
D. digestion of proteins starts in the stomach and ends in the stomach,
E . digestion of proteins starts in the small intestine and ends in the small intestine.

[Link] who have their stomachs removed can survive if they eat predigested food. Could
individuals who remove their small intestine survive if they eat predigested food?

A. No, since most of the digestion occurs in the small intestine.

B. Yes, since the food is predigested.
C. No, since absorption of food occurs in the small intestine.
D. Yes, since digestion of food ends in the stomach.
E. Yes, since absorption of food occurs in the large intestine.

THE GENIUS IN BIOLOGY DR MIRA ABDELKARIM