Transformation of Sentence

Simple, Complex Ges Compound Sentence Gi cwieZ©b

MVb Abymv‡i Sentence wZb cÖKvi|
h_v:

1. Simple sentence. (mij evK¨)

2. Complex sentence. (RwUj evK¨)
3. Compound sentence. ‡hŠwMK evK¨)

Simple-Complex-Compound m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Av‡M wZbwU Topics Rvbv Riæwi

1. Clause m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. Finite verb I nonfinite verb m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv Riæwi|
3. wKQz Connector/linking word m¤§‡Ü Rvbv (hv gyL¯Í ivL‡Z n‡e)|

Finite Verb
1. Finite verb Gi msÁv: †h verb ‡`‡L tense ‡Pbv hvq A_ev ‡h tense cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ verb Gi iæ‡ci cwieZ©b nq, Zv‡K
Finite verb e‡j|
2. Finite verb me©`vq Sub Gi wbKUeZx© n‡e|
3. Finite verb Gi form (V1-V2-V3) Gfv‡e _vK‡e|
Note: Finite verb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ verb A s‡k e¨vL¨vmn D`vniY Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q|

Simple, Complex, Compound cwieZ©b m¤§‡Ü ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz K_v

1. To be verb + ing hy³ _vK‡j = being nq| h_v: am + ing, is + ing, are + ing, was + ing, were + ing = being nq|
2. To have verb + ing hy³ _vK‡j = having nq| Have + ing, has + ing, Had + ing = having nq|
3. “And” but Gi Av‡M I c‡i mgRvZxq sub/verb n‡j c‡i D³ sub/verb Avi wØZxq evi e‡m bv|
4. ïay Because of bq †h †Kvb phrase Gi mv‡_ “of” _vK‡j possessive + verb + ing hy³ nq|
5. Too .......... to _vK‡j ev‡K¨i A_© Negative nq|
Simple sentence/mij evK¨
Simple sentence: ‡h Sentence G GKwU gvÎ Subject Ges GKwU gvÎ finite veab (mgvwcKv wµqv) _v‡K, Zv‡K Simple
sentence e‡j|

Example:
1. He came here by bus. (wZwb ev‡m GLv‡b G‡m‡Qb|)

e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b “He” GKwU gvÎ Sub I Òcame” GKwU gvÎ Finite verb ZvB wbm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h GwU GKwU simple sentence

2. He sings a song. (‡m GKwU Mvb Mvq|)

e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b “He” GKwU gvÎ Sub I “sings” GKwU gvÎ Finite verb ZvB wbm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h GwU GKwU simple sentence

Note: G Qvov Simple sentence, Inspite of, Because of, Being BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ nq|

Simple sentence-‡K Gfv‡e wkL‡j fv‡jv g‡b _vK‡e

 Simple sentence Ggb GKwU sentence, hv ïay gvÎ GKwU Independent clause wb‡q MwVZ|

Example:
1. I wish him to be a teacher. (Avwg PvB †m wkÿK †nvK|)

2. Reaching school, I found no body. (¯‹z‡j †cŠ‡Q, Avwg KvD‡K †cjvg bv|)

3. He sings a song. (‡m GKwU Mvb Mvq|)

4. We saw a little boy dancing on the stage. (Avgiv †QvU evjKwU‡K g‡Â bvP‡Z †`‡LwQjvg|)

e¨vL¨v: Dc‡ii 4 wU sentence-G h_vµ‡g (wish, found, sings, saw) Giv n‡jv finite verb Ges cÖwZwU sentence G GKwU K‡i
sub Av‡Q| AZGe ejv hvq †h, Dc‡ii Sentence ¸‡jv simple sentence.

Complex Sentence/RwUj evK¨

Complex sentence: ‡h Sentence G GKwU gvÎ principal clause Ges GK ev GKvwaK sub-ordinate clause _v‡K, Zv‡K
Complex sentence e‡j| Complex sentence G Sub-ordinate clause wU mvaviYZ sub-ordinating conjunction Øviv
hy³ _v‡K|

Note: Complex Sentence G wKQz Connector ev conjunction Av‡Q hv †`‡L mn‡RB †Pbv hv‡e|

GKbR‡i Complex sentence Gi connector ¸‡jv gyL¯Í ivLyb

(Though, although, till, until, before, which, what, when, who, whom, after, unless, since, if, as, because,
that) BZ¨vww` Øviv ïiæ nq|

Example:
1. If you say, I will respond. (hw` Zzwg e‡jv, Avwg mvov w`‡ev|)

2. Wait here until help comes. (mvnvh¨ bv Avmv ch©šÍ GLv‡b A‡cÿv Ki|)

3. As you were ill, you could not go there. (‡h‡nZz Zzwg Amy¯’ wQ‡j, Zzwg †mLv‡b †h‡Z cviwb|)

4. I know what you want to say. (Avwg Rvwb Zzwg wK ej‡Z PvI|)

e¨vL¨v: Dc‡ii Sentence ¸‡jv‡Z `ywU K‡i clause i‡q‡Q| GKwU principal/main clause ev independent clause) Ges Ab¨wU
sub-ordinate clause ev dependent clause.

Complex Sentence ‡K Gfv‡e g‡b ivLyb

Complex Sentence G GKwU Independent clause Ges Kgc‡ÿ GKwU Dependent clause _v‡K|

Shortcut Structure: Independent clause + Dependent clause = Complex Sentence.

N:B: Clause Ges phrase Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨ n‡”Q-GKwU clause G GKwU verb _v‡K Avi GKwU phrase G †Kvb verb
_v‡Kbv|

Compound sentence. ‡hŠwMK evK¨)

Compound sentence: ‡h sentence G `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK Principal clause _v‡K Ges clause ¸‡jv co-ordinating
conjunctions (for, And, Not, So, But, Or, Yet) g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj: (FANS BOY) =Øviv hy³ _v‡K, Zv‡K Compound
sentence e‡j| co-ording conjunction ¸‡jv “FANS BOYS” kã Øviv g‡b ivLv mnR|

Co-ordinate conjunction g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj

“FANS BOYS” = (for, And, Not, So, But, Or, Yet)
Example:
1. He is poor but he is honest. (‡m Mwie wKš‘ mr|)

2. Do or die. (K‡iv bZzev g‡iv|)

3. I got a GPA of 4 and she got a GAP of 3. (Avwg wRwcG 4.00 †c‡qwQjvg Ges †m †c‡qwQjvg wRwcG 3.00|)

e¨vL¨v: Dc‡ii Sentence ¸‡jv‡Z co-ordinate conjunction (but, or, and) Øviv `yB cv‡k `ywU main clause ‡K hy³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| ZvB G¸‡jv compound sentence.

Compound Sentence ‡K Gfv‡e wPbyb

 GKwU Compound sentence G AšÍZ `ywU independent clause wb‡q MwVZ GKwU evK¨|

Compound Sentence Gi kU©KvU c×wZ

Independent clause + for/and/not/but/or/yet/so + Independent clause = Compound Sentence.

Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Simple, Complex, Compound ‡Pbvi ev †kLvi Awfbe †KŠkj

Simple Complex Compound

1. Sub _vK‡e = 1 wU 1. Sub _vK‡e = 2 wU| 1. Sub _vK‡e = 2 wU|

2. Finite verb _vK‡e = 1 wU 2. Finite verb _vK‡e = 2 wU| 2. Finite verb _vK‡e = 2 wU|
3. Clause _vK‡e = 1 wU 3. Clause _vK‡e = 2 wU| 3. Clause _vK‡e = 2 wU|
(independent clause) (Independent clause & A_©vr, `ywUB independent clause
dependent clause) n‡e|
Example: I hate the lazy. Example:
Exm: If she loves me, I may He is honest, and we love him.
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b Sub 1 wU “I” Finite marry her.
verb 1 wU “hate” Clause 1 wU e¨vL¨v: GKv‡b Sub `ywU “he & we”
“Thy lazy” (Independent e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b `ywU Sub “She & I” Finite verb `ywU “is & love” I
clause) Avi `ywU finite verb Av‡Q “loves `ywU independent clause Kgvi
and marry” Avi clause n‡jv `ywU Av‡Mi I c‡ii wU|
Kgv Gi Av‡Mi wU independent
clause Avi c‡ii wU dependent
clause.

‡R‡b ivLv `iKvi

Clause: Clause n‡jv ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask hvi GKwU Subject I GKwU verb _v‡K| Clause cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi-

1. Principal Clause.
2. Sub-ordinate clause.
3. Co-ordinate clause.
Principal Clause: Principal clause Gi A_© cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb clasue Gi Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K bv| A_©vr g~j
Sentence wU †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i wjL‡jI GwU ¯^vaxb evK¨ wn‡m‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: I saw a man who was wise.

Subordinate clause: ‡h clause “principal clause” Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov GKvKx A_© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K Sub ordinate clause
e‡j| Subordinate gv‡b ÒAaxbÓ| †hgb: I saw a man who was wise.

Co-ordinate clause: hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖbxi clause ‡Kvb Coording conjunction Øviv hy³ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Co-
ordinate clause e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î clause `ywU ¯^vaxb _v‡K| †hgb: He is poor but he is honest.

Note-1: Clause m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨vmn D`vniY I we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv “Clause” As‡k †`Iqv Av‡Q|

Note-2: Clause Ges phrase Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨ n‡”Q - GKwU clause G GKwU verb _v‡K Avi GKwU phrase G ‡Kvb verb
_v‡K bv, phrase I participle, gerund, infinitive BZ¨vw` _vK‡jI †Kvb verb _v‡K bv, simple sentence G mvaviYZ GKwU
clause Ges GKwU phrase _v‡K|
 Simple Sentence Complex Sentence Compound Sentence

2 wU Sub I 2 wU verb (2q Sub Dn¨ _vK‡e)

No 1 wU Sub I 1 wU verb 2 wU Sub I 2 wU verb
1. Sub .......to.........obj to Gi Av‡Mi Ask + So that + sub + And
He worked hard to can/could + to Gi c‡ii Ask He worked hard and
prosper in life. He worked hard so that he could could prosper in life.
prosper in life.
2. Sub + verb + too + adj ................+ So .............. that + sub + ....... Very ........and .....
+ to + obj can/could + not + obj. He is very weak and
He is too weak to walk. He is so weak that he can not walk. can not walk.
3. By + verb + ing If (affirmative) + Sub + V1 + evwK Ask| If + sub D‡V hvq Kgvi cwe‡Z©
By eating a balance If we eat a balance diet, we can live and e‡m|
diet, we can live well. well. Eat a balance diet and
can live well.
4. Verb + ing .............. + sub ... as/when/since + sub + ing D‡V 2q clause Gi and
Going home, I began to tense Abyhvqx verb n‡e| + obj + 2q clause. I went home and began
work. When I went home, I began to work. to work.
Note: `ywU Clause Gi GKB sub Ges g~j
verb _vK‡e|

5. without + verb + ing unless/if + sub + do not/does not + unless/if ‡_‡K not ch©šÍ D‡V hvq
evwK Ask + obj + or + 2q Clause
without working hard, Unless you work hard, you can not Work hard or you can
you can not make it. make it. not make it.
or, If you do not work hard, you cannot
make.
6. in/during/at the time When + sub + verb + obj + 2nd Clause Sub + verb + obj +
of/at the age of When it is summer, it becomes and + evwK Ask|
in/during summer, it emaciated. It is summer and
becomes emaciated. becomes emaciated.
7. Because of + sub Gi As/since + sub + being Gi ¯’‡j be Sub + sub + obj + and
possessive form + verb/having Gi ¯’‡j have, has, had + + evwK Ask
Being/have + evwK Ask + evwK Ask + 2nd Clause. He was lazy and could
Kgv + 2nd Clause) As he was lazy, he could not prosper. not prosper.
Because of his being or as he has much money, he can buy a or, He was much
lazy, he could not car. money and can buy a
prosper. (we`ª: `ywU Clause Gi sub GK _vK‡e Ges To car
or, because of his be verb _vK‡e|
having much money, he
can buy a car.
8. In spite of /despite + Though/although + sub + verb + Though/although D‡V
sub Gi possessive form adj/noun +Kgv + Aci evK¨wU em‡e| hvq Kgvi cwie‡Z© but +
+ being/Adj Gi noun obj.
form + evwK Ask| Though he is poor, he is honest.
In spite of/despite his He is poor but honest.
being poor/poverty, he
is honest.
Note: Simple Ki‡Z:

 Complex G have/has/had _vK‡j: in spite of/despite + sub Gi possessive form + have/has/had Gi cwie‡Z©
having + evwK Ask|

Example:
Though he had a computer, he could not operate it.
In spite of his having computer, he could not operate it.
 Complex G g~j verb _vK‡j: in spite of/despite + sub Gi possessive form + V + ing + evwK Ask|

Example:
Though he went there, he did not find him.
In spite of his going there, he did not find him.

Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b

9. Sub + present participle hy³ simple sentence ‡K complex Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g

Sub + who/which/that + tense Abyhvqx auxiliary verb + present participle hy³ verb + evwK Ask|

Example:
Students desiring to go abroad are to complete IELTS. = Students who are desiring to go abroad are
to complete IELTS.

Avevi GwU‡KB complex –––– simple Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g,

Sub + (who/which/that + auxiliary verb D‡V hvq) + g~j verb Gi †k‡k ing + evwK Ask|

Example:
They boy who is playing in the field is my friend. = The boy playing in the field is my friend.
10. Adjective + noun hy³ simple sentence ‡K complex Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g,

A/The + Adjective Gi c‡ii noun + who/which/that + tense Abyhvqx auxiliary verb + Adjective + noun Gi ci
†_‡K †kl ch©šÍ|

Example:
A meritorious boy can shine in life. = A/The boy who is meritorious can shine in life.
Avevi GwU‡KB complex ––––simple Ki‡Z nj cÖ_‡g,

The Gi cwie‡Z© a/an/ + adj + sub + adjective Gi c‡ii Ask|

Example:
A/The boy who is meritorious can shine in life. = A meririous boy can shine in life.
11. Sub + Verb + adj + noun hy³ simple sentence ‡K complex Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g

Sub + verb + noun + noun Gi Relative pronoun + tense verb + adjective.

Example:
I saw a wise man. = I saw a man who was wise.
 wKš‘ adjective wU Subject ‡K qualify Ki‡j wbqgwU n‡e

It + tense Abyhvqx be verb + Sub + Sub Gi Relative pronoun + verb + adj.

Example:
Unity is strength. = It is unity which is strength. / He is a good student. = It is he who is a good
student.
12. What hy³ Complex sentence ‡K Simple Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g

Sub + verb + (what D‡V hvq) + cÖ`Ë possessive Gi c‡ii noun wU e‡m|

Example:
I know what his name is. = I know his name.

EXERCISE

1. Although he knew the consequences, he repeated the same mistake. (Simple)

2. The book that you lent me has changed my perspective entirely. (Simple)
3. He acted as though he were the master of everyone around him. (Simple)
4. Since he had no money left, he decided to sell his watch. (Simple)
5. If you had followed my advice, you wouldn’t be in trouble now. (Simple)
6. When the rain stopped, the children resumed their play. (Simple)
7. Because he lacked proper guidance, he failed in his venture. (Simple)
8. Unless you pay the bill today, your connection will be cut off. (Simple)
9. The man who stands near the gate is my uncle. (Simple)
10. As the night grew darker, fear crept into their hearts. (Simple)
11. He completed his research and published the findings immediately. (Complex)
12. The old man was sick, but he refused to take any medicine. (Complex)
13. Obey my command, and you will be spared. (Complex)
14. The sky was cloudy, so we decided not to go on a picnic. (Complex)
15. He worked all night and finished the report before dawn. (Complex)
16. He is too proud to admit his mistake. (Complex)
17. In spite of his illness, he attended the meeting. (Complex)
18. To avoid public criticism, the minister remained silent. (Complex)
19. On hearing the verdict, the accused burst into tears. (Complex)
20. Without a strong foundation, a building cannot stand firm. (Complex)
21. He tried his best but could not satisfy his employer. (Complex)
22. Finish the task first and then you may take rest. (Complex)
23. The soldiers fought bravely but were ultimately defeated. (Complex)
24. The boy made a mistake, yet he refused to apologize. (Complex)
25. The sun set and the night fell quickly. (Complex)
26. He worked hard, and therefore he achieved success. (Complex)
27. Though the mountain was steep, the climbers advanced steadily. (Compound)
28. Because he was ill, he could not complete the mission. (Compound)
29. As he was innocent, he was released immediately. (Compound)
30. Since he was exhausted, he went straight to bed. (Compound)
31. If he apologizes, he will be forgiven. (Compound)
32. He left early lest he should miss the flight. (Compound)
33. The teacher punished him because he had cheated in the exam. (Compound)
34. The moment the train arrived, the passengers rushed to get in. (Compound)
35. The boy trembled as he faced the furious dog. (Compound)
36. The police arrested the man because he had bribed the official. (Compound)
37. He lost the job for being careless. (Complex)
38. Despite his sincerity, he could not impress the panel. (Complex)
39. Owing to the heavy rainfall, the roads became impassable. (Complex)
40. Having failed twice, he determined to try again. (Complex)
41. Seeing the stranger at night, the guard raised an alarm. (Complex)
42. Through hard work, she achieved what others thought impossible. (Complex)
43. He is old but not too weak to travel. (Complex)
44. He remained silent though he was provoked. (Compound)
45. If you do not listen carefully, you will misunderstand me. (Compound)
46. Although he was intelligent, he was not wise. (Compound)
47. As she could not find a cab, she walked home alone. (Compound)
48. Since the storm subsided, the ships resumed their journey. (Compound)
49. He was so astonished that he could not utter a word. (Simple)
50. The criminal fled before the police reached the spot. (Simple)

Answers
Complex → Simple (1–10, 49–50)

1. In spite of knowing the consequences, he repeated the same mistake.

2. You lent me a book which has changed my perspective entirely → You lent me a book changing my
perspective entirely.
3. Acting like the master of everyone around him, he behaved arrogantly.
4. Having no money left, he decided to sell his watch.
5. By not following my advice, you are now in trouble.
6. The rain stopping, the children resumed their play.
7. Lacking proper guidance, he failed in his venture.
8. Failing to pay the bill today will cause your connection to be cut off.
9. The man standing near the gate is my uncle.
10. With the night growing darker, fear crept into their hearts.
11. He was too astonished to utter a word.
12. The police not having reached the spot, the criminal fled.

Simple → Complex (16–20, 37–42)

16. He is so proud that he cannot admit his mistake.

17. Though he was ill, he attended the meeting.
18. The minister remained silent so that he might avoid public criticism.
19. When the accused heard the verdict, he burst into tears.
20. If a building has no strong foundation, it cannot stand firm.
21. He lost the job because he was careless.
22. Although he was sincere, he could not impress the panel.
23. As the rain was heavy, the roads became impassable.
24. After he had failed twice, he determined to try again.
25. When the guard saw the stranger at night, he raised an alarm.
26. She achieved what others thought impossible because she worked hard.

Complex → Compound (27–36, 44–48)

27. The mountain was steep, but the climbers advanced steadily.
28. He was ill, so he could not complete the mission.
29. He was innocent, and he was released immediately.
30. He was exhausted, so he went straight to bed.
31. He will apologize, and then he will be forgiven.
32. He left early, or he would miss the flight.
33. He had cheated in the exam, so the teacher punished him.
34. The train arrived, and the passengers rushed to get in.
35. He faced the furious dog, and he trembled.
36. He had bribed the official, so the police arrested him.
37. He was provoked, yet he remained silent.
38. Listen carefully, or you will misunderstand me.
39. He was intelligent, but he was not wise.
40. She could not find a cab, so she walked home alone.
41. The storm subsided, and the ships resumed their journey.

Compound → Complex (11–15, 21–26, 31–35)

11. After he completed his research, he published the findings immediately.

12. Though the old man was sick, he refused to take any medicine.
13. If you obey my command, you will be spared.
14. As the sky was cloudy, we decided not to go on a picnic.
15. Because he worked all night, he finished the report before dawn.
16. Although he tried his best, he could not satisfy his employer.
17. You may take rest after you finish the task.
18. Though the soldiers fought bravely, they were ultimately defeated.
19. Although the boy made a mistake, he refused to apologize.
20. When the sun set, the night fell quickly.
21. As he worked hard, he achieved success.
22. If he apologizes, he will be forgiven.
23. He left early lest he should miss the flight.
24. Since he had cheated in the exam, the teacher punished him.
25. As soon as the train arrived, the passengers rushed to get in.
26. As he faced the furious dog, the boy trembled.