Design of Statistically Indeterminate PSC Beams

Consider this two-span Continuous beam shown below:

A 1) B 2) C

For this structure, there are three critical sections to consider: D, B and E. Investigate
loading patterns so that maximum positions and negative moments can be obtained for
sections D, B and E.

Investigate section D:

+
-

A B C

 To produce positive bending moment at D1 load the span AB.

 To produce negative bending moment at D1 load the span BC.

 Bending Moment diagram

+
D -

ML

MN
Investigate sec B.
+
D
-  Bending Moment diagram

+ +

B
A C

To produce bending moment at B1 load spans AB and BC.

A D B E C

MB

0
Design of Sec. D

Approximate method of design: C1

MD
P Pe M D M N
− + − =0 e
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1) C2 p
MN
FC
P Pe M D M N
+ − + =F C
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2) FC

P Pe M D M L
− + − =F C C1
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3) MD

C2 e
p
ML
0
P Pe M D M L
+ − − =0
A Z2 Z2 Z1 (4)
 M L+ M N
.
From (1) + (3) Z1= F C (5)
M L+ M N
.
From (2) + (4) Z2= F C (6)

From Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

MD MN Z 1
− + .
e= P P A (7)

MD MN F C Z 2 Z 2
− + −
e= P P P A (8)
M D ML Z 1 F C Z 1
+ + −
e= P P A P (9)

MD ML Z 2
+ − .
e= P P A (10)

Substituting Eq. (6) into (8)

M D MN ( M L + M N ) Z 2
+ + −
e= P P P A

M D ML Z 2
+ − .
e= P P A (11) this is the same as Eq (10)

thus Eq. (8) is equal to (10). Similarly, we can show that Eq.(7) is the same as (9).

Equating (7) and (10)

M D M N Z 1 MD M L Z 2
− + . + − .
P P A = P P A

But
( Z1 Z2
+
A A ) (
I
= .
1
+
A C1 C2
1
=
I ( C1 +C2 )
)
A C C2
=
1
Ih
AC 1 C
.
 1 (Z 1+ Z 2) Ih
( M L+ M N ) P = A
=
AC 1 C 2
.

AC 1 C 2
P=( M L + M N )
Or Ih (*)

Substitute P into Eq. (7)

M D M N Z1
− + .
e= P P A

MD MN C2
− + ( M L+ M N ) .
e= P P Ph

M D ML C 2 M N C 1
e= P
+ . −
P h P
.
h
. ( )
Design of Sec B

Note: sec. B is always subjected to negative bending moment. However, to

generalize the derivation, let us assure that there is a positive bending moment present.

P Pe M D M N FC
+ − + =F C
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1) C1 P
e
P Pe M D M N
− + − =0 C2 MN
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2) MD
0

P Pe M D M L
+ − − =0 0
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3) P
C1
e
P Pe M D M L
− + + =F C 1
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4) C2 MD ML

FC

M L+ M N
From (1) and (3) Z1= F C (5)
 M L+ M N
From (2) and (4) Z2= F C (6)

From (2) and (3)

MD MN Z2
e= − + .
P P A (7)
M D M L Z1
e= + − .
P P A (8)

Equation (7) and (8)

M D M N Z2 M D M L Z1
− + = + − .
P P A P P L

(ML+MN)1/P = (Z1+Z2) 1/A.f

Ih
But (Z1+Z2)= AC 1 C2
AC 1 C2
P= (ML+MN) Ih (*)

M D M L (C 1) M N (C 2 )
+ −
And e= P P h P h (*)

C1 C2

The design procedure appears to be the following:

1. Compute and plot the maximum and minimum bending moments which results
from the various possible combinations of live load and dead load.

2. Compute trial section from

M L+ M N M +MN
orZ 2 = L
Z1= FC FC

3. Compute section properties and determine P from

 AC 1 C 2
P=( M L + M N )
Ih

4. Adopt trial cable profile and determine the pressure diagram by equivalent load
method.

e=
MD
P
+
P ( )
ML C2
h
−
P ( )
M N C1
h

5. If desired, adjust the cable profile by linear transformation to make the cable
concordant.

6. Check stresses at critical sections.

*or
e=
MD
P
+
ML C1
P ( )
h
−
P ( ) for the case where e is above the n.a.
M N C2
h

Example:

Design a two-span continuous PSC beam of rectangular section to carry a live load
of 7.3 KN/m in addition to its own dead weight. The live load may be positioned
accordingly to produce the most severe conditions. Assume Fc=13.8 MPa and Ft=0, Unit
weight of concrete is 23.56 KN/m3.

A D B E B

12 12
Investigate Section B:
 Load both spans to produce maximum negative moment.

A B C MFAB MFBC
- +

0.5 0.5
ωL2
-M +MM -M +MM M=
12
2 ωL2
-M/2 M=
3 8
+M/2 -M
+MM

0 +3/2M 0
2
WL
.
16

WL2
16
WL2 WL2
.
16 8
B.M. diagram due to loads on both spans.

Note: Draw moment on the compression side of the beam.

Investigate Sec. D or E
w
D E
 L L
A B C
ωL2
M=
Let 12
3 ωL2
1/2 1/2 M=
4 16
-M +M -0 +0

+M/2
0 +3/4M -3/4M 0

1 2 ϖL2 3
ϖL − = ϖL 2
8 32 32

D
E B.M. diagram

A C

ϖL2 ϖL2
B 16 32

Load span BC

A D B E C

Let
1/2 1/2

0 0 -M +M
ωL 2
0 +3/4M -3/4M 0 M=
12
3 WL 2
-M/2 M=
+3/4M 4 16

B.M. diagram
 WL2
3
2 16 WL 2
WL 32
32

Section B:

W PD L2
M D=
8
WL 2
W D L2 M L=
M D= 8
8
Section D or E:

W D L2 3 2 ωL2
M D= MW= L 2 ωL M =
16 M , = L D32 ,
N
32 .
D 3 WL2
16 M L= WL2 MN=
32 32
e
P

Design Sec. B

WL2 7 .3 x 122
= =131. 4 KNm.
ML= 8 8

M L 131 . 4 x 10 6
= =9 .52 x 10 6 mm 3 .
Z =Z = F C 13 . 8
2 1

1 2
bd =9 .52 x 10 6
6 try b = 250mm.

6 x 9 . 52 x 106 6
=0. 22848 x 10
d2=250

d=478mm.

Compute section properties:

A = 250x478=119,500mm2
 1
x 250 x 4783 =2275 . 32 x 10 6
I= 12

478
=239 mm .
C1=C2= 2

w/ of beam = 0.25x0.478x1x23.56=2.815kN/m!
2
1 2 2 . 815 x 12
WDL = =50 . 67 KNm.
MD = 8 8

AC 1 C2 131. 4 KNm. x 106 x 119, 500 mm 2 x 239 mmx239 mm .

=
P=ML. Ih 2 ,275 . 32 x 106 x 478 mm .

P=824.68KN

Design of sec. D or E:

3 2
WL2 WL2
WL
ML= 32 ; MN = 32 :ML+MN= 8 . (same as in sec. B)
Section chosen appears to be adequate at D or E.
Tendon profile:
At D: at A:

W D L2 2. 815 x 12 2
.= =25 .335 KNm .
MD=16 16 MD=0
2
3 7 . 3 x 12 x 3
WL 2 = =98 .55 KNm .
ML=32 32 ML=0
WL2 1
.=7 .3 x 122 x =32 . 85 KNm .
MN=32 32 MN=0
:e=0

M D M L C 2 M N C1
+ . − . .
e= P P h P h

25 . 335 98 . 55 x 1000 1 32 .85 x 1000 1

x 1000 x − x
e=824 . 68 +824 . 68 2 824 . 68 2

e=68.12mm.(below n.a.)
at B:

W D L2
=50. 67 KNm .
MD= 8

WL2
=131 . 4 KNm.
ML= 8

MN=0

50 . 67 x 1000 131 . 4 x 1000 1

x =141 .10 mm .
e= 824 . 68 + 824 . 68 2 (above n.a.)

141.10

cable profile

68.12 68.12

Check if cable is concordant.

By equivalent load method:

4P
2 ( 1
e +e 3 −2 e2 )
W= L

4P 277 . 34 x 4 x 824 .68

2
( 0−141 .10−2 x 68 . 12 )= 2
W= L 12 x 1000

W=6,353 KN/m. (↑)

WL2 6 , 353 x 122

= =57 . 177 KNm.
16 16 at D
 WL2 6 , 353 x 122
= =114 .354 KNm .
8 8 at B.

eA=0

57 . 177 x 1000
=69 .33 mm.
eD=824 . 68 (below n.a.)

114 .354 x 1000

=138. 66 mm .
eB=824 . 68 (above n.a.)

Pressure diagram is shown:

138.66 mm

69.33 mm

If cable is made concordant, what is the upward pressure w exerted by the tendons?

4P 4 x 824 .68 x 277 .32

2
( 0−138 . 66−2 x 69. 33 ) = 2
W= L 12 x 1000

W=6.353 KN/m. ↑

Check Stresses

Sec. D and E: (By the equivalent load method )

P = 824.68KN
 P 824 . 68 x 1000
+ =6 .90 MPa
(A) A 119500
M D C1 M D C2 25. 335 x 10 6 x 239
P = = =2 .66
Mp MD ML = 98.55 KNM
I I 2275. 31 x 106

25.335 KNM
D 57.177 KNM

M L C1 M L C 2 98. 55 x 106 239

= = =10 . 35
(B) I I 2275 . 31 x 106

MP P MD MN = 32.85 KNm
57.177 KNM 25.335 KNM
MPC1 M P C 2 57 .177 x 106 x 239
= = =6 . 00
I I 2275 .31 x 10 6
D
M N C1 M N C2 32. 85 x 106 x 239
= = =3 . 45
I I 2275. 31 x 106

Case A:
σ top= +6.90+2.66+10.35-6.00=13.91 MPa.

σ bot . =+ 6 . 90−2. 66−10. 35+6 . 00=−0 .11 MPa.

Case B:
σ top =+ 6 . 90+2 .66−6 . 00−3 . 45 =+ 0 .11 MPa
σ bot =+ 6. 90−2 .66+6 .00+3. 45=10 . 24 MPa

Use pressure diagram

P= 824.68KN MD,ML and MW are the same as above

P e P e 824 . 68 x 69 .33 x 239 x 106

= = =6 . 00 MPa
Z 1 Z 2 22. 75 .31 x 10 6
(A)
P MD ML
e = 69.33

D
 σ top=6 . 90+2 .66+10. 35−6 .00=13 . 91 MPa
Case A= σ bot=6 .90−2 .66−10 .35+6 .00=−0 . 11 MPa

(B)

σ top=6 . 90+2 .66−6 . 00−3 . 45 =+ 0 .11 MPa

Case B= σ bot=6 .90−2 .60+6 .00+3. 45=10 .24 MPa
e = 69.33
P MD MN
D

Section B
By equivalent load method

P ML=131.4
Mp=114.354 KNM
MD=50.67KNM

At working load
 824 . 68 x 1000 106 ×239
σ top= −[ 50. 67+131 . 4−114 .354 ] ×
119. 500 2275 . 31×106
σ top=6 . 90−7 . 11=−0 .21 N /m2
Check
2
σ bot .=6 . 90+7 . 11=+ 14 .01 N /m

By conventional method (use e from pressure diagram)

e = 138.66 ML = 131.4

MD = 50.67

At working load.
824 . 68 x 1000 824 . 68 x 136 .66 x 239 x 1000
σ top= +
119. 500 2275. 31 x 106
10 6 x 239
−[ 50 .67+131. 4 ]
2275 . 31
σ top=6 . 90+12 .01−19. 12 =-0.21 N/mm2 check
σ bot=6 .90−12. 01+19 . 12 =+14.01N/mm2
Check the stresses at transfer also!

Stresses at transfer:
Sec. D ( use equivalent load method)

P=824.68 KN

P Mp= 57.177 KNM

MD=25.335 KNM
 824 . 68 25 . 335 x 106 x 239 57. 177 x 10 6 x 239
σ top= x 1000+ =
119. 500 2275 . 31 x 106 2275. 31 x 106
=6.90+2.45-6.00=3.35MPa
σ bot=6 .90−2 . 45+6 . 00=10 . 45 MPa

At Sec. B (by equivalent load method)

P= 824.68 KN Mp = 114.354 KNM

MD = 50.67 KNM

824 . 68 x 1000 50 .67 x 106 x 239 114 .354 x 106 x 239

σ top= − +
119. 500 2275 .31 x 10 6 2275 .31 x 10 6
σ top=6 . 90−5 . 322+12. 01=13 . 588 MPa
σ bot=6 .90+5. 322−12 . 01=0 . 212 MPa
Ultimate strength Analysis and Design
Load- Deflection Response
9

8 Plastic Cracked

6 Elastic Cracked

5
Range of Services

4
Elastic Uncracked
3

1 2
 G

Fe

Fi

ΔG = depletion due to self-weight

ΔFe = camber of weight less beam due to prestress
ΔFi = camber of weight less beams due to initial prestressed

Figure : Typical load-deflection curve of prestressed beams

Points 1. and 2. theoretically predicted camber of the beam assumed weight less due to
initial and effective prestress

3. camber due to weight of beam and effective presstress assuming losses have taken
place
4. point of zero deflection
5. decompression or zero stress at the bottom of the beam
6. Onset of cracking
7. Non-elastic behaviour
8. Yielding of steel
9. Ultimate strength

Types of flexural failures

1. Fracture of the steel immediately often creaking of concrete and thus, sudden
failure
2. Crushing of the concrete compression zone, preceded by yielding and plastic
extension of the steel
3. Crushing of the concrete compressive zone before yielding of the steel

load Ultimate over-reinforced

( f ps > f py ¿ ) ¿ ¿ ¿ Ultimate under-reinforced

¿
Ultimate at cracking
( f ps >f py ¿) ¿ ¿¿
( f ps =f pu ) ¿
Self wt.
deflection

cr

Calculation of Cracking Moment

C1

e0
P
C2 Mcr
M

fr

Let fr = cracking stress or modulus of rupture of concrete

P= A ps f pe
Ac = area of concrete
I
=
Zb = section modulus C2
Aps = area of prestressing steel
Fpe = effective pretress

For the bottom fiber,

P Peo M cr
+ − =f r
Ac Zb Zb

∵ M cr =P
[ Zb
Ac ]
+ eo −f r Z b .

M cr = A ps f pe
[ Zb
Ac ]
+ e o −f r Z b
(1)

Ultimate Strength of PSC Sections

Assumptions:
 1. Plane sections remain plane under loading.
2. Perfect bond exist between concrete and steel (additional assumptions by ACI
Code)
∈
3. The limiting compressive strength of the concrete cu is 0.003 regardless of
the strength of the concrete
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected
5. The total force in the concrete compressive block can be approximated by
considering a uniform stress block of magnitude 0.85
f c over a rectangular
block of width b and depth a=B1 C where C represents the depth of the neutral
axis and B1 a factor defined as

B1 =0 .85 fc1 for fc 1 ≤4000 psi ( 27. 58 N /mm 2 )

B1 =0 .65 fc1 for fc 1 ≥8000 psi ( 55 . 16 N /mm 2 )
B1 =0 .85−5×10−5 ( fc1 −4000 ) for 4000≤fc 1 ≤8000
=0. 85−5×10−5 ( fc 1−27. 58 ) for 27 . 58≤fc1 ≤55 .16 N /mm 2
=725×10−5
F c1 0.85fc1
.003
a/2
a=B1C
C
h dp

T Apsfps

¿ F A =0 A ps f ps =0 . 85 f 1 ba
c (2)

¿ M =0
M n =0 . 85 f 1 ba d−
c ( ) a
2 (3)

Values of
f ps

(1) For members with bonded prestressing tendons:

 ( )
f pa
f ps =f ps 1−0 . 5 p p
f 1
c

where
f pμ is the ultimate strength of prestressing steel
pp is the reinforcement ratio given as A ps /bdp

(2) For members with unbonded prestressing tendons:

f 1
c
f ps =f pe +69+
100 p p in N / mm 2
f 1
c
f ps =f pe +10000+
or 100 p p in psi
But
f ps > f py
f ps > ( f pe + 414 ) N /mm2
f ps > ( f pe +60000 ) psi
or

From Eq. (2)

A ps f ps
a=
0. 85 f 1 b
c
A ps f ps dp
a=
0. 85 f 1 bdp
or c

A ps
P p=
Let bdp = reinforcement ratio
and
f ps
q=P p⋅
f
c1 = reinforcing index
dp
∵ a=q⋅
0 . 85
 (
M n =c dp−
a
2 )
M n =0 . 85 f 1 ba dp−
c ( )a
2

0. 85 ( 0 . 85 )
dp dp
M n =0 . 85 f b⋅q dp−q
c1

M n =f 1 bd 2 q ( 1−0 . 59 q )
c p

The design moment of resistance is

φM n ,
φM n =φf 1 bd 2 q ( 1−0 .59 q )
thus c p

where φ=0 . 90 for flexure

The ACI Code specifies that the equation for Mn is only applicable for q≤0 . 30 or under
reinforced beams.

For over-reinforced members; q≥0 . 30 , thus Mn becomes

M n =f 1 bd 2 ( 0. 30 ) [ 1−00 . 59×0 . 30 ]
c p
M n =f 1 bd 2 ( 0. 25 )
c p
M n =0 .25 f 1 bd 2
c p

T-Beams, I-Beams and Box-Beams

b
0.85 fc1 0.85 fc1

hf a Cf a Cf

or

dp
Aps

T =Apsfps T =Apsfps
 bw

The compressive force on the concrete is

C f =0 . 85 f 1 ba a ¿ hf
c where ¿
Determine if a is less than hf
C f =0 . 85 f 1 bhf T = A ps f ps
c and
If f
C <T; then a is less than hf and the stress block is within the flange.
Analyze the section as a rectangular section.

If Cf >T the stress block extends to the web.

b 0.85 fc1

hf a Tw
f Tnw

dp

Aps
Apsf
ps

Tnf= 0.85f1c (b-bw) hf (1)

Tnw= 0.85f1c bw a (2)
T= Aps fps (3)

∑ F H =0
0.85f1c bw a + 0.85f1c(b-bw) hf= Aps (4)
∑ M .=0

Mn= Tnf=
( dp−
hf
2 ) (
+T nw dp−
a
2 ) (5)
From Eq. (4)

A ps f ps ( b−bw ) hf
1
−
c bw
a= 0 .85 f b w

[ ]
1
f ps c
0 . 85 f ( b−bw )hf
1
. A ps −
c f ps
a= 0 .85 f b w (6)
Substituting in (5)

a hf
Mn= 0.85f1cbw a (dp- p + 0.85f1c(b-bw)hf(dp- 2 (7)
Design Nominal Moment= Ø Mn

( )
A ps
Check if Pp= bdp as in a rectangular sec.
If section is over- reinforced and T<Cf the stress block will be within the flange, hence
Mn= 0.25f1cbd2p (8)
If section is over- reinforced and T< Cf the stress block will be in the web, thus,
hf
Mn= 0.25 f cbw d p+ 0.85f c(b-bw) hf (dp- 2
1 2 1
(9)

Over load Factors

Ae1 code 318-77

Dead load + Live Load: 1.4WD + 1.7WL

Wind load, live load + Dead Load: 0.75 (1.4WD+1.7WL+ 1.4WW)

Or 0.75(1.4WD+ 1.7WW)
Or (0.9WD+ 1.3WW)

Which ever is the greatest?

Where WD= dead load
WL= live load
WW= wind load

Reduction Factors:
Prestressed Concrete: Hexure= 0.90
Shear= 0.85
Torsion= 0.85
Compression= 0.75(spiral reinforcement
= 0.70 (others)
Axial Tension= 0.90
 Reinforcement Index for T- Beam, I- Beam and Box- Beams

For rectangular section q= bdpf c

A ps f ps
1
=P P
( )
f ps
fc
A PS comprehensiveforceonconcrete
; qr = 1
bdp c
Where P P= bdpf

For T section:
1 1
c c
0 .85 f ( b−bw) hf +0 . 85 f bwa
1
c
qT= bd p f
0 .85 (b−bw)hf 0. 85 bwa
+
q= bd P bd p
t
0 .85 a
qrectangle= d p ; map value= 0.30

qT=
[ 0 . 85(b−bw )hf
bd p
+0. 30
bw
b ( )]
≤0. 30

if q T ≥0 . 30 section is over- reinforced.

Example 1:
Given: Aps= 1750mm2 fpu= MPa; f1c= 48MPa
Fse= 1100 MPa

460 0.85fc1
a Tnf
175

140 785 mm

Aps T = Apsfps
175
 A Ps 1750
= =0. 00485
PP= bdp 460 x 785
Check if fse is greater than 0.50 fpu= 930 MPa
For bounded beams.
( f se =1100> 0 .5 f pu=930 ) ok, thus

( )
f pu
f ps =f pu 1−0 . 5 P p
f 1
c

(
f ps=1860 1−0 .5×. 00485×
1860
48 )
=1685 MPa
f ps 0 . 00485+1685
q= p p⋅ = =0 .17 <0 .30
f 48
check c1

section is under reinforced.

C f =0 . 85 f 1 bhf
c
C f =0 . 85×48×460×175=3284 . 4 kN

T = A ps f ps=1750×1685=2949 kN
C f >T or T < C f ∵ stress block is in the flange

Analyze the section as rectangular section

0 . 85×48×460×a=2949×103
a=157 mm<175 mm

( a
M n =T d p − =2949 785−
2 )157
2
=2084 KNM ( )
M u =φM n =0 . 90×2084=1876 KNM

2
Example 2: Suppose A ps =2350 mm and all other data are the same:

460
0.85fc1
175 Tnt
a Tnw

785
550
140
 Aps T = Apsfps
175

A S 2350
= =0. 00651
Check PP= bdp 460 x 785

` 0.5fpu = 930 MPa (fSC=100θMPa>0.5fpa)

f pu
1
fp s= fpu (1-0.50xPpx fc )

1860
fps = 1860 (1-0.50x.00651x48 )

Cf = 0.85x48x460x175 = 3284.4KN

T= APS x fPS = 2350x1625 = 3818.75 KN

T > Cf : stress block extends to the web.

T 3818 . 75
=
1 0 . 85 x 48
=93 .60 x 103 mm 2 .
Area of compression zone = 0 .85 fc

Area of flange = 460x175 = 80.5x103mm2.

: Web area below flange = (93.20-80.5)103mm2. = 13.1x003mm2

13 .10 x 103
a = 175+140 = mm.

Check qT:

bw 0 . 85(b−bw )hf
+ .
qT = 0.30 b bdp
140 0. 85( 460−140 )175
+ .
qT = 0.30460 460 x 785

qT = 0.0913+.1318 = 0.2231<0.30
Section is under – reinforced.

Q hf
Mn = 0.85fc bw a (dp- 2 ) +0.85fc (b-bw) hf (dp- 2 )
1 1

269 175
Mn = 0.85x48x140x269(785- 2 )+0.85x48(460-140)175(785- 2 )

Mn = 999.81+1593.65 = 2593.46 KNm.

Mn = ØMn = 0.90x2593.46 = 2334.11 KNm.