SQL Commands
Ek Students Table pe sari 11 commands — step by step
Hamare paas Students Table:
Yeh base table hai — sab commands isi pe apply honge.
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
1. SELECT
Category: DQL — Data Query Language
Table se data read/nikalna. * ka matlab sab columns.
Query:
SELECT * FROM Students;
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
Note: Sab 4 rows return hoti hain. Koi change nahi hota.
2. UPDATE
Category: DML — Data Manipulation Language
Kisi existing row ki value change karna. WHERE zaroori hai warna sab rows update ho jaengi.
Query:
UPDATE Students
SET City = 'Islamabad'
WHERE StudentID = 3;
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
Note: Sirf Bilal (ID=3) ki City Multan se Islamabad ho gayi. Baqi rows safe.
3. DELETE
Category: DML — Data Manipulation Language
Kisi row ko table se permanently hatana. WHERE na likha toh sab rows delete!
Query:
DELETE FROM Students
WHERE StudentID = 4;
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
Note: Nida (ID=4) permanently delete. Laal row = jo hati.
4. INSERT INTO
Category: DML — Data Manipulation Language
Table mein bilkul naya record add karna. Columns aur VALUES ka order match karo.
Query:
INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, Name, City, Age)
VALUES (5, 'Hina', 'Peshawar', 23);
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
5 Hina Peshawar 23
Note: Hina ka naya record (ID=5) table mein add ho gaya. Hara = naya.
5. CREATE DATABASE
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Bilkul naya database container banana. Iske andar phir tables banate hain.
Query:
CREATE DATABASE SchoolDB;
Result / Effect:
Result
Database 'SchoolDB' created successfully
Note: Koi table nahi bana abhi — sirf empty database container ready hua.
6. ALTER DATABASE
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Existing database ka naam ya settings change karna. Data safe rehta hai.
Query:
ALTER DATABASE SchoolDB
MODIFY NAME = CollegeDB;
Result / Effect:
Result
Database renamed to 'CollegeDB' successfully
Note: Database ka naam change ho gaya. Andar ka sab data safe hai.
7. CREATE TABLE
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Naya empty table banana columns aur data types ke saath. PRIMARY KEY = unique ID.
Query:
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
City VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
(empty) (empty) (empty) (empty)
Note: Table ready — lekin abhi koi data nahi. INSERT se data daalo.
8. ALTER TABLE
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Existing table mein naya column add karna ya hata dena. Purana data safe rehta hai.
Query:
ALTER TABLE Students
ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age Email
1 Ali Lahore 20 NULL
2 Sara Karachi 22 NULL
3 Bilal Multan 19 NULL
4 Nida Karachi 21 NULL
Note: Email column add ho gaya. Purani rows mein NULL hai kyunke value di nahi.
9. DROP TABLE
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Poora table aur uska sab data PERMANENTLY delete. Bohot khatarnak — dobara nahi milega!
Query:
DROP TABLE Students;
Result / Effect:
StudentID Name City Age
1 Ali Lahore 20
2 Sara Karachi 22
3 Bilal Multan 19
4 Nida Karachi 21
Note: Table aur sab data permanently gone! Koi undo nahi. Sochke use karo.
10. CREATE INDEX
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Search fast karne ke liye index (search key) banana. Jaise kitab mein index hota hai.
Query:
CREATE INDEX idx_city
ON Students (City);
Result / Effect:
Index Name Table Column
idx_city Students City
Note: Ab WHERE City='Karachi' wali queries bohot fast chalenge. Data change nahi hota.
11. DROP INDEX
Category: DDL — Data Definition Language
Banaya hua index hatana. Table aur data safe — sirf search optimization hati hai.
Query:
DROP INDEX idx_city
ON Students;
Result / Effect:
Index Name Status
idx_city Dropped successfully
Note: Index hat gaya. Data aur table bilkul safe hain.
Color Legend
Hara (Green) Naya add hua ya highlighted row
Laal (Red) Delete hua ya khatarnak operation
DDL Data Definition Language — structure banana/badalna
DML Data Manipulation Language — data add/edit/delete
DQL Data Query Language — sirf data padhna