AMAN SINGH

Engineering Workshop - Concise Programs

Program 1
• 1. Introduction to PC Hardware

• a. RAM, ROM, Motherboard, SMPS, Processor

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• "The CPU or processor is the "brain" of the computer. It performs all the operations that the computer does, from
simple encoding of text to complex rendering of video. S...

• Random Access Memory

• "Usually referred to as 'memory', RAM is second to the CPU in determining your computer's performance. It
temporarily stores your computer's activities until they are tra...

• Hard Disk Drive

• "The hard disk drive, more commonly known as the hard drive or hard disk, is where all data and programs are
stored in your computer permanently, unless you delete them. ...

• Motherboard

• The motherboard is a large circuit board that connects all the parts of the computer, including the hard disk drive,
CPU, and RAM. The motherboard is like the nervous sys...

• Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

• A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts power using switching devices that
are turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage compo...
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Program 2
• 2. Hardware installation and assembly of PC (Desktop / Laptop)

• Step 1: Procuring Parts

• First you will need to buy the parts necessary to build the computer. The parts we will use in this project are
labeled in figure 1:

• 1. Processor (CPU) 2. Computer Case 3. Optical Drive (DVD RW and SATA capable) 4. Memory (RAM) 5.
Power Supply 6. SATA Cables 7. Motherboard (SATA Capable) 8. Processor F...

• Gather the tools you will need for the project:

• Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws)

• Wire cutters and strippers

• Needle-nosed pliers

• Utility knife

• Small flashlight

• Adjustable wrench

• Small container to hold screws

• Heat sink compound

• Grounding Strap

• You may not use every single one of these tools in every installation, but it is best to have all of them on hand in
case you have a use for them.

• Step 3: Open the Case

• Open the computer case by removing the side panels. Find the screws that hold the side panels in place and
remove them (shown in figure 3 circled in red). The panel is re...

• Step 4: Prepare the Case for Assembly

• Three things need to be done before assembly begins:

• Remove any parts or packaging materials that may have been shipped inside the case (figure 6).

• Remove the cover for the optical drive. On our case, we will be removing the cover on the highest drive bay to
mount our DVD drive as shown in figure 7. Do this by pressi...

• Make note of the cables pre-installed in the case. These should be front panel connections for features such as
the power switch, audio jacks and usb ports. If they are n...

• Step 6: Install Motherboard

• To install the motherboard we need parts that should have been included with your purchased components:

• I/O Bezel is a trim panel installed in the back of the case that surrounds the interface ports on the motherboard. It
should be included with the motherboard. Figure 12 s...
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Program 3
• 3. Installation of operating System (Windows)

• Booting to the Windows 10 Installer

•1

• Make sure your Windows 10 installation media is connected. In order for you to install Windows 10, your
Windows 10 installation file must be loaded onto a disc or flash d...

• If you haven't yet downloaded the Windows 10 installation tool, follow the instructions from this Microsoft support
page: [Link]

•2

• Open the Start menu. Either click the Windows icon in the bottom-left corner of the screen, or press
the ■ Win key.

•3

• Click the power icon. This is the circle with a line through its top that's in the bottom-left corner of the Start
window.

•4

• Click Restart. It's in the pop-up menu above the power icon. Doing so will restart your computer.

•5

• Press and hold Del or F2 to enter setup. This key may also be a different key—most computers will display a
message on startup that says "Press [key] to enter setup" or s...

•6

• Navigate to the Boot tab. You'll use the arrow keys to select it.

• The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options, depending on your computer's manufacturer.

•7

• Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:

• For a USB flash drive, select the Removable Devices option.

• For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive option.

•8

• Press the + key until your boot option is first. Once either Removable Devices or CD-ROM Drive is at the top of
the list, your computer will select your choice as its def...

• On some computers, you'll instead press one of the function keys (e.g., F5) to navigate an option up to the top of
the menu. The key will be listed on the right side of t...

•9

• Save your settings. You should see a key prompt (e.g., F10) at the bottom of the screen that correlates to "Save
and Exit"; pressing it should save your settings and rest...
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Program 4
• 4. Installation of operating System (Linux)

• Repeat steps 1-3 as in previous exercise and boot your PC with a Linux Bootable Drive.

• Wait for the Linux installation window to appear. Once your computer finishes restarting and you're back at the
desktop, you should see the installation window appear. Th...

• Depending on your security settings, you may need to log into your computer before the desktop appears.

• If you're using a USB flash drive and the Linux installation window doesn't appear, restart your computer
and open the BIOS, then find the "Boot Order" section, select th...

•2

• Select a language, then click Continue. Click the language that you want to use for Ubuntu, then
click Continue in the bottom-right corner.

•3

• Click Install Ubuntu. It's on the right side of the window.

•4

• Check both boxes on the "Preparing to install Ubuntu" page. Check the "Download updates while installing
Ubuntu" box and the "Install third-party software for graphics......

•5

• Click Continue. It's in the bottom-right corner of the window.

•6

• Check the "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" box. This option is at the top of the window.

•7

• Click Install Now. It's in the bottom-right corner.

• Click Continue when prompted. Doing so will begin the Ubuntu installation process.

•8

• Select a region, then click Continue. Click a time zone block on the world map to select a region.

•9

• Select a keyboard layout, then click Continue. To do this, click a language on the left side of the window, then
click a version of the language (e.g., US) on the right s...

• 10

• Enter your user information. Fill out the following fields:

• Your name - Your first and last name.

• To learn about different ports and how to connect devices to them. This diagram shows different ports available
on the back panel of the PC.

• Parallel port (LPT parallel port): As shown in the diagram parallel port with 25-pins can be used to connect a
parallel port printer. Previously dot matrix, ink jet, bubb...

• Serial port: As shown in the diagram serial ports with 9-pins protruding outwards can be used to connect modem
but it can also be used for connecting mouse, provided seri...

• VGA Port: VGA port which has 15-pins is used to connect a monitor.

• PS/2 Port: Two 6-pin PS/2 ports are there, one is violet to which keyboard is connected and other is Light green
to which mouse is connected.

• USB Port: Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple — you find the USB connector on the back of your
machine and plug the USB connector into it. USB ports are used ...

• Ethernet Port: Ethernet port is used to connect a computer on network through RJ-45 connector.

• Game Port: Game Port is used to connect joystick, which is usually used in video games. Three more ports are
available for multimedia connections. Green port is used conn...

• Sound card: A sound card or audio board, which allows computers to output audio signals through speakers and
or headphones.

• Video card: The video card is responsible for creating all that you see on your computer monitor.

• Network card: This piece of hardware allows your computer to be connected to a network of other computers
(known as a LAN or Local Area Network)

• Procedure to install a sound card 1. Remove any unnecessary temporary metal plates. Only remove the metal
plates from the slots you are going to use. If you do not remove...
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Program 6
• 6. Installation of printer / modem /scanner and other input and output devices.

• Both the devices printers and scanners use the same process for installation and configuration. It is a step by
step process as given below:

• Step 1 : Attach the device using a local or network port and connect the power

• The device is to be set up on a flat stable surface first after which it is to be connected to host computer with its
power off or to the network. Once this is done, conn...

• Step 2 : Install and Update the Device driver and calibrate the device

• Boot up the computer and wait for it to recognize the device and the wizard that appears helps in the
configuration process of driver for printer/scanner or CD-ROM that c...

• The device functions once the driver is installed but some devices such as inkjet printers or scanners require to
calibrate the device.

• Calibration is the process by which a device is brought within functional specifications.

• Step 3 : Configure options and default settings

• Once the driver is installed, default settings and options for printers and scanners can be configured as required.

• Step 4 : Print/scan a test page

• Once all the steps above are completed, can test the output of printer/scanner by printing a test page. Windows
has a built-in function for doing this.

• Scanners are required to run the scanning software and place a single page on the scanner and press scan
button and see that the scanned output on the PC is correct.
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Program 7
• 7. Configuring BIOS set up, Recovery, Preventive maintenance & Anti-Virus

• Press and hold Del or F2 to enter setup. The key you're prompted to press might also be different; if so, use that
key instead.

• You'll typically use the "F" keys to access the BIOS. These are at the top of your keyboard, though you may have
to locate and hold the Fn key while pressing the proper "...

• You can look at your computer model's manual or online support page to confirm your computer's BIOS key.

• Adjust Settings

• Familiarize yourself with the BIOS controls. Since BIOS menus don't support mouse input, you'll need to use the
arrow keys and other computer-specific keys to navigate th...

• Change your settings carefully. When adjusting settings in your BIOS, be sure that you certain what the settings
will affect. Changing settings incorrectly can lead to sy...

• If you don't know what you want to change coming into the BIOS, you probably shouldn't change anything.

• Change the boot order. If you want to change what device to boot from, enter the Boot menu. From here, you
can designate which device the computer will attempt to boot fr...

• You'll typically use the arrow keys to go over to the Boot tab to start this process

• Change your date and time. Your BIOS’s clock will dictate your Windows clock. If you replace your computer's
battery, your BIOS clock will most likely be reset.

• Change fan speeds and system voltages. These options are for advanced users only. In this menu, you can
overclock your CPU, potentially allowing for higher performance. T...

• Save and exit. When you are finished adjusting your settings, you will need to save and exit by using your BIOS'
"Save and Exit" key in order for your changes to take eff...
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Program 8
• 8. Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight
through cable using clamping tool

• To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network cables are used. There are three
types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-op...

• Coaxial cable

• This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the braiding, the braiding
covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conduc...

• The following image shows these components.

• Sheath

• This is the outer layer of the coaxial cable. It protects the cable from physical damage.

• Braided shield

• This shield protects signals from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the same metal that is
used to build the core.

• Insulation

• Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided shield. Since both the core and the
braided shield use the same metal, without this layer, ...

• Conductor

• The conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Based on conductor a coaxial cable can be categorized into two
types; single-core coaxial cable and multi-core coaxial cabl...

• A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a multi-core coaxial
cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires. The follow...

• Twisted-pair cables

• The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also known as Ethernet
cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.

• This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are twisted around each other
to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair h...

• Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of twisted-pair cable; UTP and STP.

• In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic sheath.

• In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional metal shield, then all pairs are
wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.

• Fiber optic cable

• This cable consists of a core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from thin strands of glass or plastic
that can carry data over a long distance. The core is ...

• Core carries the data signals in the form of light.

• Cladding reflects light back to the core.

• Buffer protects the light from leaking.

• a. Repeater

• b. Hub

• c. Switch

• d. Bridge

• e. Router

• f. Gate Way

• 1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signaland
retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the...

• 2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentratoris a device for connecting
multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices togeth...

• 3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connectsnetwork segments.
The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes an...

• 4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2)of the OSI model.
In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a de...

• 5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks,and selectively
interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet c...

• 6. Gateway: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with anothernetwork that
uses different protocols.A gateway may contain devices such as p...

• 7. Firewall - Software or combination of software and hardware, used to protect users’ data fromunintended
recipients on the network/internet
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Program 10
• 10. Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between systems in LAN and Wireless LAN.

• Network Interface Card (NIC) Installation

• Short for Network Interface Card, a NIC is also commonly referred to as a network adapter and is an expansion
card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as...

• Installation Process in Windows

• First step is to read the user's guide and familiarize yourself with the new card.

• Power down PC and remove the AC power cord.

• Open the computer case.

• Find an available Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot on the motherboard and remove slot insert if one
exists.

• Carefully remove the network card from its static-proof plastic envelope, and slide it into the slot.

• Seat the card in the slot firmly with gentle pressure along the length of the card, especially right about the slot
itself.

• Snugly, screw the card to the computer frame, but do not over tighten.

• Close the computer case.

• Plug your computer in and power it up.

• Click Start, then click Control Panel.

• In Category View (vs. Classic View) click Performance and Maintenance.

• Click "System" icon at bottom of window.

• Click the Hardware tab.

• Click the Device Manager button.

• Double-click Network Adapters.

• Beneath it should appear the name of your Ethernet card.

• Next, double click the name of your Ethernet adapter.

• If the text in the "Device Status" box says "This device is working properly.", then you successfully installed the
card and are finished.

• If the text in the "Device status" box doesn't say "This device is working properly.", then write down on a piece of
paper what it says and continue with next step.

• Click the Troubleshoot. Button and follow instructions. Double check you followed the directions above. Install
the most up to date device drivers.
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Program 11
• 11. Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

• Connection and transfer of data are some of the invaluable uses of a computer. A lot of technology has arisen
from this dire need. Between computers, one effective method...

• Advantages of LAN Cable Connection

• One of the main advantages with connecting two Windows 10 laptops or computers is that it provides a medium
to share files when you don’t have access to a wireless networ...

• If you do not trust the available Wi-Fi network, then you can make use of a LAN cable to connect the Windows
10 PCs and share files between them. The process is simple, a...

• Choosing Between Straight or Crossover Cables

• To know which cables will get the work done, you should first determine which devices you want to connect: are
they the same kind of devices (two computers, for example) ...

• When two like systems share files, one outputs the data while the other receives it as input. Intentionally crossed
wiring in the crossover cable connects the transmit si...

• How to Connect Two Windows 10 PCs with a LAN Cable

• With a crossover cable in hand, connect both the PCs. Once done, follow the steps below.

• 1. Go to “Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> Change Adapter Settings.”

• 2. Click on “Change Adapter Settings.” This will reveal different connections. Select the appropriate connection
for your LAN. Usually, but not necessarily, the connectio...

• 3. Right-click on the connection and select “Properties.” The local area’s connection properties window will
appear.

• 4. Under the network tab, select “Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4),” then click on “Properties.

• In the Properties menu, set the IP address and subnet masks of the first computer to:

• • IP – [Link]

• • Subnet Mask – [Link]

• Repeat all the above steps for the second computer and set the IP address and subnet Mask as follows:

• • IP – [Link]

• • Subnet Mask – [Link]

• File & Printing Sharing

• You can also tick the File and printer sharing option. This would allow the other Windows 10 PC to access the
files and printers shared on the network.

• 8. Right-click on the drive you want to share. Scroll to the “Give access to” option and click “Advanced Sharing.”
Under the sharing tab, click the “Advanced Sharing” but...

• This reveals the advanced sharing window. Check the “Share this folder” checkbox and click “Apply -> OK.”

• Transferring Files
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Program 12
• 13. Install Microsoft Office 2010 for PC

• Before the installation of Microsoft Office 2010, make sure that the PC meets the systemrequirements: ● 500
MHz or higher processor ● 256 MB of RAM; 512 MB recommended ● ...

• Step 1: When inserting the CD a prompt should show Click Run [Link]

• Step 2: Enter the 25 character product key on the MSU CD case and then click Continue.

• Step 3: Check the I accept the terms of this agreement box and then click Continue button to proceed to the next
step.

• Step 4: Here, you have two options: Install Now or Customize. Clicking the Install Now button will begin installing
Office 2010 on your Windows drive. Step 5: Everything...
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Program 13
• PC debugging, troubleshooting and Maintenance

• PC Debugging: Debugging refers to the process of finding and fixing errors, defects, or malfunctions in a
computer program. In the context of PC debugging, it involves id...

• Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to locating the cause of a fault in a computer system. Troubleshooting
is a learned skill. Not all troubleshooting processes are ...

• Preventive maintenance is a regular and systematic inspection, cleaning, and replacement of worn parts,
materials, and systems. Preventive maintenance helps to prevent fa...

• Explain the Purpose of Preventive Maintenance

• Preventive maintenance reduces the probability of hardware or software problems by systematically and
periodically checking hardware and software to ensure proper operati...

• Hardware

• Check the condition of cables, components, and peripherals. Clean components to reduce the likelihood of
overheating. Repair or replace any components that show signs of ...

• Use the following tasks as a guide to create a hardware maintenance program:

• ■ Remove dust from fan intakes.

• ■ Remove dust from the power supply.

• ■ Remove dust from components inside the computer.

• ■ Clean the mouse and keyboard.

• ■ Check and secure loose cables.

• Software

• Verify that installed software is current. Follow the policies of the organization when installing security updates,
operating system updates, and program updates. Many o...

• Use the tasks listed as a guide to create a software maintenance schedule that fits the needs of your computer
equipment:

• ■ Review security updates.

• ■ Review software updates.

• ■ Review driver updates.

• ■ Update virus definition files.

• ■ Scan for viruses and spyware.

• ■ Remove unwanted programs

• ■ Scan hard drives for errors.

• ■ Defragment hard drives.