EXPERIMENT 1: THE 4. C.
THE UPPER PORTION OF
BUNSEN BURNER THE WET CARDBOARD
1. PARTS OF THE BUNSEN the upper portion of the
BURNER flame is hotter
a. BASE 6. FOUL ODOR IS EMITTED,
where gas enters SMELLS LIKE GAS
b. COLLAR strike back occurs, the
provided with airholes, barrel becomes hot
serves as air inlet strike back occurs because
c. BARREL there is an incorrect ratio of
where gas and air mixes gas and air, there is less gas
2. YELLOW FLAME pressure and too much air
pressure
black soot (unoxidized carbon)
is deposited on test tube TO PREVENT “STRIKE
incomplete combustion; BACK”:
insufficient supply of air a. properly adjust the barrel to
it takes a longer time for the obtain the correct air gas
water to boil ratio that is necessary for
3. BLUE FLAME complete combustion
No deposits on the test tube When strike back occurs, turn off
Lesser time to boil the water; no the gas cock in the gas supply line
soot is deposited on the test tube immediately, let the burner cool
before lighting again.
4. A. SIDES
the sides of the flame
are hotter than the inner
portion
4. B. STICK
the sides of the flame
are hotter
EXPERIMENT 2: COMMON disturbing the settled
LABORATORY PROCEDURES particles
C. MEASUREMENTS SUPERNATANT LIQUID
1. WHAT ARE SOME refers to the clear liquid
PRECAUTIONS TO BE that floats above the
OBSERVED REGARDING THE sediments
USE OF A BALANCE?
When the solids are heavy and that
a. Balance must be placed on a flat it settles at the bottom of the liquid
surface, away from strong draft.
E.3 FILTRANTION (Chalk)
b. Clean the pan of the balance.
is the process used for
c. Make sure that the pointer is at separating insoluble
the zero mark. solid particles from the
liquid by passing the
d. Lift the riders with the fingers.
fluid through a porous
Bring the riders back to the zero
material
mark.
e.g. filter paper
2. WHY SHOULD LIQUID
Filtrate
VOLUMES BE READ AT EYE
Residue
LEVEL?
To direct the flow of the liquid into
Because this is where the meniscus
the container and to prevent the
is viewed properly, and to avoid
spilling of the liquid
parallax errors
F. EVAPORATION (Salty)
Parallax error – the apparent
change in position when a person the conversion of the
looking into an object changes liquid into vapor,
position without necessarily
reaching the boiling
D. DECANTATION
point
is the process of it is used in
separating the liquid concentrating solutions
from the solid by by evaporating off the
allowing the solid to solvent
settle down and pouring
The substance left in the dish is
the clear liquid without
called residue.
EXPERIMENT 3: UNITS OF The boiling point of water varies
MEASUREMENT with the atmospheric pressure. At
higher altitudes the atmospheric
SI SYSTEM –
pressure is lower than 1.00 atm so
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
the boiling point is considerably
UNITS
lower than 100 o C
1. LENGTH
= ____ cm x = _____ mm
= ____ cm x = _____ in
2. WEIGHT OF ERLENMEYER
FLASK
= _____ g x = ______ mg
= _____ g x = ______ kg
3. VOLUME OF WATER IN
TEST TUBE (FULL OF
WATER)
= 20.0 mL x = 0.200 L
Volume of water in test tube when
full = 20.0 mL
1.00 mL of liquid would
approximately be equal to 20.0
drops
4. TEMPERATURE
Boiling point of water in Baguio
City = 95 – 98 o C
Boiling point at a pressure of 1.00
atm = 100 o C
Boiling point - the temperature at
which the pressure of the vapor
escaping from the liquid equals the
external pressure
EXPERIMENT 4: Black residue
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS
Carbon
AND MIXTURES
Six atoms of carbon, twelve atoms
1. No change in the iron filings
of hydrogen and six atoms of
when mixed with carbon
oxygen
disulfide; sulfur dissolved in
carbon disulfide
CS2 evaporated
2. The substances can still be
identified
The iron filings were attracted to the
magnet
No change in the properties
3. No
The substance produced was not
attracted to the magnet
Compound
When the iron-sulfur was heated,
the iron lost its luster, the yellow
color of the sulfur was lost and a
grayish-black substance was
formed, ferrous sulfide, FeS. When
the substance was exposed to
oxygen, no rust was formed and
does not melt at the melting point of
sulfur
4. Moisture
Sugar, C6H12O6
Two atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of oxygen
EXPERIMENT 5: THE The process is called sublimation
INTERCONVERSION OF
SUBLIMATION
THE DIFFERENT STATES
OF MATTER is the direct transition from
solid to vapor state without
A. SOLID TO LIQUID
it becoming a liquid
MELTING POINT
e.g. frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice),
It is the temperature at naphthalene balls, anthracene
which the solid phase and
C. LIQUID TO GAS
the liquid phase of a
substance are in equilibrium Water vapor
A temperature is applied to the BOILING POINT
solid, its temperature is increased
is the temperature at which
until its melting point is reached.
the vapor pressure of a
When a solid melts, it absorbs heat. liquid is equal to the
external pressure
Use of knowing the melting point
of a substance: Addition of heat results in the
transformation of liquid to vapor
To know if the substance is pure
without raising the temperature.
or impure. If a substance is pure
it will have a fixed Droplets of water formed at the
melting point and boiling point. sides of the beaker.
The melting point of crystalline
The two processes involved in the
solid is used to identify pure
procedure are evaporation and
compounds and elements.
condensation.
B. SOLID TO GAS
D. GAS TO LIQUID
When the test tube with iodine
Moisture
crystals is heated, the crystals turned
to a dark violet vapor. The moisture came from the warmer
air surrounding the beaker
Iodine
Since the ice cubes were cooler than
It did not melt
the air outside the beaker, heat was
Crystals or flakes of iodine were released. The pressure exerted by its
formed at the sides of the test tube. vapor exceeded the vapor pressure
of the liquid phase of ice and water.
Experiment 6: Physical 4. The solution turned cloudy after
and Chemical Changes adding AgNO3, forming a white
precipitate.
1. The iodine crystals are shiny
A chemical change has taken
and dark violet or silvery in
place.
color.
There was a reaction between
The violet crystals turned to
two reagents forming a new
vapor.
substance that has properties
Crystals and flakes formed at
different from the original
the sides of the test tube.
reactants.
Iodine did not undergo any
change in properties.
5. NO new substance was formed
Iodine has undergone a physical
after heating the glass tubing.
change.
A physical change has taken
place.
2. The sugar turned black in color.
The sugar has undergone a
6. Bubbles start to form around the
chemical change.
zinc pellet.
Sugar lost its identity, it
A chemical change has taken
changed in color from white to
place.
black forming a new substance.
Formation of bubbles indicate
Sugar has undergone a chemical
the evolution of gas which is an
change.
evidence of a chemical change.
3. The magnesium ribbon is flat
and firm, silvery in color.
The magnesium ribbon sparked
and ignited after being heated.
It has undergone a chemical
change.
Because burning took place and
heat was evolved.