Klinsmann Muza
H180019F
Advanced databases
1i)Big data is the is often used to describe large amounts of data. It does not refer to a specific
amount of data, but rather describes a dataset that cannot be stored or processed using
traditional database software.
ii)Examples of big data applications include the
Google search index
the database of Facebook user profiles
Amazon’s product list.
Fraud detection
IT log analytics
iii) Requirements of big data are as follows
STORAGE : Often, organizations already possess enough storage in-house to support a Big Data
initiative. (After all, the data that will be processed and analysed via a Big Data solution is already
stored somewhere else.) However, agencies may decide to invest in storage solutions that are
optimized for Big Data. While not necessary for all Big Data deployments, flash storage is especially
attractive due to its performance advantages and high availability.
PROCESSING : Servers intended for Big Data must have enough processing power to support this
application. Some analytics vendors, such as Splunk, offer cloud processing options, which can be
especially attractive to agencies that experience seasonal peaks. If an agency has quarterly filing
deadlines, for example, that organization might securely spin up on-demand processing power in the
cloud to process the wave of data that comes in around those dates, while relying on on-premises
processing resources to handle the steadier, day-to-day demands.
ANALYTICS SOFTWARE : Agencies must select Big Data analytics products based not only on what
functions the software can complete, but also on factors such as data security and ease of use. One
popular function of Big Data analytics software is predictive analytics — the analysis of current data
to make predictions about the future. Predictive analytics are already used across a number of fields,
including actuarial science, marketing and financial services. Government applications include fraud
detection, capacity planning and child protection, with some child welfare agencies using the
technology to flag high-risk cases.
NETWORKING : The massive quantities of information that must be shuttled back and forth in a Big
Data initiative require robust networking hardware. Many organizations are already operating with
networking hardware that facilitates 10-gigabit connections, and may have to make only minor
modifications such as the installation of new ports to accommodate a Big Data initiative. Securing
network transports is an essential step in any upgrade, especially for traffic that crosses network
boundaries.
3i) Relational data model
The relational model represents the database as a collection of relations.
A relation is nothing but a table of values.
Every row in the table represents a collection of related data values.
These rows in the table denote a real-world entity or relationship.
ii) Object oriented
using a methodology which enables a system to be modelled as a set of objects which can
be controlled and manipulated in a modular manner.
is a computer science concept that has been widely implemented, specifically in
programming languages and applications or softwares.
is modelled and created through the use of objects, where each object's class instance has
specific attributes and properties, and the relative methods or properties are called to
manipulate or utilize such a system.
The essence of object-oriented is that each of the created objects can be reused in the
same and other programs and applications.
iii) Document oriented
that works on the principle of dealing with 'documents’ rather than strictly defined tables of
information.
plays an important role is aggregating data from documents and getting them into a
searchable, organized form.
is able to 'parse’ data from documents that store that data under certain 'keys,’ with
sophisticated support for retrieval.
Different document-oriented database products are available, some of them with free
Apache licensing and other with proprietary licensing.
iv) Geographical or spatial database
In various fields there is a need to manage geometric, geographic, or spatial data, which
means data related to space
Keeps track of objects in a multi-dimensional space for example Maps, Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) and Weather
Can be applied in Urban planning, route optimization, fire or pollution monitoring, utility
networks
has a DBMS that offers spatial data types/data models/ query language
4i)security control
1. for ransom ware is Storing Backups in Another Location
2. for sql injection is using a web vulnerability scanner like acunetix
3. for an employee leaving the company is closing access for the specific employee to all
databases
4. for Brute force password attacks is Limiting Login Attempts.
5. For an employee making mistakes while entering data adding a recovery page or panel for
the employee
6. For a hacker intercepting data sent over the internet encrypting the data.