Practice Session

Reading
• The present simple

• The present continuous

• The present perfect

The present simple is used to describe habits and fixed arrangements

Subject + verb(s)

She runs fast every day.

We go to bed early

The sun rises in the east

Keywords: Always/ Often/ Usually/ Sometimes/ Seldom/ Never

Every hour, week, month, year…,etc.
The present continuous is used when the action we're talking about is happening
around the time of speaking

Subject + am/is/are + (verb+ing) + the rest of the sentence

I am eating my lunch.
She is watching TV.

Keywords: now, at the moment, this week, look, listen

The present perfect is used to describe action that started in the past and
continues in the present.

Subject + have/has + past participle

I have lived in Cairo since 1984 (= and I still do.)

She has worked in the bank for five years.

Keywords: since, yet, never, always, so far, lately, recently, already

• The past simple

• The past continuous

• The past perfect

The past simple refers to an event that happened in the past

Subject+ Verb in inf.+ ed.

I received my passport last week.

I finished my homework at 5 o’clock yesterday.

Keywords: Ago, Yesterday, Last, Once, One day, Then, Once upon a time.
The past continuous is used to describe actions or events that were ongoing or in
progress in the past

Subject + was/were + present participle (v. + ing)

I was studying for my exam.

She was cooking dinner.
We were watching a movie.

Keywords: While, When, As, All morning yesterday, yesterday at ...... .

The past perfect refers to an action that was started and completed in the past

Subject + had + past participle

I traveled to Canada, after I had received my passport last week

When my father came back home, I had already finished my homework

Keywords: When/ After/ Before/ By the time/ Already

 Conjunctions
• While

• However

• Although

• Despite

• Because

• Because of
While some people believe academic subjects should be

removed from the curriculum, others believe it should be

made more important.

 Examples of however :

I wanted to buy that blue jacket. However, it was too expensive

I wanted to score high. However, I didn’t have enough time to study.

Let’s take an example!!
Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. (1) ……… the koala is clearly in
trouble in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high
numbers are afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South
Australia the problem is not that koala populations (2)…….., but that they have
grown to the point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. (1) ……… the koala is clearly in
trouble in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high
numbers are afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South
Australia the problem is not that koala populations (2)…….., but that they have
grown to the point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. (1) ……… the koala is clearly in
trouble in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high
numbers are afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South
Australia the problem is not that koala populations (2)…….., but that they have
grown to the point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. (1) ……… the koala is clearly in
trouble in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high
numbers are afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South
Australia the problem is not that koala populations (2)…….., but that they have
grown to the point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. While the koala is clearly in trouble
in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high numbers are
afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South Australia the
problem is not that koala populations (2)…….., but that they have grown to the
point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the
Australian national threatened species list. While the koala is clearly in trouble
in some parts of the country – in Queensland, for example, high numbers are
afflicted by disease – in other parts such as Victoria and South Australia the
problem is not that koala populations are falling, but that they have grown to
the point where they are almost too numerous.
1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) had been falling B) were falling C) are falling D) had fall

 Noun Phrase

• Adjective + noun good man / bad weather

• Article + noun The man / the weather / the boy

• Article + adjective + noun The good man

• Because Logical reasoning ( Sub + verb)
• Because of Logical reasoning ( noun phrase / verb + ing )

(used for something when it is expected)

Example:

Because I was working late, I couldn’t come to the party.

Because of being sick, I couldn’t go to work.

We visited Ahmed because he was in the hospital.

Because of the heavy traffic, I was running late.
• Although Surprising condition ( Sub + verb)
• Despite Surprising condition ( noun phrase / verb + ing )
(Used for something when it is not expected)
Example:

Although Jack is a billionaire, he doesn’t help poor people.

Despite being a billionaire, Jack doesn’t help poor people.

Although I am sick, I came to the class.

Despite the bad weather, I came to the class.
If you have a chronic disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or
back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. (1) ………, it’s
important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she
might have advice (2) ……. what exercises are safe and any precautions you
might need to take (3) ………… exercising.

1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) on B) for C) to D) in

3 A) All B) With C) Where D) While

If you have a chronic disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or
back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, it’s
important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she
might have advice (2) ……. what exercises are safe and any precautions you
might need to take (3) ………… exercising.

1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) on B) for C) to D) in

3 A) All B) With C) Where D) While

If you have a chronic disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or
back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, it’s
important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she
might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might
need to take (3) ………… exercising.

1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) on B) for C) to D) in

3 A) All B) With C) Where D) While

If you have a chronic disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or
back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, it’s
important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she
might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might
need to take while exercising.

1 A) Because B) However C) Despite D) While

2 A) on B) for C) to D) in

3 A) All B) With C) Where D) While

Another example
The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible
substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that (1) ……. gravity
known as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet observed dark
matter directly. It doesn’t interact with baryonic matter and it’s completely
invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark
matter impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are
confident it exists (2) ……….. the gravitational effects it appears to have on
galaxies and galaxy clusters.

1 A) repels B) represent C) representative D) discoveries

2 A) therefore B) while C) because of D) whenever

The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible
substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known
as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet observed dark matter
directly. It doesn’t interact with baryonic matter and it’s completely invisible to
light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter
impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it
exists (2) ……….. the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and
galaxy clusters.

1 A) repels B) represent C) representative D) discoveries

2 A) therefore B) while C) because of D) whenever

The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible
substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known
as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet observed dark matter
directly. It doesn’t interact with baryonic matter and it’s completely invisible to
light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter
impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it
exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and
galaxy clusters.

1 A) repels B) represent C) representative D) discoveries

2 A) therefore B) while C) because of D) whenever

Another example
Before effective anesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800,
alcohol and opium had (1)……….. success in easing pain during operations.
Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain
and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally
unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during
operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in
heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side
effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people
(2)……… the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage

1 A) title B) little C) great D) much

2 A) because of B) rather that C) but D) due
Before effective anesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800,
alcohol and opium had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas
was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and
patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally
unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during
operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in
heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side
effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people
(2)……… the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage

1 A) title B) little C) great D) much

2 A) because of B) rather that C) but D) due
Before effective anesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800,
alcohol and opium had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas
was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and
patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally
unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during
operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in
heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side
effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people
because of the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage

1 A) title B) little C) great D) much

2 A) because of B) rather that C) but D) due
Another example
When the [unsuspecting] operator introduces it into the computer,
the alien program will take over the machine. With Trojans you
have to be particularly careful (2) …….. they can often be
introduced by way of a message advertising an anti-virus product

1 A) because B) however C) despite D) therefore

When the [unsuspecting] operator introduces it into the computer,
the alien program will take over the machine. With Trojans you
have to be particularly careful because they can often be
introduced by way of a message advertising an anti-virus product

1 A) because B) however C) despite D) therefore

 Active & Passive
Form : Verb to be + P.P

• Ahmed was killed. (Passive)

• Samy killed Ahmed. (Active)

• The package was delivered (Passive)

• The mailman delivered the package. (Active)

• Good cars are made in Japan. (Passive)

• People in Japan make good cars (Active)
1) present simple 3) Present perfect

Sara cleans the room

Sara has cleaned the room
The room is cleaned
The room has been cleaned
object + is / are + p.p (verb + ed)

2) Present continuous object + has / have + been + p.p

Sara is cleaning the room
The room is being cleaned
object + is / are + being + p.p (verb + ed)
health campaigners advocated a ban on high fat, high sugar advertisement

during television shows aimed at children with their proposal passing in

government. They argue that regulating the adverts children……….. make

them less likely to consume unhealthy foods.

(A) had exposed (c) expose to

(B) are exposed to (D) exposed
health campaigners advocated a ban on high fat, high sugar advertisement

during television shows aimed at children with their proposal passing in

governments, they argue that regulating the adverts children are exposed to

make them less likely to consume unhealthy foods

(A) had exposed (c) expose to

(B) are exposed to (D) exposed
1) Past simple 3) Past perfect

Sara cleaned the room

Sara had cleaned the room
The room was cleaned
The room had been cleaned
object + was / were + p.p (verb + ed)
object + had + been + p.p

2) Past continuous
Sara was cleaning the room
The room was being cleaned
object + was / were + being + p.p (verb + ed)
Antarctica is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth, with violent

snowstorms, however it appears that it was not always like this. In 1912, the

explorer Robert Scotti discovered fossil plants which, an analysis soon after,

(1)………… to be from an ancient fern tree.

(A) are revealed (c) were revealed

(B) have revealed (D) revealed

Antarctica is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth, with violent

snowstorms, however it appears that it was not always like this. In 1912, the

explorer Robert Scotti discovered fossil plants which, an analysis soon after,

were revealed to be from an ancient fern tree

(A)are revealed (c) were revealed

(B) have revealed (D) revealed

Re-order Paragraphs
• The combination of these two components is what gives hair the
ability to withstand high stress and strain.

• And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

• Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of

parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

• This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

• The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while

the Cortex is not
The combination of these two components is what gives hair the ability
to withstand high stress and strain.

And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

(1) Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of
parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while the
Cortex is not
The combination of these two components is what gives hair the ability
to withstand high stress and strain.

And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

(1) Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of
parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

(2) The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while
the Cortex is not
(3) The combination of these two components is what gives hair the
ability to withstand high stress and strain.

And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

(1) Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of
parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

(2) The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while
the Cortex is not
(3) The combination of these two components is what gives hair the
ability to withstand high stress and strain.

(4) And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

(1) Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of
parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

(2) The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while
the Cortex is not
(3) The combination of these two components is what gives hair the
ability to withstand high stress and strain.

(4) And as hair is stretched, its structure changes in a particular way

(1) Hair consists of two main parts– the Cortex, which is made up of
parallel fibrils and the Matrix ,which has an amorphous structure,

(5) This structural changes allow hair to handle up a large amount

deformation without breaking

(2) The Matrix is sensitive to the speed at which hair is deformed, while
the Cortex is not
Thank you