[Type here]

INDEX

PAGE
[Link] NAME OF THE CHAPTER NUMBERS
1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 1
2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC 15
FUNCTIONS
3 MATRICES 24
4 DETERMINANTS 32
5 CONTINUITY AND 39
DIFFERENTIABILITY
6 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 54
7 INTEGRALS 65
8 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS 78
9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 88
10 VECTOR ALGEBRA 104
11 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 114
12 LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM 130
13 PROBABILITY 140
14 EXERCIES AND ANSWERS 150
(ALL CHAPTERS)
15 SAMPLE QUSETION PAPERS WITH 150
ANSWERS
17 USEFUL LINKS 150
 CHAPTER-1 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Gist / Summary of the lesson:

❖ Types Of Relations:
Empty relation, Universal relation, Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive and Equivalence
relations.
❖ Types Of Functions: One – one (or injective) functions, onto (or surjective) functions, One-
one and onto (or bijective)
Definitions:
➢ A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is related to any element
of A, i.e., R = ø ⊂ A × A
➢ A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A is related to every
element of A, i.e., R = A × A
➢ A relation R in a set A is called
(i) reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A,
(ii) symmetric, if (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) ∈ R ⇒ (𝑎2, 𝑎1 )∈ R, for all 𝑎1 ,𝑎2 ∈ A.
(iii) transitive, if (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) ∈ R and (𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ∈ R ⇒ (𝑎1 , 𝑎3 ) ∊ R, for all 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ∈ A.
➢ A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation iff R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive
➢ A function f : X → Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if the images of distinct
elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ X, 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 . implies 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠
𝑓(𝑥2 ) . Otherwise, f is called many-one.
➢ A function f : X → Y is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element of Y is the image of
some element of X under f, i.e., for every y ∈ Y, there exists an element x in X such that
f(x) = y. In other words f:X→ 𝑌 is onto if and only if Range of f = Y.
➢ A function f : X → Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and
onto.
Formulae:
• If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑞, then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑝𝑞 and number of relations from set A to set
B=2𝑝𝑞 .
• If A is a non-empty finite set containing 𝑛 elements, then number of reflexive relations on
set A=2𝑛(𝑛−1) .
• If A is a non-empty finite set containing 𝑛 elements, then number of symmetric relations on
𝑛(𝑛+1)
set A =2 2
• If A and B are non-empty finite sets containing m and 𝑛 elements respectively, then
(i) Number of functions from A to B = 𝑛𝑚
𝑛𝑃 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≤ 𝑛
(ii) Number of one-one functions from A to B ={ 𝑚,
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 𝑛
(iii)Number of onto functions from A to B
𝑛𝐶0, 𝑛𝑚 − 𝑛𝐶1, (𝑛 − 1)𝑚 + 𝑛𝐶2, (𝑛 − 2)𝑚 −. . . . . . . . . , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚
={
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 𝑚

(iv) Number of one-one and onto functions

𝑚! , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛
i.e., bijective functions from A to B= {
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 1|Page
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Let A={3,5}. Then number of reflexive relations on A is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 8
Solution: If A is a non-empty finite set containing n elements, then number of reflexive
relations on set A=2𝑛(𝑛−1) .
Here n=2
No. of reflexive relations on A= 22(2−1) =22 =4 Answer: B
2) The number of possible symmetric relations on a set consisting of 4 elements is
(A) 512 (B)1024 (C)256 (D)32
Solution: If A is a non-empty finite set containing n elements, then number of symmetric
𝑛(𝑛+1)
relations on set A =2 2

Here 𝑛 = 4
4(4+1) 4𝑥5
No. of symmetric relations on A=2 2 =2 2 =210 =1024 Answer: B
3) A relation R on set G = {𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠} is
defined as, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟}.Which of the
following is true about R ?
(A) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(B)R is transitive and symmetric but not reflexive.
(C) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(D) R is an equivalence relation.
Answer: D
4) Let the relation R in the set 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∊ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 }, given by
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4}. Then the equivalence class [1] is
(A){1,5,9} (B){0,1,2,5} (C){1} (D)A
Solution: Given 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3,4, … ,12}
Now [1] = {𝑥 ∊ 𝐴: |𝑥 − 1| 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4} = {1,5,9} Answer: A
5) A and B are two sets with m elements and n elements respectively(m < n). How many
onto functions can be defined from set A to set B?
(A) 0 (B)m! (C) n! (D)𝑛𝑚
Solution: Given 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑚, 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑛
We know that onto function requires every element of set B to be mapped by at least
one element from set A. Since it is given that m < n, there is no such onto function.
Therefore number of onto functions from set A to set B where m < n is zero. Answer: A
6) For real x, let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
(A) f is one-one but not onto on R (B) f is onto on R but not one-one.
(c) f is one-one and onto on R (D) f is neither one-one nor onto on R
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) ∀ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
⇒𝑥13 = 𝑥23
⇒𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒.
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 = 𝑦
1
𝑥 = 𝑦 3 , ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
Every image 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 has a unique pre image in R.
f is onto.
f is one-one and onto.
Answer: C

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 2|Page

 7) The function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → [−1,1] 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 is :
(A) Both one-one and onto (B) not one-one but onto
(C) One-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto
Answer: B
8) A function f: R→ 𝐴 defined as f(x)=𝑥 2 + 1 is onto, if A is
(A) (−∞, ∞) (B) (1, ∞) (C) [1,∞) (D)[-1,∞)
Solution: x∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 ≥ 0 + 1 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 1
2

Range of f = [1,∞)
Thus for f to be onto , A=[1,∞) Answer: C
9) Let L denotes the set of all straight lines in a plane. Let a relation R be defined by lRm if and
only if l is perpendicular to m ⩝ l, m ∊ L. Then R is:
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) Equivalence relation
Answer: B
10) A relation R on set A={𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10} as R={(x,y):x=y} is given to be an
equivalence relation. The number of equivalence classes is
(A)1 (B)2 (C)10 (D)11
Solution: A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
R={(0,0),(1,1), (2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6),(7,7),(8,8),(9,9),(10,10)}
We observe that each element in set A is only related to itself in relation R.
[0] ={0}, [1] ={1}, [2] ={2}, [3] ={3}, [4] ={4}, [5] ={5}, [6]
={6}, [7] ={7}, [8] ={8}, [9] ={9}, [10] ={10}
Number of equivalence classes is 11 Answer: D
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS
Questions numbers 1 to 10 are Assertion and Reason based questions. Two statements are given, one
labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
1) X = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. P is a relation on X defined by P = {(0, 2), (4, 2), (4, 6), (8, 6), (2, 4), (0, 4)}.
Assertion (A): The relation P on set X is a transitive relation.
Reason (R): The relation P has a subset of the form {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)}, where a, b, c ∈ X
is transitive.
Solution: P is not transitive as (4,2) (2,4)∊P but (4,4) ∉ 𝑷. Answer: D
9−𝑥 2
Shown below is the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥−𝑥 3

Assertion (A): The function f is not onto.

Reason (R): 3 ∈ R (co-domain of f) has no pre-image in the
domain of f.
Solution: A is true but R is false. 0∈ 𝑅 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 have a pre-image. Answer: C
𝑥 𝑥
2) Assertion (A): Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. Then (𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
where domain of (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑖𝑠 𝑅.
Reason (R) : 𝐷𝑜𝑚(𝑓 + 𝑔) = 𝐷𝑜𝑚(𝑓) ∩ 𝐷𝑜𝑚(𝑔)
Solution: Domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 3|Page

 Domain of 𝑔 = (0, ∞)
Domain of (𝑓 + 𝑔) = 𝑅 ∩ (0, ∞) = (0, ∞) 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑅
Here Assertion is false, Reason is true. Answer: D
3) Assertion (A): Let A={𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∶ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Reason (R): If y=-1∈ 𝐴, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ±√−1 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴.
Solution: Here assertion and reason are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: A
4) Assertion (A): Let Z be the set of integers. A function f: Z→ 𝑍 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
Reason (R): A function is bijective if it is both surjective and injective.
Solution: Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 is not a bijective function. Answer :D
5) 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑋 is a function on the finite set X.
Assertion (A): If f is onto, then f is one-one and if f is one-one, then f is onto..
Reason (R): Every one-one function is always onto and every onto function is always
one-one.
Solution: For function on finite sets, a one-one function implies onto and vice-versa. This is
not necessarily true for infinite sets.
So reason is not true in this context. Answer: C
6) Assertion (A): If n(A)=m, then the number of reflexive relation on A is m.
Reason(R ):A relation R on set A is said to be reflexive if (𝑎, 𝑎) ∊ 𝑅 ⩝ 𝑎 ∊ 𝐴.
Solution: In a reflexive relation, every element of a set is connected to itself only. So
2
number of reflexive relation is 2m −m . Answer: D
7) Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A)=5 and n(B)=[Link]
Assertion (A):Number of one-one functions from A to B is 5𝑃2
Reason (R): Number of onto functions from A to B is 30.
Solution: Since n(A)> 𝑛(𝐵), 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
Assertion(A) is false. Reason (R) is true. Answer: D
9) Assertion (A) : If A and B are two sets having 3 and 5 elements respectively, then the total
number of functions that can be defined from A to B is 53 .
Reason ( R): A function from set A to set B relates elements of set A to elements of set B.
Solution : A function from set A to set B relates every element of set A to a unique element
in set B.
Consequently R is not true.
Since each element of set A can be associated to any one of five elements in B and there
are 3 elements in set A
Total number of functions from A to B = 5 × 5 × 5 = 53 . Answer : C
10) Assertion (A):The relation 𝑓: {1,2,3,4}→{𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝} defined by 𝑓 = {(1, 𝑥), (2, 𝑦), (3, 𝑧)} is
a bijective function
Reason (R): The relation 𝑓: {1,2,3,4}→{𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝} defined by
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑥), (2, 𝑦), (3, 𝑧), (4, 𝑝)} is one-one.
Solution: Assertion is false since f is not a function .4 has no image under f. Answer: D
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1) Let 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and the relation R be defined on A as follows: R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)}.
Then, write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R reflexive and
transitive.
Solution : We have relation 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑎, 𝑏)}

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 4|Page

 To make R reflexive, we must add (𝑏, 𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐, 𝑐).
To make R transitive, we must add (𝑎, 𝑐) 𝑡𝑜 𝑅.
Minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R are (𝑏, 𝑏) , (𝑐, 𝑐) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎, 𝑐).
2) Let C be the set of complex numbers. Prove that the mapping f : C→R given by
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|, ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶, is neither one-one nor onto.
Solution: We have f : C→ R given by f (z) = |z|, ∀ z ∈ C
f(3 + 4i)=|3 + 4𝑖| = √32 + 42 = 5
f(3 - 4i) = |3 − 4𝑖| = √32 + 42 = 5
Thus f(z) is many-one.
Also |𝑧| ≥ 0 , ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶
But co-domain given is R.
Hence 𝑓(𝑧) is not onto.
3) Let A={1,2,3},B ={4,5,6,7} and let f = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6)} be a function from A to B. State
whether f is one-one or not. Justify your answer.
Solution: Given f = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6)}
Since every element of A has one and only one image in B under f, f is a one-one function.
4) A function f : A→ 𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 is both one-one and onto. If A={1,2,3,4}then
find the set B.
Solution: 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 2.1 = 2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2.2 = 4
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2.3 = 6
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓(4) = 2.4 = 8
Since f is both one-one and onto Range of f = Codomain of f
B={2,4,6,8}
5) State whether the following statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
“The sine function is bijective in nature when the domain is [0, 4𝜋] ".
Solution : Given function f(x)=sin x, x∈ [0, 4𝜋]
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ [0, 4𝜋] 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
⇨ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
⇨ 𝑥1 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 𝑥2 , 𝑛 𝜖 {0,1,2,3}
⇨ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 = 𝜋 − 𝑥2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 = 2𝜋 + 𝑥2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 = 3𝜋 − 𝑥2
⇨ sin x is not one-one in [0, 4𝜋].
⇨ sine function is not bijective in [0, 4𝜋].
⇨ The given statement is false.
6) Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Solution: Let A ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Relation on R is defined as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1}
In roster form
R={(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), (6,7)}
R is not reflexive since (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6) ∉R.
(1,2)∈ 𝑅 𝑏𝑢𝑡(2,1) ∉ 𝑅.
R is not symmetric.
(1,2) , (2,3) ∈ 𝑅 𝑏𝑢𝑡(1,3) ∉ 𝑅.
R is not transitive.
Hence R is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive.
7) Let A= {1,2,3,4} . Let R be the equivalence relation on A x A defined by
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 5|Page
 (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐. Find the equivalence class [(1,3)] .
Solution: Given on set A = {1,2,3,4} an equivalence relation R on A x A is defined by
(𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
Let (1,3) R (x, y) for all (x, y) ∊ A x A
⇒ 1+𝑦 = 3+𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 −𝑥 = 2
Therefore (x, y) will be (1,3) and (2,4)
Hence [(1,3)] = {(1,3) , (2,4)}
8) A={1,3,5,7,….} and B={2,4,6,8,…}.Define a function from A to B that is neither
one-one nor onto.
Solution: Given sets A={1,3,5,7,….} and B={2,4,6,8,…}.
Let f :A→ 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
Since all the elements of A have the same image 2 in B, f is not one-one.
Only the element 2 in B have a pre-image in A. Hence f is not onto.
f is neither one-one nor onto.
9) Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z as follows: ∀ a,b ∈ Z, a R b if and
only if a – b is divisible by n . Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution: Given that ∀ a,b ∈ Z, a R b if and only if a – b is divisible by n .
aRa => (a-a) is divisible by n, which is true for any integer a, as zero is divisible by n.
Hence R is reflexive.
aRb => (a-b) is divisible by n
⇨ - (b-a) is divisible by n
⇨ (b-a) is divisible by n
⇨ bRa
⇨ R is symmetric.
Let aRb and bRc.
=> (a-b) is divisible by n and (b-c) is divisible by n
=> (a-b) + (b-c) is divisible by n
=>a-c is divisible by n.
=> aRc
Hence R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, R is an equivalence relation.
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥. Find the range of f(x) for x ∊ R.
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
⇨ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
We know that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, ∞)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range of f(x) is (−∞, ∞). i.e., R.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝑥−2
1) Let f: A→ B be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3, where A=R- {3} and 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {1}.
Discuss the bijectivity of the function.
Solution: To check f is one-one: 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥1 − 2 𝑥2 − 2
=
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 − 3
=> (𝑥1 − 2)(𝑥2 − 3) = (𝑥2 − 2)(𝑥1 − 3)
=> 𝑥1 𝑥2 −3𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 6 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 −3𝑥2 − 2𝑥1 + 6
=> −3𝑥1 + 2𝑥1 = −3𝑥2 + 2𝑥2
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 6|Page
 => −𝑥1 = −𝑥2
=> 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
Hence if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
f is one-one
To check f is onto.
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
Let f(x)=y such that y ∈ 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {1}
𝑥−2
𝑦=
𝑥−3
=> 𝑦(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 − 2
=> 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
=> 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 2
=> 𝑥(𝑦 − 1) = 3𝑦 − 2
3𝑦 − 2
=> 𝑥=
𝑦−1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 ∊ 𝑅 − {1}
3𝑦−2
Hence x = ∈ 𝑅 − {1}
𝑦−1
Checking value for y= f(x)
Putting value of x in f(x)
3𝑦 − 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ( )
𝑦−1
3𝑦−2
−2
𝑦−1
=> f(x) = 3𝑦−2
−3
𝑦−1
3𝑦−2−2(𝑦−1)
=>𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑦−2−3(𝑦−1)
=> f(x) = y
Thus for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦.
Hence f is onto.
Since f is one-one and onto f is a bijective function.
2) Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on
N𝑋𝑁 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈
𝑁. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Solution: Given a relation R on N× 𝑁 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑)
𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑁.
Reflexive: Let (a,b) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏)
⇨ ab=ba (Product of two natural numbers is commutative)
⇨ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let (a,b), (c,d) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑 )
⇨ ad=bc => bc = ad => cb = da =>(c,d) R (a,b)
⇨ R is symmetric
Transitive: Let (a,b), (c,d),(e,f) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑)=> ad=bc -----(i) and
(c,d) R (e,f) => cf = de ------(ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii) we get
acdf = bcde => af = be => (a,b) R (e,f)
R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, the given relation R on N x N, is an
equivalence relation.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 7|Page

 3) Check whether the relation S in the set of real numbers R defined by S ={(𝑎, 𝑏); 𝑎 − 𝑏 +
√2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Solution: Reflexive : For a ∈ 𝑆, 𝑎 − 𝑎 + √2 = √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
⇨ (a,a)∈ 𝑆
Thus S is a reflexive relation.
Symmetric : Let (a,b)∈ 𝑆
⇨ a – b + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
But b – a + √2 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
For example: (√2 ,1) ∈ 𝑆 ⇒ √2 − 1 + √2 = 2√2 −
1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
(1,√2 ) ∉ 𝑆 𝑎𝑠 1 − √2 + √2 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
Here (a, b)∈ 𝑆 but (b,a) ∉ 𝑺. So S is not a symmetric relation.
Transitive : Let (a, b) ∈ 𝑆 => a – b + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and
(b, c) ∈ 𝑆 => b – c + √2 is an irrational number.
But a – c + √2 may not be an irrational number.
For Example :
(1,√3 ) ∈ 𝑆 𝑎𝑠 1 − √3 + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
(√3,√2 ) ∈ 𝑆 𝑎𝑠 √3 − √2 + √2 = √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
But (1,√2 ) ∉ 𝑆 𝑎𝑠 1 − √2 + √2 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
=> (a, c) ∉ 𝑆. 𝑆𝑜 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Thus S is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive relation.
4) A student wants to pair up natural numbers in such a way that they satisfy the equation
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 41, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁.Find the domain and range of the relation. Check if the relation
thus formed is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, state whether it is an equivalence
relation or not.
Solution: We have R={(x, y):x∈ 𝑁, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 41}
Since y ∊ N, Domain ={1,2,3, . . . . ,20}
𝑅 = {(1,39), (2,37), (3,35). . . . . . . , (19,3), (20,1)}
Range = {1,3,5, . . . . . ,39}
R is not reflexive as (2,2) ∉ R as 2 × 2 + 2 ≠ 41.
Also R is not symmetric as (1,39)∈ 𝑅 𝑏𝑢𝑡 (39,1) ∉ 𝑅.
Further R is not transitive as (11,19)∈ 𝑅, (19,3) ∈ 𝑅𝑏𝑢𝑡(11,3) ∉ 𝑅.
Hence R is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive.
Therefore R is not an equivalence relation.
5) A function f : R → R is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏,such that f(1)=1 and f(2)=3. Find
function f(x). Hence check whether function f(x) is one-one and onto or not.
Solution: Given f(1)=1
⇨ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1------(1)
𝑓(2) = 3
⇨ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3-----(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get a=2 and b = -1.
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 is the required function.
One-one : Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
=> 2 𝑥1 ≠ 2𝑥2
=> 2𝑥1 − 1 ≠ 2𝑥2 − 1
=> 𝑓( 𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 )
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 8|Page
 Hence f(x) is a one-one function.
Onto: Let y=f(x) ∈ 𝑅
=> y=2x-1
𝑦+1
=> x= 2
𝑦+1 𝑦+1 𝑦+1
Thus for all y ∈ 𝑅, ∃ 𝑥 = ∈ 𝑅 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ( ) =2 ( )−1 = 𝑦
2 2 2
f(x) is an onto function.
Hence f is one-one and onto.
𝑥
6) Show that the function f: R → 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 −
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜.
Solution :
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓( 𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥1 𝑥2
=> 2 = 2
𝑥1 +1 𝑥2 +1
=> 𝑥1 (𝑥22 + 1)=𝑥2 (𝑥12 + 1)
=>𝑥1 𝑥22 + 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑥12 + 𝑥2
=>𝑥1 𝑥22 − 𝑥2 𝑥12 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
=>𝑥1 𝑥2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
=>𝑥1 𝑥2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) − (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = 0
=> (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥1 𝑥2 − 1) = 0
=> 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 1) = 0
=> 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 or 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 1
Here 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
1
=>𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 = 𝑥
2
f is not one-one.
Let k ∊ R be any arbitrary element and let f(x)=k
𝑥
=𝑘
𝑥 2 +1
=> 𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 1)
=> 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 𝑥
𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
1±√1−4𝑘 2
⇨ 𝑥= ∉ 𝑅, 𝑖𝑓 1 − 4𝑘 2 < 0
2𝑘
⇨ 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 (1 − 2𝑘)(1 + 2𝑘) < 0
1 −1
⇨ i.e., k> 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 < 2
⇨ f is not onto.
Hence f is neither one-one nor onto.
1
7) Let f : R → R be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∀x ∈ R. Then, find the range of f.
Solution:
1
f : R → R, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∀x ∈ R
1
Let 𝑦 = 2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1
2𝑦−1
Cos x = 𝑦
1
Cos x =2 - 𝑦
We know that -1≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≤ 1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 9|Page

 1
−1 ≤ 2 − ≤1
𝑦
1
−1 − 2 ≤ 2 − −2 ≤ 1−2
𝑦
1
−3 ≤ − 𝑦 ≤ −1
1
1≤ ≤3
𝑦
1
≤𝑦 ≤1
3
1
Range is [3 , 1]
𝑥
8) Show that the function f : (-∞, 0) → (−1,0) 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+|𝑥| ,
𝑥 ∊ (−∞, 0) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜.
𝑥
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ∊ (−∞, 0)
1+|𝑥|
Since 𝑥 ∊ (−∞, 0), |𝑥| = −𝑥
𝑥
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥
One-one: Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∊ (−∞, 0)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓( 𝑥2 )
𝑥1 𝑥2
=> 1 − 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥
1 2
=> 𝑥1 (1 − 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥2 (1 − 𝑥1 )
=> 𝑥1 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 𝑥1
=> 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
=>Hence f is one-one.
Onto :
𝑥
Let y = 1+|𝑥|
𝑥
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑥 ∊ (−∞, 0)
=> 𝑦(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑥
⇨ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥
⇨ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥
⇨ 𝑌 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑦)
𝑦
⇨ 𝑥 = 1+𝑦
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑦 ∈ (−1, 0) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑦
𝑦 1 + 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ( ) = 𝑦 = 𝑦
1 + 𝑦 1 − 1 + 𝑦
Hence f is onto.
Thus f is both one-one and onto.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1) Prove that the relation R in the set of integers Z defined as R={(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑎 +
𝑏)} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 [3]
Solution: 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎, which is divisible by 2, ⩝ a ∊ Z
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑎)𝜖𝑅, ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑍
⇒R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let (a, b) ∊ R ⇒ 2 divides (a+b)
⇒ 2 divides (b+a)
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 10 | P a g e
 ⇒ (b, a) ∊ R
R is symmetric
Transitive: Let (a, b), (b, c)∊R
⇒ 2 divides (a+b) and (b+c) both
⇒ (a + b) =2m and ( b +c) = 2n
⇒a+2b+c=2m+2n
⇒a+c=2(m+n-b)
⇒2 divides (a+c) ⇒ R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive,
R is an equivalence relation.
[3] = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟}
Or [3] = {. . . . . −1,1,3,5,7, . . . . . }
2) If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R is the relation on N × N defined by (a, b)
R (c, d) if 𝑎𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑏 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑑). Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution:
Reflexive: By commutative law under addition and multiplication of natural numbers b+
𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎 ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∊ 𝑁.
𝑎𝑏(𝑏 + 𝑎) = 𝑏𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏) ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∊ 𝑁
=> (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑎, 𝑏)
Hence, R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∊ 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑)
=> 𝑎𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑑).
=> 𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐)
=> 𝑐𝑏(𝑑 + 𝑎) = 𝑑𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑏)
=> (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏)
Hence, R is symmetric.
Transitive: Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ N X N such that
(a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
⇒ ad(b+c) = bc(a + d) and cf(d+e) = de(c +f)
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑑 𝑑+𝑒 𝑐+𝑓
=> 𝑏𝑐 = and 𝑑𝑒 =
𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑓
1 1 1 1
=>𝑐 + 𝑏 = 𝑑 + 𝑎 . . . . . . . (1) and
1 1 1 1
+ 𝑑 = 𝑓 + 𝑐 ……………..(2)
𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 11
=>𝑐 + 𝑏 + +𝑑 = +𝑎+𝑓+𝑐
𝑒 𝑑

1 1 1 1
=>𝑏 + = +𝑓
𝑒 𝑎

𝑒+𝑏 𝑓+𝑎
=> 𝑏𝑒 = 𝑎𝑓
=>af(b+e)=be(a+f)
=>(a,b) R (e, f)
Hence, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
3) In the set of natural numbers N, define a relation R as follows:

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 11 | P a g e

 ∀n, m ∈ N, n R m if on division by 5 each of the integers n and m leaves the remainder less
than 5, i.e. one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also,
obtain the pairwise disjoint subsets determined by R.
Solution:
R is reflexive since for each a ∈ N, aRa.
R is symmetric since if aRb, then bRa for a, b ∈ N.
Also, R is transitive since for a, b, c ∈ N, if aRb and bRc, then aRc.
Hence R is an equivalence relation in N which will partition the set N into the pairwise
disjoint subsets.
The equivalent classes are as mentioned below:
𝐴0 = {5, 10, 15, 20 ...}
𝐴1 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21 ...}
𝐴2 = {2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ...}
𝐴3 = {3, 8, 13, 18, 23, ...}
𝐴4 = {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, ...}
It is evident that the above five sets are pairwise disjoint and
4

𝐴0 ∪ 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ 𝐴4 = ⋃ 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑁
𝑖=0
4) Show that the function f: R→ 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 −
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3.
Solution:
Given a function f: R→ 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓( 𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
=> 𝑥12 + 𝑥1 + 1 = 𝑥22 + 𝑥2 + 1
⇨ ( 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 ) + (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) = 0
⇨ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) = 0
⇨ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 1) = 0
⇨ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 1) = 0
⇨ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥1 = −(𝑥2 + 1)
⇨ f is not one-one.
Onto:
Let y=f(x)
⇨ Y = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
⇨ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦 = 0
For x∈ 𝑅, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐷 ≥ 0
⇨ 12 − 4 × 1 × (1 − 𝑦) ≥ 0
⇨ 1-4+4y≥ 0
⇨ 4y-3≥ 0
⇨ 4y≥ 3
3
⇨ y≥ 4
3
⇨ y∈ [4 , ∞)
3
⇨ Range of f(x) is [4 , ∞) ≠ 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑅
⇨ f is not onto.
Hence f is neither one-one nor onto.
Also we have f(x)=3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 12 | P a g e

 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 3
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 2) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 1, −2

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1) Students of a school are taken to a railway museum to learn about railways heritage and its
history.

An exhibit in the museum depicted many rail lines on the track near the railway station.
Let L be the set of all rail lines on the railway track and R be the relation on L defined by
R = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 }.
On the basis of the above information answer the following questions:
(i) Find whether the relation R is symmetric or not.
(ii) Find whether the relation R is transitive or not.
(iii) (a) If one of the rail lines on the railway track is represented by the equation
y=3x+2, then find the set of rail lines in R related to it. OR
(b)Let S be the relation defined by S = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑙2 }.
Check whether the relation S is symmetric and transitive.
Solution:
(i)Let (𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙2⇒ 𝑙2 ‖ 𝑙1 ⇒(𝑙2 , 𝑙1 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ R is a symmetric relation.
(ii) Let (𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙2 and Let (𝑙2 , 𝑙3 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑙2 ‖ 𝑙3
Since 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 ‖ 𝑙3 , 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙3 ⇒ (𝑙1 , 𝑙3 ) ∈ 𝑅
Hence R is a transitive relation.
(iii)(a) The set is {𝑙 ∶ 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅}
(b) Let (𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ) ∈ 𝑆 ⇒𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 ⇒ 𝑙2 ⊥ 𝑙1 ⇒ (𝑙2 , 𝑙1 ) ∈ 𝑆
⇒ S is symmetric.
Let (𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ) ∈ 𝑆 ⇒𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 and
Let (𝑙2 , 𝑙3 ) ∈ 𝑆 ⇒𝑙2 ⊥ 𝑙3
𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 ⊥ 𝑙3 ⇒ 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙3
⇒(𝑙1 , 𝑙3 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆.
S is not a transitive relation.
2) A class room teacher is keen to assess the learning of her students the concept of “relations”
taught to them. She writes the following five relations each defined on the set A={1,2,3}.
𝑅1 = {(2,3), (3,2)}
𝑅2 = {(1,2), (1,3), (3,2)}
𝑅3 = {(1,2), (2,1), (1,1)}
𝑅4 = {(1,1), (1,2), (3,3), (2,2)}
𝑅5 = {(1,1), (1,2), (3,3), (2,2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,2)}
The students are asked to answer the following questions about the above relations:
(i) Identify the relation which is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 13 | P a g e
 (ii) Identify the relation which is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iii) Identify the relations which are symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
OR
(iv) What pairs should be added to the relation 𝑅2 to make it an equivalence relation ?
Solution:
(i) 𝑅4 (ii) 𝑅5 (iii) 𝑅1 (iv){(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2,1), (3,1), (2,3)}

3) Let A be the set of 50 students of class XII in a school. Let f : A→ 𝑁, N is the set of natural
numbers such that the function f(x) = Roll Number of student x. On the basis of the given
information, answer the following:
(i) Is f a bijective function ?
(ii) Give reasons to support your answer to (i)
(iii) Let R be a relation defined by the teacher to plan the seating arrangement of
students in pairs, where
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 =
3𝑥}. 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅. Is the relation R reflexive, symmetric and
transitive? Justify your answer.
Solution :
(i) 𝑁𝑜
(ii) No two different students of the class can have same roll number. Therefore, f
must be one-one.
We can assume without any loss of generality that roll numbers of students are
from 1 to 50. This implies that 51 in N is not roll number of any student of the
class, so that 51 cannot be image of any element of X under f.
Hence, f is not onto.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑅 = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9), (4,12), (5,15), (6,18), (7,21), (8,24), (9,27), (10,30),
(11,33), (12,36), (13,39), (14,42),(15,45),(16,48)}
𝑅 is not reflexive since (1,1), (2,2)…. ∉R
R is not symmetric
Example: (1,3)∊R but (3,1) ∉R
R is not transitive.
Example: (1,3)∊R,(3,9)∊R but (1,9) ∉R
Since R is not reflexive, symmetric and transitive, R is not an equivalence
relation.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 14 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-2: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Gist/Summary of the lesson:
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are also called as circular functions, angle functions.
Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the basic trigonometric functions which
are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions.
Definition: Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the basic trigonometric
functions which are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions
Principal Value Branches:

RANGE (Principal Value

FUNCTION DOMAIN
Branch)
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [− , ]
2 2
cos −1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 R (− , )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
cosec −1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1, 1) [− , ] − {0}
2 2
𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1, 1) [0, 𝜋] − { }
2
−1 R (0, 𝜋)
cot 𝑥
Formulae:
• sin−1(−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
• tan−1(−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥), = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
• cos−1 (−𝑥)=𝜋 − cos−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
• sec −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
• cot −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 𝜋/2, 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
• tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 𝜋/2, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝜋/2, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − [−1,1]
Additional Formulae
• sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1(𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 )
• sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1(𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 )
• cos−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 = cos−1 (𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
• cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 (𝑥𝑦 + √1 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥+𝑦
• tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥𝑦) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 < 1
𝑥−𝑦
• tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑥𝑦) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 > − 1
• 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )
• 2 cos−1 𝑥 = cos −1(2𝑥 2 − 1)
2𝑥
• 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (1−𝑥 2 )
• 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 )
• 3 cos−1 𝑥 = cos −1(4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)
3𝑥−𝑥 3
• 3 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (1−3𝑥 2 )

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 15 | P a g e

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
−1  −1
[Link] principal value of cos  `
 2 
2π π −π −π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 6
Solution: We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
 −1 1
cos −1   `= 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠-1   = π - π = 2π
 2  2 3 3
Ans: (a)
  3  
2. The principal value of sin −1  sin    `
  5 
3π 2π − 2π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
−1  3π  −1  3π  −1  2π  2π
Solution: We have sin sin   = sin sin  π −  = sin sin   =
5  5   5  5
Ans. (b)
[Link] value of: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √3 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1( − 2) is
π −π −π
(a) (b) (c) d) 0
6 6 3
Solution: We have sec-1 (-x) = π - sec-1(x).
tan −1 3 − sec −1 (−2) = π − (π − π ) = − π
3 3 3
Ans: (c)
𝜋 −1
4. The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 )] is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 2
Solution: We have sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1(x)
π −1  − 1    π  − π  π
 sin  − sin   = sin  −   = sin   = 1
 3  2   3  6  2
Ans: (b)
−7𝜋
5. The principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )) is
7π π −π − 7π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
Solution: We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 − 7π   7π   π π
cos −1 cos  = cos cos  = cos cos 2π +  = cos cos  = π
−1 −1 −1
 Ans: (b)
 3   3   3 3 3
[Link] value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( − √3) is
π −π −π π
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
−1 −1
Solution:
cot (− 3 ) = π − cot ( 3 ) π π
= π− 6 =56
tan −1 3 − cot −1 (− 3 ) π 5π π

= 3− 6 =−2
Ans: (b)
𝜋
7. The value of 𝑥 if 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 16 | P a g e

 1 π
(a) 3 (b) − 3 (c) (d)
3 6
π π π π π
cot −1 x = − tan −1 3 = − =  x = cot = 3
Solution: 2 2 3 6 6
Ans: (a)
𝜋
8. The value of 𝑥 if 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 2
3
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) (d) −2
2
Solution:
 π π π π
cos ec −1 x = − sec −1 2 = − =  x = cos ec =2
2 2 3 6 6
Ans: (b)
9. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑦 then the principal value of 𝑦 is:
−π π −π π
(a) 0  y  π (b)  y (c)  y (d) 0  y  π
2 2 2 2
Ans: (b)
10. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑦 then the principal value of y is:
−π π −π π
(a) 0  y  π (b)  y (c)  y (d) 0  y  π
2 2 2 2
Ans: (c)
ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
7𝜋 5𝜋
1. ASSERTION (A): Principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ) 𝑖𝑠 6
REASON (R): Range of principal branch of cos-1 x is [ 0, π] and cos-1cosx = x
if xϵ [ 0, π]
Ans: (a)
13𝜋 𝜋
2. ASSERTION (A): Principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑖𝑠
6 6
-1 -1
REASON (R): sin (-x) = - sin (x)
Ans:(b)
−π
3. ASSERTION (A): Principal value of sin −1 (− 1) =
2
REASON (R): sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1(x)
Ans: (a)
3𝜋 3𝜋
4. ASSERTION (A): Principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5 ) = 5
− π π 
REASON (R): sin −1 sin (x ) = x, x   , 
 2 2
Ans: (d)
−𝜋 −𝜋
5. ASSERTION (A): The principal value of cos −1 (cos ( 2 )) is `
2
REASON (R): Cosine function is an even function, therefore 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 17 | P a g e

 Ans: (d)
 −1 1
6. ASSERTION (A): The principal value of cos −1   = π − cos −1   `
 2  2
REASON (R): Range of cos-1x is [0, π]
Ans: (b)
−π −π
7. ASSERTION (A): The principal value of tan −1 sin  = `
 2  2
REASON (R): tan-1 (-x) = - tan-1(x)
Ans: (d)
−π −π
8. ASSERTION (A): tan −1 tan 
The principal value of = `
 4  4
−π π −π π
REASON (R): Range of tan-1 x is  ,  , tan-1 (tanx) = x if xϵ  , 
 2 2  2 2
Ans: (a)
9. ASSERTION(A): One branch of cos-1x other than the principal value branch is π,2π 
−𝜋
REASON (R): 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) = −1
Ans: (c)
 π 3π 
10. ASSERTION (A): A branch of sin-1x other than principal branch is  , 
2 2 
 3π  π
REASON (R): sin   = sin   = 1
 2 2
Ans: (c)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

2𝜋 2𝜋
1. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )).
 
) = π
2π −1 π
Solution: We have sin−1( sin ( 3 )) = sin−1( sin (π − 3)) = sin (sin 
3
  3
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )) = 3
−1 2𝜋 −1 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )) = 3 + =𝜋
3
1
2. Find the value of : 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2))]
1 𝜋 √3 𝜋
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2))]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 6 )]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 × ]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √3= 3
2
√3
3. Find the value of : 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ))]
  3   π   3
Solution: tan 2 sin( 2 cos 
−1 −1
) = tan −1 2 sin( 2 ) = tan −1 2 
  = tan
−1
3= π
  2    6   2  3
1
4. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (5) then find the value of sin 𝑥
5
Solution: cotx =
𝟏
 sin x =
𝟓
26
−1 −√3
5. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 18 | P a g e

 −1  −1 −1  1  π
Solution: sin   = − sin   = − ,
 2  2 6
− 3  3 π 5π
cos −1   = π − cos −1   = π − =
  2 
 2    6 6

 −1 −1 −
 3 −π 5π 3π
sin −1   + 2 cos  =
 + 2  =
 2   2  6 6 2

6. Show that for x  1, sin (tan x ) =

−1 x
1+ x2
Solution: Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑦, tany = x
x
 L H S = sin y = =RH S
1+ x2
1 3 4− 7
7. Prove that : tan  sin −1  =
2 4 3
3 3 7
Solution: Let sin −1 =x  sin x = .  cos x =
4 4 4
√7
𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1− 4−√7
L H S = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = √1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = √ 4
√7
= = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
1+ 3
4

 −1 1 π
8. Find the value of tan  2 tan − 
 5 4
1 1
Solution: Let tan −1 =x  tan x =
5 5
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛 −7
 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5 − 4 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2𝑥 − 4 ) = 4
𝜋 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 17
4
1
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2× 5
where, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 5
1 2
= 12
1−( )
5
−𝟏 −𝟏
9. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏)
−1 1 𝜋
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) = − 6

tan −1 (1) ==
−1 1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 𝜋 − 3 = 3 4
−1 −1 −𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = + + =
2 2 6 3 4 4
 3 −1
10. Find the value of sin  2 sin 
 5
−1  3  3  3
Solution: Let sin   = θ  sin θ =  sin  2 sin −1  = sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
5
  5  5

3 4 24
= 2  =
5 5 25
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Write the principal value of cos-1 [cos (680)°]

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 19 | P a g e

 Solution: We know that, principal value branch of cos-1 x is [0, 180°].
Since, 680° ∉ [0, 180°], so write 680° as 2 × 360° – 40°
Now, cos-1 [cos(680)°] = cos-1 [cos(2 × 360° – 40°)]
= cos-1 (cos 4o°) [∵ cos(4π – θ) = cos θ]
Since, 40° ∈ [0, 180°]
∴ cos-1[cos(680°)] = 40° [∵ cos-1 (cos θ) = θ; ∀ θ ∈ [0, 1 80°]]
√3 −1
2. Write the principal value of the following. cos −1 + cos −1 ( 2 )
2
√3 −1 √3 1
Solution: cos −1 + cos −1 ( 2 ) = cos −1 +𝜋 − cos −1 (2)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
= cos−1 (cos 6 ) + 𝜋 − cos −1 (cos 3 ) = 6 + 𝜋 − 3 =
6
−1 1−√𝑥 −1 1+√𝑥
3. Find the value of cos (1+ 𝑥) + cosec (1− 𝑥)
√ √
−1 1−√𝑥 −1 1+√𝑥 1−√𝑥 1−√𝑥 𝜋
Solution: cos (1+ 𝑥) + cosec (1− 𝑥) = cos−1 (1+ 𝑥) + sin−1 (1+ 𝑥)= 2
√ √ √ √
1
4. Write the value of tan (2 tan−1 5)
1 1
Solution: Let tan−1 5 = θ ⟹ tan θ = 5
2×1
1 2 tan θ 5
tan (2 tan−1 ) = tan(2θ) = = 5
1 2
=
5 1− tan2 θ 1−( ) 12
5
1
5. 3cos-1x = cos-1(4x3 – 3x), x ∈ [2,1]
Solution: Consider, RHS = cos-1 (4x3 – 3x)
Let x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos-1 x

RHS = cos-1 (4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ)

= cos-1 (cos 3θ) [∵ cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A] = 3 cos-1 x = LHS
11
6. 3sin-1x = sin-1(3x – 4x3), x ∈ [−2,2]
Solution: Consider, RHS = sin-1 (3x – 4x3) ……(i)
Let x = sin θ, then θ = sin-1 x
from Eq. (i), we get RHS = sin-1 (3 sinθ – 4 sin3θ) = sin-1 (sin 3θ)
[∵ sin 3A = 3sin A – 4sin3 A] = 3θ = 3 sin-1 x [∵ θ = sin-1 x] = LHS
cos 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7. Write in simplest form: tan−1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
cos 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−tan 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: tan−1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = tan−1 (1+tan 𝑥) = tan−1(𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 − 𝑥))= 4 − 𝑥

8. Find the value of sec(tan−1(−√3))=

Solution: sec(tan−1 (−√3))= sec(−tan−1(√3))= sec(tan−1(√3))
𝜋 𝜋
= sec(tan−1 (tan 3 )) = sec 3 = 2
1
9. If cos−1 𝑥 = 𝜃, then write tanθ in terms of x
1
Solution: cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = √sec 2 𝜃 − 1 = √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥

√1−𝑥 2 1
10. Prove that tan−1 ( ) = cos−1 𝑥
1+𝑥 2
√1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥
Solution: tan−1 ( 1+𝑥 ) = tan−1 √1+𝑥 Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 => 𝜃 = cos−1 𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 20 | P a g e

 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜃 1
−1 −1
=tan (√ ) = tan [ √ 2
𝜃 ] = tan−1 (tan )= = cos −1 𝑥
1+cos 𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 2 2
2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

-1 3 848
1. Prove that sin (5) – sin (17) = cos-1 (85)
-1

3 8
Solution: Let sin-1 (5) = A and sin-1 (17) = B
3 8
Thus, we can write sinA = 5 and sinB = 17
Now, find the value of cosA and cosB
3 2 9 16 4
cosA = √[1 − sin2 𝐴] = √1 − (5) = √1 − 25= √25 = 5
4
Thus, the value of cosA = 5
8 2 64 225 15
cosB = √[1 − sin2 𝐵] = √1 − (17) = √1 − 289= √289 = 17
15
Thus, the value of cosB = 17
cos (A- B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
substitute the values
4 15 3 8
cos (A – B) = (5) x (17) + (5) x (17)
60+24
cos (A –B) = 17×5
84
cos (A –B) = 85
84
(A –B) = cos-1 (85)
3 8 84
Substituting the values of A and B sin-1 ( )- sin-1 ( ) = cos-1 ( )
5 7 85
1 1
2. i) Find the value of cos-1 (2) + 2 sin-1 (2).
𝜋
ii) If tan-1x + tan-1 y = 4 ; xy < 1, then write the value of x + y + xy
1 π
Solution: i). The value of cos-1 (2) is 3 .
1 π
The value of sin-1 (2) is 6 .
1 1 π π π π 2π
∴ cos-1 (2) + 2sin-1 (2) = 3 + 2( 6 ), = 3 + 3 = 3
𝑥+𝑦 𝜋
ii) = tan 4 =1⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1
1−𝑥𝑦
−1
3. Write the principal value of tan-1 (1) + cos−1 ( 2 ).
−1 π 1
Solution: tan-1 (1) + cos−1 ( 2 )= 4 + 𝜋 − cos −1 (2)
π 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
=4 + 𝜋 − cos −1 (cos 4 )= 4 + 𝜋 − 4 = 12
√3
4. Write the value of tan−1 (2 sin (2 cos−1 ))
2
√3 𝜋
Solution: tan−1 (2 sin (2 cos −1 )) =tan −1
(2 sin (2 cos −1 (cos 6 )))
2
𝜋 𝜋 √3
= tan−1 (2 sin (2 × 6 )) =tan−1 (2 sin ( 3 )) =tan−1 (2 × )
2
𝜋 𝜋
=tan−1 (√3)=tan−1 (tan 3 ) = 3
5. If tan−1 𝑎 + tan−1 𝑏 + tan−1 𝑐 = 𝜋 prove that a + b + c = abc
Solution: tan−1 𝑎 = A, tan−1 𝑏 = B, tan−1 𝑐 = C
 a=tan A b=tan B c = tan C
 A+B+C= 𝜋 => A+B= 𝜋 − 𝐶
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 21 | P a g e
  tan(A + B) = tan( 𝜋 − 𝐶)=−tan 𝐶
tan A+tan B
 = − tan 𝐶 =>tan A + tan 𝐵 = tan A tan B tan C − tan 𝐶
1−tan A tan B
 tan A + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan A tan B tan C => a + b + c = abc.
𝜋
6. If tan 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = 2 , then show that xy + yz + zx = 1
−1

Solution: tan−1 𝑥 = A, tan−1 𝑦 = B, tan−1 𝑧 = C => x = tan A,y = tan B, z = tan C

𝜋 𝜋 1
=> A+B+C= 2 => tan(A + B) = tan ( 2 − 𝐶) = cot 𝐶 = tan 𝐶
tan A+tan B 1
=> 1−tan A tan B = tan 𝐶 => tan A tan C + tan B tan C= 1 − tan A tan B tan C

=> tan A tan C + tan B tan C+tan A tan C = 1

√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 x
7. Prove that cot −1 ( )=
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2

√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥
Solution: cot −1 ( )
√1+sinx−√1−sinx

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√sin2 2+cos2 2+2 cos2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 +√sin2 2+cos2 2−2 cos2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
−1
=> cot ( 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
)
√sin2 2+cos2 2+2 cos2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 −√sin2 2+cos2 2−2 cos2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

2 2
√(cos𝑥+sin𝑥) +√(cos𝑥−sin𝑥)
=>cot −1 ( 2 2
2
2 2
2
)
√(cos𝑥+sin𝑥) − √(cos𝑥−sin𝑥)
2 2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos +sin +cos −sin 2 cos 𝑥 𝑥
=> cot −1 ( 2
𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 ) = cot −1 ( 𝑥
2
) = cot −1 (cot ) =
cos +sin − cos +sin 2 sin 2 2
2 2 2 2 2

√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥 𝜋 1 −1
8. Prove that tan−1 ( )= − 2 cos −1 𝑥 , ≤𝑥≤1
√1+𝑥+√1−𝑥 4 √2

Solution: Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 𝑥

√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥 √1+cos 𝜃−√1−cos 𝜃
tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
√1+𝑥+√1−𝑥 √1+cos 𝜃+√1−cos 𝜃

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 θ
√2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 −√2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 cos −sin
−1 2 2
= tan ( ) = tan−1 ( 2
𝜃 θ
2
)
𝜃 𝜃 cos +sin
√2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 +√2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 2
2 2

𝜃
1−tan 𝜋 𝜃
−1
= tan ( 𝜃
2
) = tan−1 (tan ( 4 − 2))
1+tan
2

𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 1
= 4 − 2 = 4 − 2 cos −1 𝑥

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1) The Government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board at the face of a building on the
road of a busy market for awareness on COVID-19 protocol. Ram, Robert and Rahim are
the three engineers who are working on this project. ‘A’ is considered to be a person
viewing the hoarding board 20 metres away from the building, standing at the edge of a
pathway nearby, Ram Robert and Rahim suggested to the film to place the hoarding board
at three different locations namely C, D and E. ‘C’ is at the height of 10 metres from the
ground level. For the viewer ‘A’, the angle of elevation of ‘D’ is double the angle of

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 22 | P a g e

 elevation of ‘C’. The angle of elevation of ‘E’ is triple the angle of elevation of ‘C’ for the
same viewer.
Look at the figure given and based on the above information answer the following:

(i) Measure of ∠CAB =

1
Ans. tan–1(2)
(ii) Measure of ∠DAB =
4
Ans. tan–1(3)
(iii) Measure of ∠EAB
11
Ans. tan–1(21)
2). The following table gives inverse trigonometric functions along with domain and range
RANGE (Principal Value
FUNCTION DOMAIN
Branch)
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [− , ]
2 2

cos −1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [0, 𝜋]

𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 R (− , )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
cosec −1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1, 1) [− , ] − {0}
2 2
𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1, 1) [0, 𝜋] − { }
2
cot −1 𝑥 R (0, 𝜋)

−1 11𝜋
i. Value of tan−1(1) + cos−1 ( 2 ) is Ans: 12
−1 1 𝜋
ii. Value of tan−1 ( ) + cot −1 is Ans. 6
√3 √3
2𝜋 𝜋
iii. Principal value ofsin−1 (sin 3 ) Ans. 3
OR
2𝜋
iv. Principal value of sec −1(−2) Ans. 3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 23 | P a g e

 CHAPTER 3 : MATRICES

Gist of the Lesson:

• Matrix representation and order of matrix

• Types of Matrices
• Operations on Matrices
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
• Invertible Matrices

Definitions:
Order of Matrix:
If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then it is known as the matrix of order m x n.
Representation of matrix
A general matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 can be written as

= [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 = 1,2, … 𝑛

Types of Matrices:

Depending upon the order and elements, matrices are classified as:

• Column matrix
• Row matrix
• Square matrix
• Diagonal matrix
• Scalar matrix
• Identity matrix
• Zero matrix
Operation of Matrices:
• ADDITION OF MATRICES: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 be two matrices

of the same order. Then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is defined to be the matrix of order of 𝑚 × 𝑛 obtained by

adding corresponding elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
i.e 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛

• DIFFERENCE OF MATRICES: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 be two

matrices of the same order. Then 𝐴 − 𝐵 is defined to be the matrix of order of 𝑚 × 𝑛

obtained by subtracting corresponding elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 24 | P a g e
 i.e 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛

• MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES: The product of two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is defined

if the number of columns of 𝐴 is equal to the number of rows of 𝐵.
Let = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ]𝑛×𝑝 . Then the product of the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is the

matrix 𝐶 of order m × p
• MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝑘 is a

scalar, then 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑘. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛

➢ TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX: If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 be an m × n matrix, then the matrix

obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of 𝐴 is called the transpose of 𝐴.

Transpose of the matrix 𝐴 is denoted by 𝐴′or 𝐴T.
If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , then 𝐴′ = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]𝑛×𝑚

➢ SYMMETRIC MATRIX: A square matrix If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴

𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟐
Example:𝑨 = [ 𝟓 𝟕 𝟑 ],.
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
➢ SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX: A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be skew
symmetric matrix if 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴.
𝟎 𝟓 −𝟏𝟐
Example:𝑨 = [−𝟓 𝟎 −𝟑 ]
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟎
➢ INVERTIBLE MATRICES: If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another
square matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse
matrix of A and it is denoted by A– 1. In that case A is said to be invertible.
➢ PROPERTIES OF MATRICES:
• 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 (AB)C=A(BC)
• (A’)’=A AI=IA=A AB=BA=I then A-1 = B and B-1=A
• 𝐴𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
• 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
• Every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrices.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• 𝑨 = 𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑨′) + 𝟐 (𝑨 − 𝑨′) where 𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑨′) is symmetric matrix
𝟏
and 𝟐 (𝑨 − 𝑨′) is skew-symmetric matrices.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A is 2×2 matrix and A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = (𝑖 + 𝑗)2, then A is
4 9 9 4
(a) [ ] (b) [ ]
9 16 16 9
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 25 | P a g e
 2 3
(c) [ ] (d) 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
3 2
4 9
Solution: 𝑎11 = 4 , 𝑎12 = 9, 𝑎21 = 9 , 𝑎22 = 16 Option (a) [ ]
9 16
2. A and B are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 then B2 is
(a) A (b) B (c) 0 (d) I
2
Solution: B =BB=(BA)B=B(AB)=BA=B Option: (b) B
x 1
3. If A = [ ] and A2 is unit matrix, then what is value of x?
1 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) -1
x 1 x 1 2 1 0
Solution: A2 = [ ][ ] = [x + 1 x ] = [ ]
1 0 1 0 x 1 0 1
x 2 + 1 = 1 , x=0 Option (c) 0
1 1
4. A = [ ] , then A10 is
1 1
(a) 10A (b)9A (c) 29 A (d)210 A
1 1 1 1 2 2
Solution: A2 = [ ] [ ] = [ ] =2A, A3 =4I=22A so A10 = 29 I
1 1 1 1 2 2
Option: (c) 29 A
5. A is a 3 × 4 matrix. A matrix B is such that A'B and BA' are defined. Then the order of B is
(a) 4 × 3 (b) 3 × 3 (c) 4 × 4 (d) 3 × 4
Solution: Let 𝑂(𝐵) = 𝑚 × 𝑛 A'B is defined. So 𝑚 = 3. BA' is defined.
So 𝑛 = 4. Option: (d) 3 × 4
6. A and B are symmetric matrices of same order , then ABT − BAT is always
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew symmetric matrix
(c) zero matrix (d) unit matrix
Solution: (ABT − BAT )T = (BT )T AT − (AT )T BT = BAT − ABT
Option: (b)skew symmetric matrix
7. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 512 (d) none of these
Solution: There are nine places. Each can be filled in two ways. 29 ways
Option: (c) 512
8. A is a matrix of order 2×3 and B is a matrix of order 3×2. 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 𝐵𝐴,
then order of CD is
(a) 3×3 (b) 2×2 (c) 3×2 (d) CD not defined
Solution: O(C )=2×2 and O(D )=3×3. The number of columns of A not equal to number of
rows of B. Therefore CD not defined
Option: (d) CD not defined
1 12 4𝑦
9. If A= [6𝑥 5 2𝑥 ] is a symmetric matrix, then (2x+y) is
8𝑥 4 6
(a) -8 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 8
Solution: Since A is symmetric, 6x=12 x=2; 8x=4y,y=4 then 2x+y = 8
Option: (d) 8
2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 𝑥 + 3 12
[Link] [ 2 ]=[ ], then the value of x – y is
0 𝑦 −1 0 35
(a) 2 or 10 (b) -2 or 10 (c) 2 or -10 (d) -2 or -10
Solution: 2x-1=x+3, x=4; 𝑦 2 − 1=35, y=±6, then x-y = -2 or 10
Option: (b) -2 or 10

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 26 | P a g e

 ASSERTION REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions from 1 to 10 , a statement of Assertion(A) is followed by a statement of
Reason ( R).Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both( A) and (R ) are true and (R ) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both( A) and (R ) are true and (R ) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true and (R ) is false
(d) (A) is false and (R ) is true
1) Assertion (A): If a matrix is skew symmetric, then its diagonal elements must be zero.
Reason (R): A matrix A is skew symmetric if AT = −A
Solution: By definition of skew symmetric matrix 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 . So 𝑎𝑗𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑗 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑗𝑗 = 0
Both the statements are true and second is not the reason for first.
Option (b)
2 0 5 0
2) Assertion (A): A= [ ] and B= [ ] , Then (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵 2
0 3 0 0
Reason (R): A and B for two matrices(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2 if AB=BA
Solution: (A + B)2 = (A + B)(A + B) = A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + 2AB + B2 only if
AB + BA both the statements are true and second statement is reason for first.
Option: (a)
3) Assertion (A):If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, AB-BA is skew symmetric
matrix
Reason (R): If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, AB+BA is symmetric matrix
Solution: Both the statements are correct. . But second statement is not the reason for first
statement.
(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴)𝑇 =(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 + (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 and
(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)𝑇 =(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 − (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 = −(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴) Option: (b)
1 2 3
4) Assertion (A): The matrix [5 −7 8] can be expressed as sum of a symmetric and a
0 −1 9
skew symmetric matrices
Reason (R): If A and B, are skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric
if AB=BA
Solution: Assertion is correct, since any matrix A can be written as 𝐴 = 𝑃 +
𝐴+𝐴𝑇 𝐴−𝐴𝑇
𝑄 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = where P symmetric and Q skew symmetric.
2 2
Reason is also correct, since (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐵 × −𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴. AB is symmetric if
AB=BA But second statement is not correct reason for first. Option: (b)
5) Assertion (A): If a matrix is skew symmetric, then its diagonal elements must be zero.
Reason (R): A matrix A is skew symmetric if AT = −A
Solution: By definition of skew symmetric matrix 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 . So 𝑎𝑗𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑗 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑗𝑗 = 0
Both the statements are true and second is not the reason for first Option (a)
6) Assertion (A):The points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), 𝐵(𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are collinear
Reason (R): Area of a triangle with three collinear points is zero.
Solution: Assertion is true. Reason is correct explanation of assertion Option (a)
7) Assertion (A): If the product of two matrices is the identity matrix, both matrices must be
invertible.
Reason (R): The identity matrix is only obtained when a matrix is multiplied by its inverse.
Solution: By definition inverse of a matrix A exists if and only if AA−1 = I = A−1 A. So
both are correct and second is correct explanation for first Option: (a)
2 3
8) Assertion (A):If A is a square matrix s and A = A, then(A + I) − 7A = I
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 27 | P a g e
 Reason (R): AI=I=AI where I is unit matrix.
Solution:(𝐼 + 𝐴)3 − 7A =I3 + 3A2 + 3A + A3 − 7A = I + 3A + 3A + A − 7I = I
since A2 = A and A3 = A So both the statements are correct. Second statement is reason
for first. Option (a)
-1 1
9) Assertion(A): For a sqaure of order 2 x 2 , A = [3](adjA) , so |5A| = 75.
Reason: (R): For a square matrix A of order n x n, , A-1=
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
and |adjA| = |A| n-1
|𝐴|
Solution: A (adjA) = |A| I = (adjA)A Option : (a)
1 0 1 0
10) Assertion (A): [ ]. then A10 =[ ].
0 1 0 1
Reason (R): A is unit matrix..
Solution: Given matrix is unit matrix. By property of unit matrix, 𝐼 × 𝐼 = 𝐼.Both are
correct. and second is correct explanation for first Option (a)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUSTIONS
cos ∝ −sin ∝
1) If A=[ ] and A+AT=I. then find ∝
sin ∝ cos ∝ π
Solution: finding AT and sub in A+AT=I ∝= 3
1 2 𝑥
2) If [2𝑥 3] [ ] [ ] =O find the value of x
−3 0 8
2
Solution: getting 2x +23x = 0 , x=0 and x=-23/2
2 −3
3) Given A=[ ] Prove that A2 -9A +2I =O and express A-1 in terms of A.
−4 7
9𝐼−𝐴
Solution: proving A2 -9A +2I =O and finding A-1= 2
4) If A and B is symmetric matrices of same order, show that AB is symmetric iff AB=BA
Solution: (AB)T =B T AT =BA and (AB)T = AB iff AB = BA
5) Construct a matrix of order 3x3 whose elements are given by aij = 1 if i≠ j. aij = 0 if i= j.
0 1 1
Solution:[1 0 1]
1 1 0
2 1
6) If A = [ ], then the value of I-A+A2-A3+…….
−4 −2
Solution: finding A2 as null matrix, Then A3,A4….are all zero.
−1 −1
Then the value of I-A+A2-A3+……. Is [ ]
4 3
3 1
7) If A = [ ] and A2 +7I=kA, then find k.
−1 2
15 5
Solution: finding A2 +7I as [ ] equating to kA and finding k = 5
−5 10
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ −𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
8) Simplify: cos∅ [ ] + sin∅ [ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
Solution: on multiplication we get
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 1 0
[ ]=[ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅ 0 1

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

2 0 1
1. Express [2 1 3] as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
1 −1 0
4 2 2 0 −2 0
𝐴+𝐴′ 1 𝐴−𝐴′ 1
Solution: writing 2 = 2 [2 2 2] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 = 2 [2 0 4] and
2 2 0 0 −4 0

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 28 | P a g e

 𝐴+𝐴′ 𝐴−𝐴′
proving A = +
2 2
1 2 2
2. A=[ 2 1 x ] and AAT =9I, Find x.
−2 2 −1
9 4 + 2x 0 9 0 0
Solution: Applying AAT =9I and getting [4 + 2x 5 + x 2 −2 − x] = [0 9 0]
0 −2 − x 9 0 0 9
𝑥 = −2
7 0 3 0
3. X+Y=[ ] and X-Y=[ ] Find matrices X and Y.
2 5 0 3
10 0 5 0 2 0
Solution: 2X=[ ] X= [ ] Y= [ ]
2 8 1 4 1 1
4. Find the matrix X such that:
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
X[ ]=[ ]
4 5 6 2 4 6
Solution: X as 2 x 2 matrix
a b 1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
[ ][ ]=[ ] writing equations and
c d 4 5 6 2 4 6
1 −2
finding the values of a, b, c and d X=[ ]
2 0
5. Find the values of x, y, a and b when
2x + 3y a − 2b 3 8
[ ]=[ ]
2a + b 3x − 2y 6 11
Solution: 2x + 3y = 3, 3x − 2y = 11
x=3 and y=-1
2a + b = 6 , a − 2b = 8, a=4 and b=-2
x 2 −3 3 −1 2 5 3 3
6. 𝐼𝑓 [5 y 2 ] [4 2 5] = [19 −5 16], find x and y
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −3 0
3𝑥 + 8 − 6 −𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 10 − 9 5 3 3
Solution: [15 + 4𝑦 + 4 −5 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 + 3 ]=[19 −5 16]
3−4+2 −1 − 2 2−5+3 1 −3 0
3x+8-6=5 and -5+2y+0=-5 , x=1 and y=0
−2
7. If A = [ 4 ] abd B = [1 3 −6] verify that (AB)’ = B’ A’
5
−2 −6 12 −2 4 5
Solution: AB = [ 4 12 −24] and (AB)’ =[−6 12 15 ]
5 15 −30 12 −24 −30
1 −2 4 5
A’ = [−2 4 5] B′ = [ 3 ] finding B’ A’ = [−6 12 15 ]
−6 12 −24 −30
8. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Solution: A & B are symmetric if A= A’ and B = B’
Let C = AB – BA C’ = (AB – BA) ‘
C’ = (AB)’ – (BA)’ = B’A’ – A’B’=BA – AB = -(AB – BA)= -C

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 29 | P a g e

 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

2 −1 −1 −8 −10
1. Find a matrix A such that[ 1 0 ] 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 −5 ]
−3 4 9 22 15
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution: Let A=[ ]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2𝑥 − 𝑎 2𝑦 − 𝑏 2𝑧 − 𝑐 −1 −8 −10
Getting [ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [ 1 −2 −5 ]
−3𝑥 + 4𝑎 −3𝑦 + 4𝑏 −3𝑧 + 4𝑐 9 22 15
Equating corresponding elements, getting equations in variable, x=1,y=-2,z=-5
1 −2 −5
a=3,b=4,c=0 A=[ ]
3 4 0
1 0 2 𝑥 𝑥
2. Find the value of x, . if 𝑥 −5 −1 [0 2 1] [ ] = 0. Hence find[𝑥 −5 −1 [4]
[ ] 4 ]
2 0 3 1 1
1 0 2
Solution: [𝑥 −5 −1] [0 2 1]=[𝑥 − 2 −10 2𝑥 − 8]
2 0 3
𝑥
[𝑥 − 2 −10 2𝑥 − 8] [4] =[x2-48] [x2-48]=0 x=±4√3
1
𝑥
Then find the product [𝑥 −5 −1] [4] by putting 𝑥 = 4√3 , we get [27]
1
and x = -4√3, we get [27]
1 0 2
3. If A=[0 2 1] and𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 +7A+K𝐼 = 0. Find K.
2 0 3
1 0 2 5 0 8
Solution: 𝐴2 = [0 2 1] and 𝐴3 = [2 4 5]
2 0 3 8 0 13
Sub in eqn 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 +7A+K𝐼 = 0
𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 +7A+K𝐼 =0
5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0
[2 4 5 ] - 6 [0 2 1] +7 [0 2 1] + k [0 1 0] = O
8 0 13 2 0 3 2 0 3 0 0 1
On solving, we get K=2
4. A typist charges Rs. 145 for typing 10 English and 3 Hindi pages, while charges for
typing 3 English and 10 Hindi pages are Rs. 180. Using matrices, find the charges of typing one
English and one Hindi page separately. However, typist charged only Rs. 2 per page from a poor
student Shyam for 5 Hindi pages. How much less was charged from this poor boy?
𝑥 10 3 145
Solution: let X =[𝑦] A=[ ] and B = [ ]
3 10 180
10 3 𝑥 145
[ ][ ] = [ ]
3 10 𝑦 180
10𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 145, 3𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 180
𝑥 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 15 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25
For Shyam instead of 15 Rs , the typist charged 2 rs . So he charged Rs13 less for poor boy per page
, for 5 pages the typist charged 13×5=65 Rs less for poor boy.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 30 | P a g e

 𝛼
0 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
5. If A=[ 𝛼 ] and I is the identity matrix of matrix of order2, show that
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝐼 + 𝐴 = (𝐼 − 𝐴) [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝛼 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡
Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 =t, then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =1+𝑡 2 by substituting show that
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
LHS=[ ] and RHS=[ ]
−𝑡 1 −𝑡 1

CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A manufacture produces three types of emergency lambs which he sells in two markets.
Their Monthly sales are indicated below
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Market A 100 100 50
Market B 80 100 100
If the unit Sale price of the three types of emergency lights are 2000,3000 and 2500
respectively, and unit cost of the above three commodities are Rs. 1500,2200, and Rs. 2000
respectively, then based on the above information answer the following
a) Find the total revenue of market A
Solution: total revenue of market A
=100 × 2000 + 100 × 3000 + 50 × 2500 =6,25,000
b) What is profit of market B
Solution: Total profit of market B is 80× 500 + 100 × 800 + 100 × 500 =170000
Rs.3,25,000
c) Find gross profit in both market
Solution: Profit of market A=155000, Profit of market B=170000,
Total gross profit = Rs.3,25,000
2. Sushama owns a P.G for girls. One day she went to market purchase the food items. She
bought 4kg onion,3 kg wheat, and 2kg rice for Rs [Link] day she bought 2kg
onion,4kgwheat and 6 kg rice. It cost her Rs:780. Another day she bought 6 kg onion,2kg
wheat and3 kg rice which cost Rs: 640.
a)Convert the given condition above in matrix equation of the form AX=B
4 3 2 x 560
Solution : [2 4 6] [y]=[780]
6 2 3 z 640
T
b)Find A+A . Is it symmetric?
4 3 2 4 2 6 8 5 8
Solution: [2 4 6] + [3 4 2]=[5 8 8].It is symmetric
6 2 3 2 6 3 8 8 6
c) Find a matrix P such that P = A2 − 5A
4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2
Solution: A2 − 5A=[2 4 6] [2 4 6] − 5 [2 4 6]
6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3
34 26 32 20 15 10 14 11 22
=[52 34 46]--[10 20 30]=[42 14 16]
46 32 33 30 10 15 16 22 18

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 31 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-04: DETERMINANTS
Definitions and Formulae:
To every square matrix we can assign a number called determinant
➢ Determinant:
𝑎 𝑏
• 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = |𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
• 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = 𝑎 | |−𝑏| |+𝑐| |
ℎ 𝑘 𝑔 𝑘 𝑔 ℎ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑘
• For easier calculations, we shall expand the determinant along that row or column which contains
maximum number of zeros
• The area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2) and (x3 , y3), is
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
Δ = | 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 |
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
• Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the determinant
• The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
𝑥 𝑦 1
• Equation of line joining the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2) is | 𝑥1 𝑦1 1 |=0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
➢ Minors: Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row
and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
➢ Co-Factors: Cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined by
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 . 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗
➢ The value of a determinant Δ = sum of the product of elements of any row (or column) with their
corresponding cofactors.
➢ If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column), then
their sum is zero. For example a11A31+a12A32+a13A33 =0
➢ Adjoint of a Matrix: The adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is defined as the transpose of the
matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ] , where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj
A.
➢ To find adjoint of a 2×2 matrix interchange the diagonal elements and change the sign of non –
diagonal elements.
1
➢ Inverse of a Matrix: Let A be a square matrix. 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
➢ Solution of system of linear equations by using matrix method:
Let the system of linear equations be
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 , 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 and 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
These equations can be written as [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [𝑦] = [𝑑2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
−1
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵
• 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠, 𝑖𝑓 |𝐴| ≠ 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒.
• 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
• 𝑖𝑓 |𝐴| = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵.
• 𝐼𝑓 |𝐴| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 𝑂 , (O being zero matrix), then solution does not exist and the
system of equations is called inconsistent.
• 𝐼𝑓 |𝐴| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵 = 𝑂, then system may be either consistent or inconsistent
according as the system have either infinitely many solutions or no solution.
➢ Important notes:
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 32 | P a g e
 • The matrix A is singular if |𝐴| = 0
• A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |𝐴|≠ 0
• If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also non-singular
matrices of the same order
• If A is an invertible matrix, then |𝐴|≠0 and (A-1) T = (AT)-1
• |𝜆𝐴| = 𝜆𝑛 |𝐴|, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴
• 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼
• |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴
• |𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴|𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴
• |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵| (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|−1 |𝐴𝑇 | = |𝐴|
• If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then adj(AB)=adjB. adj A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = - 5 , then value of |−A| is
(a) 125 (b) - 125 (c) 5 (d) – 5
Solution:- |−𝐴| =(-1)3|𝐴| = - (-5) = 5 Correct option: (c )
2𝑥 3 16 3
2. What positive value of x makes the following pair of determinants equal | |,| |
5 𝑥 5 2
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) ±4
2𝑥 3 16 3 2 2 2
Solution:- | |=| | 2x -15 = 32-15 2x =32 x =16, x=±4
5 𝑥 5 2
The positive value of x is 4 Correct option: (a)
3. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=64, then what is the value of |𝐴|
(a)64 (b) 8 (c) −8 (d) ±8
2
Solution:-|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=|𝐴| =64,|𝐴|= ±8 Correct option : (d)
4. If 𝐴 (3,4), 𝐵(−7,2), 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) are collinear, then which of the following is true?
(a) 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 17 = 0 (b) 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 13 = 0 (c) 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 17 = 0 (d) 𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 17 = 0
Solution:- If A (3,4), B(-7,2), C(x, y) are collinear, then area of triangle ABC=0
3 4 1 3 4 1
1
i.e 2 |−7 2 1|=0 , i.e |−7 2 1|=0 ,
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑖. 𝑒 3(2 − 𝑦) − 4(−7 − 𝑥) + 1(−7𝑦 − 2𝑥) = 0,i.e x-5y+17=0 Correct option: (c)
5. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det(𝐴−1 )=
1
a) 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) det(A)
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) 1 1 1
Solution:- det(A-1)=| | , = |𝐴|2 |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)| = |𝐴|2 |𝐴|2-1= |𝐴|Correct option: (a)
𝐼𝐴𝐼
0 0
6. If [𝑐𝑜𝑠150 𝑠𝑖𝑛150 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠75 𝑠𝑖𝑛75
a) 0 (b) 1 (c)-1 d)90
Solution: Sin(150+750) = sin 900=1 Correct option: (b)
−2 0 0
7. If A = [ 1 2 3 ], then the value of | A (adj.A) | is
5 1 −1
(a) 100I (b) 10 I (c) 10 (d) 1000
𝑛 3
Solution: Using |𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴| , |A| , we get 1000 where |A| = 10
Option : (d)
2 −1 5
8. If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [1 3 2] and Cij is the cofactor of element aij, then find the value of
5 0 4
a21.C11+a22.C12+a23.C13.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 33 | P a g e
 (a) -57 (b) 0 (c) 9 (d) 57
Solution: writing the values a21,c11…, finding the value as 0 Option : (b)
9. If A and B are two square matrices each of order 3 with |A| = 3 and |B| = 5, the |2AB| is
(a) 30 (b) 120 (c) 15 (d) 225
n 3
Solution: using |kA| = k |A|, where n is order, we get 2 x |A| x |B| = [Link]: (b)
10. Let A be a square matrix of order 3. If |A| = 5, then |adjA| is
(a) 5 (b) 125 (c) 25 (d) -5
2
Solution: |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴| , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴, |A| = 25 Option: ( c )
𝑛−1

ASSERTION REASONING BASED QUESTIONS

Two statements are given, one labelled Assertion(A) and the other labelled Reason(R).Select
the correct answer from the codes (a),(b),(c) and (d) as given below
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion(A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion(A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true
1) Assertion(A): If A=[2 3] then Adj(A)= [−2 1]
1 4 3−4
𝑎11 𝑎12
Reason(R):If A=[ 𝑎 𝑎22 ] then Adjoint(A) can be obtained by interchanging
21
a11 and a22 and by changing signs of a12 and a21
4 −3
Solution:- Adj(A)= [ ].
−1 2
Hence A is false but R is true Correct option: (d)
2) Assertion(A): If A is a square natrix of order 3, then |2𝐴|=8|𝐴|
Reason(R): Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then | adj A| = |𝐴|n-1
Solution:-A is true since |2𝐴|=23|𝐴|=8|𝐴|
R is also true, but R is not the correct explanation of A Correct option:(b)
3 7 6 8 61 87
3) Assertion(A): if A=[ ] and B=[ ] then (AB)-1= [ ]
2 5 7 9 47 67
-1 -1 -1
Reason(R): For any 2 matrix A and B , (AB) =B A
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) 61 87
Solution:- (AB)-1= |𝐴𝐵| = [ ] = B-1A-1
47 67
(AB)-1=B-1A-1
Hence Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation
of the Assertion(A) Correct option:(a)
4) Assertion(A): For two matrices A and B of order 3, |𝐴|=2 |𝐵|= - 3, then|𝐴𝐵|=-6
Reason(R): The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
respective determinants, that is, |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵| where A and B are square matrices of the
same order
Solution:- |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵| = 2(-3) = - 6
Hence A is true but R is true. Correct option(a)
5) Assertion(A): The system of equations 2x + 5y = 1; 3x + 2y = 7 are consistent
Reason(R): A system of equations is said to be consistent if they have one or more.
Solution:- The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where
2 5 𝑥 1
A=[ ],X=[𝑦] B=[ ]
3 2 7
On solving these system of equations by matrix method|𝐴|= -11 ≠ 0, Hence, A is non-
singular matrix and so has a unique solution. Hence they are consistent.
Correct option(a)
6) Assertion(A): In a square matrix of order 3 the minor of an element
a22 is 3 then cofactor of a22 is -3.
Reason(R): Cofactor an element aij = Aij = ( -1)i+j Mij
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 34 | P a g e
 Solution:- Cofactor an element aij = Aij = ( -1)i+j Mij
Cofactor an element a22 = A22 = ( -1)2+2(3)= 3
Hence Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true Correct option (d)
7) Assertion(A): If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, and det A= 3 then det( A-1 )is
1
equal to 3
Reason(R): If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 then det (A-1) =det(A)
1 1
Solution:-Since det(A-1)= =
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 3
Hence A is true but R is false. Correct option: (c )
𝑥 𝑥+1
8) Assertion(A):The value of | | is equal to 1
𝑥−1 𝑥
Reason(R):The value of the determinant of a matrix A of
𝑎 𝑏
order 2x2, where A=[ ] is ad-bc
𝑐 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥+1
Solution: | | = x (x) – (x + 1) (x – 1) = x2 – (x2 – 1) = x2 – x2 + 1 = 1
𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
So Assertion A is true. | |= ad-bc
𝑐 𝑑
So Reason R is true. Hence Reason(R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion(A)
Correct option: (a)
1
9) Assertion(A)]: For any square matrix A, |A|2 = 25 , then |A| = ± 5
Reason( R): |AB| = |A||B|
Solution: Assertion is false and Reason is true Correct Option: (d)
2 𝑥 −3
−8
10) Assertion(A):A=[ 0 2 5 ], then A-1 exists if x = 5
1 1 3
Reason(R): A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non- singular
Solution: |A| = 8 + 5x , A-1 exists only when |A| ≠ 0
So Assertion is False. And Reason is true Correct option: (d)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 2 1 −4
1. If A=[ ] and B=[ ] find |𝐴𝐵|
3 −1 3 −2
1 2 1 −4 7 −8
Solution:- AB=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 −1 3 −2 0 − 10
|𝐴𝐵|= -70
2. Find the equation of the line joining A ( 1 , 3) and B ( 0, 0) using determinants
Solution:- Let p(x,y) be any point on the line AB
Then area of ∆PAB=0
1 3 1
|0 0 1 |=0, Equation of line AB is y = 3 x
𝑥 𝑦 1
1 3
3. If A = [ ] , find the value of | 𝐴2 −2 𝐴 |
2 1
7 6 2 6
Solution:- A2-2A=[ ]-[ ]
4 7 4 2
5 0
=[ ] | 𝐴2 −2 𝐴 |=25
0 5
8 0
4. If for any 2x2 square matrix A, A(AdjA)= [ ] , then write the value of |𝐴|
0 8
Solution:- A (adj A) = |A| I
8 0 1 0 8 0 |𝐴| 0
[ ]=|A|[ ] [ ]=[ ]
0 8 0 1 0 8 0 |𝐴|
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 35 | P a g e
 |𝐴|=8
2 3
5. If A=[ ] write A-1 in terms of A
5−2
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) −1 −2 − 3 1 2 3 1
Solution:- A-1= |𝐴| = 19 [ ] =19 [ ] =19 A
−5 2 5 − 2
2 −3 5
6. Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant |6 0 4 | and verify that
1 5 −7
a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 =0
Solution: A31=-12, A32=22, A33 = 18 , then a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 =0
1 1 1
7. Find maximum value of the determinant | 1 1 + sinθ 1| (θ is real).
1 + cosθ 1 1
Solution: Finding the determinant and equating to zero, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = 0.
3 −1 9 3
8. If |A| =3, A-1=[ ] find A Solution: A= [ ]
−5/3 2/3 5 2
1 𝑘 3
9. Find k if the matrix[1 3 3] is the adjoint of a 3x 3 matrix A and |𝐴| = 4.
2 4 4
Solution: Using |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , 2k-6 = 16, k = 11.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
3 0 0
1. If A.(adjA)=[0 3 0],then find the value of |𝐴| +|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|
0 0 3
Solution:-
|𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=|𝐴||𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=|𝐴||𝐴|2 =|𝐴|3 27=|𝐴|3 |𝐴|=3 |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=32=9 |𝐴| +|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|=12
2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that det A=0
Solution:- If A is a skew symmetric matrix of order 3,then A= - AT
|𝐴| =|− 𝐴𝑇 | = - |𝐴𝑇 | = - |𝐴| (Since |𝐴𝑇 | =|𝐴|)
2|𝐴| =0, Hence|𝐴|=0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
3. If A=[−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Then prove that |𝐴|ϵ[2,4]
−1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
Solution:- |𝐴|=2+2sin2x
We know that 0 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1 i.e. 0 ≤ 2sin2x ≤ 2 i.e 2 ≤ 2+2sin2x ≤ 4
i.e. 2 ≤ |𝐴| ≤ 4 Hence |𝐴|ϵ[2,4]
4. If the points (a1, b1), (a2, b2) and (a1 + a2, b1 + b2) are collinear, then prove that a1b2=a2b1
Solution:- If the points (a1, b1), (a2, b2) and (a1 + a2, b1 + b2) are collinear,
𝑎1 𝑏1 1
then| 2
𝑎 𝑏2 1|= 0
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 1
On expanding we get a2b1-a1b2=0 Hence a2b1 = a1b2
−1 5
−4 2
0 1 3 2
−1 −3
5. If A=[1 2 𝑥] and A-1= 2 3 2
find the values of x and y.
2 3 1 1 1
[2 𝑦 2]
-1
Solution:- Using A A = I
1 3 + 3𝑦 0 1 0 0
−1 𝑥 −1 𝑥
[2 +2 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2] = [0 1 0], equating and solving 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −1
2
0 1+𝑦 1 0 0 1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 36 | P a g e

 𝑥 3 7
6. x = -9 is a root of |2 𝑥 2|=0 then find the other 2 roots
7 6 𝑥
𝑥 3 7
Solution:- |2 𝑥 2|=0 x3 - 67x+126=0 (x+9)(x-7)(x-2)=0 ⟹ 𝑥 = − 9,7,2
7 6 𝑥
Hence the other two roots are 7 and 2
2 3 1 −2
7. If A=[ ] and B=[ ] then verify that (AB)-1 =B-1A-1
1 −4 −1 3
−1 5 |𝐴𝐵|==
Solution:- AB=[ ] -11≠0 (AB)-1 exists
5 − 14
1 14 5 1 −4 − 3 3 2
(AB)-1= 11 [ ] A-1= - 11 [ ] B-1 = [ ]
5 1 −1 2 1 1
1 14 5
B-1A-1 =11 [ ]=(AB)-1 Hence proved
5 1
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method
3x-2y+3z=8, 2x+y-z=1 and 4x-3y+2z=4
Solution:- The given system of equations can be written as AX=B, |𝐴|= -17≠0 and
−1 − 5 − 1 −1 − 5 − 1
adjA=[ −8 − 6 9 ], A-1= -1/17[ −8 − 6 9 ]
−10 1 7 −10 1 7
−1 − 5 − 1 8
X= A-1B=1/17[ −8 − 6 9 ] [1], ⟹ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
−10 1 7 4
1 2 −3 0 1 2
2. Use the product[3 2 −2] [−7 7 −7] to solve the system of equations:-
2 −1 1 −7 5 −4
x+2y-3z=6, 3x+2y-2z=3 and 2x-y+z=2
Solution: the product of two matrices is 7 I
1 2 −3 0 1 2
And the inverse of [3 2 −2] is 1/7 of [−7 7 −7]
2 −1 1 −7 5 −4
𝑥 6
Let X = [𝑦] and B = [3] using X= A-1B , we get x=1,y=-5 and z=-5.
𝑧 2
3. Using the matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
+ + = 4, - + =1 , + - =2
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 𝑋 𝑌 𝑍
Solution:- The given system of equations can be written in the form AX=B,
1

2 3 10 𝑥 4
1
Where A=[ 4 − 6 5 ] 𝑋 = 𝑦
and B=[1] , |𝐴|= 1200 ≠ 0 , A-1 exists
6 9 − 20 1 2
[𝑧]
75 150 75 75 150 75
1
Adj(A)=[110 − 100 30] Hence A-1 = 1200 [110 − 100 30], Using X=A-1B
72 0 − 24 72 0 − 24
1 1
𝑥 75 150 75 4 600 2
1 1 1 1
𝑦
=1200 [110 − 100 30] [1], =1200 [400] = 3
, Hence 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 5
1 72 0 − 24 2 240 1
[𝑧] [5]

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 37 | P a g e

 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1. Ram buys 5 pens, 3 bags 1 instrument box and pays a sum of Rs. 160. From the same shop,
Madhav buys 2 pens, 1 bag and 3 instrument boxes and pays a sum of [Link] Ankit
buys 1 pen, 2 bags and 4 instrument boxes and pays a sum of Rs.250.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
I. Convert the given above situation into a matrix equation of the form AX=B
II. Find |𝐴| 3) Find A-1 OR Determine P=A2-5A
5 3 1 𝑥 160
Solution:-i) Matrix equation AX=B, where A=[2 1 3] X=[𝑦] B=[190] where x is the
1 2 4 𝑧 250
number of pens bought, y the number of bags and z the number of instrument boxes.
ii) |𝐴|= -22
−2 − 10 8 −2 − 10 8 7 5 13
1
3) Adj(A)=[−5 19 − 13] , A-1=−22 [−5 19 − 13] OR P=A2-5A= [ 5 8 2 ]
3 −7 −1 3 −7 −1 8 3 3
2. Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village.
When he was asked to give dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased
by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50m, then its area will remain same, but if length is
decreased by 10m and breadth is decreased by 20m, then its
area will decrease by 5300 m2
i). Based on the information given above, form equations in terms of x and y
ii). Write down matrix equation represented by the given information
iii). How much is the area of rectangular field?
Solution: (i) (𝑥 − 50)(𝑦 + 50) = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 50, (𝑥 − 10)(𝑦 − 20) = 𝑥𝑦 − 5300, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 550
1 −1 𝑥 50
(ii) [ ] [ ]=[ ]
2 1 𝑦 550
(iii) On solving, We get, x=200 m, y=150 m, Area =200 × 150 = 30, 000 sq .m
3. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of the students
of their colony (say x ) for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say
z)for supervising the workers to keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the
awardees is [Link] times the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added to
two times the number of awardees for honesty is [Link] the sum of the number of awardees
for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping others.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
1)Convert the given above situation into a matrix equation of the form AX=B
2)Find A-1
Find the number of awardees of each category
Solution:- 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 3(𝑦 + 𝑧) + 2𝑥 = 33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2𝑦
i.e, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
1 1 1 𝑥 12
Matrix equation AX=B, where A=[ 2 3 3 ] X=[𝑦] B=[33]
1 −2 1 𝑧 0
9 −3 0
1
2) |𝐴| =3, A-1=3 [ 1 0 − 1 ] 3) X=A-1B, Hence x=3,y=4,z=5
−7 3 1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 38 | P a g e

 CHAPTER – 5: CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

GIST / SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

• A real valued function is continuous at a point in its domain if the limit of the function at that point
equals the value of the function at that point. A function is continuous if it is continuous on the
whole of its domain.
• Sum, difference, product and quotient of continuous functions are continuous. i.e, f and g are
continuous functions, then
• (𝑓 ± 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) is continuous.
(𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) is continuous.
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
( )(𝑥) = where g(x) ≠ 0 is continuous.
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
• Every differentiable function is continuous. But the converse is not true.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣
• Chain rule is rule to differentiate composites of functions. If f = v ° 𝑢, t = u (x) and if both 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
exist then 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
• Logarithmic differentiation is a powerful technique to differentiate functions of the form f(x)
=[𝑢(𝑥)]𝑣(𝑥) . Here f(x) and u(x) need to be positive for this technique to make sense.
DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE
• Continuity of a function at a point:
Let f be a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point in the domain of f. Then f
is continuous at c if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
More elaborately, if the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of the function at x = c exist
and are equal to each other,
i.e lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) then f is said to be continuous at x = c.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• Continuity in an interval:
(i) f is said to be continuous in an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is continuous at every point in this
interval.
(ii) f is said to be continuous in an closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if
a) f is continuous in (𝑎, 𝑏)
b) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
c) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏)
𝑥→𝑎
• Geometrical meaning of continuity:
(i) Function f will be continuous at x = c if there is no break in the graph of the function at the point
(c, f(c)).
(ii) In an interval, function is said to be continuous if there is no break in the graph of the function in
the entire interval.
• Discontinuity:
The function f will be discontinuous at x = a in any of the following cases:
(i) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) exist but are not equal.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
(ii) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) exist but are equal but not equal to f(a).
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
(iii) f(a) is not defined.
• Continuity of some of the common functions
Function f(x)
Interval in the which f is continuous
1. The constant function, i.e. f(x) = c R
2. The identity function, i.e. f(x) = x R
3. The polynomial function, i.e.
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1+ a2xn-2 + … + an-1x + an R

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 39 | P a g e

 4. |𝑥 − 𝑎| (−∞, ∞)
5. x-n, n is a positive integer (−∞, ∞) − {0}
𝑝(𝑥)
6. , p(x) and q(x) are polynomials in x R – {x : q(x) = 0}
𝑞(𝑥)
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 R
𝜋
8. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 R – {2n+1)2 : n∈ 𝑍
9. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 R - {𝑛𝜋: 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}
𝑥
10. 𝑒 R
11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (0,∞)
12. The inverse of trigonometric functions.
In their respect domains. 𝑖. 𝑒, sin−1 𝑥 , cos−1 𝑥 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
• Let f and g be real valued functions such that (𝑓𝑜𝑔) is defined at 𝑎. If g is continuous at 𝑎 and f is
continuous at 𝑔(𝑎), then (𝑓𝑜𝑔) is continuous at 𝑎.
• Differentiability
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
The function defined by f ‘(x) = lim ℎ
, wherever the limit exists, is defined to be the
ℎ→0
derivative of f at x. In other words, we say that a function f is differentiable at a point c in its
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
domain if both lim− ℎ
, called left hand derivative, denoted by Lf ‘(c) and
ℎ→0
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
lim ℎ
, called right hand derivative, denoted by Rf ‘(c) , are finite and equal.
ℎ→0+
(i) The function y = f(x) is said to be differentiable in an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is
differentiable at every point of (𝑎, 𝑏).
(ii) The function y = f(x) is said to be differentiable in a closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if
Rf ‘(a) and Lf ‘(b) exist and f ‘(x) exists for every point of (𝑎, 𝑏).
(iii) Every differentiable function is continuous, but the converse is not true.
• Algebra of derivatives
If u, v are functions of x, then
𝑑(𝑢±𝑣) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
i) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
ii) (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
iii) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
( )= 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
𝑑𝑥

• Following are some of the standard derivatives ( in appropriate domain)

• Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domain):
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(sin−1 𝑥) = (cos−1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 −1 1 𝑑 −1 1
𝑑𝑥
(tan 𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(cot 𝑥) = − 1+𝑥2
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(sec −1 𝑥) = = , |𝑥| >1 (csc −1 𝑥) = , |𝑥| >1
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

• Exponential and logarithmic functions

i) The exponential function with positive base b > 1 is the function y = f(x) = bx. Its
domain is R, the set of all real numbers and range is the set of all positive real numbers.
Exponential function with base 10 is called the common exponential function and with
base e is called the natural exponential function.
ii) Let b > 1 be a real number. Then we say logarithm of a to base b is x if bx = a,
Logarithm of a to the base b is denoted by log 𝑏 𝑎. If the base b = 10, we say it is
common logarithm and if b = e, then we say it is natural logarithms. Logx denotes the
logarithm function to base e. The domain of logarithm function is R+, the set of all
positive real numbers and the range is the set of all real numbers.
iii) The properties of logarithmic function to any base b > 1 are listed below:
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 40 | P a g e
 1. log 𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑥
2. log 𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑦
𝑛
3. log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥
log𝑐 𝑥
4. log 𝑏 𝑥 = log𝑐 𝑏
, where c > 1
1
5. log 𝑏 𝑥 = log𝑥 𝑏
6. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑏 1 = 0.
𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 )
iv) The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 w.r.t is 𝑒 𝑥 , i.e. = 𝑒 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑(log 𝑥) 1
The derivative of log 𝑥 w.r.t., is 𝑥
; 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .
• Logarithmic differentiation is a powerful technique to differentiate functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑣(𝑥)
(𝑢(𝑥)) , where both f and u need to be positive functions for this technique to make sense.
• Differentiable of a function with respect to another function
Let u=f(x) and v=g(x) be two functions of x, then to find derivative of f(x) w.r.t g(x), i.e.,
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
find 𝑑𝑣 , we use the formula 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 .
𝑑𝑥
• Second order derivative
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 2 is called the second derivative of y w.r.t x. it is denoted by y’’ or 𝑦2 , if y=f(x).
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
1. The function f (x) = { 𝑥 is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
𝑘 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0

A) 3 B) 2 C) 1 D) 1.5
Solution: If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then
lim f (x) = f (0),
x→0
lim sin x + cos x = k
x→0 x
lim sin x + lim cos x = k
x→0 x x→0
1+1=2 k=2 Answer: B
2. The function f (x) = [x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, is continuous at
A) 4 B) -2 C) 1 D) 1,5
Solution: f (x) = [x] is everywhere continuous except at integer points.
Hence, it is continuous at x = 1.5 Answer: D
1
3. The number of points at which the function f (x) = x−[x] is not continuous is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) none of these
Solution: We know that x – [x] = 0 when x is an integer.
Therefore, f (x) is discontinuous at every integer point. Answer: D
4. The function f(x) = tan x is discontinuous on the set
𝜋 𝑛𝜋
A) {n𝜋: 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} B) {2n𝜋: 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} C) {(2n+1) 2 : 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} D) { 2 : n ∈ 𝑍}
Answer: C
cos 3𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠0
5. If f : R→R defined by f (x) = { 𝑥2 is continuous at x = 0, then 𝛼 is equal to
𝛼 ,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0

A) -2 B) -4 C) -6 D) -8

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 41 | P a g e

 Answer: B
6. The set of points where the function f (x) = |3x - 2| is differentiable, is

3 2
A) R B) R - {2} C) R - {3} D) none of these
Answer: C
7. The function f (x) = e |x| is
A) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0
B) not continuous at x = 0
C) continuous and differentiable everywhere
D) none of these
Answer: A
𝑥2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
8. The value of k for which the function f (x) = { is differentiable at x = 0
𝑘𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0

A) 1 B) 2 C) any real number D) 0

Solution: For f (x) to be differentiable at x = 0, we must have
(LHD of f (x) at x = 0) = (RHD of f (x) at x = 0)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0)
− =
𝑥→0 𝑥 −0 𝑥 → 0+ 𝑥 −0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑘𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2
=
𝑥 → 0− 𝑥 𝑥 → 0+ 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
k= x =0 Answer: D
𝑥→0
1 𝑑𝑦 1
9. Let y = f (𝑥) and f’ (x) = 𝑥 3 . What is the value of at x = 2 ?
𝑑𝑥
1 1
A) − 64 B) − 32 C) -32 D) -64
Solution: We have,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
y = f (x) = f’ (x) × − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥3 × − = − 𝑥5
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1
=− 1 5
= - 32 Answer: C
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 1 ( )
2 2
𝑑𝑦
10. If y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 3 ), then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
A) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 B) 3𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 3 C) 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 3 D) 2𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)3
Solution: We have, y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 )2 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 )2−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 × 3𝑥 2
= 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 3 Answer: C
ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following answers
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false and R is true.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 42 | P a g e

 𝑎𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
1) Assertion (A): If f (x) = { is continuous at x = 1, then a = 2.
𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Reason (R): A function f (x) is continuous at a point 𝛼 in its domain, if f (x) exists.
𝑥→ 𝛼
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Solution: f (x) is continuous at x = 𝛼 iff f (x) exists and is equal to f (𝛼).
𝑥→𝛼
So, Reason is not true.
If f (x) is continuous at x = 1, then
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
− f (x) = f (x) = f (1)
𝑥→1 𝑥 → 1+
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
x+2= ax + 1 = a × 1 + 1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
1+2=a+1
a=2
So. Assertion is true. Answer: C) A is true but R is false
1
𝑒𝑥 + 1 ,𝑥 ≠ 0
2) Assertion (A): The function f (x) = { 1 is discontinuous at x = 0.
𝑒𝑥 −1 ,𝑥 = 0
Reason (R): If ‘a’ is a point in the domain of a function f (x) such that
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
−≠ f (x), then f (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
𝑥 →𝑎 𝑥 → 𝑎+
Solution: We know that a function f(x) is continuous at a point ‘a’ in its domain iff
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
f (x) = f (x) = f (a)
𝑥 → 𝑎− 𝑥 → 𝑎+
Otherwise, f (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
So, reason is true.
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 −ℎ + 1 0+1
Now, f (x) = f (0 - h) = = = -1
𝑥 → 0− ℎ→0 ℎ → 0 𝑒 −ℎ1 − 1 0−1
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 ℎ + 1 1+0
+ f (x) = f (0 + h) = = =1
𝑥→0 ℎ→0 ℎ → 0 𝑒 ℎ1 − 1 1−0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
− f (x) ≠ f (x)
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0+
f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
Answer: A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 ≠ 0
𝑥
3) Assertion (A): If f (x) = { 𝑘 is continuous at x = 0, then k =15
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Reason (R): If f (x) is continuous at a point x = a in its domain, then f (x) = f (a)
𝑥→𝑎
Solution: Reason, being the definition of continuity is true.
Function f (x) in Assertion is continuous at x = 0. Therefore, by using
assertion, we
𝑙𝑖𝑚
have: f (x) = f (0)
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 𝑘
=3
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 𝑘
5 = 3, k=15 Answer: A
𝑥 → 0 5𝑥
4) Define F(x) as the product of two real functions f1(x)= x, x∈ 𝑅, and

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 43 | P a g e

 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑓2 (𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
f2(x) = { as follows: F(x)= { 1
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
Assertion (A): F(x) is continuous on R.
Reason (R): 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 (𝑥) are continuous on R.
1
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
Solution: Clearly, F(x) = {
0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
F(x) = xsin𝑥 = 0 = F(0)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
So, F(x) is continuous at x = 0. Answer: C

5) Assertion (A): The function f (x) = |x| is everywhere continuous.

Reason (R): Every differentiable function is continuous.
Solution: Since, if a function f is differentiable at a point c, then it
is also continuous at that point. So, Reason is correct.
Assertion is also true as is evident from the given graph of
f (x) = |x|
However, Reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Answer: B
𝑑2 𝑦
6) Assertion (A): Let y = sint then , 𝑑𝑡 2 =y
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
Reason (R): = 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑑 𝑦
Solution: =-y so Assertion is false but Reason is true Answer: D
𝑑𝑡 2
7) Assertion (A): The function f (x) = |𝑥 − 6|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is differentiable in R - {6}.
Reason (R): If a function f is continuous at a point c, then it is also differentiable
at that point.
Solution: We know that ∅ (𝑥) = |𝑥 − 6| is not differentiable at x = 6.
Therefore, f (x) = |𝑥 − 6| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is not differentiable at x = 6.
Thus, f (x) = |𝑥 − 6|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is differentiable in R -{6}.
Assertion is true. Reason is false, because ∅ (𝑥) = |𝑥 − 6| is continuous at x = 6
but it is not differentiable there at. Answer CA
8) Assertion (A): The derivative of a real valued even function is an odd function.
Reason (R): The derivative of a real valued odd function is an even function.
Solution: Let f (x) be a real valued even function.
Then, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(−𝑥)) = (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
f ‘(x) 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑥) = f ‘(x)
- f ‘(-x)= f ‘(x)
f ‘(-x)= -f ‘(x) , f ‘(x) is an odd function.
So, Assertion is true.
Let f (x) be a real valued odd function. Then,
f (-x) = - f (x)
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(−𝑥)) = − 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 44 | P a g e

 𝑑
f’ (-x) 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑥) = - f’(x)
- f’ (x) = - f’ (x)
f’(-x) = f’ (x)
Thus, f’ (x) is an even function. Reason is true.
However, Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion. Answer: B
𝑥2 −𝑥 𝑑 3
9) Assertion (A): If f (x) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = (1−𝑥)2
Reason (R): 𝑓𝑜𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 for all x ∈ Domain (𝑓 −1 ).
Solution: Reason is true as 𝑓 −1 is the inverse of function f.
𝑥2 − 𝑥 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥) − 3𝑥 3
Now, f (x) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = = 1 - 𝑥+2
𝑥2 +2𝑥
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x ∈ R – {0,2}. Given, that 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is the inverse function
of f (x).
(𝑓𝑜𝑓)−1 (𝑥) = x for all x ∈ Domain (𝑓 −1 )
3
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = x 1 - 𝑓−1 (𝑥)+2 = x
3 3
1 – x = 𝑓−1 (𝑥)+2 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 2 = 1−𝑥
3 𝑑 3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = −2 (𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = (1−𝑥)2
1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Thus, Assertion is also true and the reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Answer: A
10) Assertion (A): If f (x) is an even differentiable function, then f’ (x) is an odd function.
Reason (R): If f (x) and g (x) are real differentiable functions, then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
{(f (g(x))} = 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥){f (g(x))} × 𝑑𝑥 g (x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 {𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))} = f’ (g (x)) × g’ (x)
Solution: Reason is the standard chain rule and hence it is true.
If f (x) is an even function, then f (-x) = f (x)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(f (-x)) = 𝑑𝑥 (f (x)) f’ (-x) 𝑑𝑥 (-x) = f’ (x)
𝑑𝑥
-f’ (- x) = f’ (x) f’ (-x) = - f’ (x)
So, f’ (x) is an odd function. Hence, Reason is true. Thus, both assertion and reason
are true and reason is the correct explanation for Assertion. Answer: A
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 2
1. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) given by f (x) = { at x = 2.
2 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 2
Solution: We observe that,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(LHL at x = 2) = − f (x) = (2 - x) = 2 – 2 = 0
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
[since, f (x) = 2 – x for x < 2]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(RHL at x = 2) = f (x) = (2 + x) = 2 + 2 = 4
𝑥 → 2+ 𝑥→2
[since, f (x) = 2 + x for x ≥ 2]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
f (x) ≠ f (x)
𝑥 → 2− 𝑥 → 2+
Hence, f (x) is not continuous at x = 2.
2. Show that the function f (x) = 2x - |x| is continuous at x = 0.
Solution: We have,
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 45 | P a g e
 2𝑥 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 ≥ 0 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
f (x) = 2x - |x| = { ={
2𝑥 − (−𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0 3𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Now,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(LHL at x = 0) = − f (x) = 3𝑥 = 3 × 0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0−
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(RHL at x = 0) = f (x) = x=0
𝑥 → 0+ 𝑥 → 0+
And, f (0) = 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
− f (x) = f (x) = f (0)
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0+
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
1
𝑒𝑥 − 1
3. Show that the function f (x) given by f (x) = { 𝑒 𝑥1 + 1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 0
0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution: We observe that,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(LHL at x = 0) = f (x) = f (0 - h) = 𝑓 (−ℎ)
𝑥 → 0− ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1
−
1 1 − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 ℎ− 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒ℎ 0−1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
= 1 = 1 = =-1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 1 = 0]
ℎ→0 −
𝑒 ℎ +1 ℎ→0 1 + 1 0+1 ℎ→0 𝑒ℎ
𝑒ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
And, RHL at x = 0) = + f (x) = 𝑓 (0 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (ℎ)
𝑥→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1
1 1− 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒ℎ − 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒ℎ 1−0
= 1 = 1 = =1
ℎ→0 𝑒ℎ + 1 ℎ → 0 1+ 1
1+0
𝑒ℎ
(LHL at x = 0) ≠ (RHL at x = 0)
So, f (x) is not continuous at x = 0 and has a discontinuity of first kind at x = 0.
4. Show that f (x) = |𝑥| is not differentiable at x = 0
Solution: We observe that:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (0 − ℎ) − 𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(−ℎ)−𝑓(0)
(LHD at x = 0) = − = =
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 ℎ → 0 0−ℎ−0 ℎ→0 −ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 |−ℎ|− |0| 𝑙𝑖𝑚 |−ℎ| 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= = = = -1 = -1
ℎ → 0 −ℎ ℎ → 0 −ℎ ℎ → 0 −ℎ ℎ → 0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (0 + ℎ)−𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(ℎ)−𝑓(0)

(RHD at x = 0) = + = = =
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 |ℎ|− |0| 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= = = 1=1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
(LHD at x = 0) ≠ (RHD at x = 0)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
𝜋 3𝜋
5. If f (x) = |cos x|, find f ′ (4 ) and 𝑓′ ( 4 ).
𝜋
cos 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
Solution: We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos x| = { 𝜋
− cos 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥<𝜋
2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 46 | P a g e

 𝜋
− sin 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = { 𝜋
sin 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥<𝜋
2
𝜋
Note that f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 3𝜋 3𝜋 1
Thus, 𝑓′ ( 4 ) = sin 4 = − and 𝑓′ ( 4 ) = sin =
√2 4 √2
𝑑𝑦
6. If y = cosec (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥), then prove that √1 + 𝑥 2 −x=0
𝑑𝑥
Solution: We have,
y = cosec (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥)
y = cosec (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 √1 + 𝑥 2 ) = √1 + 𝑥 2
Now, y = √1 + 𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
= × 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2√1+ 𝑥 2 √1+ 𝑥 2

√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 =x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
√1 + 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − x=0
7. Differentiate the given function with respect to x: log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )
Solution: Let y = log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ). Then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 {log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )} = × {𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
= {1 + (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )−2 × (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )}
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
= {1 + × 2𝑥} = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 2√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
8. If y = f (𝑥 ) and 𝑓 = (𝑒 √𝑥 ), find 𝑑𝑥 .
Solution: We have, y = f (𝑥 2 ) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 √𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑓 (𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑓′ (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )
′ (𝑥 2 ) |𝑥|
=𝑓 2x = 𝑒 2x
= 2xe|x|
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
9. If sin y = x sin (a + y), prove that =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑎
Solution: We have,
sin y = x sin (a + y)
sin 𝑦
x = sin (𝑎+𝑦)
Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we get
𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) cos 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
= 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑎
𝑑𝑦

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 47 | P a g e

 𝑑2 𝑦 cos 𝑥
10. If y = tan x + sec x, prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (1−sin 𝑥)2
Solution: We have, y = tan x + sec x
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
= = 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= { }= {(1 − sin 𝑥)−1 }
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
= (−1)(1 − sin 𝑥) −2 𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 −1 cos 𝑥
= (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 (-cos x) = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝑚 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
1. Determine the value of the constant m so that the function f (x) = {
cos 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
is continuous.
Solution: When x < 0, we have f (x) = 𝑚 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), which being a polynomial is
continuous at each x < 0. When x > 0, we have f (x) = cos x which being a cosine
function is continuous at each x > 0. Let us now consider a point x = 0. At x = 0,
we have
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(LHL at x = 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑚 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) = 0 for all values of m.
𝑥 → 0− 𝑥→0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
(RHL at x = 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 → 0+ 𝑥→0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Clearly, − 𝑓 (𝑥) ≠ 𝑓 (𝑥) for any value of m.
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0+
So, f (x) cannot be made continuous for any value of m.
Thus, the value of m does not exist for which f (x) can be made continuous.
|𝑥|
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0,
2. If f(x)={ 𝑥
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
Solution:.
−𝑥
LHL= 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑥 = −1
𝑥→0
𝑥
RHL= 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0
LHL≠ 𝑅𝐻𝐿, f(x) is discontinuous at x=0
1 1
− 𝑥 ;0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
2
1 1
3. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x =2, where 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 ;𝑥 = 2
3 1
−𝑥; <𝑥≤1
{2 2
Solution: We observe that:
1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1 1
(LHL at x = 2) = 𝑥 → 1− 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 → 1 (2 − 𝑥) = −2=0
2
2 2
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3 3 1
(RHL at x = 2) = 1+ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 → 1 (2 − 𝑥) = −2=1
𝑥→2 2
2

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
1− 𝑓 (𝑥) ≠ 1+ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
1
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at x = 2.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 48 | P a g e

 1
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
4. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is differentiable at x = 0 and
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑓′(0) = 0.

Solution: We observe that,

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) −𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (0 − ℎ−𝑓 (0)) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (−ℎ) −𝑓 (0)
(LHD at x = 0) = − = = =
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 0 ℎ→0 0−ℎ−0 ℎ→0 −ℎ
(−ℎ) 2 sin ( 1 ) − 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 −ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
= ℎ sin ℎ
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0

= 0 × (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) −𝑓 (0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (0+ ℎ−𝑓 (0)) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (ℎ) −𝑓 (0)
(RHD at x = 0) = + = =
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 0 ℎ→0 0 + ℎ−0 ℎ→0 ℎ
(ℎ) 2 sin ( 1 ) − 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
= ℎ
= ℎ sin ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

= 0 × (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0

∴ (LHD at x = 0) = (RHD at x = 0) = 0
So, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 & 𝑓′(0) = 0
5. Show that the function f (x) = | x + 1| + | x - 1| for all 𝑥 ∈ R, is not differentiable at x = -1
and x = 1.
Solution: We have,
− (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1) = −2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −1
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 + 1| = { 𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 − 1) = 2, 𝑖𝑓 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
Differentiability at x = -1: We find that
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥)−𝑓 (−1)
(LHD at x = -1) =
𝑥 → −1− 𝑥 −(−1)

𝑙𝑖𝑚 −2𝑥−2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −2 (𝑥 + 1 ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚

= − 𝑥 +1 = − = (-2) = -2
𝑥 → −1 𝑥 → −1 𝑥 +1 𝑥 → −1−

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥)−𝑓 (−1)

(RHD at x = -1) =
𝑥 → −1+ 𝑥 −(−1)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 − 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= + 𝑥 +1 = + 𝑥 +1 = (0) = 0
𝑥 → −1 𝑥 → −1 𝑥 → −1+
∴ (LHD at x = -1) ≠ (RHD at x = -1)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = -1
Differentiability at x = 1: We find that
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 − 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0
(LHD at x = 1) = = =
𝑥 → 1− 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 → 1− 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 → 1− 𝑥 − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 0=0
𝑥 → 1−
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 − 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0
(LHD at x = 1) = − = − 𝑥−1 = − 𝑥−1
𝑥 → 1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 → 1 𝑥 → 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 0=0
𝑥 → 1−
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 49 | P a g e
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥−1
(RHD at x = 1) = + = + = + 2 ( )
𝑥 → 1 𝑥−1 𝑥 → 1 𝑥−1 𝑥 → 1 𝑥−1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 2=2
𝑥 → 1+
∴ (LHD at x = 1) ≠ (RHD at x = 1)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at x = - 1 and x = 1
𝜋 𝜋
6. If f (x) = | cos x – sin x |, find 𝑓′ (6 ) and 𝑓′ ( 3 )
Solution: We have,
𝜋
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 4
f (x) = | cos x – sin x | = { 𝜋 𝜋
−(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥 <
4 2
𝜋
− sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 4
f’ (x) = { 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥 <
4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3 + 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3 + 1
𝑓′ ( 6 ) = – sin 6 – cos 6 = − and 𝑓′ (3 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + sin 3 =
2 2
𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑦
7. If y = {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } , then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑛
Solution: We have, y = {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 }
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑑
∴ = {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } = n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } × {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑 𝑑
= n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } × {𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 }
𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } × {1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )−2 × (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )}
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 1
= n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } × {1 + × 2𝑥}
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑥
= n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } × {1 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
}
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥
= n {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } { √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
}
𝑑𝑥
𝑛
𝑛{𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } 𝑛𝑦
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑦 1
8. If 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 and𝑥 ≠ 𝑦, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑥+1)2
Solution: We have,
𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥√1 + 𝑦 = − 𝑦√1 + 𝑥
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑦2𝑥 − 𝑥2𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = −𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥) = −𝑥; 𝑦 = − 1 + 𝑥 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦]
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 ) ×1 − 𝑥 (0 +1)
= −{ }
𝑑𝑥 (1 +𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 1
= − (1 + 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 50 | P a g e

 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
√2 cos 𝑥 − 1 𝜋 𝜋
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 4 . Find the value of 𝑓 ( 4 ) so that 𝑓(𝑥) becomes continuous at x
cot 𝑥 − 1
𝜋
= 4.
𝜋
Solution: For 𝑓(𝑥) to be continuous at x = 4 , we must have
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝜋
𝑥 → 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (4 )
𝜋

𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑚 √2 cos 𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ( 4 ) = 𝑥 → 𝜋 cot 𝑥 − 1
4
𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑚 √2(cos 𝑥 −cos 𝜋4)
𝑓 (4 ) = 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝑥 − cot
4 4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin(𝑥2 − 𝜋8) sin(𝑥2 + 𝜋8) 𝜋
= − √2 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 × sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
cos 𝑥 sin − sin 𝑥 cos 4
4 4 4
𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin(2 − 8 ) sin(2 + 8 ) 𝜋
𝑓 (4 ) = − 2√2 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝜋 × sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
4 − sin(𝑥 − )
4

𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin(𝑥2 − 𝜋8) sin(𝑥2 + 𝜋8) 𝜋

𝑓 ( 4 ) = − 2√2 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 × sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
−2 sin( − ) cos( − ) 4
4 2 8 2 8
𝑥 𝜋
𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin ( + )
2 8 𝜋
𝑓 ( 4 ) = √2 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 × sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
4 cos ( − )
2 8
𝜋 𝜋
sin( + )
8 8 𝜋 𝜋 2 1
= √2 𝜋 𝜋 × sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ) =
cos( − ) 2
8 8
2𝑡 2𝑡 𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) and y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑡 2 ), t > 1. Prove that 𝑑𝑥 = −1.
Solution: Let t = tan 𝜃. Then,
𝜋
t > 1 ⇒ tan 𝜃 > 1 ⇒ < 𝜃 < 2𝜃 < 𝜋
4
2𝑡 2 tan 𝜃
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 {1 + 𝑡 2} = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 {1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃}
x = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 2𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 {𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 2𝜃)} = 𝜋 − 2𝜃 = 𝜋 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 2
=0− = − 1 + 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
2𝑡
and, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1 − 𝑡 2}
2 tan 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃} = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan 2𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {−𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋 − 2𝜃)}
𝑦 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋 − 2𝜃)} = − (𝜋 − 2𝜃) = − 𝜋 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2 2
=0+ =
𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1+𝑡2
= 𝑑𝑥 = 2 = −1
𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑𝑡 1+𝑡2
𝑚
3. If 𝑦 = {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 } , show that (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑚
Solution: We have, 𝑦 = {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 } . differentiating with respect to x, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑
= 𝑚{𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 } × {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚
𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 2𝑥 𝑚{√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥}
= 𝑚{𝑥 + √𝑥 2 +1} × {1 + }=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 +1 √𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑦
=√𝑥 2 +1
; 𝑦1 = √𝑥 2 +1
; 𝑦1 √𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑚𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2 {𝑥 2
𝑦1 + 1} = 𝑚2 𝑦 2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 51 | P a g e

 Differentiating with respect to x, we get,
2𝑦1 𝑦2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦1 2 (2𝑥) = 2𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1
𝑦2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
4. If 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑥
solution: We have, 𝑥 𝑚 . 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑚+𝑛

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑚 log 𝑥 + 𝑛 log 𝑦 = (𝑚 + 𝑛) log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑚+𝑛 𝑑
𝑚×𝑥+𝑛 × = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑚+𝑛 𝑑𝑦
+𝑦 × = (1 + )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚
{ − } = −
𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥
𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 − 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦
{ } = { }
𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑥
𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
. = (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥
; =
𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥) , find 𝑑𝑥
Solution: We have, 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥)sec 𝑥 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥.log sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 sec 𝑥.log cos 𝑥
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑒 tan 𝑥.log sin 𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 sec 𝑥.log cos 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥.log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (tan 𝑥 log sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 sec 𝑥.log cos 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 log cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥) { (tan 𝑥) × log sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 × (log sin 𝑥)}
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
+ (cos 𝑥)sec 𝑥 {𝑑𝑥 (sec 𝑥) × log cos 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 × (log cos 𝑥)}
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 {𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 log sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 × × cos 𝑥}
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
+ (cos 𝑥)sec 𝑥 {sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 log cos 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 (cos 𝑥) (− sin 𝑥)}
𝑑𝑦
= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 {𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 log sin 𝑥 + 1}
𝑑𝑥
+ (cos 𝑥)sec 𝑥 {sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 log cos 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥}
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a real valued function. Then its
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑎 − ℎ) −𝑓 (𝑎)
Left Hand Derivative (L.H.D.) : L𝑓 ′ (𝑎) =
ℎ→0 −ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ)−𝑓 (𝑎)
Right Hand Derivative (R.H.D.) : R𝑓 ′ (𝑎) =
ℎ→0 ℎ
Also, a function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if its L.H.D. and R.H.D. at 𝑥 =
𝑎exist and both are equal.
|𝑥 − 3|, 𝑥≥1
For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3 3𝑥 13 answer the following questions:
− + , 𝑥 < 1
4 2 4
i) What is R.H.D. of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 1 ?
ii) Check if the function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
|𝑥 − 3|, 𝑥≥1
Solution: i) We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3 3𝑥 13
− 2 + 4 , 𝑥 <1
4
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 52 | P a g e
 𝑥2 3𝑥 13
− + , 𝑥 <1
4 2 4
𝑓(𝑥) = { 3 − 𝑥, 1≤𝑥<3
𝑥−3, 𝑥≥3
(RHD of 𝑓 (𝑥) at = 1 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (1+ℎ) −𝑓 (1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3 −(1 + ℎ) − (3 − 1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= = = = − 1 = −1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
ii) We find that: (LHD of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1) = (RHD of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 =1)
So, 𝑓 (𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥) −𝑓 (𝑐)
2. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at a point c in its domain iff exists
𝑥 → 𝑐 𝑥−𝑐
finitely. This limit, if it exists, is called the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 and is denoted by
𝑓′(𝑐). Based on the above information answer the following questions:
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1| ,then
(i) check the continuity of f(x) at x= -1
(ii) Check the differentiability of f(x) at 𝑥 = − 1
−𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < −1
Solution: i) We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1| = { . Clearly, 𝑓(𝑥), being a
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
polynomial function, is everywhere continuous , at 𝑥 = −1 also.
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) −𝑓(−1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −𝑥 − 1 − 0
(ii) (LHD at 𝑥 = 1) = = = −1
𝑥 → −1− 𝑥 − (−1) 𝑥 → −1− 𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) −𝑓(−1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −𝑥 + 1 − 0
(RHD at 𝑥 = 1) = + 𝑥 − (−1) = = 1
𝑥 → −1 𝑥 → −1+ 𝑥 + 1
∴ (LHD at 𝑥 = 1) ≠ (RHD at 𝑥 = 1).
So, 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = −1.
3. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if the function is defined at 𝑥 = 𝑎,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓(𝑥) exists and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎). Otherwise 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
is called the point of discontinuity of 𝑓(𝑥).
Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:
If f(x)=[x] in [3, 7]
i) Find the number of points of discontinuity of f(x).
𝑒 3𝑥 −1
,𝑥 ≠ 0
ii) If 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝐼𝑛(1+2𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then find the value of k
𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
Solution: i) The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 4, 5, 6 in[3, 7].
It is right continuous at 𝑥 = 3 and left discontinuous at 𝑥 = 7.
Hence, there are four points of discontinuity at x ∈{4,5,6,7}
ii) If f(x) is continuous at x=0, then
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 3𝑥 −1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 3𝑥 −1 2𝑥 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = = 𝑘 = × 𝐼𝑛(1+2𝑥) × 2 = 𝑘
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0 𝐼𝑛(1+2𝑥) 𝑥 → 0 3𝑥
3
⇒𝑘=2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 53 | P a g e

 CHAPTER – 6 : APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
Gist/Summary of the lesson:
1. Rate of change in quantities: the rate of change is the ratio of change in a quantity with
comparison to change in another quantity.
𝑑𝑃
To find the rate of change in a quantity P with respect to change in another quantity Q is 𝑑𝑄
If rate of change in P with respect to Q is positive, the quantity P increases as Q increase OR P
decreases as Q decrease. (P is directly proportional to Q)
If rate of change in P with respect to Q is negative, the quantity P decreases as Q increase OR P
increases as Q decrease (P is inversely proportional to Q)
2. Increasing and decreasing functions:
a) A function is increasing over an interval [a,b] if for each 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑥1 > 𝑥2 ,
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥2 ).
b) A function is decreasing over an interval [a,b] if for each 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑥1 > 𝑥2 ,
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥2 ).
c) A function is strictly increasing over an interval [a,b] if for each 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that
𝑥1 > 𝑥2 , 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ).
d) A function is strictly decreasing over an interval [a,b] if for each 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that
𝑥1 > 𝑥2 , 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ).
e) A function is increasing at any point if its derivative is positive or zero at that point. (As
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) is positive)
f) A function is decreasing at any point if its derivative is negative or zero at that point. (As
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) is negative)
g) A function is increasing over an interval if its derivative is positive at each point of that interval
h) A function is decreasing over an interval if its derivative is negative or zero at each point of that
interval
i) To find whether a function is increasing/decreasing at a point, find derivative of the function and
its value at that point, if the value is positive, it is increasing; and if the value is negative the
function is decreasing.
j) To find the interval on which a function is increasing/decreasing find the derivative of the
function and find the values of 𝑥 for which the derivative is positive/negative.
3. Maxima and Minima:
a) The maximum/Minimum value of a function over a closed interval is called Absolute
maximum/ minimum of the function.
b) The maximum/minimum value of a function in the neighbourhood of a point, is called local
maximum/minimum of the function.
c) A point in the domain of a function is called a turning point/critical point, if the derivative of the
function becomes zero at that point.
d) At each stationery point (other than point of inflection) the function attains a maximum or
minimum value.
e) The value attains at stationery point may be maximum or minimum. It can be decided by the
help of first derivative of the function (FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST) or Second derivative of the
function (SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST).
f) First derivative test: Function attains maximum value at a stationery point if the value of first
derivative is negative at any point to the right of the stationery point.
g) Second derivative test: Function attains maximum value at a stationery point if the value of
second derivative at the stationery point is negative.
Definitions and Formulae:
𝑑𝐴
• Rate of change: Rate of change in quantity A with reference to another quantity B is 𝑑𝐵
𝑑𝑃
If 𝑥 denotes the number of items produced, and P is Profit function, 𝑑𝑥 is known as marginal profit.
𝑑𝐶
If 𝑥 denotes the number of items produced, and C is Cost function, 𝑑𝑥 is known as marginal cost.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 54 | P a g e
 𝑑𝑅
If 𝑥 denotes the number of items produced, and R is Revenue function, is known as marginal
𝑑𝑥
Revenue.
• Increasing decreasing functions: A function is increasing at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≥ 0
A function is decreasing at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≤ 0
A function is strictly increasing at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) > 0
A function is strictly decreasing at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) < 0
WORKING RULE to find the interval on which a function is increasing/decreasing
(i) Write the given function
(ii) Find its derivative
(iii) Find the values of 𝑥 (interval) for which the derivative is positive/negative
• Maxima and minima: Maximum value of a function in an interval is called absolute maximum.
Minimum value of a function in an interval is called absolute minimum.
At every extreme (Maximum/minimum) value, the derivative of the function become zero.
WORKING RULE to find MAXIMUM/MINIMUM value of a function.
(i) Identify the function, which is to be maximised or minimised, notice the variables in it.
(ii) Identify the relation between these variables which is given in the question as a hint.
(iii) Using above relation, write one variable in terms of other, and express the function which is
to be maximised/minimised as a single variable function.
(iv) Find the first and second derivatives of this function.
(v) Find the values of 𝑥 for which the first derivative becomes zero, these points are called
critical or turning or stationery points.
(vi) At each stationery point check the sign of second derivative, if it is positive-Minimum exists
at that point, if it is negative-Maximum exists at that point and if it is zero-neither minimum
nor maximum exist at that point
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) The rate of change in radius of a circle whose area is increasing at the rate 44 cm2/sec when
the radius of circle is 7 cm.
a) 1 cm/sec b) 2 cm/sec c) 3 cm/sec d) 4 cm/sec
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
Solution: A = 𝜋𝑟 2 and = 2𝜋𝑟. 𝑑𝑡 given that = 44 and r = 7
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
22 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Substituting all these we get, 44 = 2 × × 7 × 𝑑𝑡 , gives 𝑑𝑡 = 1 Answer: a
7
1
2) The minimum value of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 0) is
1 1
1 𝑒
a) e b) 𝑒 c) 𝑒 𝑒 d) (𝑒)
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1−log 𝑥
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 [ ]
𝑥2
1
𝑑𝑦
= 0 gives that either 𝑥 =0 (impossible) or log 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
So, 𝑥 = 𝑒 is the turning point, and at x=3, 𝑑𝑥 is positive (First derivative test used ; 𝑒<
3), hence y attains minimum value at x=e. Answer: c
3) The Absolute maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥in the interval [0, 𝜋] is
1
a) 1 b) −1 c) d) √2
√2
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Solution: 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 , and 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥, stationery points in [0, 𝜋] are 4
only
𝜋
𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓(𝜋) = −1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (4 ) = √2
Hence absolute maximum value is √2 Answer: d

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 55 | P a g e

 4) The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 5cm/sec. The rate at which its
area increases, when side is 10√3 cm is
a) 300 √3 b) 100√3 c) 25√3 d) 75
√3 2 𝑑𝐴 √3 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴 √3
Solution: A = 𝑠 and = . 2𝑠 𝑑𝑡 , given that = × 2 × 10√3 × 5 =75
4 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 4
Answer: d
5) Total revenue in rupees received from the sale of 𝑥 units of a product is given by 𝑅(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 5. The marginal revenue, when 𝑥 = 15 is
a) 96 b) 126 c) 116 d) 90
′ (𝑥) ′
Solution: 𝑅 = 6𝑥 + 36 and 𝑅 (15) = 126. Answer: b
2
6) A particle is moving along a curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6. The point on the curve where y-
coordinate is changes 7 times as fast as the x coordinate is
1 14
a) (2, 8) b) (3, −4) c) ( , ) d) (0, 0)
3 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution:𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 5 and given that 𝑑𝑥 = 7 and 6𝑥 − 5 = 7, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 8 Answer: a
7) The rate of change in volume of a cube with respect to its side is,
a) its lateral surface area b) its total surface area
c) half of its total surface area d) half of its lateral surface area
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 1
Solution: 𝑉 = 𝑎3 and 𝑑𝑎 = 3 𝑎2 and = 2 (6 𝑎2 )= half the Total Surface area of
𝑑𝑎
cube Answer: c
𝑑𝑦 3 2
8) The slope (Slope of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑑𝑥 ) of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 19𝑥 − 20 is
minimum at
a) (2, 2) b) (2, −2) c) (−2, 2) d) (2, 0)
𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 20 and 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 19
𝑑𝑥
To find minimum value of slope, Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 19
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 12, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6 > 0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 implies 𝑥 = 2, at (2, 2) Answer: a
9) The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 6 is increasing in the interval,
a) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) b) (−∞, 2) c) (−∞, 2] ∪ [3, ∞) d) [3, ∞)
′ (𝑥) 2 ′ (𝑥)
Solution: 𝑓 = 6𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 36 and 𝑓 > 0 if 6(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
is possible when x does not lie between 2 to 3, i.e. 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 2] ∪ [3, ∞) Answer: c
10) The interval in which 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 0) increasing is
a) (−∞, ∞) b) (−2,0) c) (2, ∞) d) (0, 2)
𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑥. (2 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
> 0 gives that 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 < 2 as 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all x. So, 𝑥 ∈ (0,2) Answer: d
𝑑𝑥

ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason(R). Pick the correct option:
A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is NOT the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true.
5
1) Assertion (A): The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≠ 0 is strictly decreasing
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 56 | P a g e
 Reason(R) : For strictly decreasing function 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0.
5 5
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 is negative for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A). Answer: A
2) Assertion (A): The rate of change in area of a circle with respect to its radius is its
circumference.
Reason(R) : The rate of change in area of a plane figure is always its perimeter.
Solution: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 , and
𝑑𝐴
rate of change in Area with respect to r = = 2𝜋𝑟 (circumference of circle)
𝑑𝑟
But it is true in case of circles, not always. so, Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false
Answer: C
3) Assertion (A): The total cost 𝐶(𝑥) in rupees with the production of 𝑥 units of an item is given
by 𝐶(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 9, and then the marginal cost is −9 when x= 2.
Reason(R): Marginal cost is the rate of change in total cost with respect to the number of
items produced. Answer: D
2 ′ (𝑥)
Solution: 𝐶(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 9, and 𝐶 = 6𝑥 + 5, at 𝑥 = 2, the marginal cost is
17
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason(R) is true.
4) Assertion (A): The rate of change of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, with respect to 𝑥 is cos 𝑥
Reason(R) : cos 𝑥 is the complementary trigonometric function of sin 𝑥 . Answer: B
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 is true
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true, but Reason(R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
5) Assertion (A): At every critical point (except at point of inflection), a function attains its
extreme value.
Reason(R): A function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing function if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and increasing function if
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 Answer: A
Solution: A point is called critical point if the derivative of the function at that point is
zero, so, at this point the function is neither increasing nor decreasing.
So have a peak.
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true, and Reason(R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
6) Assertion (A): The minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 is 3
Reason(R) : Square of a number is always non-negative. Answer: A
2 2
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1) + 3, and least value of (2𝑥 − 1) is zero for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Hence the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥)is 3
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
7) Assertion (A): Maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥), on the interval
𝜋
[0, 2 ] is √2
Reason(R) : Maximum value of [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]= Max𝑓(𝑥)+Max𝑔(𝑥). Answer: C
𝜋
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 4 is the critical point
Max value of 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 but Max (sin 𝑥)+Max(cos 𝑥)=2
Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
8) Assertion (A): The function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥, 𝑥 > 0 is strictly increasing
Reason(R) : For strictly increasing function 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0. Answer: A

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 57 | P a g e

 1
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 is positive for all 𝑥 > 0
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
9) Assertion (A): The absolute maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 on [1, 2] is 4.
Reason(R) : If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 are critical points of the function 𝑓(𝑥) then the absolute max of
𝑓(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is Abs Max = Max{ 𝑓(𝑎), 𝑓(𝑥1 ), 𝑓(𝑥2 ), … 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ), 𝑓(𝑏)}
Answer: D
2 ′ (𝑥)
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 , and 𝑓 = −2𝑥 only critical point is 0, which do not lie
between 1 and 2. So maximum is 𝑓(1) = 3 but the reason is correct
Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true
10) Assertion (A): The function 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 𝑥, {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} is strictly decreasing
Reason(R) : For strictly decreasing function 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0. Answer: A
′ (𝑥) 2
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 𝑥, and 𝑓 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is negative for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝜋
1) Question: Show that the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 is strictly decreasing on ( 2 , 𝜋)
Solution: A function is strictly decreasing over an interval, if its derivative is negative (non-
zero) in that interval.
𝜋
given 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −sin 𝑥, and −sin 𝑥 < 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ (2 , 𝜋)
2) Question: Find the interval on which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 is increasing.
Solution: A function is increasing over an interval, if its derivative is positive in that
interval.
given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1), and 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ [−1, ∞) as 𝑒 𝑥 is
a non-negative function.
3) Question: Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on (0, ∞).
Solution: A function is strictly increasing over an interval, if its derivative is non-zero
positive in that interval.
1 1
given 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥, and 𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ (0, ∞)
4) Question: Find the values of ‘k’, for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 is an increasing function
on [1, 2].
Solution: A function is increasing over an interval, if its derivative is positive in that
interval.
given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2𝑘 = 2(𝑥 −k), and the function is
increasing, if 𝑥 − 𝑘 ≥ 0 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ [1,2] , hence 𝑘 ≤ 1.
5) Question: The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm3/sec. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm.
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑎
Solution: Let volume of cube V = 𝑎3 and = 3𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑎 1 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑎 3
= 3𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 , we get = 100
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑎 3
Surface area of Cube = S = 6 𝑎2 and 𝑑𝑡 = 6.2𝑎. 𝑑𝑡 = 12 × 10 × 100 = 3.6 𝑐𝑚2 /sec
6) Question: A particle is moving along the curve 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦. At what point, ordinate increases
at the same rate as abscissa increases?
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution: given 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦, and 2𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑥 , and 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1 implies x=1.
1
Hence the required point is (1, 2).
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 58 | P a g e
 7) Question: A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at
which its volume is increasing with the radius when the latter is 10 cm.
Solution: Let Volume of Sphere be V, and radius be 𝑟.
4 𝑑𝑉 4 4
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 and 𝑑𝑟 = 3 𝜋. 3𝑟 2 = 3 𝜋. 300 = 400𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
8) Question: Surface area of a balloon (spherical), when air is blown into it, increases at a rate
of 5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑠. When the radius of the balloon is 8mm, find the rate at which the volume of
the balloon is increasing?
Solution: Let Volume of Sphere be V, Surface area be S and radius be 𝑟.
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 5
Given 𝑑𝑡 = 5; 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 and = 4 𝜋. 2𝑟. 𝑑𝑡 implies 𝑑𝑡 = 64𝜋
𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 ; 𝑑𝑟 = 3 × 𝜋 × 3𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡 , substituting values we get = 20cm3/sec
𝑑𝑡
9) Question: The radius of a cylinder is decreasing at a rate of 2 cm/sec and the altitude is
increasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change of volume of this cylinder when
its radius is 4 cm and altitude is 6 cm.
Solution: Let Volume of cylinder be V, radius be 𝑟 and altitude be ℎ.
𝑑𝑟 𝑑ℎ
Given 𝑑𝑡 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3; and 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑟
implies = 𝜋 [𝑟 . 𝑑𝑡 + ℎ. 2𝑟. 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
substituting values, we get = 𝜋[48 − 96]=−48𝜋
𝑑𝑡
10) Question: Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) =
2 sin 3𝑥 + 5.
Solution: the maximum and minimum values of sin 𝑥 are −1 and 1.
−1 ≤ sin 3𝑥 ≤ 1 implies −2 ≤ 2 sin 3𝑥 ≤ 2
−2 + 5 ≤ 2 sin 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 2 + 5 ⟹ 3 ≤ 2 sin 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 7 Max 7, Min 3
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1) Question: Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 − 4𝑥, 𝑥 ∈
𝜋
(0, 2 ) is (a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing
Solution: (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 − 4𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 − 4
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 i.e. sec 2 𝑥 > 4 or sec 𝑥 < −2 or sec 𝑥 > 2
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sec 𝑥 < sec , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sec 𝑥 > sec 3 so, f(x) is strictly increasing on ( 3 , 2 )
3
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 i.e. sec 2 𝑥 < 4
−2 < sec 𝑥 < −1 or 1 < sec 𝑥 < 2
2𝜋 𝜋
< 𝑥 < 𝜋 (out of domain) or 0 < 𝑥 < 3 ,
3
𝜋
so, f(x) is strictly decreasing on (0, )
3
2) Question: Find the intervals in which 𝑦 = [𝑥(𝑥 − 2)]2 is
(a) increasing function (b) decreasing function
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥(𝑥 − 2)]2 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
i.e. 4𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) ≥ 0
so, f(x) is strictly increasing on (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)
and so, f(x) is strictly decreasing on (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2)
𝜋 𝜋
3) Question: Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = log|sin 𝑥| is increasing on (0, 2 ] and decreasing on [2 , 𝜋)
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = log|sin 𝑥|
For 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋] , |sin 𝑥| = sin 𝑥 hence 𝑓(𝑥) = log sin 𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 59 | P a g e

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cot 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
𝜋
For all 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 ] cot 𝑥 ≥ 0 (quadrant 1), so 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing
𝜋
For all 𝑥 ∈ [ 2 , 𝜋) cot 𝑥 ≤ 0 (quadrant 2), so 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing
4 sin 𝑥 𝜋
4) Question: Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2+cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 is increasing on [0, 2 ]
4 sin 𝑥
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2+cos 𝑥 − 𝑥
(2+cos 𝑥)4 cos 𝑥 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2+cos 𝑥)2
−1
8 cos 𝑥+4 cos2 𝑥+ 4 sin2 𝑥 − 4−cos2 𝑥−4 cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2+cos 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥(4−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2+cos 𝑥)2
𝜋
For all 𝑥 ∈ (0, ] , cos 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 4 − cos 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is positive
𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for all 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2 ]
5) Question: A ladder 25m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
along the ground away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is its height on the
wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 24 m away from the wall.
Solution: Let the foot of the ladder is 𝑥 cm away from the wall, and the top of ladder touches
the wall at 𝑦 cm height from ground at any instant time ‘t’.
As per given data, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 625 and so, 𝑦 = √625 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑑𝑡 = 2, and 𝑦 = 7 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 24
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 48
Also, 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0, substituting values, we get, =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7
48
The height is decreasing at the rate m/sec.
7
6) Question: sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/sec. The falling sand forms a
cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always three times the radius
of the base. How fast is the radius of the sand cone increasing when the height is 6 cm.
𝑑𝑣 1
Solution: given 𝑑𝑡 = 12, and ℎ = 3𝑟; Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 1
= 3𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑑𝑡 substituting values we get 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋
𝑑𝑡
7) Question: The length 𝑥 of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2cm/min and the width 𝑦
is increasing at the rate of 5 cm/min. When 𝑥 = 7 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑦 = 9𝑐𝑚. Find the rate of change
of (a) the perimeter, and (b) the area of the triangle.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Solution: given = −2, =5
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Perimeter of the Rectangle = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Rate of change in perimeter = 2 ( 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 ) = 6 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Area of rectangle = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Rate of change in Area = 𝑥. 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦. 𝑑𝑡 = 17 cm2/min
8) Question: Find both the maximum value and the minimum values of
3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 25 on the interval [0, 3]
Solution: given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 25
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 48 = 12(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12(𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
Turning points are given by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 i.e. 𝑥 = 2 is the only turning point
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 60 | P a g e
 𝑓(0) = 25, 𝑓(2) = −39, 𝑓(3) = 16 Max value: 25, Min Value: -39
9) Question: Prove that the product of squares of two numbers whose sum is 15 is maximum
when they are equal.
Solution: Let the numbers be 𝑥, and 𝑦
Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 and required 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 2 is maximum.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (15 − 𝑥)2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥. (15 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑥 2 . 2(15 − 𝑥)(−1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥(15 − 𝑥)(15 − 2𝑥)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥(15 − 𝑥) − 2𝑥(15 − 2𝑥) + 2(15 − 𝑥)(15 − 2𝑥)
15
Critical or turning points are 0, 15 and 2
′′ (0) ′′ (15) 15
𝑓 > 0, 𝑓 > 0, 𝑓 ′′ ( 2 ) < 0
15
So, f(x) is maximum when 𝑥 = , i.e. x=y
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
10) Question: Prove that the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = has maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥
log 𝑥
Solution: The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
′ (𝑥) 1−𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 = , critical points are given by log 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥2
log 𝑥−3
𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑒) < 0 as log 𝑒 − 3 = −2 < 0
𝑥3
So, 𝑓 attains a maximum value at ‘e’.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1) Question: Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface area and maximum volume
is such that its height is equal to the diameter of the base.
Solution: Let the height of cylinder be ℎ, radius of base be 𝑟, &Volume is V,Surface area S.
𝐾
Given that S = K (constant), means 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟) = 𝐾, or ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 − 𝑟
𝐾 𝐾𝑟
And 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ or 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (2𝜋𝑟 − 𝑟) = − 𝜋𝑟 3 and required V to be maximum
2
V is considered as 𝑓(𝑟)
𝐾
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 2 − 3 𝜋𝑟 2 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) = −6𝜋𝑟 is negative for all positive 𝑟
𝐾
Critical points are given by − 3 𝜋𝑟 2 = 0 or 𝐾 = 6𝜋𝑟 2
2
𝐾
So, at 𝐾 = 6𝜋𝑟 2 or 𝑟 = √6𝜋 Volume is maximum.
When 𝐾 = 6𝜋𝑟 2 the value of ℎ = 3𝑟 − 𝑟=2r = diameter of base.
8
2) Question: Prove that the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 27 of
the volume of the sphere.
Solution: Let the height of cone be ℎ, radius of its base be 𝑟, x be the
perpendicular distance of the centre of sphere from centre of cone base
and Volume of cone is V, and radius of sphere be R.
ℎ = 𝑅 + 𝑋 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 − 𝑋 2
1
And 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ or 3𝑉 = 𝜋([𝑅 2 − 𝑋 2 ][𝑅 + 𝑋]) = 𝜋(𝑅 3 + 𝑅 2 𝑋 −
𝑅𝑋 2 − 𝑋 3 ) and required V to be maximum
V is considered as 𝑓(𝑋)
𝑓 ′ (𝑋) = 𝑅 2 − 2𝑅𝑋 − 3𝑋 2 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑋) = −2𝑅 − 6𝑋
𝑅
Critical points are given by 𝑋 = −𝑅 or 𝑋 = 3 (as X is length, 𝑋 = −𝑅 is impossible)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
So, at 𝑋 = and 𝑓 ′′ ( 3 ) = −2𝑅 − 6 ( 3 ) which is negative, so Volume is maximum.
3
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 61 | P a g e
 𝑅 4𝑅 1 𝑅 2 4𝑅 1 4
When 𝑋 = then ℎ = Volume of cone= 3 𝜋 = 27 (3 𝜋𝑅 3 )
3 3 9 3
3) Question: An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a
metal sheet to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of material will be least
when depth of the tank is half of its width.
Solution: Let the side of the base be 𝑥 cm and height of vertical side be y cm.
𝐾
Given that V = K (constant), means 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐾, or 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝐾 4𝐾
And 𝑆 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 or 𝑆 = 4𝑥. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = + 𝑥 2 and required S to be minimum
𝑥
S is considered as 𝑓(𝑥)
4𝐾 8𝐾
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2 is positive for all positive 𝑥
4𝐾
Critical points are given by − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 0 or 2𝐾 = 𝑥 3
𝑥3 3
So, at 𝐾 = or 𝑥 = √2𝐾 Volume is minimum.
2
𝑥3 𝑥
When 𝐾 = the value of 𝑦 = 2
2
4) Question: A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its
axis vertical and vertex lowermost. Its semi-vertical angle is tan−1(0.5). Water
is poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubic meters per hour. Find the rate at
which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the depth of water in
the tank is 4 m.
Solution: Let the semi vertical angle of inverted cone be 𝛼, radius of top is 𝑟 and vertical
height be ℎ
1 1 𝑟
Given that 𝛼 = tan−1 2, means tan 𝛼 = 2 = ℎ, or ℎ = 2𝑟
𝑑𝑣 1 1 𝜋ℎ3 ℎ
And = 5, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ or 𝑉 = as 𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡 3 3 4 2
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ 𝜋 𝑑ℎ
= . 3ℎ2 . 𝑑𝑡 So, 5 = . 3(4)2 . 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡 12 12
5 35
Rate of increase in water level is 4𝜋 or 88 meter/hour
5) Question: Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a
right circular cone of height ℎ and semi vertical angle α is one-third that of the cone and the
4
greatest volume of cylinder is 27 𝜋ℎ3 tan2 𝛼.
Solution: Let the height of cylinder be 𝐻, radius of its base be R, and
Volume is V, and the height of Cone be ℎ, radius of the base of cone is 𝑟,
semi vertical angle 𝛼
𝑟 𝑅 𝑟(ℎ−𝐻)
Given that ℎ = tan 𝛼 = ℎ−𝐻 so 𝑅 = ℎ
𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ−𝐻)2 𝐻 𝜋𝑟 2
And volume of cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻 or 𝑉 = = . (ℎ2 𝐻 + 𝐻 3 − 2ℎ𝐻 2 )
ℎ ℎ
and required V to be maximum
V is considered as 𝑓(𝐻)
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑓 ′ (𝐻) = . (ℎ2 + 3𝐻 2 − 4ℎ𝐻) and 𝑓 ′′ (𝐻) = 2 . (3𝐻 − 2ℎ)
ℎ ℎ
ℎ
Critical points are given by ℎ2 + 3𝐻 2 − 4ℎ𝐻 = 0 implies 𝐻 = ℎ or 𝐻 = 3
ℎ ′′ (𝐻)
So, at 𝐻 = 3 , 𝑓 < 0 Volume is maximum.
ℎ 2ℎ
𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ−𝐻)2 𝐻 𝜋ℎ2 tan2 𝛼(ℎ− ) 4𝜋
When ℎ = 3𝐻 the Volume of cylinder is = 3 3
= ℎ4 tan2 𝛼
ℎ ℎ 27

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 62 | P a g e

 CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1) Question: In a rice mill husk is being poured in the shape of a cone so that the height of the
cone is always one third the base diameter of the cone.
Using the above information answer the following
questions.(2+2)
(i) Find the rate of change in the base area when the amount of
husk poured at the rate 100 cc per minute and radius of the
base is 5 cm.
(ii) Find the rate of change in the volume of the cone when the
4
height is 7cm and increasing at the rate 11cm/min
Solution:
𝑑𝑣 1 2
(i) Given that 𝑑𝑡 = 100 and 𝑣 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ or 𝑣 = 9 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 150
So, 𝑑𝑡 = 100 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 implies 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
Now area of the base is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 and = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
Therefore, rate of change in area of base at radius = 5, is = 60 𝑐𝑚2 /minute
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 4
(ii) Given that 𝑑𝑡
=11
and ℎ = 7
1 2 3𝜋ℎ3 𝑑𝑣 9 𝑑ℎ
Then 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = and hence, = 4 𝜋ℎ2 . 𝑑𝑡
3 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
= 2 × 7 × 9 = 126 𝑐𝑐/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡
2) Question: A sweet shop owner wishes to order the carton boxes in cuboid form such that
the length of the box is double the width to hold 72 cc halwa by using least amount of
carton.
Assume the length of the box as 𝑎 , breadth as 𝑏 and the height as 𝑥 as shown the figure
given below.

Using the above information answer the following questions

(i) Find the volume of the box in terms of 𝑏 and 𝑥, and write 𝑥 in terms of 𝑏
(ii) Write the formula for total surface area of the box and express it as a function of 𝑏
(ii) Find the dimensions of the box for which the total surface area is least.
Solution:
36
(i) Volume of C = 𝑙 𝑏 ℎ = 𝑎. 𝑏 . 𝑥 = 2𝑏. 𝑏. 𝑥 and given V=72, 𝑥 = 𝑏2
(ii) Total Surface area of the box = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥) = 2(2𝑏 2 + 3𝑏𝑥)
216
Hence TSA = 𝑓(𝑏) = 4𝑏 2 + 𝑏
216 432
(iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 8𝑏 − and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑏) = 8 +
𝑏2 𝑏3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 63 | P a g e

 216
Critical points are given by 𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 0 i.e. 𝑏 3 = = 27 so b=3
8
And at b=3, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑏) is positive, surface area is minimum
So the dimensions are 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4

3) Question: A cylindrical tank is attached with two pipes 𝑞𝑖𝑛 and 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 . 𝑞𝑖𝑛 fills the tank at
the rate 5 cc/sec with water and 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 empties the tank at the rate 3cc/sec. the radius of the
tank is given as 7 cm.

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions.(1+1+2)

(i) If both the pipes are running simultaneously, find the rate at which the height
decreases.
(ii) If the area of cross section of the 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 pipe is 0.3 cm2 find the speed of the water
flown out. (speed the rate of change in distance)
(iii) If the water flown out from cylindrical tank is stored in tank whose base is a square
of side 30 cm, find the rate at which the water level is increasing.
Solution:
(i) If both pipes are running, net increase in the volume = 5 − 3= 2 cc/sec
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 2 1
So, 𝑑𝑡 = 2 and 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 (r is constant) = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 77cm/sec
𝑑𝑡
(ii) Area of cross section of pipe is given as 0.3 cm2. The water flowing at the rate 3cc
per second. The water stagnated in the pipe in 1 second is in the shape of cylinder.
𝑑𝑣
So 𝑑𝑡 = 3, and 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 0.3ℎ
𝑑𝑣 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 3
Hence 𝑑𝑡 = 0.3 𝑑𝑡 implies speed of water = = 0.3 = 10cm/sec
𝑑𝑡
(iii) Water flowing out at the rate 3cc/sec
This water is stored in cuboid shaped tank whose base area is 900 cm2 and height h
𝑑ℎ 1 𝑑𝑣 3 1
(assume) 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑏ℎ = 900ℎ and = 900 𝑑𝑡 = 900 = 300 cm/sec.
𝑑𝑡

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 64 | P a g e

 CHAPTER – 7 : INTEGRALS
Gist of the Lesson/ summary
• Introduction
• Integration as an inverse process of Differentiation
• Methods of Integration
• Integrals of some particular Functions
• Integration by Partial fractions
• Integration by Parts
• Definite integral
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Evaluation of Definite integrals by substitution
• Some properties of Definite integrals
Definitions and Formulae
1. Introduction
Integrals are a fundamental concept in calculus that involve finding the anti-derivative of a function,
effectively reversing the process of differentiation. They can be either indefinite or definite, with
indefinite integrals having no limits and representing family of functions, while definite integrals
have limits and will be numerical value.
2. Some properties of indefinite integrals
𝑑
Let 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). Then ,we write ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(x) +C. these integrals are called indefinite
𝑑𝑥
integrals or general integrals, C is called a constant of integration. All these integrals differ by a
constant.
If two functions differ by a constant , they have the same derivative.
𝑑
i) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) and ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 ,
where C is any arbitrary constant.
𝑑 𝑑
ii) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
and ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 are equivalent
iii) ∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
iv) ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = k∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , k is any constant
v) ∫(𝑘1 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑘2 𝑓2 (𝑥) + 𝑘3 𝑓3 (𝑥) + ⋯ … . . 𝑘𝑛 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘1 ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ……𝑘𝑛 ∫ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
3. Methods of integration
a) Integration by substitution
b) Integration by trigonometric formula
c) Method of partial fraction.
[Link]. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fractions

1. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
,𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
2. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2

3. 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
, + +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 65 | P a g e

 4. 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ 2
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑥−𝑏

5. 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Where,𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 cannot be factorised further

d) Integration by parts
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑓 ′ (x) ∫ 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]dx
If we take 𝑓 as the first function , easily differentiable and g as the second function, easily
integrable then this formula may be stated as follows:
Note:- For choosing the first function f (x) use the abbreviate as ILATE ,
ILATE- inverse, log, arithmetic, trigonometric function, exponential function.
4. Definite integrals
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥= F(b) –F(a) , if F is an antiderivative of 𝑓 (x)
5. Fundamental theorem of calculus
(i) Area function: The function A (x) denotes the area function and is given
𝑥
by A (x) = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
6. Properties of definite integrals
𝑏 𝑏
𝑝0 : ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
𝑝1 : ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =- ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , in particular, ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑝2 : ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, a < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑝3 : ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑝4 : ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑝5 : ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓 (x),
𝑝6 : ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓 (x),
𝑎 𝑎
𝑝7 : (i) ∫−𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓 is an even function i.e, 𝑓 (-x) = 𝑓(x),
𝑎
(ii) ∫−𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, if 𝑓 is an odd function i.e., 𝑓(−𝑥) = - 𝑓(𝑥)
Formulae:
x n +1
*  x dx =
n
+ C , n ≠ -1
n +1 dx 1 x −a
* x 2 2
= log
− a 2a x+a
+ C, if x > a

* [Link] = x + C

dx 1 a+x
* 
1
=2 x +C
* a 2 2
= log
− x 2a a−x
+ C, if x > a
x
dx 1 x 1 x
1 * = tan −1 + C, = − cot −1 + C
*  dx = log e x + C 2
x +a 2
a a a a
x
1 x x

* e x dx = e x + C *  dx = sin −1 + c = - cos-1 + C
a2 − x2 a a

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 66 | P a g e

 ax dx
*  a x dx =
log e a
+C *  2
a +x 2
= log | x + x 2 + a 2 | +C

*  sin xdx = − cos x + C dx

*  x2 − a2
= log | x + x 2 − a 2 | +C

*  cos xdx = sin x + C

x 2 2 a2
*  x 2 + a 2 dx = x + a + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
*  sec 2 x dx = tan x + C 2 2

*  cos ec 2 x dx = − cot x + C
x 2 2 a2
* 2
x − a dx = 2
x − a − log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
*  sec x. tan x dx = sec x + C 2 2

*  cos ecx. cot x dx = − cos ecx + C x 2 2 a 2 −1 x

*  a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a − x + sin
2 a
+C
*
 tan x dx = − log cos x + C = log sec x + C
*  f1 (x)  f 2 (x)  ..........f n (x)dx
  
= f1 ( x )dx  f 2 ( x )dx  ..........  f n ( x )dx
*  cot x dx = log | sin x | + C
*  sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | + C *   f (x) dx =   f (x) dx + C

*∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
 x 
=log tan  +  + C 𝑓 (𝑥) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑓 ′ (x) ∫ 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]dx
2 4

 cosec x dx = log | cosec x − cot x | + C

= – log | cosec x + cot x | + C = log
x
tan +C
2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

𝜋
1. The value of ∫−𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛83 𝑥 + 𝑥 123 )𝑑𝑥
is
a) 1 b) 0 c)−𝜋 d) 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
Solution: ∫−𝜋(𝑥123 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛83 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 0 =0 , both are odd functions and using properties
𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 Answer: option (b)
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
2. If ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 8 , then a is
1+4𝑥 2
1 1
a) b) 3 c)2 d) 3
2
Solution:
a
  
 tan −1  x   = 𝜋
1 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 11
∫ 1 = 8 ;4 1
4 0 +𝑥 2   1  8
4 2
  2 0

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 67 | P a g e

 a 𝜋 𝜋
 tan −1 2 x  = ;tan−1 2𝑎 =
0 4 4
1
2a =1 ;a = 2 Answer: option is (a)
3. The value of ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is
a) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +C b) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + C c) −𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + C d)−𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + C
Solution : since∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 1 (𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) +C
here take f(x) = cosx, 𝑓 1 (𝑥) = -sinx Answer : (a) is correct
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 is equal to

𝑎) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 b) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)2 + 𝐶

c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + C d) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)2 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

Solution : ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = ∫ dx =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥dx +∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥dx
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

=∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶

Answer - c ) is correct
3𝑎𝑥
5. The solution of ∫ 𝑏2+𝑐 2𝑥 2 dx

3𝑎 3𝑎
a) 2𝑐 2 ln|𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 | + C b) 2𝑐 2 ln|𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 | + C

3𝑎 3𝑎
c) 2𝑐 2 ln|𝑐 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 | + C d) 2𝑐 2 ln|𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 |
Solution : let v =𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 ,dv = 2𝑐 2 𝑥dx Answer: a) is correct

1 |𝑥|
6. ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 , x≠ 0 is
𝑥

a) -1 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2
0 |𝑥| 1 |𝑥|
Solution: First split the integral as ∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0 −𝑥 1 𝑥
∫−1 𝑥 dx + ∫0 dx and integrate and find the value as 2;Answer: d) is correct
𝑥
1
2𝑥 1
7. If ∫ 𝑥 2 dx = k 2 x
+C , then k is
1
a) - 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 b) – log2 c) -1 d) 1
1 1
Solution: put 𝑥 = t , dt = − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥, Answer: a) is correct
1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
a) tanx – 2 secx +C b) - tanx + 2 secx +C c) - tanx – 2 secx +C d ) tanx + 2 secx +C
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Solution : ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 - 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 - 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tanx -2 secx + C Answer : a) is correct
3𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 |
9. If ∫ 4𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ax +b log|4𝑒 + 5𝑒 + C , then
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
a) a= − 8 , b = 8 b) a= 8 , b = 8 c) a= − 8 , b = − 8 d) a= 8 , b = − 8

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 68 | P a g e

 Solution: Differentiate on both sides,
3𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑒 −𝑥
= a + b 4𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑒 −𝑥 and compare we get the Answer: c) is correct
4𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑒 −𝑥
𝑏+𝑐
10. ∫𝑎+𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
a) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 b) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 c) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 d) ∫𝑎−𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Solution: b) is the correct option, since by putting x =t + c we get,
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑥
ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason(R). Pick the correct option:
a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is NOT the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
d)Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true.
1. Assertion: The value of ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
Reason: The integral value of 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ‘(𝑥)) is 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
Answer: a), 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 1+𝑥
2. Assertion: ∫−2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1−𝑥)dx = 0
𝑎
Reason: If f is an odd function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Answer: a) since f(x) is odd function.
𝑑
3. Assertion: If the derivative of function x is 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = 1, then ∫(1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 .
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1
Reason: If 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑛+1 )= 𝑥 𝑛 , then the corresponding integral of the
𝑥 𝑛+1
function is ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1.
𝑛+1
𝑑
Answer: a) since 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥6
4. Assertion: ∫ 𝑒 5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +C
6

Reason: 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = x . Answer a), reason both true and correct explanation
5. Assertion: ∫[sin(log 𝑥) + cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin (log 𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑑
Reason: 𝑑𝑥
[ 𝑥 sin(log 𝑥)] = sin (log x) + cos(log x). Answer: a)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
{𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(log 𝑥)} = 𝑥 sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=xcos(logx)x𝑥 + sin(logx) = cos(logx) + sin(logx)
𝜋
6. Assertion:∫0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
Reason: The function f(x)=cos x is decreasing in [0,𝜋]
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
Answer b) ∫0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +∫𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 1 = 2
2
𝜋/2
7. Assertion: ∫0 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝜋
Reason: The function cos2x is decreasing in [0, 2 ]
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋/2 1 1
Answer b) ∫0 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫04 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +∫𝜋2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 2 =1.
4

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 69 | P a g e

 𝜋/2
8. Assertion: ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
2
𝑎
Reason: ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 if f(x) is an odd function.
Answer a) since f(x) is an odd function
9. Assertion: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = - 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
Reason: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
Answer a) take f(x) = - cosx , f ’(x) =sinx
10 √𝑥
10. Assertion:∫0 dx = 10
√𝑥+√10−𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 10 √𝑥
Reason: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Answer d) since ∫0 =5
√𝑥+√10−𝑥

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

2𝑎 𝑏 3
1. Integrate ,( − + 3𝑐 √𝑥 2 ) w.r.t.x
√𝑥 𝑥2
1 2
2𝑎 𝑏 3 −
Answer ∫ ( − + 3𝑐 √𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 -∫ 𝑏𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 3𝑐𝑥 3 dx
√ 𝑥 𝑥2
5
𝑏 9𝑐𝑥 3
=4a√𝑥 + + + C.
𝑥 5
1 𝑥 3 +|𝑥|+1
2. Evaluate,∫−1 𝑥 2 +2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥
Answer ,
1 𝑥 3 +|𝑥|+1 1 𝑥3 1 |𝑥|+1
Let I = ∫−1 𝑥 2+2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥 =∫−1 𝑥 2 +2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1 𝑥 2 +2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥 ,{ 0dd + even}
1 |𝑥|+1 1 𝑥+1 1 1
= 0 + 2∫0 (|𝑥|+1)2
𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 = 2∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

= [2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1|]10 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2

3. Verify the following using the concept of integration as an anti-derivative
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
+ 3
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑥3
Answer (𝑥 − + − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 2 3
1 𝑥3
= 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥+1 =𝑥+1
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
Then, (𝑥 − + − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶) = ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
2 3
𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate: ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥,
Answer, Dividing Nr and Dr by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
I = ∫ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 2𝑡 2 +5 , by putting t= tanx, dt = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑡 1 √2 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 2∫ 2 =2 tan−1 ( )+C = tan−1 ( ) + C.
5 √5 √5 √10 √5
𝑡 2+ (√ )
2

5. Evaluate : ∫ √10 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 dx.

Answer: I = ∫ √10 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 dx = ∫ √(2𝑥 − 1)2 + 32 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ √(𝑡)2 + 32 𝑑𝑥 , by putting t= 2x-1, then dt=2dx
1 √𝑡 2 +9 9
= 2𝑡 + 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡 + √𝑡 2 + 9| + C
2
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 70 | P a g e
 1 9
= 4 (2𝑥 − 1)√(2𝑥 − 1)2 + 9 +4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |(2𝑥 − 1) + √(2𝑥 − 1)2 + 9| + C
𝜋
6. Evaluate : ∫04 √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 dx
𝜋 𝜋
Answer : We have, I = ∫04 √(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 =∫04 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)0 = 1 4

8 √10−𝑥
7. Evaluate :∫2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+√10−𝑥
8 √10−𝑥
Answer, I = ∫2 √𝑥+√10−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ………………(1)
8 √10−(10−𝑥)
= ∫2 𝑑𝑥
√10−𝑥+√10−(10−𝑥)
8 √𝑥
I = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 …………..(2)
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
8
Adding (1) and (2) We get 2I = ∫2 1 𝑑𝑥 =x= 8-2 =6, Hence, I= 3.
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥
8. Evaluate,∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥
Answer, we have, I = ∫ 2
0 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ……………(1)
𝜋 7 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( −𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
I=∫ 2 2
0 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 (𝜋−𝑥)+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 (𝜋−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 , since ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝜋 7
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
I=∫ 2
0 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 …………..(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥  𝜋 𝜋
We get 2I = ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 1 𝑑𝑥 =  x 0 2 = 2 Hence, I = 4 .
𝑑𝑥
9. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥−𝛼)(𝛽−𝑥), 𝛽 > 𝛼
√
Answer: Put x-𝛼 = 𝑡 2 . Then 𝛽 – x = 𝛽 – (𝑡 2 + 𝛼) = 𝛽 – 𝑡 2 - 𝛼 = – 𝑡 2 -𝛼 + 𝛽
And dx=2tdt. Now
2𝑡𝑑𝑡 2𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
I=∫ =∫ = 2 ∫ √𝑘 2 2, where 𝑘 2 = 𝛽 – 𝛼
√𝑡 2 (𝛽−𝛼−𝑡 2 √(𝛽−𝛼−𝑡 2 ) −𝑡
𝑡 𝑥−𝛼
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑘 + 𝐶 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝛽−𝛼 + 𝐶 .

10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Answer : I = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 x(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛11 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛9 𝑥
= + +C
11 9
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝑥3
1. Evaluate : ∫ 𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2+2
Answer: Put 𝑥 2 = t. Then 2x dx =dt
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡𝑑𝑡
Now I = ∫ 𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2+2 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 +3𝑡+2
𝑡 𝐴 𝐵
Consider = 𝑡+1 +
𝑡 2 +3𝑡+2 𝑡+2
Comparing coefficient, we get A= -1, B=2.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 71 | P a g e

 1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Then 1= 2 [ 2∫ 𝑡+2 - ∫ 𝑡+1 ]
1
= 2 [ 2log | t+2|-log|t+1| ]
𝑥 2 +2
=log |√𝑥 2 | + C
+1
2. Evaluate : ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Answer : ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥3
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x ∫ 𝑥 2 dx - ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥3 1 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 - 3 ∫ (𝑥 − 1+𝑥 2)dx
3
𝑥3 𝑥2 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x - + log |1+𝑥 2 | +C
3 6 6
𝑥 3 +𝑥
3. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 4 −9 𝑑𝑥
Answer : We have Type equation here.
𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I = ∫ 𝑥 4 −9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 4 −9 dx + ∫ 𝑥 4 −9 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑥3
Now I = ∫ 𝑥 4 −9
Put t = 𝑥 4 − 9 so that 4𝑥 3 dx = dt. Therefore
1 𝑑𝑡 1
𝐼1 = 4 ∫ = 4log |t|+𝑐1
𝑡
𝑥𝑑𝑥
Again, 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑥 4 −9
Put 𝑥 2 = u so that 2x dx=du . then
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−3
𝐼2 = 2 ∫ 𝑢2 −(3)2 = 2×6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑢+3 | + 𝑐2
1 𝑥 2 −3
= 12 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 +3| +𝑐2
Thus = I= 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
1 1 𝑥 2 −3
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 4 − 9| + 12 𝑙𝑜𝑔| 𝑥 2 +3 | + C .
4
1
4. Evaluate : ∫0 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1
Answer ∫0 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
Integrating by parts, we have
𝑥2 1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
I = 2 [ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)2 ]10 − ∫ 𝑥2. 2 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1+𝑥 2
𝜋2 1 𝑥2
= 32 − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
𝜋2 1 𝑥2
= 32 - 𝐼1 , where 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1 𝑥 2 +1−1
Now 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1 −1 1 1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1 𝜋2
= 𝐼2 - 2(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)2 )10 = 𝐼2 - 32
1 1 𝑥
Here 𝐼2 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)10 − ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
=4− (𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥 2 |)10 = 4 - 2 log2.
2
𝜋 1 𝜋2
Thus 𝐼1 = − log2 -
4 2 32

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 72 | P a g e

 𝜋2 𝜋 1 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋 1
Therefore I = - + 2log2+ 32 = 16 - 4 + 2log2
32 4
𝜋 2 −4𝜋
+log√2.
16

1
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, where 𝑓(𝑥) = |x +1|+|x|+|x-1|
2 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 0
We can redefined 𝑓 as 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 }
3𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2)
2 0 1 2
Therefore ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 (by 𝑝2 )
𝑥2 𝑥2 3𝑥 2
= ( 2x - )0 +( + 2𝑥)10 + ( )12
2 −1 2 2
1 1 4 1 5 5 9 19
= 0 –( 2− ) + ( 2 + 2) + 3 (2 − 2) = 2 + 2 + 2 = .
2 2
𝜋
6 . 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒, ∫04 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol : 𝐼 = ∫04 log (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)dx
𝜋
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫04 log (1 + tan (4 − 𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝐼 = ∫04 log (1 + 4
𝜋 )dx
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
4
𝜋 𝜋
2
I = ∫04 log (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)dx =∫04 log(2) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2I =∫04 log(2) 𝑑𝑥 =log2(4 − 0) = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔2; 𝐼 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
7. Evaluate : ∫ (1−𝑥)(1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Sol (1−𝑥)(1+𝑥 2) = 1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = 1
2 1 𝑥+1
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥) 1 + 𝑥 2
1 𝑥+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1 1 2𝑥 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
1
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑥| + log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
8 √10−𝑥
8. Evaluate: ∫2 dx.
√ 𝑥+√10−𝑥
8 √10−𝑥
Sol: 𝐼 = ∫2 𝑥+√10−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
√
8 √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 … … … . (2)
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
(𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
0 0
Adding (1) and (2)
8 8
√10 − 𝑥 √𝑥
𝐼+𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 + √10 − 𝑥 2 √10 − 𝑥 + √𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 73 | P a g e

 8 8
√10 − 𝑥 + √𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = (8 − 2) = 6
2 √10 − 𝑥 + √𝑥 2
Hence, I = 3

𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥
9. Evaluate: ∫0 dx.
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝛱 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
SOL : I = ∫0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ………………………(1) (by removal of x property)
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
I= ∫0 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜋−𝑥)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
⇒ I = ∫0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ------------(2)
Adding (1) & (2)
𝜋 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
2I = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑥= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑋 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1 1
I = 2 {𝜋(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥)]𝜋0 =2 𝜋(𝜋 − 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
[Link] : ∫ (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Sol ∫ (1−𝑡)(2−𝑡)
⇒ 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = −1
1 1 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑡)(2 − 𝑡) (1 − 𝑡) 2 − 𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 2−𝑡
= ∫ 1−𝑡 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2−𝑡 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑡| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|2 − 𝑡| + C= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1−𝑡| + C
2−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + C
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

x2 +x+1
1. Evaluate: ∫ (x2+1)(x+2) dx

x2 +x+1 A Bx+C
Sol (x2+1)(x+2) = x+2 + x2 +1
2 2
⇒x + x + 1 = A(x + 1) + (B x + C) (x + 2)
⇒ x2 + x + 1 = x2 (A + B) + x(2B + C) + (A + 2C)
On comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms both sides, we get
A + B = 1 ……. (ii)
2B + C = 1 …….. (iii)
and A + 2C = 1 ……. (iv)
On substituting the value of B from q. (ii) in Eq. (iii), we get
2(1 – A) + C = 1⇒ 2 – 2A + C = 1⇒ 2A – C = 1 ……. (v)
From above equations we get
3 2 1
⇒ A = , B = and C =
5 5 5
2
x +x+1 A Bx + C
⇒ 2 = + 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 2 x + 1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 74 | P a g e

 3 dx 1 2x + 1
⇒ ∫ + ∫ 2 dx
5 x+2 5 x +1
3 dx 1 2x 1 1
⇒ ∫ + ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx
5 x+2 5 x +1 5 x +1
3 1 1
⇒ 5 log(x + 2) + 5 log(x 2 + 1) + 5 tan−1(x) + c
2
2. Evaluate : ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1 2
Sol ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 |𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 |𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
0 1 2
= ∫−1(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 1 2
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 3 −3 11
=(4 − ) −(4 − ) +(4 − ) =2 + +2=
2 −1 2 0 2 1 4 4
(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3. Evaluate : ∫ 5−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Sol ∫ 5−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+4 𝑑𝜃
Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦−2) (3𝑦−2)
∫ 𝑦 2 −4𝑦+4 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦−2)2 𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦−2) 𝐴 𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑡 = + (𝑦−2)2
(𝑦−2)2 𝑦−2
On comparing or equating corresponding coefficients, we have A=3 , B =4
(3𝑦−2) 3 4 4
∫ (𝑦−2)2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦−2 + (𝑦−2)2 𝑑𝑦=3log|y-2|− 𝑦−2 +c
4
=3log(2- 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 2− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + c
𝑥+2
4. Evaluate: ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+2𝑥+3
𝑑
` Sol: we have 𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵
On comparing or equating corresponding coefficients, we have
1 1
𝐴=2 ,𝐵=2
1 (2𝑥+2)𝑑𝑥 1 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 2 ∫ √𝑥 2 +2∫ 𝑑𝑥
+2𝑥+3 √(𝑥+1)2 +(√2)
2

I = √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 +log|𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3|+C
π
5. Prove ∫0 log sin x dx = −πlog2 using properties of definite integration.
Sol: Since log [sin (𝜋 − 𝑥)] = log sin 𝑥
π/2
∴ I = 2 ∫0 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 𝜋
⇒ I = 2 ∫0 log sin ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
⇒ I = 2 ∫0 log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Adding (3) and (4)

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 75 | P a g e

 𝜋/2
2𝐼 = 2 ∫0 log sin 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 sin 2𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫0 log ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= ∫0 log sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − log 2 ∫0 1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
π/2 𝜋
⇒𝐼 = 𝐼1 − log 2[𝑥]0 = 𝐼1 − 2 log 2
π/2
Where 𝐼1 = ∫0 log sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let 2𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫ log sin 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0
𝜋/2
1
= × 2∫ log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 0
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝐼
2
1 𝜋
From (5) ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝐼 − log 2
2 2
1 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = − log 2 ;
2 2
𝐼 = −𝜋log 2
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1. The given integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 can be transformed in to another form by changing the independent
variable x to t by substituting x = g(t)
Consider I = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Put x = g(t), 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔′ (𝑡) , we write dx = 𝑔′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

Thus I = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡))𝑔′ (𝑡) dt.

This change of variable is very important tools available to us in the name of integration by
substitution.
Based on the above information answer the following questions
Evaluate, ∫ 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
i) To evaluate the above question which quantity we assume as another new variable.
ii) Solve the given question using fundamental integrals.
iii) Consider y is the solution then find y|.
Solution ∫ 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
i) Let 𝑥 2 + 2 = t
ii) Differentiate with respect to t
we get, 2xdx = dt,
Now, we will evaluate, ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 dt = - cost +C = - cos(𝑥 2 + 2) + C
Hence, y=- cos(𝑥 2 + 2) + C
iii) y|= 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2)
2. Let f be a continuous function and differentiable function defined in a closed interval [a,b] and F
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 76 | P a g e
 𝑏
be an anti-derivative of f then, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + C = F(b) – F(a) called definite integral.
It is very useful because it gives us a method of calculating the definite integral more easily.
There is no need to keep integration constant as it gets cancel by substituting the upper limit
and lower limit
Based on the above information answer the following
3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Evaluate, ∫2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

i) which technique you will use to evaluate the integral.

ii) To evaluate the above question which quantity we assume as another new variable.
iii) what is the value of definite integral.
3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution ∫2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

i) using substitution method,

ii) let 1 + 𝑥 2 = t

= logt 5
1 10 𝑑𝑡 10
iii) differentiate with respect to t, we get 2xdx = dt , 2 ∫5 𝑡

= log10-log5 = log2.
3. The rational functions which we shall consider for integration purposes will those denominators
𝑝(𝑥)
can be factorised in to linear and quadratic factors. Assume that we want to evaluate∫ 𝑞(𝑥) dx
𝑝(𝑥)
where, is a proper rational function. It is always possible to write the integrand as a sum of
𝑞(𝑥)
simpler rational function by a method called partial fraction decomposition. After this the
integration can be carried out easily using the already known methods.
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
If the rational function is of the form (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏) then we write the partial fraction is of the form
𝐴 𝐵
+ (𝑥−𝑏), where A and B are to be determined
(𝑥−𝑎)
Based on the above information answer the following;
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate,∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
i) What are the values of A and B when we use partial fractions
ii) After finding the values of A and B how will you evaluate integral and write the final answer.
Solution.
(i) since it is a proper fraction, we can write partial fraction
1 𝐴 𝐵
= 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2, After taking L.C.M and simplifying we get,
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
1 = A(x+2) + (x+1), on comparing we get A + B = 0, 2A+B =1
On solving these equations, we get A = 1 and B = -1
(ii) A = 1 and B = -1
𝑑𝑥 1 1
Therefore ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) = ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
= log(x+1) – log(x+2)
𝑥+1
= log (𝑥+2) + 𝐶

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 77 | P a g e

 CHAPTER – 8 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
GIST OF THE LESSON
• Integrals are useful in finding areas under simple curves such as lines, circles, parabolas and
ellipses.
• Standard Form of Some Important Curves:
Straight line: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 (A circle with centre at origin and radius r)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (A circle with centre at (h,k) and radius r)

Parabola:

Ellipse:

• Area of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b (where
b>a) is given by
𝑏 𝑏
Area = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
• Area of the region bounded by the curve x = g(y), y-axis and the lines y = c and y = d
(where d>c) is given by
𝑑 𝑑
Area = ∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The area enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2 is equal to
a) 4 sq units b) 2√2 sq units c) 42 sq units d) 2 sq units
Ans. d
2. The area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 and x-axis is equal to

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 78 | P a g e

 a) 8 sq units b) 20 sq units c) 16 sq units d) 256 sq units
Ans. a
3. The area of the region bounded by y=x+1 and the lines x=2 and x=3 is
7 9 11 13
a) 2 sq units b) 2 sq units c) 2 sq units d) 2 sq units
Ans. a
4. The area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 36𝑥, line x = 1 and the x-axis is
______ sq units.
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 Ans. B
𝑥2 𝑦2
5. The area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 is equal to
a) 2 𝑎𝑏 b) 𝑎𝑏 c) 𝑎2 𝑏 d) 𝑎𝑏 2
Ans. b
6. The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line y = 16 is
32 256 64 128
a) sq units b) sq units c) sq units d) sq units
3 3 3 3
Ans. b
𝑥2 𝑦2
7. The area of the region bounded by the ellipse 25 + 16 = 1 is
a) 5 sq units b) 20 sq units c) 25 sq units d) 16 sq units
Ans. b
8. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = x3, x-axis and the lines x=1 and x=4 is
255 225 125 124
a) 4 sq units b) 2 sq units c) 3 sq units d) 3 sq units Ans. a
9. The area of the region bounded by the curve x = 2y+3, y-axis and the lines y=1 and y= -
1 is
a) 4 sq units b) 3/2 sq units c) 6 sq units d) 8 sq units Ans. c
2
10. The area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the straight line 2y=x is
4 2 1
a) sq units b) 1 sq unit c) sq units d) sq units Ans. a
3 3 3
ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason(R).
Pick the correct option:
A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is NOT the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true.
1. Assertion (A): The area enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is 16 sq
units.
Reason (R): The area enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is given by
𝑎
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation
2. Assertion: ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C
Reason: sinx is an odd function and the integral of an odd function is -f(x) + C.
Solution: Assertion is true but reason is false. The integral of sin x is -cos x + C
Solution: (C) Assertion is true but reason is false
𝜋
3. Assertion: ∫ 2𝜋 sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−
2
𝑎
Reason : If f(x) is odd function ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 79 | P a g e

 𝜋
4. Assertion: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2
𝜋
−
2
𝑎
Reason : If f(x) is odd function ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Solution: D) assertion is False and reasoning is correct
x3 3x2
5. Assertion: ∫ x 2 − 3x + 2 dx = − + 2x + c
3 2
𝑎
Reason: The integral of a polynomial function 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 is 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐 , where 'C' is the
constant of integration.
Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation
2x
6. Assertion: ∫ x2 +1 dx = log|x 2 + 1| + c
f′ (x)
Reason: ∫ f(x) dx = 𝑙og|f(x)| + c
Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation

x sin 2x
7. Assertion: ∫ sin 2x dx = 2 − +c
4

Reason: 1 − cos 2𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝑥

Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation

8 Assertion: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐

Reason: ∫ ex (f(x) + f ′ (x) ) dx = ex f(x) + c
Solution: D) assertion is False and reasoning is correct
3𝜋
9. Assertion: ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2
𝜋
4

𝑏
Reason: If f(x) ≥ 0 on [a ,b] then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0

Solution: D) assertion is False and reasoning is correct

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is not defined at x = 2 in [4 , ]
4

1
10. Assertion: ∫ log(log x) + logx dx = xlog(logx) + c
Reason: ∫ ex (f(x) + f ′ (x) ) dx = ex f(x) + c
Solution: A) both assertion and reasoning are correct and reason is the correct explanation
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 2x – 𝑥 2 and the x-axis
2 4
Solution: ∫0 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 dx = 3 sq. unit

2. Find the area bounded by y = x , the x- axis and the ordinate 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑥 = 2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 80 | P a g e

 2 0 5
Solution: A = ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + |∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥| = 2.

3. Find the area bounded by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

𝑟
Solution: A= 4x ∫0 √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 dx = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
4. Find area of the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 +𝑏2 = 1
𝑏 𝑎
Solution: 𝐴 = 4 X ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 dx = 𝜋ab
𝑎 0

5. Using integration find the area of the region bounded by the line y – 1 = x, x-axis and
the ordinates x = -2 and x = 3
−1 3 17
Solution: A = |∫−2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 | + ∫−1 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2

6. Using integration find the area of the region bounded between the line x = 2, and the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
2 32
Solution: A = 2∫0 √8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [Link]

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 81 | P a g e

 7. Using integration ,find the area of the region bounded by the curve y =𝑥 2 and y = x
1 1 1
Solution: A = ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 6 sq. units

8. Draw the graph of y = |𝑥 + 1|and find the area between x- axis 𝑥 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
−1 2
Solution: A = − ∫−4 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1 𝑥 + 1= 9 sq. units

𝜋
9. Draw the graph of y = sinx , y = cosx between x = 0 and x = ans solve the
4
bounded by the region
𝜋
Solution: A = ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 dx = √2 - [Link]

10. Find the area of the region bounded by y = √𝑥 and y = x

1 1 2 1 1
Solution: A = ∫0 √𝑥 dx - ∫0 𝑥 dx = -2 =6
3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 82 | P a g e

 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Find the area of the curve y = sin x between 0 and π.
Solution: y = sin x
𝜋 𝜋
Area of OAB=∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥=∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥=[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝜋0
= – [cos π – cos 0] = -(-1 -1) = 2 sq units

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the two parabolas y = x2 and y2 = x.
Solution Given two parabolas are y = x2 and y2 = x. The point of intersection of these two
parabolas is O (0, 0) and A (1, 1) as shown in the below figure.

y2 = x, y = √x = f(x) y = x2 = g(x), where, f (x) ≥ g (x) in [0, 1].

3 1
1 1 2 2 𝑥3
Area of the shaded region = ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥=∫0 (√𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥=[3 𝑥 − 2 ]
3 0

= (⅔) – (⅓)= ⅓ sq. units

3. Find the smaller area enclosed by the circle x2+ y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2.
Solution: Equation of circle is x2+ y2 = 4 => y = √ √(22 − x 2

Equation of a lines is x + y = 2
2
Area of OACB, bounded by the circle and the coordinate axes is =∫0 √22 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 22 𝑥
= [2 √22 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 2]
2 0
2 22 2 0 22 0
=2 √22 − 22 + sin−1 2 − √22 − 02 + sin−1 2
2 2 2
1 1 𝜋
= 2 sin−1 1=2 × 2 = 𝜋
Area of triangle OAB, bounded by the straight line and the coordinate axes is
2
2 2 𝑥2 22
=∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 =∫0 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =[2𝑥 − 2 0
] =2× 2 − 2
− [2 × 0 − 0] = 4 – 2 – 0 + 0 = 2 sq. units

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 83 | P a g e

 The required area = Area of OACB – Area of triangle OAB = (π – 2) sq. units
[Link] integration, find the area of ∆ ABC, the coordinates of whose vertices are A (2, 5),
B (4, 7) and C (6, 2).

Solution

𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−5 𝑥−2

Equation of the line AB is given by =𝑥 = 7−5 = 4−2
𝑥2 −𝑥1 2 −𝑥1

 𝑦 =𝑥+3
𝑦−7 𝑥−4 −5𝑥
Equation of the line BC is given by = 6−4 => 𝑦 = + 17
2−7 2
𝑦−5 𝑥−2 −3𝑥 13
Equation of the line AC is given by = 6−2 => 𝑦 = +
2−5 2 2
Required area = (Area under line segment AB) + (Area under line segment BC)
– (Area under line segment AC)
4 6 5𝑥 6 3𝑥 13
= ∫2 (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 (− 2 + 17) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫2 (− 4 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 6 4
𝑥2 −5𝑥 2 −3𝑥2 13𝑥
= [ 2 + 3𝑥] + [ + 17𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 − [ + ] =12+9-14=7units
0 4 4 8 2 2
5. Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the equations
y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4
Solution

By solving these equations we get the vertices of triangle as A(0, 1), B(4, 13) and C(4, 9).
∴ Required area = Area (OABDO) – area (OACDO)
4
4 4 3𝑥 2
= ∫0 (3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥= [ + 𝑥] − [𝑥 2 + 𝑥]40
2 0
3×42
= + 4 − 0 − (42 + 4 − 0)
2

= 24+4-20=8sq units
6. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x and
the circle x2 + y2 = 32

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 84 | P a g e

 the required area = Area of shaded region OABO
4 4√2
=∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4√2
4
𝑥2 1 2 2 −1 𝑥
= [ 2 ] + 2 [𝑥 √(4√2) − 𝑥 2 + (4√2) sin 4√2]
0
4

42 02 1 2 4√2 2 2 2
=[ 2 − ]+2 [4√2√(4√2) − (4√2) + (4√2) sin−1 4√2 − (4√(4√2) − 42 +
2

2 4
(4√2) sin−1 4√2)]

1 1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
= (16 − 0)+ [0 + 32 sin−1(1) − 16 − 32 sin−1 ( )]= 8+ (32 − 16 − 32 )
2 2 √2 2 2 4

= 8 + 8𝜋 − 8 − 4𝜋=4𝜋 sq units
[Link] area bounded by the curve y = 𝑥|𝑥| and the ordinates x = -1 and x = 1.
1 2
Solution: A = 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
3

8. Find the area of the smaller part of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 cut off
𝑎
by the line x =
√2
𝑎 𝑎2 𝜋
Solution: A =2 ∫𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 dx = (2 - 1 )
√2
2

9. Area of the region bounded by the curve y =𝑥 2 + 2 , y = x ,

y = 0 and x = 3
3 3 21
Solution: A = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sq units
2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

𝑥2 𝑦2
1) Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 + =1
𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Solution: + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑏
=>𝑏2 = 1 − 𝑎2 =>𝑦 = 𝑎 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 85 | P a g e
 𝑎𝑏
Area of ellipse = 4 × Area of AOB = 4∫0 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
4𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
= 𝑎 [2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎]
2 0
4𝑏 𝑎 𝑎2 −1 𝑎 4𝑏 𝑎2
= [2 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + sin 𝑎]= 𝑎 × sin−1(1) = 2ab × sin-1(1) = 2ab × π/2= πab
𝑎 2 2
2) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-axis in the first
quadrant.
Solution: y2 = 9x, y = ±√(9x), y = ±3√x
:
4 4
Required area= ∫2 𝑦𝑑𝑥=3 ∫2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 4
+1 2 4 3
𝑥2 2
= 3[ 1 ] =3× [𝑥 ] 3 = 2[23 − (√2) ]= = 2
+1 3 2
2 2
[(2)3 – (√2)3] = 2[8 – 2√2]= 16 – 4√2 sq
3) Find the area enclosed between the parabola 4y = 3x2 and the straight line 3x – 2y + 12 = 0
Solution:

4 3𝑥+12 3𝑥 2
Required are = ∫−2 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
4
3𝑥 2 𝑥3 3×42 43 3×4 8
=[ + 6𝑥 − ] = +6×4− −[ − 12 + 4]
4 4 −2 4 4 4

=12 + 24 − 16 − 3 + 12 − 2 = 27 sq units
4) Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines 2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6
and x – 3y + 5 = 0

Now, required area of ∆ABC

= Area of region ABNMA – (Area of
∆AMC + Area of ∆BCN)
4 𝑥+5 2
=∫1 ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 (4 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 −
4 3𝑥−6
∫2 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 𝑥2 1 3𝑥 2
=3 [ 2 + 5𝑥] − [4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]12 − 2 [ − 6𝑥]
1 2 2
1 16 1 1
= [( + 2) − ( + 5)]-[(8 − 4) − (4 − 1)] − [(24 − 24) − (6 − 12)]
3 2 2 2
1 45 15 7
=3 × -1-3= 2 − 4 = sq units
2 2

CASE BASED TYPE QUESTIONS

1) the bridge connects two hills 100 feet apart. The arch on on
the bridge is in a parabolic form. Th highest point on the
bridge is 10 feet above the road at the middle of the bridge as
seen in the figure.
Based on the information given above, answer the following
questions:
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 86 | P a g e
 (i) The equation of the parabola designed on the bridge is
Ans)b. x2 = −250y
50 𝑥 2
(ii) The value of the integral ∫−50 250 𝑑𝑥 is Ans: 1000/3
50
iii) The integrand of the integral ∫−50 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is either even or odd function. Ans: even
OR
(iv) Find the area formed by the curve x2 = 250y, x-axis , y = 0 and y = 10
Ans: 1000/3 sq units.
2. In the figure given below O(0, 0) is the center of the circle. The line y = x meets the circle
in the first quadrant at point B. Answer the following
questions based on the given figure
(i) Find the equation of the circle Ans: __𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32_.
(ii) Find the co-ordinates of B Ans: __(4,4)__
(iii) Find the Area of ∆OBM Ans:8 sq. units.
OR
(iv) Find the Area (BAMB) Ans: 4𝜋 − 8 sq. units

3. A child cuts a pizza with a knife. Pizza is circular in shape which is represented by x 2 + y 2 =
4 and sharp edge of the knife is represented by 𝑥 = √3𝑦. Based on this information, answer
the following questions.
(i) Find the points of intersection of the edge of the knife and the
pizza as shown in the figure. Ans: (√3, 1) and (−√3, −1)
What will the area of each pizza slice if the child divides pizza
into four equal slices?
Ans. 𝜋 sq units
(ii) What is the area of the whole pizza?
Ans. 4𝜋 sq units
4. An insect moves on a curve represented by y = 𝑥 3 . It started from a
point (-2,-8) on the curve and as soon as it reached at a point (2,8)
got tired and [Link] path of its movement is given below. Based on
this information answer the following questions.
(i) Find the area enclosed by the curve y= 𝑥 3 ,
the lines x=2 and x= -2
(ii) If it would have moved along the line represented by y = x what
is the area bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 3 and y=6 x

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 87 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-9-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
GIST/SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER
● Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.
● Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables.
● Solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.
● Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:
𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞, where p and q are functions of 𝑥 or constants.
𝑑𝑥
(ii) + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞, where p and q are functions of 𝑦 or constants.
𝑑𝑦
DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE:
• An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent variable
(variables) is known as a differential equation.
• Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the
differential equation.
• Degree of a differential equation is defined if it is a polynomial equation in its derivatives.
• Degree (when defined) of a differential equation is the highest power (positive integer only) of the
highest order derivative in it.
• A function which satisfies the given differential equation is called its solution.
• The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is
called a general solution and the solution free from arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
• Variable separable method is used to solve such an equation in which variables can be separated
completely i.e. terms containing y should remain with dy and terms containing x should remain with
dx.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
• A differential equation which can be expressed in the form = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) or = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
where, f (x, y) and g(x, y) are homogenous functions of degree zero is called a homogeneous
differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
• A differential equation of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , where P and Q are constants or functions of x
𝑑𝑥
only is called a first order linear differential equation. Another form of first order differential
𝑑𝑥
equation is + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 where P and Q are constants or functions of y.
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
• (i). The integrating factor (I.F) of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
Its solution is given by y (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝑑𝑥
• (ii). The integrating factor (I.F) of the differential equation + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑌)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Its solution is given by 𝑥 (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. If p and q are respectively the order and degree of the differential equation,
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
( ) = 0,then (p-q) is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝐴)0 (𝐵)1 (C)2 ( D)3
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 2
Here p = 2, q=1 p-q=1 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: B
[Link] order and degree of the following differential equation are respectively:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑4 𝑦
+ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4
(A) -4,1 (B) 4, not defined (C)1,1 (D) 4,1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Here order =4
𝑑𝑦
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 is not a polynomial in 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 4

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 88 | P a g e

 𝑆𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: B
(A)-4,1 (B) 4, not defined (C)1,1 (D) 4,1
𝑑𝑦
3. The solution for the differential equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑖𝑠:
(A)3𝑒 4𝑦 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 (B) 𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
(C)3𝑒 −3𝑦 + 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 12𝐶 = 0 (D) 3𝑒 −4𝑦 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 12𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 +4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 4𝑦
Integrating both sides :
∫ 𝑒 −4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −4𝑦 𝑒 3𝑥
= + 𝐶
−4 3
−4𝑦
3𝑒 = − 4 𝑒 3𝑥 − 12 𝐶
3𝑒 −4𝑦 + 4 𝑒 3𝑥 + 12 𝐶 = 0 Answer: D
𝑑𝑦
[Link] differential equation = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 not be a homogeneous differential equation if F(x, y) is
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥
(A) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥 ) (𝐵) 𝑥
(C) 𝑥𝑦
(D) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑦)
Solution :
𝑦
If F ( x, y) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝐹(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) ≠ 𝜆0 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) will not be a homogeneous differential [Link] : A
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3− 𝑦𝑛
5. For what value of n is the following a homogeneous differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Solution : For the given differential equation to be homogeneous, the value of n should be 3.
Answer : C
𝑑𝑦
[Link] integrating factor of the differential equation (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 (𝑦 > 0) 𝑖𝑠 ∶
1 1
(A) 𝑥 (B) x (C) y (D) 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Solution: Given differential equation is (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 (𝑦 > 0)
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1
⇒ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⇒ − 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑦
−1
𝑃 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 2𝑦
−1 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: D
7. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of the differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 =0
(A)0 (B)1 (C)2 (D)3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Number of arbitrary constants = Order of the differential equation
The order of the given differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 0 is one.
Number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of the differential equation is one.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 89 | P a g e

 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:B
8. A particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1 𝑖𝑠
1
(A) y = x ( B)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (C) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (D)y = log x
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Given differential equation is 𝑥 +𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
= −𝑥
Integrating both sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫−
𝑦 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 -------(1)
⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 = 0
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛(1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 1
1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: C
9. The curve for which the slope of the tangent at any point is equal to the ratio of the abcissa to
the ordinate of the point is :
(A) an ellipse (B) parabola (C) circle (D) rectangular hyperbola
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Slope of tangent to the curve = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
⇒ = + 𝐶
2 2
2 2
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝐶 which is an equation of rectangular hyperbola.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:D
10. Family y = A x + 𝐴3 of curves will correspond to a differential equation of order
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐴3 -----(1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛(1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑦 = ( )𝑥 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1 Answer : C

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Question numbers 1 to 10 are Assertion - Reason based questions. Two statements are given, one labelled
Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and
(D) as given below.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 90 | P a g e
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
1) Assertion (A):The degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 − 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) is
one.
Reason(R) :If the differential equation is a polynomial in differential coefficients, then its
degree is defined.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 − 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) is not a
𝑑𝑦
polynomial equation in 𝑑𝑥 . Its order is not defined.
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: D
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
2) Assertion (A): The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 2 (𝑥 ) is
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2
Reason(R) : Correct substitution for the solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑓 ( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 differential equation is = 1 + 2( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, 𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥. = 1 + 2𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑥. = 1 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
1 + 𝑣 𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
1 + 𝑣 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑣| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝐶1 |
⇒ |1 + 𝑣| = |𝐶1 𝑥|
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ± 𝐶1 𝑥 2
2
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 where ± 𝐶1 = 𝐶
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒. 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
3) Assertion (A) : − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 5 is a first order linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑥
Reason (R ) :If P and Q are functions of x only or constants, then the differential equation of the
𝑑𝑦
form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 is a first order linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
Solution :The given differential equation 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 5 is in the form of
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄.
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
Here A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Answer : A
𝑥 𝑥
4) Assertion (A): 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be
solved by making the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥.
Reason(R) : A homogeneous differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= ℎ (𝑦) 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ (𝑥 ) by the substitution y = vx.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Here A is false since the given differential equation is of the form
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= ℎ (𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
But R is true. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:D
5) Assertion (A):The number of arbitrary constants in the solution of the differential equation

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 91 | P a g e

 𝑑2𝑦
= 0 𝑖𝑠 2.
𝑑𝑥 2
Reason(R) :The general solution of a differential equation contains as many arbitrary
constants as the order of the differential equation.
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
⇒
( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
⇒ dy = C dx Integrating both sides we get
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 =, 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 ′
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 are two arbitrary constants in the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥2 = 0
We had a differential equation of order 2.
So both A & R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Answer: A
6) Assertion (A): Integrating factor of the linear differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 is 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑅 𝑑𝑦
Reason(R) : Integrating factor of the linear differential equation 𝑑𝑦 + Rx = S is 𝑒 ∫
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 4 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
Comparing it with + 𝑃 𝑦 = 𝑄 , we get P = , 𝑄 = 4 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 2
∫𝑥
Integrating factor = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 dx = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
Assertion (A) is true.
Also Reason ( R ) is true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐵
7) Assertion ( A ) : A curve passing through the point
𝜋
(1 , 4 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 𝑒
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔| 𝑥 |)
𝑥
Reason(R) : The integrating factor (I.F) of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Its solution is given by y (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ) -----(i)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 = 𝑣 + 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting in (i) we get
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 𝑥
1
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = - log | 𝑥 | + 𝐶 − − − − − − − (𝑖𝑖)
𝜋
Given that the curve passes through the point (1 , 4 )

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 92 | P a g e

 𝜋
So 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 ) = - log 1 + C ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Putting the value of C =1 in (ii) we get
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = - log | 𝑥 | + 1
𝑥
𝑦 𝑒
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥 | Since 𝑒 = 1
𝑦 𝑒
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥 |)
Assertion (A) is true.
Also R is true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:B
8) Assertion (A): The general solution of the differential equation
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
= is 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐶(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 1
Reason(R) : ∫ 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) + C
2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: The given differential equation is 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥
⇒∫ 2
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
⇒ 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + log C
⇒ (1 + 𝑦2 ) = (1 + 𝑥2 )𝐶
𝑜𝑟 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝐶(1 + 𝑦 2 )
Assertion and reason both are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: A
9) Assertion (A):The equation of the curve passing through (3,9) which satisfies the
𝑑𝑦 1
differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 6𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 29𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑦
Reason(R) : The solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 ∈ [−2,2] 𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:Given = 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫( 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥2 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 2
− 𝑥
+ C ----(1)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 (1) 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (3,9).
9 1 29
𝑆𝑜 9 = − + 𝐶⇒ C =
2 3 6
29 𝑥2 1 29
On substituting C = 6
𝑖𝑛 ( 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 2
− 𝑥
+ 6
3
3𝑥 − 6 + 29 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 6𝑥
3𝑥 3 − 6 + 29 𝑥
⇒ 6𝑥𝑦 =
3
⇒ 6𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 29 x – 6 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = √4 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑦 2
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝐶) ⇒ y = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
2
Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:B
10. Assertion (A): Order of the differential equation whose solution is
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 is 4.
Reason(R) : Order of the differential equation is equal to the number of independent arbitrary
constant mentioned in the solution of the differential equation.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 differential equation is 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝐶4
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 93 | P a g e
 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑒𝑥
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒. 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:D
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1) The bottom valve of a conical tank is opened to remove sugarcane juice in a factory. The
rate at which the juice pours out from the conical tank is directly proportional to the cube
root of the rate of change of height of the juice present in the tank. If K is the constant of
proportionality, write a differential equation depicting the scenario:
Solution:
Let ‘V’ be the volume of the sugar cane juice in the conical tank, ‘h’ be the height of the
sugar cane juice and ‘t’ be the time.
1 1
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 3 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 3
Given 𝛼 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) ⇒ = 𝐾 ( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 3 𝑑ℎ
⇒ ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝐾 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) which is the required differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
2) Solve the differential equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 .
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
Given differential equation is 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑦
3) Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
Given differential equation + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is a linear differential equation of
𝑑𝑥
the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 1 , 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Integrating factor = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 1.𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
The solution of the linear differential equation is given by
y (I.F) = ∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
i.e., y . 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) ⇒ . y . 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 is the solution.
4) If y(x) is a solution of the differential equation
2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
( 1 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 (2)
2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Solution: Given ( 1+𝑦
) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
⇒ 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= - 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ = − 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∫ = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
log| 1 + y| = -log |2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 | + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶
log| 1 + y| +log |2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 | = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶
log ( 1+ y)( 2 + sin x) = log C
𝐶
⇒( 1+ y)( 2 + sin x) =C ;⇒1 + y = 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 94 | P a g e

 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 = − 1---(1) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1
2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Substituting the values in eqn ( 1) we get
𝐶 𝐶
1 = 2 – 1 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ C =4
4 𝜋
Hence eqn (1) reduces to 𝑦 = − 1 To find 𝑦 ( 2 )
2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋 4
When x = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝜋 −1
2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
4 1
⇒ 𝑦 = −1 ⇒y=3
3
5) Write the integrating factor of the differential equation :
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ( 1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
Solution: The given differential equation is
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ( 1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑥)
This can be written in the form = ( 1 + 𝑦2)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
= −
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + =
1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦2
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = ,𝑄 =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦
Integrating factor = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑦
Integrating factor of the given differential equation is 𝑒𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦
6) Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The given differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 ------(1)
Put x + y = t in eqn ( 1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
1 + = ----- (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Substituting eqn (2) in eqn (1) we get = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Separating the variables we get = 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑡
−𝑡
Integrating both sides ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑡 −1
= x +C ⇒ = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ −1 = 𝑒 𝑡 ( x + C ) ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 ( 𝑥 + 𝐶) + 1 = 0
−1 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦
7) Solve 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1)
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
The given differential equation is 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1) ⇒𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) + 1] ---( 1)
𝑑𝑥
Put y = vx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ---(2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
Substituting eqn ( 2) in eqn (1) we get 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = v log v ⇒𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 95 | P a g e
 1 1
Integrating both sides we get∫ 𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶
𝑦
⇒ log (log v) = log C x⇒ log v = Cx⇒ log (𝑥) = 𝐶 𝑥

8) In a controlled condition within a laboratory, a spherical balloon is being deflated at a rate

proportional to its surface area at that instant. The spherical shape of the balloon is
maintained throughout the process. Form a differential equation that represents the rate of
change of its radius.
Solution :
Takes V, S and r to be the volume, surface area and radius of the balloon at time t.
Since the volume of the balloon is decreasing with time, the rate of
Change of its radius is negative.
Uses the given information and expresses the relationship between volume and
Surface area as
𝑑𝑉
=-k×S, where k is a positive real number.
𝑑𝑡
Differentiates the above equation after substituting the expressions for volume and
Surface area of a sphere to get the required differential equation as:

4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝜋(3𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘 × 4𝜋𝑟 2 ; = −𝑘
3 𝑑𝑡
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1) Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑦 𝜋
[𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that y = 4, when x =1
Solution: The given differential equation
𝑦
[𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) ------(1)
𝑑𝑥
Put y = vx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ---(2)
𝑑𝑥
Substituting eqn ( 2) in eqn (1) we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides we get − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = ∫ ⇒ -∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝜋
⇒ cot v = log |x| + C⇒ cot ( )
𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| + 𝐶, given that y = 4, when x =1
𝜋
Therefore cot (4) = log 1 + C⇒ C = 1
𝑦
Hence the particular solution of the differential equation is cot (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| + 1
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
2) Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 − 3 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 .
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The given differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 − 3 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + 𝑃𝑦 =𝑄
𝑑𝑥
Here P = - 3 cot x Q= sin 2x
1
Integrating factor (I.F) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
The solution of the linear differential equation is given by
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 96 | P a g e
 1 1
y (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶; y.𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥. . 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1
3
= ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

𝑦
= 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑦
= −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝜋
𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+ C 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥---(1) Given When x = 2 , 𝑦 = 2
2 = -2 + C ⇒ C = 4 Substituting C =4 in eqn ( 1) we get
𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+ C 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 which is the required solution.
3) Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution :
The given differential equation
𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Separating the variables
𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
dx =
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
On integrating both sides we get
𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ (𝑒𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
⇒ log|𝑒 𝑥 − 1| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝐶|
⇒(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = ± 𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 ⇒(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = 𝐶1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶1 = ±𝐶
4) Find the particular solution of the differential equation given by
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Solution:
The given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) ----(1)
It is a homogeneous differential equation.
Put y = vx
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ---(2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Substituting (2) in (1) we get𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣;⇒ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides we get ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
𝑥
⇒ log |cosec v – cot v| = -log |x|+ log |𝑐1| ⇒x (cosec v - cot v) =±𝑐1
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ x (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) = C where C ==±𝑐1
5) Solve the differential equation (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 − (3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Solution:
The given differential equation is (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 − (3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
⇒(1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 97 | P a g e

 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
3 +𝑦 1 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
On integrating both sides we get ∫ 3 +𝑦 = ∫ 1 −𝑥
⇒ log|3 + 𝑦| = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑥|+ log C
⇒ log|3 + 𝑦| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑥| = log C
⇒(1-x)( 3+y) = C which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
6) Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
The given differential equation is 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
We can write this as 𝑑𝑦 =-(𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1)-----(1)
Which is a homogeneous differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
⇒𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦; 𝑣 + 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑣 2 − 𝑣 + 1)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑣 2 − 𝑣 + 1); ⇒.1 + 𝑣2 = − 𝑦
On integrating both sides we get 𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑦| + 𝐶
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑦| = 𝐶 which is the required differential equation.
7) Find the particular solution of the differential equation :
𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 = 0: 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
The given differential equation : 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
⇒2xy + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 ; ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = -----(1)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put y = vx ; = 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ---(2)
𝑑𝑥
Substituting eqn ( 2) in eqn (1) we get
𝑑𝑣 2𝑥. 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2
𝑣 + 𝑥. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣𝑥 2 +𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 + 𝑣2 − 2𝑣
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 2
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥. = ⇒ 𝑥. =
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
𝑣2 𝑥
−1 −𝑥
2 . - 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| + 𝐶; 2. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝐶 ------(3) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
−1
2. 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ C = -1
−2𝑥
Substituting C = -1 in eqn (3) we get = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 1 which is the required solution.
𝑦
8) Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦(0) = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ The given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + 𝑃𝑦 =𝑄
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here P = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 Q= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2
Integrating factor (I.F) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
The solution of the linear differential equation is given by

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 98 | P a g e

 y (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ y 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ----(1)
Put tanx =t 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 dx =dt
y 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + C ⇒ 𝑦 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶
⇒ y 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝐶 ⇒ y 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0) = 0. 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 =(0 – 1)𝑒 0 + 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = −1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =1
Hence the particular solution of the differential equation is
y 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1) + 1
9) Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ The given differential equation is

𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑑𝑦 = ⇒𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥 −1
+ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = , 𝑄 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
−1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1 1
Integrating factor = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 =𝑦
The solution is given by x.(I.F) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1 1
⇒ x. 𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑦. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑦 is the general solution of the differential equation.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑦
1) Given 𝑥 + ( 𝑦 + 1) =2
𝑑𝑥
(i) Solve the differential equation and show that the solution represents a family of
circles.
(ii) Find the radius of a circle belonging to the above family that passes through the
origin.
𝑑𝑦
Solution : Given 𝑥 + ( 𝑦 + 1) =2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
( 𝑦 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 ⇒ (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
⇒
+ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − + 𝐶1
2 2
𝑦2 𝑥2
⇒
2
+ 2 = 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝐶1 ;⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝐶1 )
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝐶1
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 2 𝐶1 + 5
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 2 𝐶1 + 5
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ( 2 , −1)
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝐶 − − − − − (1)
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (1) 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (0,0)
(0 − 2)2 + (0 + 1)2 = 𝐶
⇒ 4 + 1 = C ;⇒ C = 5
Therefore ( 1) becomes (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 5

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 99 | P a g e

 2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (√5)
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ( 2, −1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = √5 units
𝑆𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ( 2, −1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = √5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2) Find the general solution of the following differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 + √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
Solution: Put sin x =t 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+√𝑡 2 −𝑦 2
= where t=sinx
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 𝑣 +t. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑦
𝑣 +t. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣 + √1 − 𝑣 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜
𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑣 2
= ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡| + 𝐶
𝑡
𝑦 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡| + 𝐶; 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝐶
3) Solve the differential equation (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 1
Solution : The given differential equation is
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 1
𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 1+( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑥
⇒𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑥𝑦
⇒𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦 -----(1) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣2
( 1) becomes 𝑣 + 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑣
− 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 2 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 𝑣
−𝑥 ) ⇒ 1 + 2 𝑣2 =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
1 + 2𝑣 𝑥
1 4𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
4 1 + 2𝑣 𝑥
1 𝐶4
⇒4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 1 + 2𝑣 ) = -log |𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 1 + 2𝑣 2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2
𝑥4
𝑦 2 𝐷
⇒ 1 +2 ( ) = , D =𝐶 4 Given y ( 1)=1; When x =1, y =1 , D=3
𝑥 𝑥4
The solution of the differential equation is 3 = (2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 2
4) Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 0) . 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
Given differential equation is 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
⇒𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦= 2x + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑦= 2x + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 , 𝑄 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
Integrating factor = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The solution of the linear differential equation is given by
y (I.F) =∫[𝑄 . (𝐼. 𝐹)] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫( 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Using integration by parts)
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + C----(1) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 .
𝜋 𝜋2 −−𝜋 2
Putting x = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 = 0𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑛(1)𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡 0 = + 𝐶; ⇒ C =
4 4

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 100 | P a g e

 𝜋2
y. sinx = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 - ⇒ 4y sinx = 4𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝜋 2
4
5) Birds are sensitive to microwaves that are emitted by mobile phones, which has resulted in a
decline in the bird population, especially sparrows. The population of sparrows in a certain
region is decreasing according to the following equation due to the extensive use of mobile
phones.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡
where, y represents the population of sparrows at time t (in years) and k is a constant.
The population, which was 𝑒 10 five years ago, has decreased by 25% in that time. Find
k. (Note: Take ln 3 ≈ 1.09 and ln 4 ≈ 1.38.)
𝑑𝑦
Solution: We have = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡
Uses the variable separable form to rewrite the given equation as:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
Integrates the above equation on both sides to get:
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
log y= kt +C, where C is a constant.
Writes the above equation in terms of e as:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 => 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . 𝑒 𝐶
Uses the given conditions to write:
At t=0, y =𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑒 10 where 𝑒 10 is the initial population.
3 3
At t=5, y = 4 𝑒 10 = 𝑒 5𝑘 . 𝑒 10 ; 𝑒 5𝑘 = 4
Takes the natural logarithm on both sides to find the value of k [Link]
3
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑒 5𝑘 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4) ⇒ 5k = log 3 – log 4 => 5k=1.09-1.38
− 0.29
=> 5k =- 0.29 => k = K = -0.058
5
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1) A Veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat brought by a pet lover. When it was brought to the
hospital, it was already dead. The pet lover wanted to find its time of death. He took the
temperature of the cat at 11.30 pm which was 94.6F. He took the temperature again after one
hour; the temperature was lower than the first observation. It was 93.4F. The room in which the
cat was put is always at 70F. The normal temperature of the cat is taken as 98.6F when it was
alive. The doctor estimated the time of death using Newton law of cooling which is governed by
the differential equation: 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ∝(𝑇−70), where 70F is the room temperature and T is the
temperature of the object at time t. Substituting the two different observations of T and t made, in
the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑇 =𝑘(𝑇−70)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑.
(i) Find the order and degree of the above given differential equation.
(ii) Which method of solving a differential equation helped in calculation of the time of death?
𝑑𝑇
(iii) Find the solution of the differential equation = 𝑘 (𝑇 − 70 )
𝑑𝑡
Solution :
(i) Order is one and degree is 1
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(ii) Given = 𝑘(𝑇 − 70) ⇒𝑇 − 70 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
variable separable method
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 101 | P a g e
 𝑑𝑇
(iv) The given differential equation is = 𝑘 (𝑇 − 70 )
𝑑𝑡
Integrating both sides we get
𝑑𝑇
∫ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 70
log | T – 70| = kt + C
2) Polio drops are delivered to 50K children in a district. The rate at which polio drops are given
is directly proportional to the number of children who have not been administered the
drops. By the end of 2nd week half the children have been given the polio drops. How many
will have been given the drops by the end of 3rd week that can be estimated using the
solution to the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
= 𝐤(𝟓𝟎−𝐲) where x denotes the number of weeks and y the number of children (in
𝑑𝑥
thousands) who have been given the drops. Based on the above information answer the
following questions :
(i) Find the order and degree of the above given differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
(ii) Find the solution of the differential equation = 𝑘 ( 50 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
(iii) Find the particular solution of the given differential equation,
given that y (0) = 0
Solution :
𝑑𝑦
(i) Given differential equation is = 𝑘 ( 50 − 𝑦) .
𝑑𝑥
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
. 𝑆𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Here degree is the highest exponent of 𝑑𝑥 which is [Link] its degree is one.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii) Given differential equation is = 𝑘 ( 50 − 𝑦) ⇒ = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 50 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Integrating both sides we get ∫ 50 − 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
⇒ - log |50 - y|= k x + C
𝑑𝑦
(iii) The general solution of the differential equation = 𝑘 ( 50 − 𝑦) is
𝑑𝑥
- log |50 - y|= k x + C
Given y(0) =0 ;i.e., when x=0, y=0; -log|50 - 0|= k.0 + C
⇒ C = - log 50
- log |50 - y|= k x -log 50 is the required particular solution.
[Link] the questions based on the given information.
The mixing tank shown below generates saline water (a mixture of salt and water) for the
cooling of a thermoelectric power plant.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 102 | P a g e

 The tank initially holds 20000 L of water in which 2000 kg of salt has been dissolved. Then,
pure water is poured into the tank at a rate of 5000 L per minute. The mixture in the tank, which
is The tank initially holds 20000 L of water in which 2000 kg of salt has been dissolved. Then,
pure water is poured into the tank at a rate of 5000 L per minute. The mixture in the tank, which
is stirred continuously, flows out at a rate of 3000 L per minute.
The quantity of salt in the tank at time t is denoted by 𝑄𝑡 where t is in minutes and 𝑄𝑡 is in
kilograms.
𝑑𝑄
The rate of flow of salt into the tank is measured as :( 𝑑𝑡𝑡) = 0 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛
The rate of flow of salt out of the tank is measured as :

𝑑𝑄𝑡
( ) = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
×
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
The rate of change of quantity of salt in the tank with respect to time is given by
𝑑𝑄𝑡 𝑑𝑄𝑡
[( ) −( ) ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡
(i). Find the expression for the rate of change of quantity of salt in the tank with time t.
(ii). Find the general solution of the differential equation corresponding to the rate of change of
quantity of salt in the tank with time t.
(iii). Find the general solution of the differential equation corresponding to the rate of change of
quantity of salt in the tank with time t.
Solution :
(i) According to the given condition, the rate of change of quantity of salt
can be written as
𝑑𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑡 −3𝑄𝑡
= 0 − 3000 × =
𝑑𝑡 20000 + 5000𝑡 − 3000𝑡 20 + 2𝑡
Which is the required expression.

𝑑𝑄𝑡 −3𝑄
(ii) Consider the differential equation ; = 20+2𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Separates the variables of the differential equation as follows:
𝑑𝑄𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=
−3𝑄𝑡 20 + 2𝑡
Integrates both sides to obtain the following:
𝑑𝑄𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫ =∫
−3𝑄𝑡 20 + 2𝑡
1 1
− 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑄𝑡 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 + 𝑡) + 𝐶

(ii)
Takes initial condition 𝑄𝑡 (0) = 2000 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠:
1 1
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2000 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 + 𝐶
3 2
1 3
𝐶 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10
3 2
1 1 1 3
Frames the equation as : − 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑄𝑡 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 + 𝑡) − 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 103 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-10-VECTOR ALGEBRA
Gist/Summary of the lesson (Definitions and Formulae)
PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
There are two types of products between two vectors.
1. Scalar Product (OR) Dot Product.
2. Vector Product (OR) Cross Product.
Scalar Product:
If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ are two non-zero vectors and if the angle between them is  then 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ is defined as 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ =
|𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Case (1). If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ are Like vectors then  = 0 .
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑜𝑠 00 = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗|
Case (2). If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ are Unlike vectors then  = 180 .
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑜𝑠180 = − |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗|
Case(3). If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ are Perpendicular vectors then  = 90 .
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑜𝑠90 = 0  𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0
If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ are two vectors then the Scalar Product 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ is
defined as 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 ( Scalar )
Properties of Dot Product:
1. 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑎⃗ 2. 𝑎⃗ . (− 𝑏⃗⃗) = −(𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗) 3. 𝑎⃗ . 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑎⃗| Cos 0 = |𝑎⃗ |2 = 𝑎2
4. (𝑚 𝑎⃗ ) . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑚(𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ )= 𝑎⃗ . 𝑚( 𝑏⃗⃗ )
Angle between vectors:
Let  be the angle between two non-zero vectors 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ . Then
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑎⃗⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗|
Composition Table of Dot Product:
• 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
𝒊̂ 1 0 0
𝒋̂ 0 1 0
̂
𝒌 0 0 1
Projection of a Vector:
→ →
Let 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎⃗ , 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏⃗⃗. Let  be the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗.
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏 ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
The Projection of 𝑏⃗⃗ on 𝑎⃗ = 𝑂𝑀 = |𝑎⃗⃗ |
, Similarly the Projection of 𝑎⃗ on 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑏⃗⃗ |
Vector ( or Cross ) Product of two vectors:
The vector product of two non – zero vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is denoted by z
𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ and is defined as
𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| Sin 𝑛̂ y
Where  is angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ , where 0    𝜋 and 𝑛̂ is a unit x
vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ such that 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑛̂ form a right
handed system.
(i). If either 𝑎⃗ = 𝟎 ⃗⃗ or 𝑏 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗⃗ then 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 ⃗⃗
(ii). 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ is a vector.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 104 | P a g e
(iii). If 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel then 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗⃗
(iv). If  = 90 then 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗|
Composition Table of Cross Product: ̂
𝒌 𝒋̂
X 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 0 𝑘̂ −𝑗̂ 𝒊̂
𝑗̂ −𝑘̂ 0 𝑖̂
𝑘̂ 𝑗̂ −𝑖̂ 0
Angle between vectors:
Let  be the angle between two non-zero vectors a and b . Then
|𝑎⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ |
𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| Sin 𝑛̂ ⇒ |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ | = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| Sin ⇒ Sin = ⃗⃗|
|𝑎⃗⃗ ||𝑏

Unit vector ⊥ both the vectors 𝐚⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐛:

𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| Sin 𝑛̂ …(1) then
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ × 𝑏
|𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ | = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗⃗| Sin …..(2) (1)  (2) 𝑛̂ = ⃗⃗ |
|𝑎⃗⃗ × 𝑏

If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ are two vectors then the Vector Product 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
is defined as ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
Area of a Parallelogram: |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ |
1
Note: Area of a triangle with 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ as adjacent sides = Area = 2 |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ |
1
Note: When diagonals ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 are given, Area of a Parallelogram = 2 |𝑑 𝑑2 |
Relation between Dot and Cross Product:
2 2 2
(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗) + |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗|
Note: Stress on Position Vector Concept
Convert a position vector to Cartesian form of a point and vice-versa
Position Vector (Vector Geometry) Point in 3D Geometry(Cartesian Form)
𝑂𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ P=(x,y,z)
𝑂𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ A=(2,3,-1)
C=(1,-2,-3)
𝑂𝑋⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 4𝑘 ̂
Y=(-2,-5,-7)

Activity to remember the concepts:

Requirement If one vector is given If two points are given in the
in the Question (Not Question
applicable to position A(x1,y1,z1) and B(x2,y2,z2) OR
vector) 𝑟⃑ = 𝑎𝑖⃗ + 𝑂𝐴⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ &
𝑏𝑗⃗ + 𝑐𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂
Direction Ratios of a vector
Magnitude of a vector
Direction Cosines of a vector

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 105 | P a g e

Unit Vector in the direction of_____
A vector with magnitude k units and in
the direction of____

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. If the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle be 6i + 4 j + 5 k, 4 i + 5 j + 6 k and 5 i + 6 j + 4 k,

then the triangle is

(a) Right angled (b) Isosceles (c) Equilateral (d) None of these
Sol: (c) Equilateral, since each side is of length 6 .
(i + j + k), (5 i + 3 j − 3 k)
2. The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices have the position vectors
and (2i + 5 j + 9 k), is given by
(a) 15 + 157 (b) 15 − 157 (c) 15 − 157 (d) 15 + 157 Sol: (a)
a = 4 i + 2 j − 4 k  | a | = 16 + 16 + 4 = 6

b = −3i + 2 j + 12k  | b | = 144 + 4 + 9 = 157

c = −i − 4 j − 8 k  | c | = 64 + 16 + 1 = 9

Hence perimeter is 15 + 157 .

3. The position vectors of two points A and B are i + j−k and 2i − j + k respectively. Then
| AB | =
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 Sol: (b)
AB = i − 2 j + 2k | AB | = 3.
4. The magnitudes of mutually perpendicular forces a, b and c are 2, 10 and 11 respectively.
Then the magnitude of its resultant is
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 9 (d) None Sol: (b)
R = 4 + 100 + 121 = 15.
5. The system of vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ is
(a) Orthogonal (b) Coplanar (c) Collinear (d) None of these Sol: (a)
It is a fundamental concept.
6. The direction cosines of the resultant of the vectors (i + j + k), (−i + j + k), (i − j + k) and (i + j − k),

are
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
   − ,− ,− 
 2, 3, 6  6, 6, 6  6 6 6   3, 3, 3
(a)   (b)   (c)  (d)   Sol: (d)
Resultant vector = 2i + 2 j + 2k.
 1 1 1 
 
 3 , 3 , 3 .
Direction cosines are  

7. The position vectors of P and Q are 5i + 4 j + ak and −i + 2 j − 2k respectively. If the distance

between them is 7, then the value of a will be
(a) - 5, 1 (b) 5, 1 (c) 0, 5 (d) 1, 0 Sol: (a)
7 = (5 + 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 + (a + 2)2  a + 2 = 3 a = −5, 1.
8. A zero vector has
(a) Any direction (b) No direction (c) Many directions (d) None of these Sol: (a)
Direction is not determined.

4 a +i +j
9. A unit vector a makes an angle with z-axis. If is a unit vector, then a is equal to

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 106 | P a g e

 i j k i j k i j k
+ + + − − − +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these Sol: (c)
Let a = li + m j + nk, where l + m + n = 1.
2 2 2


a makes an angle 4 with z − axis.
1
n = , l2 + m 2 = 1
2 2 …..(i)
k
 a = li +m j+
2
k
a + i + j = (l + 1)i + (m + 1)j +
2
1
(l + 1)2 + (m + 1)2 =
Its magnitude is 1, hence 2 .....(ii)
1 1 1 −1
𝑙 2 + 1 + 2𝑙 + 𝑚2 + 1 + 2𝑚 = 2 ⟹ 2 + 2 + 2𝑙 + 2𝑚 = 2 ⇒ 𝑙 + 𝑚 = −1 ⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑚 = 2

From (i) and (ii),

i j k
a =− − +
2 2 2
Hence .
10. A force is a
(a) Unit vector (b) Localized vector (c) Zero vector (d) Free vector Sol: (b)
It is a fundamental concept.
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason(R).Pick the correct option:
A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is NOT the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true.
1. Assertion : a × b = a × c then b = 𝜆 a + c
Reason : If a × b = 0 , a is collinear to b
      
Sol. [A] a  b = a  c , a  (b − c) = 0
  
i.e. b − c = a ⇒ 𝑏 ⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗
2. Assertion : If a × b = c × d , and a × c = b × d then a – d is perpendicular to b – c .
Reason : If r is perpendicular to q then r . q = 0
Sol.[D](Assertion false & reason is true)
a× b = c× d … (1)
a × c = b × d … (2)
subtract
a × ( b – c ) = ( c – b ) × d ;( a – d ) × ( b – c ) = ⃗𝟎⃗ ; So a – d is parallel to b – c
→ → → → → →
3. Assertion : If three points P, Q, R have position vectors a , b , c respectively and 2 a + 3 b – 5 c = 0 ,
then the points P, Q, R must be collinear.
Reason: If for three points A, B, C, ; AB =  AC , then the points A, B, C must be collinear.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 107 | P a g e

 → → → →
Sol. [A] 2a + 3b – 5c = 0 , 3( b – a ) = 5( c – a )
→ → → →
, AB = 5 / 3 AC
b – a = 5 / 3( c – a )
AB & AC must be parallel since there is common point A. The points A, B , C must be
collinear.
4. Assertion: If the difference of two unit vectors is again a unit vector then angle between
them is 60o
     
Reason : If angle between a & b is acute than | a . b | < | a | | b |
Sol. [B]
 
5. Assertion : a = î + p ĵ + 2 k̂ and b = 2 î + 3 ĵ + q k̂ are parallel vector. If p =3/2, q = 4.
  a1 a a
Reason: If a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ are parallel = 2= 3
b1 b 2 b3
Sol. [A]
→ →
→ →  | a– b|
6. Assertion: If a & b are unit vectors & 𝜃 is the angle between them, then sin =
2 2
Reason : The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the vectors
→ →
a = î + ĵ & b = ĵ + k̂ is two :
→ → → → → → → →
Sol.[B] Assertion: | a – b |2 =| a |2+| b |2–2| a || b | cos 𝜃 = 2(1 – cos 𝜃) (| a |=| b |= 1)
→ →
→ →   | a– b |
2 2
| a – b | = 2.2 sin ⇒ sin =
2 2 2
→ →
Reason: Number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the vectors a & b are two,
→ →
(a b)
i.e.± → →
| a b |
⃗⃗ then either a = 𝟎
7. Assertion: If a × b = 0 and a . b =𝟎 ⃗⃗ or b = 𝟎
⃗⃗
Reason: a × b = 𝟎 ⃗⃗ , a = 𝟎
⃗⃗, b = 𝟎
⃗⃗ or a is parallel to b .
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
a . b = 0 , a = 𝟎, b = 𝟎 or a is perpendicular to b .
Sol: A
Since a cannot be both parallel and perpendicular to b , we have a = 0 or b = 0.
 
8. Assertion: If r = xî + yĵ + zk̂ then equation r  (2î − ĵ + 3k̂) = 3î + k̂ represent a straight line.
 
Reason: If r = xî + yĵ + zk̂ , then equation r  (î + 2 ĵ − 3k̂) = 2î − ĵ represent a straight line

Sol.[D] Reason:
î ĵ k̂

r  (î + 2 ĵ − 3k̂ ) = x y z = î (– 3y – 2z) – ĵ (– 3x – z) + k̂ (2x – y)
1 2 −3

– 3y – 2z = 2, 3x + z = – 1, 2x – y = 0
i.e. – 6x + 2z = 2, 3x + z = – 1
Straight line 2x – y = 0, 3x + z = – 1
Assertion :
î ĵ k̂

r  (2î − ĵ + 3k̂ ) = x y z = î (3y + z) – ĵ (3x – 2z) + k̂ (– x – 2y)
2 −1 3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 108 | P a g e

 3y + z = 3, 3x – 2z = 0, – x – 2y = 1, 3x – 2(3 – 3y) = 0, 3x + 6y = 6, x + 2y = 2
Now, x + 2y = – 1, x + 2y = 2 are parallel planes

r  (2î − ĵ + 3k̂) = 3î + k̂ is not a straight line

9. Assertion: Angle between 𝑖̂+ĵ and 𝑖̂is 450

Reason: 𝑖̂+ĵ is equally inclined to both ̂𝑖 and 𝑗̂ and the angle between 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ is 900
⃗⃗
⃗⃗.𝒃
𝒂
Sol: B ⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = ⃗⃗|
|𝒂
⃗⃗||𝒃

10. Assertion: If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , then |𝑎⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗|
Reason: If |𝑎⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗| , then it necessarily implies that 𝑎⃗ = ±𝑏⃗⃗. Sol. [C]
|𝑎⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗| need not imply 𝑎⃗ = ±𝑏⃗⃗, eg: 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
→ → → → → →
11. Assertion: For two nonzero vectors a and b , we have a . b = b . a
→ → → → → →
Reason: For two non-zero vectors a and b , we have a X b = b X a
Sol: [C] Fundamental concept
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ - 𝐉̂ - 5𝐤
1. Given 𝐀𝐁 ̂ and co-ordinate of the terminal point is (0, 1, 3). Find the
coordinate of the initial point.
AB = 3î − Ĵ − 5k̂
SOL: Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
B (0, 1, 3)  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = Ĵ + 3k̂ then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB OA = ?
We know that,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB
OA = Ĵ + 3k̂ − ( 3î − Ĵ − 5k̂ ) = Ĵ + 3k̂ − 3î + Ĵ + 5k̂− = − 3î + 2Ĵ + 8k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ | = 5 and |𝐚⃗⃗  𝐛
2. If |𝐚⃗⃗| = 2, |𝐛 ⃗ | = 8, find the value of 𝐚⃗⃗• 𝐛
⃗.
SOL: Given |a⃗⃗| = 2, |b ⃗⃗| = 5 and |a⃗⃗  ⃗⃗
b| = 8, a⃗⃗• ⃗⃗
b=?
⃗⃗| Sin = 8
|a⃗⃗ ||b  (2)(5) Sin = 8
4 3
Then, Sin = and Cos =
5 5
3
⃗⃗ = |a⃗⃗ ||b
a⃗⃗ . b ⃗⃗| Cosθ = (2)(5) = 6
5
𝛉
3. If 𝐚⃗⃗ , ⃗𝐛 are any two unit vectors and  is the angle between them, then show that 𝐒𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) =
𝟏
⃗|
|𝐚⃗⃗ − 𝐛
𝟐
⃗⃗| = 1,
SOL: Given |a⃗⃗| = 1, |b a⃗⃗ . a⃗⃗ = |a⃗⃗ ||a⃗⃗| Cos 0 = |a⃗⃗ |2 = a2
2
|a⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗| 2 − 2 a⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗
b| = |a⃗⃗| 2 + |b ⃗⃗| Cosθ
b = (1)2 + (1)2 − 2 |a⃗⃗ ||b
= 1 + 1 − 2 (1)(1) Cosθ = 2( 1 − Cosθ )
θ
= 2 (2 Sin2 )  |a⃗⃗ − b ⃗⃗| = 2 Sin θ θ 1
⃗⃗|
, Sin ( ) = |a⃗⃗ − b
2 2 2 2
̂ and ⃗𝐛 =3𝐈̂ + 𝐉̂ - 𝟓𝐤
4. If 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ +2 𝐉̂ - 𝐤 ̂ , find a unit vector in the direction of 𝐚⃗⃗ − ⃗𝐛
SOL: Given: a⃗⃗ = î + 2Ĵ − k̂ and ⃗⃗ b =3î + Ĵ − 5k̂
Then, ⃗⃗ = î + 2Ĵ − k̂ − ( 3î + Ĵ − 5k̂) = −2î + Ĵ + 4k̂ = c⃗ (say)
a⃗⃗ − b
c⃗⃗
A unit vector in the direction of c⃗ is |c⃗⃗|
c⃗⃗ ̂
−2î + Ĵ + 4k −2î Ĵ ̂
4k
Unit vector in the direction 𝑜𝑓 c⃗ = |c⃗⃗|
= = + +
√4+1+16 √ 21 √ 21 √21
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 109 | P a g e
 ̂ and 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐉̂ + 𝐤
5. If the position vectors of the points A and B are 𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐉̂ − 𝐤 ̂ then find
the vector of magnitude 6 units in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐁
OA = 2î + 3Ĵ − k̂ and OB
SOL: Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3î + 2Ĵ + k̂ then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = OB⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
OA = î − Ĵ + 2k
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB ̂
î− Ĵ + 2k î Ĵ ̂
2k
A Unit vector in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
= = − +
|AB √1 +1+4 √6 √6 √6
î Ĵ ̂
2k
The vector of magnitude 6 units in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = 6 ( − + )
√6 √6 √6
6. If P (1, 5, 4) and Q (4, 1, -2), find the direction ratios of 𝐏𝐐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
SOL: Let P (1, 5, 4) and Q (4, 1, -2), then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OP = î + 5Ĵ + 4k̂ OQ = 4î + Ĵ − 2k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OQ
and PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3î − 4Ĵ − 6k̂ .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OP
The direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = 3, – 4, – 6
7. Find , if the vectors 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ − 𝟓𝐤 ̂ and 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ − 𝐤̂ are parallel
SOL: The vectors 3î + Ĵ − 5k̂ and 3î + Ĵ − k̂ are parallel
3 1 −5
Then, = = So,  = 5
3 1 −
8. Find , if the vectors 𝟑𝐢̂ − 𝐉̂ − 𝟓𝐤 ̂ and 𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐉̂ − 𝐤
̂ are perpendicular
b = 2î + 3Ĵ − k̂
SOL: Let a⃗⃗ = 3î − Ĵ − 5k̂ and ⃗⃗
If a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b are perpendicular then a⃗⃗• ⃗⃗ b=0
−3
→ 3(2) –1(3) –5 (− ) = 0  5 = –3 then  = 5
̂ and 𝐛
9. If 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐉̂ − 𝐤 ⃗ =𝟓𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐉̂ − 𝟑𝐤 ̂ find the angle between 𝐚 ⃗ and 𝐚⃗⃗ − 𝐛
⃗⃗ + 𝐛 ⃗
SOL: Let a⃗⃗ = 4î + 2Ĵ − k̂ and b
⃗⃗ = 5î + 2Ĵ − 3k̂
Then a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗
b = 9î + 4Ĵ − 4k̂ = c⃗ , a⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗
b = −î + 2k̂ = ⃗⃗
d
⃗⃗
c⃗⃗ .d 9(−1) + 4(0) − 4(2) (−17)
So, the angle between c⃗ and ⃗⃗
d = Cosθ = ⃗⃗|
= =
|c
⃗⃗ ||d √81 + 16 + 16 √1 + 4 √113 √5

10. Find the projection of 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ + 𝟒𝐤 ̂ on ⃗𝐛 = 2𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ + 𝟐𝐤̂

SOL: Given the projection of a⃗⃗ = î + Ĵ + 4k̂ on ⃗⃗ b = 2î + Ĵ + 2k̂
a ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ .b 1(2) + 1(1) + 4(2) 11
Projection of a⃗⃗ on ⃗⃗
b = =
⃗⃗ |
=
|b √4 + 1 + 4 3
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Find the position vector of a point R which divided the line segment joining the points P
̂ and −𝐢̂ + 𝐣̂ + 𝐤
and Q with position vectors 𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤 ̂ respectively in the ration 2 : 1
i) internally ii) externally.

SOL: The position vector of a point R which divided the line segment joining the points P and Q
with position vectors î + 2ĵ − k̂ and −î + ĵ + k̂ respectively in the ration 2 : 1
⃗ +𝐧 𝐚⃗⃗
𝐦𝐛 ̂ ) + 𝟏 (𝐢̂ +𝟐𝐣̂− 𝐤
𝟐(−𝐢̂ +𝐣̂+ 𝐤 ̂) ̂ + 𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤
−𝟐𝐢̂ +𝟐𝐣̂+ 𝟐𝐤 ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
Position Vector of a Point R is 𝐎𝐑 = = =
𝐦+𝐧 𝟐+𝟏 𝟑
̂
−𝐢̂ + 𝟒𝐣̂ +𝐤
𝟑
2. Show that the points A (2, 6, 3), B (1, 2, 7) and C (3, 10, -1) are collinear.
SOL: Given points A (2, 6, 3), B (1, 2, 7) and C (3, 10, –1)
OA = 2î + 6Ĵ + 3k̂ , OB
Then, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = î + 2Ĵ + 7k̂ , OC = 3î + 10Ĵ − k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OA = −î − 4Ĵ + 4k̂
OB − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OA = î + 4Ĵ − 4k̂
OC − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 110 | P a g e

 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = (−1) AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB is parallel to AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and A is common point. (Alter [Link] of two
vectors are in proportional) So, the given points A, B, C are collinear
3. ⃗⃗ , ⃗𝒃⃗ and 𝒄
If 𝒂 ⃗⃗ are three - unit vectors such that 𝒂 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝒃⃗ + 𝒄 ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒃⃗ = ⃗𝒃⃗ × 𝒄
⃗⃗ = ⃗𝟎⃗, prove that 𝒂 ⃗⃗
=𝒄
⃗⃗ × 𝒂
⃗⃗.
SOL: Given a⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗ b and c⃗ are three vectors such that a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗ b + c⃗ = 0 a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗b = −c⃗
By pre cross multiplication of a⃗⃗ and b on both the sides respectively, we have
a⃗⃗ X (a⃗⃗ + b⃗⃗ ) = − a⃗⃗ X c⃗ implies a⃗⃗ X a⃗⃗ + a⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗ = − a⃗⃗ X c⃗ that is a⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗ = c⃗ X a⃗⃗ ….(1)
⃗⃗ X (a⃗⃗ + b
b ⃗⃗ ) = − b⃗⃗ X c⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗ X a⃗⃗ + b
b ⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗ = − b ⃗⃗ X c⃗ ⇒ a⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗ = b
⃗⃗ X c⃗ ….(2)
From (1) and (2), we conclude that a⃗⃗ X b ⃗⃗ = b ⃗⃗ X c⃗ = c⃗ X ⃗⃗⃗a
4. Find the area of the parallelogram with diagonals 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝑱̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂ and 𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝑱̂ + 𝟒𝒌
̂.
1
SOL: If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 are diagonals of Parallelogram then Area = 2 |d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 |
î ĵ k̂ î ĵ k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 X d2 = |a1 a2 a3 | = |3 1 2 |
b1 b2 b3 1 −3 4
. = î(4 + 6) − J(12 − 2) + k(−9 − 1) = 10î − 10Ĵ − 10k̂
̂ ̂
|d⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 | = √100 + 100 + 100 = 10√3
1
Area of Parallelogram = |d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 | = 5√3 square units
2 1
5. Find the unit vector perpendicular to vector 𝒂 ⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟕𝑱̂ + 𝟕𝒌 ̂ and ⃗𝒃⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝑱̂ + 𝟐𝒌
̂
SOL: Given a⃗⃗ = î − 7Ĵ + 7k̂ , b ⃗⃗ = 3î − 2Ĵ + 2k̂

⃗⃗ X b
a ⃗⃗
A Unit vector perpendicular to a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b = n̂ =
⃗⃗ X ⃗b⃗|
|a

î ĵ k̂ î ĵ k̂
⃗⃗ = |a1 a2 a3 | = |1 −7 7 |
a⃗⃗ X b
b1 b2 b3 3 −2 2
. = î(−14 + 14) − Ĵ(2 − 21) + k̂(−2 + 21) = 19Ĵ − 19k̂
|a⃗⃗ X b⃗⃗ | = √(19)2 + (19)2 = 19√2
⃗⃗ X ⃗b⃗
a ̂
19Ĵ−19k ̂
𝑗̂ −𝑘
A Unit vector perpendicular to a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b = n̂ = ⃗⃗|
= =
|a
⃗⃗ X b 19√2 √2

6. Show that (𝐚⃗⃗ − 𝐛 ⃗ )𝐗 (𝐚⃗⃗ + 𝐛 ⃗ ) = 𝟐 (𝐚⃗⃗ 𝐗 𝐛

⃗ )
SOL: LHS = (a⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗ b )X (a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗b) Note: a⃗⃗ X ⃗⃗
b = − ⃗⃗ b X a⃗⃗
⃗⃗) − (b
= (a⃗⃗ X a⃗⃗ ) + (a⃗⃗ X b ⃗⃗ X a⃗⃗) − (b
⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗) = 0 + (a⃗⃗ X b ⃗⃗) + ( a⃗⃗ X b
⃗⃗ ) − 0
= 2 (a⃗⃗ X ⃗⃗ b)
7. If 𝒂 ⃗⃗ are any two unit vectors and  is the angle between them, then show that
⃗⃗ , 𝒃
𝜽 𝟏
𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) = |𝒂 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝒃⃗|
𝟐 𝟐
⃗⃗| = 1, we have a⃗⃗ . a⃗⃗ = |a⃗⃗ ||a⃗⃗| Cos 0 = |a⃗⃗ |2 = a2
SOL: Given |a⃗⃗| = 1, |b
2
|a⃗⃗ + b ⃗⃗| 2 + 2 a⃗⃗ • b
⃗⃗| = |a⃗⃗| 2 + |b ⃗⃗
= (1)2 + (1)2 + 2 |a⃗⃗ ||b ⃗⃗| Cosθ; = 1 + 1 + 2 (1)(1) Cosθ
θ
= 2( 1 + Cosθ ) = 2 (2 Cos2 2)
⃗⃗| = 2 Cos θ
|a⃗⃗ + b then
θ
Cos (2) =
1
⃗⃗|
|a⃗⃗ + b
2 2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 111 | P a g e

 
8. If 𝒂 ⃗⃗ and 𝒄
⃗⃗ , 𝒃 ⃗⃗ are 3 vectors with magnitudes 3,4 and 5 respectively and 𝒂 ⃗⃗ + 𝒄
⃗⃗ + 𝒃 ⃗⃗ = 0
find 𝒂⃗⃗ . ⃗𝒃⃗ + ⃗𝒃⃗ . 𝒄
⃗⃗ + 𝒄
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂

SOL: Given |a⃗⃗| = 3, |b| = 5, |c⃗| = 4 , a⃗⃗ + b + c⃗ = 0
⃗⃗
2
(a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗
b + c⃗) = (a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗ b + c⃗). (a⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗
b + c⃗)
= |a⃗⃗| + |b| + |c⃗| 2 + 2 a⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗
2 2
b • c⃗ + 2 c⃗ • a⃗⃗
b + 2 ⃗⃗
0 = 9 + 25 + 16 + 2 ( a⃗⃗ • b + b • c⃗ + c⃗ • a⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
−50
a⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗
b + ⃗⃗ b • c⃗ + c⃗ • a⃗⃗ = =-25
2

9. If 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐉̂ + 𝟑𝐤 ̂ ⃗𝐛 = −𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐉̂ + 𝐤 ̂ and 𝐜⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ are such that 𝐚 ⃗ is
⃗⃗ + 𝛌𝐛
perpendicular to 𝐜⃗ then find the value of 𝛌
SOL: Given a⃗⃗ = 2î + 2Ĵ + 3k̂ ⃗⃗
b = −î + 2Ĵ + k̂ c⃗ = 3î + Ĵ
a⃗⃗ + λb ⃗⃗ = 2î + 2Ĵ + 3k̂ + λ(−î + 2Ĵ + k̂) = (2 − λ)î + (2 + 2λ)Ĵ + (3 + λ)k̂
a⃗⃗ + λb ⃗⃗ is perpendicular to c⃗ ⇒ (a⃗⃗ + λb ⃗⃗ ). c⃗ = 0
(3)(2 − λ) + (1)(2 + 2λ) + (0)(3 + λ) = 0 ⇒ 6 − 3λ + 2 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 8
10. If 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ + 𝛂𝐉̂ + 𝟐𝐤 ̂ , ⃗𝐛 = 𝛃𝐢̂ + 𝐉̂ − 𝐤
̂ are orthogonal and | 𝐚⃗⃗| = | ⃗𝐛| then find the values of 𝛂 and 𝛃.

SOL: Given a⃗⃗ = î + αĴ + 2k̂, ⃗⃗

b = βî + Ĵ − k̂ are orthogonal and | a⃗⃗| = | ⃗⃗
b|

𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 ⇒ 1. 𝛽 + 𝛼. 1 + 2. −1 = 0 ⇒ 𝛽 + 𝛼 = 2 − − − (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑

√12 + 𝛼 2 + 22 = √𝛽 2 + 12 + (−1)2 ⇒ 𝛼 2 + 5 = 𝛽 2 + 2 ⇒ 𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 = +3
3 1 7
Implies 𝛽 − 𝛼 = − − − (2) by solving (1) and (2) 𝛼 = , 𝛽 =
2 4 4

CASE BASED TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have respective position vectors 𝒊̂ +
𝟏𝟎𝒌 ̂ , 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌
̂ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂.
(i) Show that A,B and C are collinear, and find the ration AB:BC.
(ii) Calculate the area of the triangle OAC.
Sol:
𝐴𝐵 =(4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ )-( 𝑖̂ + 10𝑘̂) = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘̂
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(8𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )-(4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) = 4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘̂
𝐵𝐶
Clearly, the direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , B is a common point, so A,B and C are
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶
collinear. Ratio of AB:BC is 3:4
1
(ii) Area of triangle ABC= |𝐴𝐶||𝑂𝐵| 2

1 1
̂ |√74
=2 |(𝑂𝐶) − (𝑂𝐴)| √42 + 32 + 72 =2 |(7𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 7𝑘)

1 7
=2 √10878 = 2 √222 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
     
2. Let a = 2î + 3 ĵ − 6k̂, b = 2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ and c = −2î + 3 ĵ + 6k̂ . Let a 1 be projection of a on b and
  
a 2 be the projection of a 1 on c , then
  
(i) Find the vector a 2 (ii) Find the value of a 1 .b

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 112 | P a g e

 Sol.
  (2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ )  2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ −41
(i) a 1 = (2î + 3 ĵ − 6k̂).  = (2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ )
 7  7 49

 − 41  (−2î + 3 ĵ + 6k̂)  − 2î + 3 ĵ + 6k̂ − 41

a2 = (2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂).  = (– 4 – 9 + 36) (–2î + 3 ĵ + 6k̂)
49  7  7 ( 49 ) 2

943
= (2î − 3 ĵ − 6k̂)
49 2
− 41 
(ii) . a 1 . b =
(2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ )( 2î − 3 ĵ + 6k̂ ) = – 41 .
49
     
3. If each of a , b , c is orthogonal to the sum of the two. Also given | a | = 3, | b | = 4, | c | = 5.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.

(i) If a makes angles of equal measures with all three axes, then the tangent of angle
becomes.
   
(ii) If a . c = 9 then the value of | a × b |
 
(iii) Find the range of the value | a – b | (OR)
  
Find the Value of | a + b + c |
  
Sol: Given that, | a | = 3, | b | = 4, | c | = 5-------(1)
  
And also, a , b , c is orthogonal to the sum of the two then
𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0
𝑏⃗⃗. (𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗) = 0 ⇒ 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 0
𝑐⃗. (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) = 0 ⇒ 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑏 = 0
So, by adding above equations then
2(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0 − − − −(2)

(i) If a makes angles of equal measures with all three axes then
1
3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ± Then 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ±√2
√3
  3
(ii) If a . c = 9 ⇒ 3.4 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗) = 9 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0)
4
−3
𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = −𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = −9 ⇒ |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗) = −9 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ ) = 4
√7   √7
Then, sin ((𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗)) = 4 | a × b |=3.4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 12. = 3√7
4
 
then the value of | a × b |=3√7
  2
(iii) | a − b |2 = |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| − 2(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗) = 9.16 − 2.3.4(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 25 − 24[−1,1] = [1,49]
 
| a – b |=[1,7] (OR)
  2
| a + b + 𝑐⃗|2 = |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| +|𝑐⃗|2 + 2(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗)
= 9+16+25+0 =50
⃗⃗
Then, |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗| = √50 = 5√2

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 113 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-11- THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Gist/Summary of the lesson (Definitions and Formulae)
Condition of perpendicular: If the given lines are perpendicular, then  = 90  i.e., cos = 0
 l1l2 + m1m 2 + n1n2 = 0 or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
l1 m1 n1
Condition of parallelism: If the given lines are parallel, then  = 0 o i.e., sin = 0  = = .
l2 m 2 n2
a1 b1 c1
Similarly, = = .
a2 b 2 c 2
Intersection of two lines
Determine whether two lines intersect or not. In case they intersect, the following algorithm is used
to find their point of intersection.
Algorithm:
x − x 1 y − y1 z − z 1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
Let the two lines be = = ..(i) and = = …..(ii)
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Step I : Write the co-ordinates of general points on (i) and (ii). The co-ordinates of general points on
x − x 1 y − y1 z − z 1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
(i) and (ii) are given by = = =  and = = =  respectively.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
i.e., (a1 + x1 , b1 + y1 + c1 + z1 ) and (a2  + x 2 , b2  + y 2 , c2  + z 2 ) .
Step II : If the lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then they have a common point.
a1 + x1 = a2  + x 2 , b1 + y1 = b2  + y 2
and c1 + z1 = c2  + z 2 .
Step III : Solve any two of the equations in  and  obtained in step II. If the values of 
and  satisfy the third equation, then the lines (i) and (ii) intersect, otherwise they do not
intersect.
Step IV : To obtain the co-ordinates of the point of intersection, substitute the value of  (or ) in
the co-ordinates of general point (s) obtained in step I.
x − x 1 y − y1 z − z 1
Foot of perpendicular from a point A(, , ) to the line = = : If P be the foot
l m n
of perpendicular, then P is (lr + x1, mr + y1, nr + z1 ) . Find the direction ratios of AP and apply the
condition of perpendicularity of AP and the given line. This will give the value of r and hence the
point P, which is foot of perpendicular.
Length and equation of perpendicular : The length of the perpendicular is the distance AP and its
equation is the line joining two known points A and P.
The length of the perpendicular is the perpendicular distance of given point from that line.
Reflection or image of a point in a straight line : If the perpendicular P
PL from point P on the given line be produced to Q such that PL = QL,
then Q is known as the image or reflection of P in the given line. Also, L A
is the foot of the perpendicular or the projection of P on the line. L

 The number of lines which are equally inclined to the co-

Q(image)
ordinate axes is 4.
1
 If l, m, n are the d.c.’s of a line, then the maximum value of lmn = .
3 3
Distance between two skew lines
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗ )
(𝑏 ×𝑏 )(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 &⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(i)𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑎⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 𝑟2 = 𝑎⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗⃗2 𝑖𝑠 | 1 ⃗⃗2 ⃗⃗2 1 | units
|𝑏1 ×𝑏2 |
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 114 | P a g e
 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
(ii) = = &) 𝑎 2 = = is
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 2 𝑏2 𝑐2 √(𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 )2 +(𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 )2 +(𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 )2

2 ⃗⃗1 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎
𝑏×(𝑎 ⃗⃗
𝑟1 = 𝑎⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ & ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(iii)Parallel lines ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟2 = 𝑎⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗⃗ is | ⃗⃗
| units
|𝑏|
Angle Between two lines

If ‘θ’ is the acute angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 &⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑟1 = 𝑎⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 𝑟2 = 𝑎⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗⃗2 then,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 ⋅𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
cos θ=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
|.
|𝑏1 ||𝑏 2|

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

If 𝑙1
= 𝑚1
= 𝑛1
and 𝑙2
= 𝑚2
= 𝑛2
are the equations of two lines,then acute angle between them
is cosθ=|𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑛1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 |

Activity to remember the main concepts:

Given form Standard form Standard form Figure D.r’s of Any point
of a line in of a line in a line are on the line
Cartesian form Vector form
  
r = (2 + 3s)i − (s − 2) j + (1 − s)k
2 − x 2y − 3
= =z
−3 4
3x=2y=z
x=ay+b; z=cy+d
𝑥−2 2−𝑦
= ;𝑧 = 2
1 −3

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. If ,  ,  be the angles which a line makes with the positive direction of co-ordinate axes,
then sin 2  + sin 2  + sin 2  =
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
Since cos  + cos  + cos  = 1
2
2 2
Sol: a)
  sin 2  = 3 − 1 = 2 .
2. If ,, be the direction angles of a vector and cos  =
14 1
, cos  = then cos  =
15 3
2 1 1
(a)  (b) (c)  (d) None of these
15 5 15
2 2
Solution: (a)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = √1 − (14
15
1 8 196 2
) −( ) =√ −( )=± .
3 9 225 15

3. The direction cosines of the line x = y = z are

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , , (b) , , (c) 1, 1, 1 (d) None of these
3 3 3 3 3 3
 1 1 1 
Sol: (a) Direction cosines 
 3, 3, 3
.
 
4. If a line makes angles of 30 o and 45 o with x-axis and y-axis, then the angle made by it
with z − axis is
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 115 | P a g e
 (a) 45 o (b) 60 o (c) 120 o (d) None of these
3 1 −1
Solution: (d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = √1 − 4 − 2 = √ 4 , which is not possible.
5. If the co-ordinates of the points P, Q, R, S be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (– 4, 3, – 6) and (2, 0, 2)
respectively, then
(a) PQ|| RS (b) PQ ⊥ RS (c) PQ = RS (d) None of these
Solution: (d)Find angle between the lines PQ and RS, we get that neither PQ || RS nor
PQ ⊥ RS . Also PQ  RS .
6. If the projections of a line on the co-ordinate axes be 2, –1, 2, then the length of the lines
is
1
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d)
2
Solution: (a) 𝑟 = √4 + 1 + 4 = 3.
7. A line makes angles  ,  ,  with the co-ordinate axes. If  +  = 90 o , then  =
(a) 0 (b) 90  (c) 180  (d) None of these
Solution: (b) Here, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 90 − 𝛼) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1
 cos  + 1 = 1   = 90 .
2 o
 cos 2  + sin 2  + cos 2  = 1
8. Points (–2, 4, 7), (3, –6, –8) and (1, –2, –2) are
(a) Collinear (b) Vertices of an equilateral triangle
(c) Vertices of an isosceles triangle (d) None of these
(3−(−2)) −6−4 −8−7
Solution: (a) Here, 1−3 = −2−(−6) = −2−(−8)
5 5 5
 − 2 = − 2 = − 2. Obviously, points are collinear.
9. The direction ratios of the line joining the points (4, 3, –5) and (–2, 1, –8) are
6 2 3
(a) , , (b) 6, 2, 3 (c) 2, 4, − 13 (d) None of these
7 7 7
Solution: (b) Direction ratios are, l = 4 − (−2) = 6, m = 3 − 1 = 2 and n = − 5 + 8 = 3
a=6, b=2, c=3
10. The co-ordinates of a point which is equidistant from the points
(𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝒂, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝒃, 𝟎) and (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝒄) are given by
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(a) (2 , 2 , 2) (b) (− 2 , − 2 , 2) (c) (2 , − 2 , − 2) (d) (− 2 , 2 , − 2)
Solution: (a) Let point be ( x, y, z ), then r2=𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 𝑐)2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Therefore 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 2.
11. The angle between the lines x = y = z and x = y = z is
1 0 −1 3 4 5
−1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 5 ) (b) cos (c) cos (d) cos
3 2 4
3+0−5 −2 1
Solution: (a) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 10 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− 5).
√1+1√9+16+25
x −1 y − 2 z +1
12. If = = is the equation of the line through (1, 2, –1) and (–1, 0, 1), then
l m n
(l, m, n) is
(a) (–1, 0, 1) (b) (1, 1, –1) (c) (1, 2, –1) (d) (0, 1, 0)
−2 −2 2
Solution: (b) = = ;  (l, m, n) are (1, 1, − 1) .
l m n

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 116 | P a g e

 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚−𝟏 𝒛 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟑
13. The point of intersection of lines = = 𝟏 and = = is
𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
(a) (–1, –1, –1) (b) (–1, –1, 1) (c) (1, –1, –1) (d) (–1, 1, –1)
Solution: (a) Trick : Both lines are satisfied by (–1,–1, –1).
14. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are proportional to (1, 2, 1) and (2, –
3, 6) is
−1  2  −1  1  −1  3  −1  5 
(a) cos  
 (b) cos  
 (c) cos  
 (d) cos  

7 6  7 6  7 6  7 6 
(1)(2)+(2)(−3)+(1)(6) 2−6+6 2
Solution: (a) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ 2 2 2 2 ]=𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [7√6].
√1 +2 +1 √2 +(−3)2 +62 √6√49
       
15. If P( p ), Q( q ), R( r ) and S( s ) be four points such that 3 p + 8 q = 6 r + 5 s , then the lines PQ
and RS are -
(A) skew (B) intersecting (C) parallel (D) none of these
   
Sol.[B] Given 3 p + 8 q = 6 r + 5 s
   
3p + 8q 6 r + 5s
=
8+3 5+6
The point which divides PQ in ratio 8 : 3 is the same as the point which divides RS in the
ratio 5 : 6. Hence, the line PQ and RS intersect.
𝑥+5 𝑦+3 𝑧−6
16. The perpendicular distance of the point (2, 4, –1) from the line 1 = 4 = −9 is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
𝑥+5 𝑦+3 𝑧−6
Solution: (c) The perpendicular distance of (2, 4, – 1) from the line 1 = 4 = −9 is
2 2 2 1/2
= {(2 + 5) + (4 + 3) + (−1 − 6) − [
1(2+5)+4(4+3)−9(−1−6)
] }
√1+16+81
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
= √147 − (
98
) = 147 − 98 = 49 = 7 (or) d = |𝐴𝑃𝑋𝑏|
√98 ⃗⃗|
|𝑏

−1  1 
(a) cos  9 
𝒙+𝟏 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟒 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚+𝟒 𝒛+𝟏
17. The angle between two lines = = and = = is
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐  
−1  2  −1  3  −1  4 
(b) cos  9  (c) cos  9  (d) cos  9 
     
(2)(1)+(2)(2)+(−1)(2) 4
Solution: (d) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√22 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 9
+22 +12 √12 +22 +22
18. Equation of x-axis is
x y z x y z x y z x y z
(a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) = =
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Solution: (c) It is obvious.
19. The angle between the pair of lines with direction ratios (1, 1, 2) and
( 3 − 1,− 3 − 1,4) is
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 90
1(√3−1)−1(√3+1)+2×4 6
Solution: (c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = 12 ⇒ 𝜃 = 60𝑜 .
√6√24
20. The acute angle between the line joining the points (2,1,–3), (–3,1,7) and a line parallel
x −1 y z+3
to = =
3 4 5 through the point (–1, 0, 4) is
−1  7  −1  1  −1  3  −1  1 
(a) cos  
 (b) cos  
 (c) cos  
 (d) cos  

 5 10   10   5 10   5 10 

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 117 | P a g e

 Solution: (a) Direction ratio of the line joining the point (2, 1, − 3), (− 3, 1, 7) are (a1 , b1 , c1 )
⇒ (−3 − 2,1 − 1,7 − (−3)) ⇒ (−5,0,10)
x −1 y z + 3
Direction ratio of the line parallel to line = = are (a2 , b 2 , c 2 )  (3, 4, 5)
3 4 5
Angle between two lines,
a1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c 1 c 2 (− 5  3) + (0  4 ) + (10  5)
cos  = cos  =
a12 + b 12 + c 12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22 25 + 0 + 100 9 + 16 + 25

35  7 
cos  =   = cos −1  .

25 10  5 10 

ASSERTION - REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason(R).Pick
the correct option:
A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true and Reason(R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is NOT the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason(R) is true.
1. ASSERTION: Equation of a line passes through the point P (2, – 1, 3) & perpendicular to the
→ →
lines L1: r = ( î – ĵ + 3 k̂ )+α (2 î –2 ĵ + k̂ ) & L2 : r = ( î + 3 k̂ )+β ( î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂ ) both is
→
r = (2 î – ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + s (-6 î -2 ĵ +6 k̂ )
→ → → → → →
REASON: Let, L1 : r = a 1 + 𝜆 b1 & L2 : r = a 2 + 𝜇 b 2 . Then equation of a line
 → →
passing through the point P( a ) & perpendicular to the lines L1 & L2 both is r = a + t(
→ →
b1 × b2 )
→ → →
Sol.[A] a = 2 î – ĵ + 3 k̂ By L1 : b1 = 2 î –2 ĵ + k̂ By L2 : b 2 = î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃𝟐 = |𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏| = -6 î -2 ĵ +6 k̂
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
→ → → →
Then, required equation of line is r = a + t ( b1 × b 2 )
       
2. ASSERTION : If the lines r = a + b and r = c + d intersects at a point then (c − a).{b  d} = 0
REASON: Two coplanar lines always intersects.
Sol. [C]
𝜋
3. ASSERTION: The angle between the rays of with d.r's (4, –3, 5) and (3, 4, 5) is 3 .
REASON: The angle between the rays whose d.c's are l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 is given by
whose cos α = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
12−12+25 25 1 1 𝜋
Sol. [B] cos 𝜃 = ( ) = 50 = 2 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 2 = 3
√50√50
4. ASSERTION: A line makes 60º with x-axis and 30º with y-axis then it makes 90° with z-
axis.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 118 | P a g e

 REASON:: If a ray makes angles α, β , 𝛾 with x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively then
sin2 α+ sin2 β + sin2 𝛾= 1
Sol. [C] cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
5. ASSERTION: If lines x = ay + b, z = 3y + 4 and x = 2y + 6, z = ay + d are perpendicular to
each other then a = -1/5
REASON: If two lines with [Link] a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are perpendicular then
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 Sol. [D]
𝑥−𝑏 𝑦 𝑧−4 𝑥−6 𝑦 𝑧−𝑑 −1
𝑎
=1= 3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
=1= 𝑎
⇒ 2𝑎 + 1 + 3𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5
6. ASSERTION: Equation of a line passing through the points (1,2,3) and (3,-1,3) is
𝑥−3 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
= = .
2 −3 0
REASON: Equation of a line passing through the points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= = .𝑺𝒐𝒍: A
𝑥 −𝑥
2 𝑦 −𝑦
1 𝑧 −𝑧
2 1 2 1
7. ASSERTION: A line through the points (4,7,8) and (2,3,4) is parallel to a line through the
points (-1,-2,1) and (1,2,5).
REASON: Lines 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏 𝑏1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 0 . Sol: C
[Link] are in proportion, hence the lines are parallel but ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 0 gives that lines are
perpendicular to each other.
8. ASSERTION: Quadrilateral formed by the points A(0,0,0), B(3,4,5), C(8,8,8) and D(5,4,3)
is a Rhombus.
REASON: ABCD is a Rhombus if AB=BC=CD=DA and AC≠BD. Sol: A
9. ASSERTION: A line in space cannot be drawn perpendicular to x,y and z axes
simultaneously.
REASON: For any line making angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with the positive directions of x,y and z axes
respectively, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = [Link]: D
10. Assertion: The vector equation of the line passing through the points (6, –4, 5) and (3, 4, 1)
is 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + 𝜇(−3𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂)
Reason: The vector equation of the line passing through the points 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜇(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗). Sol: A, It is fundamental concept
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝒙+𝟐 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑
1. Find the points on the line = = at a distance of 5 units from the point
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
P(1,3,3).
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Sol: Given line is = = = 𝜇 then,
3 2 2
General point on the line is R(3𝜇 − 2, 2𝜇 − 1, 2𝜇 + 3)
Distance from R to P(1, 3, 3) is 5 units
(3 − 2 − 1) 2 + (2 − 1 − 3) 2 + (2 + 3 − 3) 2 = 5
∴ 𝜇 = 0, 2.
∴ R(-2, -1, 3 ) or R(4 , 3 , 7 )
2. The equation of a line is 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒛. Write the direction cosines of
the line.
Sol: Given equation of a line is 5𝑥 − 3 = 15𝑦 + 7 = 3 − 10𝑧 … (1)
Here coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 are 5, 15 and 10. (without sign)
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 119 | P a g e
 LCM (5, 15, 10) = 30. Thus, dividing by 30 we have eq. (1) becomes
5𝑥 − 3 15𝑦 + 7 3 − 10𝑧
= =
30 30 30
3 7 3
5(𝑥 − ) 15(𝑦 + ) −10(𝑧 − )
5 = 15 = 10
30 30 30
3 7 3
𝑥− 𝑦+ 𝑧−
6
5
= 15
2
= −3
10
…. (2)
The standard form of equation is given as
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= = …. (3)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Comparing the above standard equation with Eq. (2), we get 6, 2, -3 are the direction ratios of the
given line.
Now √62 + 22 + (−3)2 = √49 = 7
6 2 −3
Now, the direction cosines of given line are 7 , , .
7 7
3. If 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 are the angles made by the lines with x,y and z axes then show that
cos2𝜶+cos2𝜷+cos2𝜸= -1
Sol: If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the angles made by the lines with x,y and z axes then we have
cos2𝛼+cos2𝛽+cos2𝛾= 1
By writing cos2x = 2cos2x-1
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2
+ + = 1 ; cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + 3 = 2
2 2 2
So, cos2𝛼+cos2𝛽+cos2𝛾= -1
4. If 𝜶, 𝜷 and 𝜸 are the angles which a line makes with positive direction of ,𝒙 , 𝒚 and 𝒛
axes respectively , then prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟐.
Sol : We have cos 2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛽 + cos 2 𝛾 = 1
⇒ 1 − sin2 𝛼 + 1 − sin2 𝛽 + 1 − sin2 𝛾 = 1
⇒ sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛾 = 2
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚+𝟐 𝒛+𝟒 𝒙−𝟓 𝒚+𝟐 𝒛
5. Find the angle between the pair of lines given by = = ; = =𝟔
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟐
Sol: By observing the two lines, the direction ratios of two lines are
<1,-2, 2> and <-3,2,6>
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the two given lines
−3−4+12 5 5
Hence, cos 𝜃 = = 21 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (21)
3×7
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒚−𝟐 𝟑−𝒛 𝒙−𝟏 𝟑𝒚−𝟏 𝒛−𝟔
6. If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other,
−𝟑 𝟒𝒌 −𝟐 𝟑𝒌 𝟔 −𝟓
find the value of 𝒌.
Sol: The equations of the lines in standard form are
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦− 𝑧−6
= = and = 3
=
−3 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 2 −5
So, the direction ratios of two lines are <-3,2k,2> and <3k,2,-5>
Since the lines are perpendicular a.b = 0
That is a1a2+b1b2+c1c2=0 ; −9𝑘 + 4𝑘 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = −2
𝟐𝟒
𝒙−𝟓 𝒚+𝟐 𝒛+ 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝝅
7. If the angle between the lines 𝜶
= −𝟓
= 𝜷
𝟓
and 𝟏 = 𝟎 = 𝟏 is 𝟒 . Find the relation
between 𝜶 and 𝜷.
Sol: The direction ratios of two given lines are < 𝛼,-5, 𝛽> and <1,0,1>
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 120 | P a g e
 𝜋
and 𝜃 = 4 be the angle between the two given lines. Then
𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 1 𝛼+𝛽 25
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝛼𝛽 =
4 (√𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 25 ). √2 √2 √𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 25 . √2 2
8. Write the vector equation of a line passing through point (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐) and parallel to the
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
line whose equation is = = .
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
Sol: The Vector equation of a line passing through a point with position vector a⃗⃗ and
⃗⃗ is 𝑟 ⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗ + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
parallel to a given vector b
Given point on the line is (1, −1,2) then 𝑎 ⃗ = 𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ + 2𝑘ˆ
(𝑥−3) (𝑦−1) (𝑧+1)
and a vector parallel to the line = = is 𝑏 ⃗ = 𝑖ˆ + 2𝑗ˆ − 2𝑘ˆ
1 2 −2
Hence, Direction Ratios of a required line 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2
So, required vector equation of line is
𝑟 ⃗ = (𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ + 2𝑘ˆ) + 𝜆(𝑖ˆ + 2𝑗ˆ − 2𝑘ˆ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅
9. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of a line that passes through the point
𝑨(𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏) and parallel to the line 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒 − 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝒛.
𝑥−5 𝑦−2 𝑧
Sol: The given line is 1 = 1 = 1
−
5 7 35
hence, Cartesian equation of a line passing through 𝐴(1,2, −1) and parallel to given line is
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+1
= = 𝑜𝑟 = =
1 1 1 7 −5 1
−7
5 35
and the corresponding vector equation is ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(7𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂).
10. If the equation of a line is = 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒃 , 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒚 + 𝒅 , then find the direction ratios of the
line and a point on the line.
Sol: The given equation of a line is not in standard form
𝑥−𝑏 𝑧−𝑑 𝑥−𝑏 𝑦−0 𝑧−𝑑
𝒙 − 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑑 = 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑦 then = =
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 1 𝑐
Hence, the direction ratios are 𝑎 ,1, 𝑐 and a point on the line is (𝑏, 0, 𝑑)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points (–1, 1, –8) and (5, –
2, 10) crosses the ZX-plane.
Sol: The equation of line passing through two given points (–1, 1, –8) and (5, –2, 10) is
𝑥+1 𝑦−1 𝑧+8
= = =𝜆
6 −3 18
Any point on this line is (6λ – 1, –3λ + 1, 18λ – 8)
If a line crosses ZX-plane i.e. co-ordinate of y is zero
1
–3λ + 1= 0 λ= 3
Substitute value of λ in the point, then Required point on ZX-Plane is (1, 0, –2)
2. Find the shortest distance between the Lines: 𝒓 ̂ ) + 𝝀(𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
⃗⃗ = (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂)
and 𝒓
⃗⃗ = (𝟓𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂) + 𝝁(𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌̂ ). Also, find whether the lines are intersecting or
not.
Sol: The given two lines are
𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
By observing the given two lines, we have
𝑎1 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ;𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 121 | P a g e
 (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 ×𝑏 2)
Hence, Shortest distance between the above lines = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 ×𝑏2 |
|
(𝑎 𝑎1 = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = |1 2 2| = 8𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
3 2 6
̂ ).(8𝑖̂+0𝑗̂ −4𝑘
(2𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +4𝑘 ̂) 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 × 𝑏2 | = √80 Now, S.D = | | = =0
√80 √80
If shortest distance is zero then the given two lines are intersecting.
3. Equations of sides of a parallelogram ABCD are as follows
𝒙+𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟐 𝒛−𝟓 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚+𝟕 𝒛−𝟖
𝑨𝑩: = = 𝑩𝑪: = = 𝑪𝑫: = =
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟒
𝑫𝑨: = = .
𝟑 −𝟓 𝟑
Find the equation of diagonal BD.
Sol: Let P be any point on line AB is (λ – 1, –2λ + 2, 2λ +1)
and Q be any point on line BC is (3𝜇+ 1, –5𝜇 −2, 3𝜇+5)
For some value of λ and 𝜇, both the lines are intersecting at a point B.
P=Q
⇒ (λ − 1, −2λ + 2, 2λ + 1) = (3𝜇 + 1, −5𝜇 − 2, 3𝜇 + 5)
B is the point of intersection of AB and BC , so coordinates of B are (1, −2,5)
Similarly, any point on line CD is (λ +4, –2λ −7, 2λ+8) and any point on line DA is
(3𝜇+2, –5𝜇 −3, 3𝜇+4)
D is the point of intersection of CD and DA , so coordinates of B are (2, −3,4).
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐵(1, −2,5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(2, −3,4)𝑖𝑠
𝑥−1 𝑦−(−2) 𝑧−5 𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−5
= −3−(−2) = 4−5 ; = =
2−1 1 −1 −1
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟑 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚−𝟏
4. Check whether the line = = and = = 𝒛 are skew or not.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
Sol: From the given two lines, we have
𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 = 4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ , 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ & ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = −5𝑖̂ + 18𝑗̂ − 11𝑘̂
Now, (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).
𝑎1 (𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) = (3 𝑋 − 5) + (−1 𝑋 18) + (−3 𝑋 − 11) = -15-18+33=0
Hence, given lines are not skew lines.
5. Find the equation of the line which bisects the line segment joining points 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒)
𝒙−𝟖 𝒚+𝟏𝟗 𝒛−𝟏𝟎
and 𝑩(𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖) and is perpendicular to the lines = = and
𝟑 −𝟏𝟔 𝟕
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒚 − 𝟐𝟗 𝒛 − 𝟓
= =
𝟑 𝟖 −𝟓
Sol: The midpoint of line joining points 𝐴(2,3,4) and 𝐵(4,5,8) is (3,4,6)
So, the equation of line passing through (3,4,6) with direction ratios a,b,c is
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−6
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
Since this line is perpendicular to = = and = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
⇒ 3𝑎 − 16𝑏 + 7𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 5𝑐 = 0
by using cross multiplication method, we have a=2,b=3,c=6
Hence, the required equation of a line passing through (3,4,6) with d.r’s <2,3,6> is

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 122 | P a g e

 𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−6
= =
2 3 6
6. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line which is perpendicular to the lines
𝒙+𝟐 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟑
with equations = = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = and passes through the point
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
(1, 1, 1).
Sol: Let equation of line through (1, 1, 1 ) with direction ratios a,b, c be
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
= = ………………(i)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
If Line(i) perpendicular to the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
1 2 4 2 3 4
Therefore, a+2b+4c=0 and 2a+3b+4c=0 ∴ dr’s are -4, 4, -1 or 4, -4, 1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
∴ Hence, the Cartesian equation of a line is = = and vector equation of a line
4 −4 1
is r=(i+j+k)+𝜇(4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 𝑘)
7. Find the value of 𝒑 for which the lines 𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝝀𝒊̂ + (𝟐𝝀 + 𝟏)𝒋̂ + (𝟑𝝀 + 𝟐)𝒌 ̂
and 𝒓⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝝁𝒋̂ + (𝒑𝝁 + 𝟕)𝒌 ̂ are perpendicular to each other and also intersect.
Also find the point of intersection of the given lines.
Sol: By writing the given two equations in standard form
The direction ratios of a given two lines are (1,2,3) and (0,-3,p) respectively.
If the lines are perpendicular to each other then a1a2+b1b2+c1c2=0
⇒ 1 × 0 + 2 × (−3) + 3 × 𝑝 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = 2
Any point on the line 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑖̂ + (2𝜆 + 1)𝑗̂ + (3𝜆 + 2)𝑘̂ is (𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 + 2)
Any point on the line 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 3𝜇𝑗̂ + (𝑝𝜇 + 7)𝑘̂ is (1, −3𝜇, 2𝜇 + 7)
For point of intersection, we can equate the coordinates
(𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 + 2) = (1, −3𝜇, 2𝜇 + 7)
and solving we get 𝜆 = 1 and 𝜇 = −1
The point of intersection is (1,3,5).
8. Find the values of 𝒑, so that the lines
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒 𝒛 − 𝟑 𝟕 − 𝟕𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟓 𝟔 − 𝒛
𝒍𝟏 : = = and 𝒍𝟐 : = =
𝟑 𝒑 𝟐 𝟑𝒑 𝟏 𝟓

are perpendicular to each other. Also, find the equation of a line passing through a
point (𝟑, 𝟐, −𝟒) and parallel to line𝒍𝟏 .
Sol: Writing the given line in standard form as
(𝑥−1) 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= 𝑝 = = 𝑟1 (𝑙𝑒𝑡) …. (1)
−3 2
7
𝑥−1 𝑦−5 𝑧−6
and −3𝑝 = = = 𝑟2 (𝑙𝑒𝑡) …. (2)
1 −5
7
Two lines with DR’s 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are perpendicular if
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
Thus line (1) and (2) will intersect at right angle, if
−3𝑝 𝑝 9𝑝 𝑝 10𝑝
−3 ( ) + 7 (1) + 2(−5) = 0 , 7 + 7 = 10 , = 10 ⟹ 𝑝 = 7
7 7
This is the required value of p.
Also, we know that the equation of a line which passes through the point
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) with direction ratios 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 is given by

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 123 | P a g e

 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Since, required line is parallel to line 𝑙1.
7
So, 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 2
7
Now, equation of line passing through the point (3,2,-4) and having direction ratios
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+4 3−𝑥 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
(-3,1,2) is = = ⇒ = =
−3 1 2 3 1 2
9. Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of a line passing through the point
(𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟒) and parallel to the line joining the points 𝑨(𝟑, 𝟑, −𝟓)and 𝑩(𝟏, 𝟎, −𝟏𝟏).
Hence find the distance between the two lines.
Sol: The direction ratios of a line joining the points 𝐴(3,3, −5)and 𝐵(1,0, −11)are
(3-1,3-0, -5-(-11))=(2,3,6)
So, the Vector equation of required line through (1, 2, – 4) with direction ratios (2,3,6) is
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
and the cartesian equation is = =
2 3 6
Equation of line through A(3, 3, – 5) and B(1, 0, – 11) is
𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
|(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 ⃗⃗|
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)×𝑏
1
Distance between parallel lines is given by 𝑑 = ⃗⃗
|𝑏 |

Here 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
(𝑎 𝑎1 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) 𝑎1 × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 9𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
|(𝑎 𝑎1 ⃗⃗| = √81 + 196 + 16 = √293 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏⃗⃗| = √4 + 9 + 36 = 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)𝑋𝑏
√293
𝑠𝑜, 𝑑 = .
7
10. Find the equation of a line 𝒍𝟐 which is the mirror image of the line 𝒍𝟏 with respect to
𝒙 𝒚−𝟏 𝒛−𝟐
line(l) : 𝟏 = = , given that line 𝒍𝟏 passes through the point P( 𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟑) and
𝟐 𝟑
parallel to line 𝒍.
𝒍𝟏
𝑙
𝒍𝟐
Sol : Since 𝑙1 passes through the point P( 1,6,3) and parallel to line 𝑙 equation of 𝑙1 is
𝑥−1 𝑦−6 𝑧−3
= = =µ
1 2 3
Since line 𝑙2 is the mirror image of the line 𝑙1 with respect to line 𝑙 , 𝑙2 is parallel to 𝑙.
Foot of perpendicular of P(1,6,3)to line 𝑙 is (1,3,5)
So point on 𝑙2 is (1,0,7) , image of P(1,6,3) with respect to line 𝑙
So, equation of 𝑙2 which passes through (1,0,7) and parallel to 𝑙 is
𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑧−7
= = =𝜆
1 2 3
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point
𝑨(−𝟏, 𝟖, 𝟒) to the line joining points 𝑩(𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟑) and 𝑪(𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟏). Hence find the
image of the point 𝑨 in the line 𝑩𝑪.
Sol: The equation of a line joining the points B (0, – 1, 3) and C (2, – 3, – 1) is
𝑟 = (0𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆[(2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 1𝑘̂) − (0𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)]
⃗⃗⃗⃗

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 124 | P a g e

 ⇒ 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = (−𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂)
⇒ 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = (2𝜆)𝑖̂ + (−2𝜆 − 1)𝑗̂ + (−4𝜆 + 3)𝑘̂, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
So any point on line BC is to the form (2λ, – 2λ – 1, – 4λ + 3)
Let foot of the perpendicular drawn from point A to the line BC be T(2λ, – 2λ – 1, – 4λ +
3).

Now, DR’s of line AT is (2λ + 1, – 2λ – 1 – 8, – 4λ + 3 – 4) or (2λ + 1, 2λ – 9, – 4λ – 1).

Since, AT is perpendicular to BC.
∴ 2 × (2λ + 1) + (- 2) × (- 2λ– 9) + (- 4) (- 4λ– 1) = 0
[∵ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0]
⇒ 4λ + 2 + 4λ + 18 + 16λ + 4 = 0 ⇒ 24λ + 24 = 0 , λ = -1
∴ Coordinates of foot of perpendicular is
T (2 × (- 1)), – 2 × (- 1) – 1, – 4 × (- 1) + 3) or T(- 2, 1, 7)
Let P(x, y, z) be the image of a point A with respect to the line BC. So, point T is the mid-
point of AP.
∴ Coordinates of T = Coordinates of mid-point of AP
⇒ (- 2, 1, 7) = [(x−1)/2,(y+8)/2,(z+4)/2]
On equating the corresponding coordinates, we get
– 2 = (x−1)/2, 1 = (y+8)/2 and 7 = (z+4)/2 .⇒ x = -3, y = – 6 and z = 10
Hence, Image=(-3,-6,10)
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
2. Find the image of the point (1,2, 1) with respect to the line = = . Also find
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
the equation of the line joining the given point and its image.

Sol: Let P(1,2,1) be the given point and L be the foot of the perpendicular from P to the
given line AB (as shown in the figure above).
𝑥−3 y+1 z−1
Let's put = = = λ. Then, 𝑥 = λ + 3, y = 2λ − 1, z = 3λ + 1
1 2 3
Let the coordinates of the point L be (λ + 3,2λ − 1,3λ + 1).
So, direction ratios of PL are(𝜆 + 3 − 1,2𝜆 − 1 − 2,3𝜆 + 1 − 1)𝑖. 𝑒. , (𝜆 + 2,2𝜆 − 3,3𝜆)
Direction ratios of the given line are 1,2 and 3, which is perpendicular to PL. Therefore, we
have,
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 125 | P a g e
 (𝜆 + 2) ⋅ 1 + (2𝜆 − 3) ⋅ 2 + 3𝜆 ⋅ 3 = 0 ⇒ 14𝜆 = 4 ⇒ 𝜆 = 2/7
2 23 2 3 2 13
Then, λ + 3 = 7 + 3 = ; 2λ − 1 = 2 (7) − 1 = − 7 ; 3λ + 1 = 3 (7) + 1 =
7 7
23 3 13
Therefore, coordinates of the point L are ( 7 , − 7 , 7 ).
Let Q(𝑥1 , y1 , z1 ) be the image of P(1,2,1) with respect to the given line. Then, L is the mid-
point of PQ.
1+𝑥1 23 2+y1 3 1+z1 13 39 20 19
Therefore, = , = −7, = ⇒ 𝑥1 = , y1 = − , z1 =
2 7 2 2 7 7 7 7
39 20 19
Hence, the image of the point P(1,2,1) with respect to the given line Q ( 7 , − , 7 ).
7
39 20 19
The equation of the line joining P(1,2,1) and Q ( 7 , − , 7 ) is
7
𝑥−1 y−2 z−1 𝑥−1 y−2 z−1
= = ⇒ = =
32/7 −34/7 12/7 16 −17 6
3. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 whose vector equations are
⃗⃗ = (−𝒊ˆ − 𝒋ˆ − 𝒌ˆ) + 𝝀(𝟕𝒊ˆ − 𝟔𝒋ˆ + 𝒌ˆ) and 𝒓
𝒓 ⃗⃗ = (𝟑𝒊ˆ + 𝟓𝒋ˆ + 𝟕𝒌ˆ) + 𝝁(𝒊ˆ − 𝟐𝒋ˆ + 𝒌ˆ).
where 𝝀 and 𝝁 are parameters.
Sol: Given that equation of lines are
𝑟⃗ = (−𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ) + 𝜆(7𝑖ˆ − 6𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ) … (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑟 ⃗ = (3𝑖ˆ + 5𝑗ˆ + 7𝑘ˆ) + 𝜇(𝑖ˆ − 2𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ) … … . (𝑖𝑖)
The given lines are non-parallel lines as vectors 7𝑖ˆ − 6𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ and 𝑖ˆ − 2𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ are not
parallel. There is a unique line segment 𝑃𝑄 (lying on line (𝑖) and 𝑄 on the other line (ii) ,
which is at right angles to both the lines 𝑃𝑄&is the shortest distance between the lines.
Hence, the shortest possible distance between the lines = 𝑃𝑄.
Let the position vector of the point P lying on the line
r⃗ = (−𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ) + 𝜆(7𝑖ˆ − 6𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ) where' 𝜆′ is a scalar,
is (7𝜆 − 1)𝑖ˆ − (6𝜆 + 1)𝑗ˆ + (𝜆 − 1)𝑘ˆ, for some 𝜆 and the position vector of the point Q lying
on the line r⃗ = (3𝑖ˆ + 5𝑗ˆ + 7𝑘ˆ) + 𝜇(𝑖ˆ − 2𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ) where ' 𝜇 ' is a scalar, is (𝜇 + 3)𝑖ˆ +
(−2𝜇 + 5)𝑗ˆ + (𝜇 + 7)𝑘ˆ, for some 𝜇. Now, the vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OQ
PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ˆ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (μ + 3 − 7λ + 1)iˆ + (−2μ + 5 + 6λ + 1)jˆ + (μ + 7 − λ + 1)k
i.e., (PQ) ⃗ = (𝜇 − 7𝜆 + 4)𝑖ˆ + (−2𝜇 + 6𝜆 + 6)𝑗ˆ + (𝜇 − 𝜆 + 8)𝑘ˆ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
(where ' 𝑂 ' is the origin), is perpendicular to both the lines, so the vector 𝑃𝑄
perpendicular to both the vectors 7iˆ − 6𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ and 𝑖ˆ − 2𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ.
⇒ (𝜇 − 7𝜆 + 4) ⋅ 7 + (−2𝜇 + 6𝜆 + 6) ⋅ (−6) + (𝜇 − 𝜆 + 8) ⋅ 1 = 0
&(𝜇 − 7𝜆 + 4) ⋅ 1 + (−2𝜇 + 6𝜆 + 6) ⋅ (−2) + (𝜇 − 𝜆 + 8) ⋅ 1 = 0
⇒ 20𝜇 − 86𝜆 = 0 => 10𝜇 − 43𝜆 = 0&6𝜇 − 20𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 3𝜇 − 10𝜆 = 0
On solving the above equations, we get 𝜇 = 𝜆 = 0
So, the position vector of the points P and Q are −𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ and 3𝑖ˆ + 5𝑗ˆ + 7𝑘ˆ
respectively.
(PQ) ⃗ = 4𝑖ˆ + 6𝑗ˆ + 8𝑘ˆ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |(𝑃𝑄) ⃗| = √(42 + 62 + 82 ) = √116 = 2√29 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
(OR) Find the shortest distance between the lines
𝐱+𝟏 𝐲+𝟏 𝐳+𝟏 𝐱−𝟑 𝐲−𝟓 𝐳−𝟕
= = and = =
𝟕 −𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏
x+1 y+1 z+1 x−3 y−5 z−7
SOL: Given lines: = = and = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 126 | P a g e

 |(a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
a1 . (b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 X b2 )|
Shortest Distance between the lines = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|b1 X b2 |

a⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = −î − Ĵ − k̂ a2 = 3î + 5Ĵ + 7k̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a1 = 4î + 6Ĵ + 8k̂
a2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b1 = 7î − 6Ĵ + k̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b2 = î − 2Ĵ + k̂
î Ĵ k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ b2 = |7 −6 1| = î(−6 + 2) − Ĵ(7 − 1) + k̂ (−14 + 6) = −4î − 6Ĵ − 8k̂
1 −2 1
|b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b2 | = √16 + 36 + 64 = √116
|(a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
a1 . (b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 X b2 )|
̂).(−4î − 6Ĵ− 8k
(4î + 6Ĵ + 8k ̂)
SD = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=| |
|b1 X b2 | √116
(4)(−4)+(6)(−6)+(8)(−8) −16−36−64 116
SD = | |=| |= = √116 = 2√29
√116 √116 √116
4. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
𝐫⃗⃗⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝐭)𝐢̂ + (𝟐 − 𝐭)𝐉̂ + (𝟑 − 𝟐𝐭)𝐤 ̂ & 𝐫⃗⃗⃗ = (𝐬 + 𝟏)𝐢̂ + (𝟐𝐬 − 𝟏)𝐉̂ − (𝟐𝐬 + 𝟏)𝐤
̂
SOL: The equations of the given lines are
⃗r⃗ = (1 − t)î + (2 − t)Ĵ + (3 − 2t)k̂ & ⃗r⃗ = (s + 1)î + (2s − 1)Ĵ − (2s + 1)k̂
After writing standard equation of a line, then we have
⃗r⃗ = î − 2Ĵ + 3k̂ + t(− î + Ĵ − 2k̂) & ⃗r⃗ = î − Ĵ − k̂ + s( î + 2Ĵ − 2k̂)
|(a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
a1 . (b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 X b2 )|
Shortest Distance between the lines = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|b 1 X b2 |

a⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = î − 2Ĵ + 3k̂ a2 = î − Ĵ − k̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a1 = 0î + Ĵ − 4k̂
a2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b1 = −î + Ĵ − 2k̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b2 = î + 2Ĵ − 2k̂
î Ĵ k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ b2 = |−1 1 −2| = î(−2 + 4) − Ĵ(2 + 2) + k̂ (−2 − 1) = 2î − 4Ĵ − 3k̂
1 2 −2
|b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 X ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b2 | = √4 + 16 + 9 = √29
|(a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
a1 . (b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 X b2 )|
̂) .(2î−4Ĵ− 3k
(0î+Ĵ−4k ̂)
SD = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=| |
|b1 X b2 | √29
(0)(2)+(1)(−4)+(−4)(−3) −4 + 12 8 8√29
SD = | |=| |= =
√29 √29 √29 29
𝐱+𝟓 𝐲+𝟑 𝐳−𝟔
5). Find the image of the point (2, 4, –1) in the line = =
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟗
SOL: Given point (2, 4, –1)
x+5 y+3 z−6
A (2,4,–1) )
Given line = =
1 4 −9
x+5 y+3 z−6
Let 1
= 4
= −9
=k

Any Point on given line D (k–5, 4k–3, –9k+6)

DRs of AD: x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1
D
k–5 –2, 4k–3 –4, –9k+6 +1
k–7, 4k–7, –9k+7
x+5 y+3 z−6
DRs of the given line = = are 1, 4, –9
1 4 −9 𝑩(𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸)
AD is perpendicular to given line: a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
1(k – 7) + 4(4k – 7) +(– 9) (–9k+7)
k – 7 + 16k – 28 + 81k – 63 = 0
98k – 98 = 0
k=1

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 127 | P a g e

 Substitute k=1 in D then
Foot of the perpendicular = D (– 4, 1, – 3)
Let B(α, β, γ) be the image of A
Then mid-point of AB = D
α+2 β+4 γ−1
( 2
, 2 , 2 ) = (−4, 1, −3)
α+2
2
= −4 , α + 2 = −8, α = −10
β+4
2
=1 β+4 = 2 β = −2
γ−1
= −3 γ − 1 = −6 γ = −5
2
Image = B (−10, −2, −5)
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1) Imagine you are at a point A, a café you visit often. Your friend is at the point B, a
bookstall a few blocks away on a straight road. You want to meet your friend at a point
on the line joining the café and the bookstall. Another friend, who is at home on the
other side of the same road represented by point P, also wants to join. You decide to
determine the exact meeting point by finding the foot of the perpendicular from P on the
line joining the café and the bookstall. Given that co-ordinates of the café (A) are (1,2,4),
of the bookstall (B) are (3,4,5) and the home are (2,1,3).
(i) Find the location of the meeting point.
(ii) Find the distance from Home to meeting point? Also, find the equation of the
path connected by café and bookstall.

Sol: Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P(2,1,3) to AB and let Q divide AB in the
ratio k:1.
3𝑘+1 4𝑘+2 5𝑘+4
Then, co-ordinates of Q are ( 𝑘+1 , , ).
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
3𝑘+1 4𝑘+2 5𝑘+4
Direction ratios of PQ are − 2, − 1, −3
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
𝑘−1 3𝑘+1 2𝑘+1
=𝑘+1 , ,
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
Direction ratios of AB are <3-1, 4-2, 5-4>; =<2, 2, 1>
As, 𝑃𝑄 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵,
𝑘−1 3𝑘 + 1 2𝑘 + 1
𝟐( ) + 2( ) + 1( )=0
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
−1
𝑘 = 10 and substitute value of k in point Q.
7 16 35
Hence, the co-ordinates of Q are ( , , ).
9 9 9
7 2 16 2 35 2 121 49 64 √234
(ii) Distance PQ=√(9 − 2) + ( 9 − 1) + ( 9 − 3) =√ 81 + 81 + 81 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
9
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−4
Equation of line AB is = =
2 2 1
(2) Two drones are being used for radar centre analysis over an area of enemy land.
Drone A has been programmed to fly on the path given by
⃗⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
𝒓 ̂ + 𝝁(𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
̂ ) and drone B has been programmed to fly on the
path 𝒓 ⃗⃗ = −𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝒌̂ + 𝜷(𝟑𝒊
̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ ).
(i) At what points on their respective paths should they reach, so that they will be
closest to each other?

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 128 | P a g e

 (ii) Find the shortest distance between these paths.
Sol: Let P and Q be the points on their respective paths when they are closest.
∴ 𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2
So, general point on line-1 is P=(𝜆 + 6, −2𝜆 + 2, 𝜆 + 2)
General point on line-2 is Q=(3𝜇 − 4, −2𝜇, −2𝜇 − 1)
Direction ratios of PQ are <3 𝜇 − 𝜆 − 10, −2𝜇 + 2𝜆 − 2, −2𝜇 − 2𝜆 − 3 >
Line -1 is perpendicular to PQ, then
⟹ −3𝜆 + 𝜇 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑄 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 3𝜆 + 17𝜇 = 20
By solving the above equations, we have 𝜇 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = −1
Hence, the points are P=(5,4,0) and Q=(-1,-2,-3).
(iii) PQ=√(5 + 1)2 + (4 + 2)2 + (0 + 3)2 = √36 + 36 + 9 = √81 = 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3) Two tunnels are planned to be dug through
4) Bisle ghat to improve traffic infrastructure.
5) (Shown in the figure-not to Scale).
Digging at one end of the tunnel is to begin at the point
(−9,15,7) at Hassan and continue in the direction 7i-5j-k. The
digging at the other end of the tunnel will start at the coordinate
(33, 5, −1) near Sampaje and continue in the direction −14i +3k.
Both sections are to be straight lines. The coordinates are measured
relative to a fixed origin O, where one unit is 500 meters.
(i) Show that the two sections of the tunnel will eventually meet at a point near Bisle Ghat and
find the coordinates of this point.
(ii) Find the total length of the two tunnels to the nearest kilometre. (OR)
Find the coordinates of the point which is nearest to the origin on the line
⃗⃗)+𝝁(−𝒊⃗ − 𝟑𝒋⃗ + 𝟎𝒌
⃗⃗=(𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒌
𝒓 ⃗⃗)
Sol:
i) Let the equation the lines (paths) are
Hassan to Bisle:
𝑥+9 𝑦−15 𝑧−7
𝑙1 : = = =𝜆
7 −5 −1
𝑥−33 𝑦−5 𝑧1
Bisle to Sampaje 𝑙2 : −14 = 0 = 3
=𝜇
Any points on the line 1 and 2 are respectively
P=(7𝜆 − 9, −5𝜆 + 15, −𝜆 + 7) Q=(−14𝜇 + 33, 5,3𝜇 − 1)
For some values of 𝜆 and , lines are intersecting, so P=Q
7𝜆 − 9 = −14𝜇 + 33, −5𝜆 + 15 = 5, −𝜆 + 7 = 3𝜇 − 1 Hence, 𝜇 = 2, 𝜆 = 2
So, 5=5 hence the lines are intersecting and point of intersection is (5,5,5)
ii) 𝑂𝐴 = −9𝑖̂ + 15𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = 33𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝐴𝐵 = 42𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂
Then, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵|=√1764 + 100 + 64 = √1928 ≅ 44 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 44𝑋500 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑠 = 22000 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑠
(OR)
The coordinates of any point on the line are 𝑃 = (1 − 𝜇, 2 − 3𝜇, 2))
Distance from (0,0,0) to the point P is
OP=√(1 − 𝜇)2 + (2 − 3𝜇)2 + (2)2 = √1 + 𝜇2 − 2𝜇 + 4 + 9𝜇2 − 12𝜇 + 4
D= √10𝜇2 − 14𝜇 + 9, Let f=10𝜇2 − 14𝜇 + 9
−(−14) 7
Hence, minimum value occurs at 𝜇 = 2(10)
= 10
3 −1
Substitute value of 𝜇 𝑖𝑛 𝑃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = (10 , 10 , 2)

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 129 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-12: LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
• Linear Programming is the process used to obtain minimum or maximum value of the linear
function under known linear constraints.
• Objective Function: Linear function z= ax + by where a and b are constants, which has to be
maximized or minimized is called a linear objective function.
• Constraints: The linear inequalities or in equations or restrictions on the variables of a linear
programming problem. The condition x  0, y  0 are known as non-negative restrictions.
• Feasible Region: It is defined as a set of points which satisfy all the constraints.
• To find feasible Region: Draw the graph of all the linear in equations and shade common region
determined by all the constraints.
• Feasible solutions: Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region represents feasible
solutions of the constraints.
• Optimal feasible solution: Optimal feasible solution which optimizes the objective function is
called optimal feasible solution.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The feasible region of an LPP is shown in the figure. If Z=3x+9y, then the minimum value of
z occurs at

(a) (0,20) (b) (0,10) (c) (5,5) (d) (15,15) Sol: Option: (c)
Corner Points Z=3x+9y
(0,20) 180
(15,15) 180
(5,5) 60-MIN
(0,10) 90
2. The constraints of the LPP represented by the following figure is

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 130 | P a g e

 (𝑎)5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≥ 20, 𝑥 ≤ 6, 𝑦 ≥ 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
(𝑏)5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 20, 𝑥 ≤ 6, 𝑦 ≥ 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
(𝑐)5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≥ 20, 𝑥 ≤ 6, 𝑦 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
(𝑑)5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≥ 20, 𝑥 ≥ 6, 𝑦 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 Sol : Option: (c)
3. If an LPP admits optimal solution at two consecutive vertices of a feasible region, then
(a) the LPP under consideration is not solvable
(b) the LPP under consideration must be reconstructed
(c) the required optimal solution is at the mid-point of the line joining two points
(d) the optimal solution occurs at every point on the line joining these two points
Option : (d)
4. Which of the following statement is correct
(a) every LPP admits an optimal solution
(b) If a L.P.P admits two optimal solutions it has an infinite number of optimal solutions
(c) A L.P.P admits unique optimal solution
(d) (0,0) is the only optimal solution. Option : (b)
5. Minimum value of z = x-5y+20 subject to the constraints:
x − y  0, − x + 2y  2, x  3, y  4 is given by
(a) (-6) at (4,6) (b) 4 at (4,4) (c) (-9) at (4,3) (d) 6 at (4,5)
Corner Points Z=x-5y+20
(4,6) -6=minimum
(4,4) 4
(4,3) 9
(4,5) -1
So, Option: (a)
6. The corner points of the bounded feasible region determined by a system of linear constraints
are (0,3), (1,1) and (3,0). Let 𝑍 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦, where 𝑝, 𝑞 > 0. The condition on 𝑝 and 𝑞 so that the
minimum of 𝑍 occurs at (3,0) and (1,1) is:
(a) 𝑝 = 2𝑞 (b) 𝑝 = q/2 (c) 𝑝 = 3𝑞 (d) 𝑝 = 𝑞
Sol:3p=p+q implies 2p=q So Option : (b)
7. Which of the points A(80,10), B(20,20), C(60,60) D(20,25) lie in the feasible region of the
constraints given below. x + 5y  200, 2x + 3y  134, x  0, y  0
(a) Points A,B,and C only (b) Points B,C and D only (c) only points A and D (d) only points
B and D
Sol: Only B and D satisfies all constraints, so Option : (d)
8. The objective function 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 of an LPP has maximum value 42 at (4,6) and minimum
value 19 at (3,2). Which of the following is true?
(a) 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 1 (b) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 2 (c) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 5 (d) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 3
Sol: 4a+6b=42 & 3a+2b=19 on solving a=5, b=2 So, Option (b)
ASSERTION-REASONING QUESTIONS
Select the correct answer from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 131 | P a g e
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true.
1. ASSERTION: Maximum value of z=11x+5y subject to
3x+2y  25,x+y  10 & x,y  0 with corner points
 
(0,10), (5,5) amd (25 / 3, 0) , occurs at  25,0 
 3 

REASON: If the feasible region of the LPP is bounded then the maximum & minimum value of the
objecive function occurs at corner points.
Ans: (a) as both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
[Link]:Ifthe open half plane represented by ax + by >M has no point common
with the unbounded feasible region then M is the maximum value of z
otherwise z has no maximum value.
REASON:A solution that also satisfies the non-negativity restriction
of a LPP is called the feasible region.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation for A
3. ASSERTION:Feasible region of all LPP are convex polygon.
REASON: A polygon is said to be a convex polygon, if the line segment joining
any two points of the polygon is completely contained in the polygon.
Ans: (d) as A is false and R is true.
4. ASSERTION:Value of the objective function if it exists is always positive.
REASON: Feasible region of any LPP lies only in the first quadrant
as it involves non negative restrictions.
Ans(d) as value of objective function is any real number, so A is false but R is true.
5. ASSERTION: For the bounded feasible region of a LPP if minimum value
of the objective function exists at two consecutive corner points,
then the LPP has infinitely many optimaol solution.
REASON: If minimum value exists at two consecutive vertices of a bounded
feasible region, then every point of the segment joining those two vertices will
give same value for the objective function.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
6. ASSERTION:The half plane 2x+3y  6 , contains (1,1) and (3,0)
REASON:Any point if it satisfies the inequality ax+by  c, should lie
in the half plane described by it.
Ans: (a), as both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.
7. ASSERTION: Every feasible solution of a LPP is an optimal solution of the LPP
REASON:Feasible solution is a point of feasible region that satisfy all constraints
including non negative constraints of LPP
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
8. ASSERTION: The point (2,-3) does not lie on the half plane 3x+2y  10
REASON:Every point of a half plane 3x+2y  10 should satisfy the inequation.
Ans: (a) both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation for A.
9. ASSERTION: Corner points of a feasible region are (0,6), (3,2) and (3,0) for
a LPP with objective function Z = 11x+7y, and maximum value of Z is 47.
REASON: Optimal value of an objective function occurs only at corner points if they exist.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 132 | P a g e

 Ans: (a) Both A and R are correct and R is proper reason for the A.
[Link]: For a LPP, the feasible region is unbounded and minimum value
of the objective function Z=px+qy occurs at (a,b) with value "m".
Then optimal solution is x=a,y=b with optimal value "m".
REASON:If feasible region is unbounded, it is to decide minimum exists or not
after considering px+qy<m and whether this half plane has common points
with feasible region of the problem.
Ans: (c) as A is wrong R is correct.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Find the maximum value of z=3x+4y subject to the constraints
x + y  40, x + 2y  60, x, y  0

CORNER POINTS Z=3X+4Y

(0,30) 120
(20,20) 140
(40,0) 120
(0,0) 0
Max z is 140 at (20,200

2. If the minimum value of the objective function z=2x+10y exists subject to constraints
x − y  0, x − 5y  −5, x, y  0 find it.

Minimum value is 15 at (5/4,5/4).

3. Shown below is the feasible region of maximization problem whose objective function is given by
z=5x+3y.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 133 | P a g e

(i) List all the constraints the problem is subjected to.
(ii) Find the optimal solution of the problem.
Constraints are x + 2y  8, 3x + 2y  12 & x, y  0
Corner Points Z=5x+3y
(0,0) 0
(2,3) 19
(0,4) 12
(4,0) 20=Maximum
4. For the feasible region of a LPP given below, write all constraints and corner points of the
feasible region.

Constraints are 3x + y  8, x + y  6,
x + 2y  10 & x, y  0
Corner Points are
(0,8), (1,5), (2,4) (10,0)

5. If the objective function of the LPP is z=x-7y+200, feasible region is given below.

Find the difference between the optimal values of Z.

Sol: Max=205 , Min=165, Difference=205-165=40
6. What are the constraints of the LPP, whose feasible region is given
below, also find the area of the feasible region
Constraints are 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 10 & 𝑥 , 𝑦 ≥ 0

Area of Parallelogram=base X height =7x3=[Link]

7. The feasible region of a LPP is as given below. Find the number of optimal solutions for the
LPP and justify your answer.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 134 | P a g e

Sol: Zero, as there is no region satisfy all constraints of the problem.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-SOLVED
1. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑍 = 20𝑥 + 10𝑦
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 40,3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 30, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 60, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Sol:

Corner Pts Z=20x+10y

(15,0) 300
(40,0) 800
(4,18) 260
(6,12) 240

Minimum Value of Z is 240 at (6,12)

Hence x=6,y=12 is the optimal solution
and the optimal value of Z is 240.
2. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑍 = 6𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜4𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 80, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≥ 115,3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 150, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Corner pts Z=6x+3y

A(15,20) 150
B(40,15) 285
C(2,72) 228

Minimum value of Z is 150 at x=15,y=20

3. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑍 = 5𝑥 + 7𝑦
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 8, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 10&𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 135 | P a g e

 CORNER PTS Z=5x+7y
(0,8) 56
(2,4) 38 -MINIMUM
(10,0) 50

Feasible Region and halfplane of 5x+7y<38 has no common points , so Minimum value of Z is 38
at (2,4).

6. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑍 = 20𝑥 + 40𝑦

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜36𝑥 + 6𝑦 ≥ 108,3𝑥 + 12𝑦 ≥ 36,20𝑥 + 10𝑦 ≥ 100&𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Corner Points Z=20x+40y

(0,18) 720
(2,6) 280
(4,2) 160=Min
(12,0) 240
Here, Half plane 20x+40y<160 has no
common with feasible region, so, Min
Z is 160 at x=4, y=2.

7. 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑍 = 2𝑥 + 1.5𝑦
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 1000, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 800,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 400,0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 700

Corner Points Z=2x+1.5y

(0,700) 1050
(100,700) 1250
(200,600) 1300=MAXIMUM
(400,200) 1100
(400,0) 800
Optimal Sol: x=200, y=600
Optimal Value:1300

8. For a LPP, the feasible region is as given below. Objective function is Minimize
Z=30x-30y+1800. Write all constraints of the LPP and find the optimal value of the objective
function and optimal solution also.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 136 | P a g e

 Corner Points Z=30x-30y+1800
(0,15) 1350
(0,20) 1200=Minimum at x=0, y=20
(15,0) 2250
(10,20) 1500
(15,15) 1800

Sol : Constraints are x + y  15, x + y  30, 0  x  15, 0  y  20

9. Maximize Z = 600x + 400y

Subject to x + 2y  12, 2x + y  12, x + 1.25y  5 & 0  x, 0  y

Sol:

Corner Points Z=600x+400y

(5,0) 3000
(6,0) 3600
(4,4) 4000=Maximum
(0,6) 2400
(0,4) 1600
Optimal Sol: x=4, y=4

10. Minimize & Maximize Z = 2x + y; Subject to x − y  0, x + y  14,3  x  9, y  0

Sol:

Corner Points Z=2x+y

(3,0) 6=Minimum
(9,0) 18
(9,5) 23=Maximum
(7,7) 21
(3,3) 9
Optimal solutions;
For Minimum ; x=3, y=0
for maximum ; x=9, y=5

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 137 | P a g e

 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
1. The feasible region for a LPP is as shown below, Z=3x-4y
(a) Find the points at which maximum and minimum of Z occurs.
(b) Find the difference between the optimum values of Z.

Ans: (a) Minimum Value is -32 at (0,8) Maximum Value is 15 at (5,0)

(b) Difference is 47
2. On the basis of the feasible region of a LPP as given below,
(a) Find the optimal value and solution of the objective function Z=2x+5y

(b) In general, if the corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear
constraints are (0,10), (5,5),(15,15),(0,20) and Z= px+qy, where p, q >0. Find the relation
between p and q so that the maximum occurs at (15,15) and at (0,20)
Sol: (a) Minimum value is 0 at (0,0) Maximum Value is 33 at (4,5)
(b) 15p+15q=20q implies q=3p
3. Let Z=4x-7y be the objective function, The figure given below is the feasible region.

(a) Find the maximum and minimum value of Z and also the optimal solutions.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 138 | P a g e

(b) Let Z=px+qy, where p,q>0 be the objective function. Find the condition on p and q so that
the maximum value at B and C are equal. Also mention the number of optimal solutions in this
case.
Sol: (a) Minimum Value is (-56) at (0,8) Maximum Value is 16 at (4,0)
(b) 4p+10q=6p+8q implies p=q, in this case, there are infinitely many optimal solution; all
points of the segment BC are optimal solutions.
4. Given below is the feasible region of LPP with constraints

(a) Write all constraints of LPP

(b) Optimal value Maximize Z=5x-2y and corresponding Optimal point.
Sol: Constraints are 2y − 3x  3, x + 2y  7, 2y − x  1 & x, y  0
Optimal Value is 11 at C(3,2)
5. Flot a LPP, feasible region is given below.

(a) write all constraints of the LPP

(b) find the maximum value of the objective function Z =3x+8y and also find the optimal
solution.
Sol:
Constraints are x + y  24, 2x + y  32 & x, y  0 Maximum Z=192 at (0,24)

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 139 | P a g e

 CHAPTER-13-PROBABILITY
Definitions and Formulae:
Conditional Probability: If A and B are two events associated with any random experiment, then
P(A/B) represents the probability of occurrence of event A knowing that the event B has already
occurred.
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = , 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0.
𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0, , means that the event B should not be impossible.
Multiplication Theorem on Probability: If the event A and B are associated with any random
experiment and the occurrence of one depends on the other, then
P(A  B) = P(A).P(B / A), where P(A)  0
Independent Events:
When the probability of occurrence of one event does not depend on the occurrence /non-
occurrence of the other event then those events are said to be independent events.
Then P(A/B)=P(A) and P(B/A)=P(B)
So, for any two independent events A and B , P(A  B) = P(A).P(B).
Theorem on total probability:
𝐼𝑓𝐸𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3, . . . 𝑛)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑙𝐸𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦. 𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒,
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝐸1 𝑜𝑟𝐸2 𝑜𝑟𝐸3 𝑜𝑟. . . 𝑜𝑟𝐸𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸3 )+. . . . +𝑃(𝐸𝑛 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑛 )
Bayes’ Theorem:

Let S be the sample space and E1 , E2 , . . . , En be n mutually exclusive and

exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If A is any event
which occurs with E1 or E2 or, . . or En then
𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑖 )
𝑃(𝐸𝑖 /𝐴) = 𝑛
∑𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑖 )
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. For any two events A and B, P(A’)=1/2, P(B’)=2/3 and P(A  B) =1/4, then
(
P A'
B' ) equals :
(a) 8/9 (b) 5/8 (c) 1/8 (d) ¼
Ans: (b)
𝑃(𝐴) = 1/2, 𝑃(𝐵) = 1/3
𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = 1/2 + 1/3 − 1/4 = 7/12
𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) 1 − 7/12 5/12
𝑃(𝐴′/𝐵′) = = = = = 5/8
𝑃(𝐵′) 𝑃(𝐵′) 2/3 2/3
2. For any two events A and B, P ( A) = 4 / 5 and P(A  B) = 7 /10, then P(B / A) is
(a) 1/10 (b) 1/8 (c) 17/20 (d) 7/8
7/10
Ans: (d) 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = 4/5 = 7/8.
3. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A)=1/2 and P(B)=1/4, then P(B’/A) is
(a) 1/4 (b) 3/4 (c) 1/8 (d) 1
𝑃(𝐵′∩𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵′)𝑃(𝐴)
Ans: (b) 𝑃(𝐵′/𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵′) = 3/4
4. If two events A and B, P(A-B)=1/5 and P(A)= 3/5, then P(B/A) is equal to
(a) ½ (b) 3/5 (c) 2/5 (d) 2/3
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 140 | P a g e
 Ans: (d) 𝑃(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1/5, 𝑃(𝐴) = 3/5
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3/5 − 1/5 = 2/5
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 2/5
𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = = = 2/3.
𝑃(𝐴) 3/5
5. If P(A/B)=0.3, P(A)= 0.4 and P(B)=0.8, then P(B/A) is equal to
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.4
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Ans: (a) 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 = 0.3
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.24
𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = 0.24/0.4 = 0.6
6. If A and B are two events such that P(A/B)=2.P(B/A) and P(A)+P(B)=2/3, then P(B) is
(a) 2/9 (b) 7/9 (c) 4/9 (d0 5/9.
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Ans: (a) =2
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴) = 2𝑃(𝐵)
3𝑃(𝐵) = 2/3
𝑃(𝐵) = 2/9
7. If the sum of numbers obtained on throwing a pair of dice is 9, then the probability that
number obtained on one of the dice is 4, is
(a) 1/9 (b) 4/9 (c) 1/18 (d) 1/2
Ans: (d) 𝐴 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚9 = {(3,6), (4,5), (5,4), (6,3)}
𝐵 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠4 = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (5,4), (6,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6)}
𝑃(𝐴) = 4/36𝑃(𝐵) = 10/36
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴) 2/36
𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = = = 1/2
𝑃(𝐴) 4/36
8. Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of the events that at least one
head comes up is
(a) 27/32 (b) 5/32 (c) 31/32 (d) 1/32
Ans: (c) P(atleast one H) = 1 − P(none is H)
= 1 − 1/ 32 = 31/ 32.
9. Ramesh can hit a target 2 out of 3 times. He tried to hit the target twice. The probability
that the he missed the target exactly once is
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 4/9 (d) 1/9
P(A) = 2 / 3 P(A ' ) = 1 / 3 (A − hit, A '− not hit)
Ans: (c) 2 1 1 2
P(only once hit) = . + . = 4 / 9.
3 3 3 3
10. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of the events that at least one six
comes up is
(b) 27/216 (b) 55/216 (c) 91/216 (d) 1/216
Ans: (c) P(atleast one 6) = 1 − P(none is 6)
= 1 − 125 / 216 = 91/ 216.

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

Select the correct answer from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion
(A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 141 | P a g e
1 Assertion (A): If A and B are two independent events with P(A)=1/5 and P(B)=1/5, then
P(A’/B) is 1/5.
𝑃(𝐴′∩𝐵)
Reason (𝑅) ∶ P(𝐴’/𝐵) = Ans: (d)
𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴′). 𝑃(𝐵)
P(𝐴’/𝐵) = = = 𝑃(𝐴′)
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐵)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 4/5
𝑆𝑜 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑖𝑠𝑇 𝑟𝑢𝑒.
2. Assertion (A) : Let A and B be two events such that P (A) =1/5 and P (A or B) =1/2 then
P(B)=3/8 for A and B are independent events.
Reason (R) : For independent events P (A or B) = P (A) + P(B) - P(A).P(B).
Ans: (a) as A is true and R is the correct explanation for A.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = 1/2
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵) = 1/2
𝑃(𝐵) = 3/8(∵ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 1/5 = 4/5)
𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
3. Assertion (A): Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting two
heads, if it is know that at least one head comes up, is 1/3.
Reason (R) : Let E and F be two events with a random experiment, then
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
𝑃(𝐹/𝐸) = .
𝑃(𝐸)
1/4
Ans: (a) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹 = {𝐻𝐻}𝐸 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻}, 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸) = 3/4 = 1/3
4. Assertion (A) : If A and B are mutually exclusive events with P (A’) =5/6 and P (B)=1/3.
Then P (A/B’)=1/4.
Reason (R) : If A and B are two events such that P (A)=0.2, P(B)=0.6 and P(A/B)=0.2
then the value of P(A/B’) is 0.2.
Ans: (b) as A is true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑃(𝐴) = 1/6
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′) 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1/6 − 0
𝑃(𝐴/𝐵′) = = = = 1/4
𝑃(𝐵′) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) 1 − 1/3
𝑅𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑛: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.12
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵′) 𝑃(𝐴)−𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.08
𝑃(𝐴/𝐵′) = = = = 0.2
𝑃(𝐵′) 1−𝑃(𝐵) 0.4
5. Let A and B be two events associated with an experiment such that
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
Assertion(𝐴): 𝑃(A/B)=P(𝐴)and𝑃(B/A)=P(𝐵)
Reason(𝑅): 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)=P(𝐴)+P(𝐵)
Ans: (c) as A is correct but R is false.
6. Let A and B be two independent events.
Assertion (𝐴): If P(𝐴)=0.3 and P(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵̄ )=0.8 then P(𝐵) is 2/7
Reason(𝑅) : P(𝐸̄ )=1-P(𝐸), for any event E.
Ans: (𝑎) as 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵′) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵′) − 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵′)
𝑃(𝐵′) = 5/7; 𝑃(𝐵) = 2/7
Hence A is true and R is the correct explanation for A.

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 142 | P a g e

7. Assertion (A): Consider the experiment of drawing a card from a deck of 52 playing
cards, in which the elementary events are assumed to be equally likely.
If E and F denote the events the card drawn is a spade and the card drawn is an ace
respectively, then P(E/F)=1/4 and P(F/E)=1/13.
Reason (R): E and F are two events such that the probability of occurrence of one of
them is not affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are called independent
events.
Ans: (b) as A is correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
8. Consider that following statements:
Assertion (A): Let A and B be two independent events. Then P(A and B)= P(A)+P(B)
Reason (R): Three events A,B and C are said to be independent if
P(A  B  C ) = P(A).P(B).P(C )
Ans: (d) as P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A).P(B) , hence A is false and R is True.
9. Assertion (A): In rolling a die, event A= {1, 3, 5} and event B = {2, 4} are mutually
exclusive events.
Reason (R): In a sample space two events are mutually exclusive if they do not occur at
the same time.
Ans: (a) A is true as P(A  B) =  and R is the correct explanation of A.
10. For any two independent events A and B. P(A)=p and P(B)=q
Assertion (A): The probability that exactly one of the events A and B occurs is p+q-2pq
Reason (R): P(A  B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B) Ans: (b)
A is correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. A pair of dice is thrown. If the two numbers appearing on them are different, find the
probability that the sum of the numbers is 6.
Ans: A: Number appearing are different n(A)=30 (except (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5)
and (6,6))
B: Sum of the numbers is 6. P(A)=30/36
A and B={(1,5),(2,4),(4,2),(5,1)}
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 4/36
P(A and B)=4/36 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = = 30/36 = 4/30
𝑃(𝐴)
2. In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of
430, 10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen
randomly studies in class XII given that the chosen student is girl?
Ans: A: Student of Class XII B: The student is a girl.
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 43 1
n(A & B)=10% of 430=43. 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = = 430 = 10
𝑃(𝐵)
3. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 2white, 3 red and 4 black balls one by one
without replacement. What is the probability that at least one ball is red?
Ans: P(at least one red ball)=1-P(none of the ball is red)
6 5 42 7
( that is 1st ball is non red and 2nd ball is non red.) = 1 − . =
=
9 8 72 12
4. If P(A)=3/8, P(B)=1/2 and P(A and B)=1/4, find P(A '/ B ')
Ans:

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 143 | P a g e

 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′) 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵)′ 1 − 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴′/𝐵′) = = =
𝑃(𝐵′) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
5
5 1 − 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) 1 − 8 3/8
= 3/8 + 1/2 − 1/4 = , 𝑃(𝐴′/𝐵′) = = = = 3/4
8 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) 1 1/2
1−2
5. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group of 8 boys and 4 girls.
Given that there is at least one girl in the committee, calculate the probability that there
are exactly 2 girls in the committee.
Ans:
A: at least one girl in the committee. B: exactly 02 girls in the committee.
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴)
8
𝐶4 70 85
𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙) = 1 − 12 = 1 − =
𝐶4 495 99
8 4
𝐶2 . 𝐶2 28.6 56
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(2𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝐵) = 12 = =
𝐶4 495 165
6. Events E and F are independent. Find P(F), if P(E) =0.35 and P(EUF)=0.6.
Ans: 𝑃(𝐸𝑈𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹)
= 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹)
25 5
0.6 = 0.35 + 𝑥 − 0.35𝑥; 0.25 = 0.65𝑥; 𝑥 = 65 = 13
7. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in a college. The probability that A is
selected is 0.7 and the probability that exactly one of them selected is 0.6. Find the
probability that B is selected.
Ans: E: Selecting A F: Selecting B E and F are independent events.
𝑃(𝐸) = 0.7,𝑃[(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹′)𝑈(𝐸′ ∩ 𝐹)] = 0.6
𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹′) + 𝑃(𝐸′). 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃[(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹′) ∩ (𝐸′ ∩ 𝐹)] = 0.6
𝑃(𝐸)(1 − 𝑃(𝐹)) + (1 − 𝑃(𝐸))𝑃(𝐹) = 0.6
𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 2. 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹) = 0.6; 0.7 + 𝑥 − 2(0.7). 𝑥 = 0.6
1
0.1 = 0.4𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑃(𝐹).
4
8. A bag contains 3 white, 4 red and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. Find
the probability that both balls are of different colours.
Ans:
P(both balls are of different colours) = 1 − P(both balls of same colour)
3
C2 4
C 5
C 3 6 10 19
P(both balls of same colour) = + 12 2 + 12 2 = + + =
12
C2 C2 C2 66 66 66 66
19 47
P(both balls are of different colours) = 1 − =
66 66
9. An unbiased die is thrown thrice. Find the probability of getting at least 2 sixes.
Ans:
P ( at least 2 sixes ) = P(2 sixes) + P(3 Sixes)
1 1 5 1 1 1 16 2
= 3. . . + . . = =
6 6 6 6 6 6 216 27
10. A problem is given to A, B and C. The probabilities that they solve the problem
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 144 | P a g e
 correctly are 1/3, 2/7 and 3/8 respectively. If they try to solve the problem
simultaneously, find the probability that exactly one of them solve the problem.
Ans:P(exactly one solve)=P(A  B'  C ' )+P(A'  B  C ' )+P(A'  B'  C )
1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3 75
= . . + . . + . . =
3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 168
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A and B throw a die alternately till one of them get a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts the game first.
Ans: S-Getting 6 F- not getting 6
P(S)=p=1/6 P(F)=q=5/6
𝑃(𝐴 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠) = 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑝 + ⋯ …
=1/6+(5/6)21/6+(5/6)41/6+….
1/ 6 6 6 5
= = , P(B Wins) = 1 − =
25 11 11 11
1−
36
2. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event, “Head appears on the coin”
and B is the event, “3 comes on the die”. Find whether A and B are independent events or not.
Ans: S=((H,1),(H,2),(H,3),(H,4),(H,5),(H,6),(T,1),(T,2),(T,3),(T,4),(T,5),(T,6)}
A: H appears B: 3 on die
P(A)=6/12=1/2 P(B)=2/12=1/6 P(A and B)=1/12 P(A).P(B)=1/2.1/6=1/12=P(A and B)
Hence A and B are independent events.
3. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coin such that P(head): P(tail) is 1:3 and the
other coin is a fair coin. A coin is selected at random and tossed once. If the coin shows
head, then find the probability that it is a biased coin
Ans:
A: Selecting Biased Coin B; Selecting fair coin C: Getting H
P(A)=P(B)=1/2, P(C/A)=1/4 (since ratio for head and tail is 1:3) P(C/B)=1/2
P(C) =P(A).P(C/A)+P(B).P(C/B)=1/2.1/4+1/2.1/2=1/8+1/4=3/8
P ( B ) .P ( C / B ) 1/ 4
P ( B / C) = = = 2/3
P ( A ) .P ( C / A ) + P ( B ) .P ( C / B ) 3 / 8
4. A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or from CALCUTTA. What is the
probability that on the envelope just two consecutive letters TA are visible?
Ans:
P(A) = 1 / 2, P(B) = 1 / 2 , C-TA visible on the envelope.
P(C/A)=2/8=1/4, P(C/B)=1/7,
1 1 1 1
P(C) = P(A).P(C / A) + P(B).P(C / B) = . + . = 11 / 56
2 4 2 7
1 1
5. A and B are independent events such that P(A  B ) = and P(A  B) = Find P(A) and P(B).
4 6
Ans:
P(A).P(B ') = 1 / 4 & P(A ').P(B) = 1 / 6 P(A) = x, P(B) = y
x(1 − y) = 1 / 4 and (1 − x)y = 1 / 6
on solving we get, x − y = 1 / 12 x = y + 1 / 12
On substituting, we get 12y 2 − 11y + 2 = 0
y = 1 / 4 or y = 2 / 3, Corresponding x = 1 / 3 or 3 / 4
P(A) = 1 / 3 P(B) = 1 / 4 (OR) P(A) = 3 / 4 P(B) = 2 / 3

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 145 | P a g e

 6. There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers all insured. The
probabilities of an accident involving a scooter, a car, a truck are 0.01, 0.03, and 0.15
respectively. What is the probability that one of the insured person meets with an
accident.
Ans:
P(A) = 1/ 6, P(B) = 1/ 3 P(C) = 1/ 2
D-the insured person meets with an accident.
P(D/A)=1/100, P(D/B)=3/100, P(D/C)=15/100,
P(D) = P(A).P(D / A) + P(B).P(D / B) + P(C).P(D / C) = 13 / 150
7. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that both
drawn balls are white.
Ans: 𝐴: 2𝑊 + 2𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵: 3𝑊 + 1𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐶: 4𝑊
𝑃(𝐴) = 1/3, 𝑃(𝐵) = 1/3𝑃(𝐶) = 1/3D-both drawn balls are White
𝑃(D/A) = 2𝐶2 / 4𝐶2 =1/6,𝑃(D/B) = 3𝐶2 / 4𝐶2 =1/2, 𝑃(D/C) = 4𝐶2 / 4𝐶2 =1
1 1 1 1 1 5
𝑃(𝐷) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐷/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐷/𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃(D/C) = 3 . 6 + 3 . 2 + 3 . 1 = 9
8. Bag A contains 6 red and 5 blue balls and another bag B contains 5 red and 8 blue balls. A
ball is drawn from bag A without seeing its colour and is put into the bag B. Then a ball is
drawn from bag B at random. What is the probability that the ball drawn is blue in colour.
Ans:
𝐴:Red𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝐴(6𝑅 + 5𝐵)𝐵: 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝐴(6𝑅 + 5𝐵)
C:getting Blue ball from bag B after transferring.
𝑃(𝐴) = 6/11, 𝑃(𝐵) = 5/11
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝐼𝐴 ∩ 𝐶
6 8 48
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) = . =
11 14 154
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝐼𝐼𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
5 9 45
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) = . =
11 14 154
48 45 93
[Link]= + =
154 154 154

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1 A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known
that
. the probabilities that he will come by cab, metro, bike or by
other means of transport are respectively 3/10, 1/5, 1/10 and 2/5.
The probabilities that he will be late are 1/4, 1/3, 1/12 and 1/10 if he
comes by cab, metro, bike and other means of transport
respectively.
(a) What is the probability that the doctor arrived late?
(b) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by metro?
Ans: (𝑎)𝐴: 𝐶𝑎𝑏𝐵: 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝐶: 𝐵𝑖𝑘𝑒𝐷: 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝐸: 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐷). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐷)
3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 114
= . + . + . + . =
10 4 5 3 10 12 5 10 600
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 146 | P a g e
 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐵) 1/15
(𝑏)𝑃(𝐵/𝐸) = = = 40/114 = 20/57
𝑃(𝐸) 114/600
The Venn diagram below represents the probabilities of three different types of Yoga A, B
and C performed by the people of a society. Further, it is given that the probability of a
member performing type C yoga is 0.44.
2.
(i) Find the value of x. (ii) Find the value of y
(iii) (a) Find P(C/B) (OR)
(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected
person of the society does
Yoga type A or B but not C.
Ans: (i) x=0.44-0.21=0.23 (ii) y=1-0.96=0.04
𝑃(𝐶∩𝐵) 0.23 23
(iii) P(𝐶/𝐵) = = 0.36 = 36 (𝑂𝑅)
𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 𝑂𝑅 𝐵 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶) = 0.32 + 0.09 + 𝑦 = 0.41 + 0.04 = 0.45

3. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards without replacement.
(a) What is the probability that one is a red queen and the other is a king of black colour
(b) one shows a prime number (from 2 to 10) and other is a face card(other than Ace)
Ans:
(𝑎)𝐴 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 1st attempt B=Black King in 2nd Attempt
C=Black King in 1st Attempt
D= 𝑅𝑒 𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 2nd attempt
2 2 2 2 2
Reqd Prob=P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)+P(𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = . + . =
52 51 52 51 663
(𝑏)𝐴 = 𝑃𝑟 𝑖 𝑚𝑒𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 1st attempt
B=face card in 2nd Attempt C=Face card in 1st Attempt D= 𝑃𝑟 𝑖 𝑚𝑒𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 2nd attempt
16 12 12 16 32
ReqdProb=P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)+P(𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = . + . =
52 51 52 51 221
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or
guesses. Let 3/5 is the probability that he knows the answer and 2/5 be the probability that
he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with
probability 1/3. What is the probability that the student knows the answer, given that he
answered it correctly?
Ans: A: Knows the answer B: Guesses the answer E: Answered Correctly
P(A)=3/5, P(B)=2/5 P(E/A)=1, P(E/B)=1/3
By Bayes theorem,
3
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) .1 3
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸) = = 5 =
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐵) 3 . 1 + 2 . 1 11
5 5 3
2. Three bags contains a number of red and white balls as follow:
Bag-1 contains 3 red balls, bag-2 contains 2 red and 1 white ball, bag-3 contains 3 white
balls. The probability that bag -I will be chosen and a ball is selected from it is i/6, i=1,2,3.
(a) What is the probability that a red ball will be selected
(b) What is the probability that a white ball will be selected.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 147 | P a g e
 Ans:
(𝑎)A,B,C are events selecting bag-1,bag-2,bag-3respectively.D-selecting red colour ball
𝑃(D/A)=1,𝑃(D/B)=2/3,𝑃(D/C)=0
𝑃(𝐷)=P(𝐴).P(D/A) + 𝑃(𝐵).P(D/B) + 𝑃(𝐶).P(D/C)
1 2 2 7 7 11
= .1 + . + 0 = (𝑏)𝑃(𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙) = 1 − =
6 6 3 18 18 18
3. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin ( having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that comes
up tails 40% of the times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, and it
shows heads. What is the probability that it was the two-headed coin?
Ans:𝐴: 𝑡𝑤𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑𝐵: 𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑(75%𝐻)𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝐶: 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑(40%𝑇)
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐶) = 1/3𝐻: 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐻
𝑃(𝐻/𝐴) = 1, 𝑃(𝐻/𝐵) = 75/100, 𝑃(𝐻/𝐶) = 60/100
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐻/𝐴) 100
𝑃(𝐴/𝐻) = =
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐻/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐻/𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃(𝐻/𝐶) 235
4 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six.
Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Ans: 𝐴 = 6𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝐵 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑃(𝐴) = 1/6, 𝑃(𝐵) = 5/6𝐶: 𝑅𝑒 𝑝 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔6
𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) = 3/4, 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) = 1/4; 𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵)
1 3 5 1 8
= . + . =
6 4 6 4 24
1 3
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) . 3
𝑃(𝐴/𝐶) = =6 4=
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) 8 8
24
5 Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack are 40%. It is also assumed that
meditation and yoga course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain
drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options
with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options and patient
selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a
course of meditation and yoga.
Ans;
𝐴 − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛&𝑌𝑜𝑔𝑎𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑔𝐶 − 𝑆𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘
1 70 40 75 40
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) = . , 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) = .
2 100 100 100 100
1 70 40
𝑃(𝐴/𝐶) = 2 . 100 . 100 =
14
1 70 40 1 75 40 29
2 . 100 . 100 + 2 . 100 . 100
6. Bhavani is going to pay a game of chess against one of four opponents in an inter-college
sports competition. Each opponent is equally likely to be paired against her. The table below
shows the chances of Bhavani losing, where paired against each opponent.
OPPONENT BHAVANI’S CHANCE OF LOSSING
OPP-1 12%
OPP-2 60%
OPP-3 X%
OPP-4 84%
If the probability that Bhavani losses the game that day is ½. find the probability for Bhavani to be
losing when paired against opponent 3.
Sol A,B,C,D be events, respectively Bhavani game with Opp-1,2,3,4 . E be the vent Bhavani
Loses the game.
KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 148 | P a g e
 Given P(E)=1/2
P(A)=P(B)=P(C)=P(D)=1/4.
P(E/A)=12/100, P(E/B)=60/100, P(E/C)=x/100,P(E/D)=84/100
P(A)=1/2
1/2 = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐵) + +𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐷). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐷)
12 + 60 + 𝑋 + 84
1/2 = ; 𝑋 = 44𝑝(𝐸/𝐶) = 44%
400
7. Three persons A , B, C apply for a job a manager in a company. Chances of their selection are in
the ratio 1:2:3. The probability that A,B and C can introduce chances to increase the profits of a
company are 0.8,0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If increase in the profit does not take place, find the
probability that it is due to the appointment of A.
P(A)=1/7, P(B)=2/7, P(C)=4/7
E-not increase the profits
P(E/A)=0.2, P(E/B)=0.5, P(E/C)=0.7
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) 2/70
𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) = = = 1/20
= 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐵) + +𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃(𝐸/𝐶) 40/70
8. There are two bags I and II, Bag I contains 3 red and 5 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 3
black balls. One ball is transferred randomly from Bag I to bag II and then a ball is drawn
randomly from bag II. If the ball so drawn is found to be black in colour then find the probability
that the transferred ball is also black.
A-transferred ball is Red B-transferred ball is black
C: ball from bag II after transferred , is black.
P(A)=3/8, P(B)= 5/8
P(C/A)=3/8 PC/B)=4/8
3 3
𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴)
= 8.8 =
9
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐶/𝐵) 3 . 3 + 5 . 4 29
8 8 8 8

KVS ZIET MYSURU: CLASS 12 MATHEMATICS(2025-26) 149 | P a g e