Unit – 2 : Structure of Atom

Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars.
Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model
and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de
Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau
principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms,
stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

MCQ (1 MARK)
1. Orbital which is not possible is-
(a) 2p (b) 3d
(c) 3s (d) 3f
2. An electron is moving in Bohr's orbit. Its de Broglie wavelength is λ. What is the circumference
of the forth orbit?
(a) 2/λ (b) 2λ
(c) 4λ (d) 4/λ
3. Which of the following is not permissible?
(a) n= 4, l = 3, m= 0 (b) n= 4, l = 2, m= 1
(c) n= 4, l = 4, m= 1 (d) n= 4, l = 0, m= 0
4. Principal, Azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers are respectively related to:
(a) Size, shape and orientation (b) Shape, size and orientation
(c) Size, orientation and shape (d) None of the above
5. The number of d-electrons retained in Fe2+ (At. no. of Fe = 26) ion is –
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
Ans - 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. ( a) 5. (d)

Assertion-Reasoning (MCQs)
Directions in the following questions ([Link]. 1-5) a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of
Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct statements and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct statements, but Reason is not the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct statement

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1. Assertion : It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact momentum of an electron
simultaneously.
Reason : The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.
2. Assertion : Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies.
Reason : The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower frequency to higher frequency
with an increase in temperature.
3. Assertion: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite sign whereas opposite lobes of d-orbital
have the same sign.
Reason: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite charge whereas the opposite lobes of d-orbital
have the same charge.
4. Assertion : In 3dxy orbital total number of nodes are 2.
Reason : Total number of nodes = Number of Angular nodes – Number of Radial nodes.
5. Assertion : An orbital cannot have more than two electrons, moreover, if an orbital has two electrons
they must have opposite spins.
Reason : No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all the four quantum numbers.
Ans- 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. ( c) 5. (a)

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. According to de Broglie, the matter would exhibit dual behaviour, that is, both particle and
wave-like properties. However, a cricket ball with a mass of 100 g doesn’t move like a wave when a
bowler throws it at the speed of 100 km/h. Calculate the ball’s wavelength and explain why it does
not show wave nature.
Ans: m= 100g or 0.1kg
ν= 100km/h =100 x 1000/60 x 60 = 1000/36 m/s
thus, λ =h/mν = 2.387 x 10-34 m
2. Chlorophyll present in green leaves of the plants absorbs light at 4.620 × 1014 Hz. Calculate the
wavelength of the radiation in nanometers. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does it
belong to?
Ans. Relation between wavelength as well as frequency can be expressed as :
λ = c/ν, here c shows the velocity of light as well, and ν shows the frequency for the radiation.
For given problem λ = 3 x 108 ms-1 / 4.620 x 1014 Hz = 0.6494 times 10-6 m-1
3. The Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to the transition from n1 = 2 to n2 =
3,4,………. This series lies in the visible region. Calculate the wave number of lines associated by
the transition in the Balmer series if the electron moves to n = 4 orbit. (R H= 109677 cm-1)

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Ans . According to the Bohr’s model for the hydrogen atom
ν = RH(1/ n12-1/ n22) cm-1
where, n1 = 2 and n2 = 4 and H = Rydberg’s constant = 109677
therefore, wave number=1/⋋= 109677 ( ¼-1/16) = 20564.44cm-1
4. How many electrons can be filled in all the orbitals with n + l=5?
Ans : (n+l)=5 has 5s,4p and 3d orbitals with two, six and ten electrons respectively. Therefore, the total
number of electrons=18.
5. List two main differences between orbit and orbital.
Ans:
Orbit Orbital
Orbit is a well defined 2-D circular path around the Orbital is a3-D space around the atom where the
nucleus in which the electron revolve. probability of finding electron is maximum.
It is not in accordance of wave character Orbits do It is in accordance with wave character. Except s
not have direction orbital ,all orbitals are directional.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1.(a) How many sub-shells are associated with the n = 4?
(b) How many electrons would be present in the sub-shells having an ms value of –1/2 for n = 4?
Ans: (a) For a given value of ‘n’, the values of the ‘l’ range from 0 to (n – 1).
For n = 4 , the possible values of l are 0, 1, 2, and 3
Hence, four subshells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.
(b) Number of orbitals in nth shell = n2
For n = 4 , the number of orbitals = 42 = 16
Each orbital has 1 electron with an ms value of -1/2.
Thus, the total number of electrons present in the subshell having an ms value of (-1/2) is 16.
2. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength ( λ ) of 580 nm. Calculate the
frequency (v) and wave number (v) of yellow light.
Ans:

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[Link] the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
hydrogen.
Ans:

[Link] mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg. If its kinetic energy is 3.0 × 10-25 J, calculate its
wavelength.
Ans:

5 MARKS QUESTION
[Link] electronic energy in hydrogen atom is given by E n (-2.18 × 10-18 s) / n2J. Calculate the energy
required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of
light in cm that can be used to cause this transition?
Ans:

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2. How much energy is required to ionise a hydrogen atom if an electron occupies n = 5 orbit ?
Compare your answer with the ionisation energy of H atom (energy required to remove the
electron from n = 1 orbit)
Ans :

CASE STUDY BASED - 1 (4 MARKS)

A hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting its nucleus. The electromagnetic force between the
electron and the nuclear proton leads to a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy.
These states were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits around the
nucleus. Each energy state, or orbit, is designated by an integer, n as shown in the figure. The Bohr model
was later replaced by quantum mechanics in which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an
orbit, but the allowed energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory.

11
Spectral emission occurs when an electron transitions, or jumps, from a higher energy state to a lower
energy state. To distinguish the two states, the lower energy state is commonly designated as n' , and the
higher energy state is designated as n. The energy of an emitted photon corresponds to the energy
difference between the two states. Because the energy of each state is fixed, the energy difference
between them
1. Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible region?
Ans- (Balmer series)
2. How many radial and angular nodes are present in 2p orbital.
Ans-( 2p orbitals contain zero radial node and one angular node.)
In these questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the
correct answer out of the following choices : -
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement
3. Assertion : The energy states of H-atom are independent of azimuthal quantum number.
Reason : H-atom does not have any inter-electronic repulsion as it has only 1 e- .
Ans- (a)
4. Assertion : A spectral line will be seen for a 2px – 2py transition.
Reason : Energy is released when electron drops to lower stationary state.
Ans- (d)

CASE STUDY BASED - 2 (4 MARKS)

The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom are called quantum
numbers. There are four quantum numbers, namely, principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin quantum
numbers.
The values of the conserved quantities of a quantum system are given by quantum numbers. Electronic
quantum numbers (the quantum numbers describing electrons) can be defined as a group of numerical
values which provide solutions that are acceptable by the Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atoms.
1. Pauli exclusion principle helps to calculate the maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated in any
(a) orbital (b) subsell
(c) shell (d) All of these
Ans- (a)

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2. The magnetic quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in space
Ans-(d)
3. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in Spence
Ans- (a)
4. The maximum number of electrons on a subshell is equal to ______ where l = ______
Ans- 4l + 2; Azimuthal quantum numbers

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 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
SECTION- A (MCQ- 1 Marks)
1. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories
of electrons?
(a) Pauli’s exclusion principle. (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. (d) Aufbau principal

2. Number of angular nodes for 4d orbital is __________.

(a) 4 (b) 3 c) 2 (d) 1

3. For which of the following sets of quantum numbers, an electron will have the highest energy?
(a) 3, 2, +1, +1/2 (b) 4, 2, -1, +1/2
(c) 4,1,0, -1/2 (d) 5,0,0, +1/2

4. Which of the following atoms or atom/ion have identical ground state configuration?
(a) Li+ and He+ (b) Cl and Ar (c)Na and K d) F+ and Ne

5. Which of the following orbitals has dumb-bell shape?

(a)s (b)p (c)d (d) f

6. The total number of orbitals in a shell having principal quantum number n is

(a) 2n (b)n2 (c)2n2 (d)n+1

7. Azimuthal quantum number defines:

(a) e/m ratio of electron (b)spin of electron
(c) angular momentum of electron (d)magnetic momentum of electron

8. Quantum numbers n=2, l=1 represent:

(a)1s orbital (b)2s orbital (c) 2p orbital (d)3d orbital

9. The quantum number m of a free gaseous atom is associated with:

(a)The effective volume of the orbital
(b) The shape of the orbital
(c)The spatial orientation of the orbital
(d)The energy of the orbital in the absence of the magnetic field.

[Link]-electronic species are:

(a)F-, O-2 (b)F-, O (c)F-, O+ (d)F-, O+2

In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a corresponding statement of reason.

Of the following statements, choose the correct one:
A. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect statement.
D. Assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct statement.
11. Assertion: Both position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously with
maximum accuracy.
Reason: The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.

12. Assertion: Electronic configuration of helium is 1S2.

Reason: Hund’s rule demands that the configuration should display maximum stability.

13. A: An orbital cannot have more than 2 electrons and their spin must be opposite.
R: No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all four quantum numbers.

14. A: The energy of an electron is mainly determined by principal quantum number.

R: The principal quantum number is the measure of the most probable distance of finding the electron
around the nucleus.

15. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbital is:

(a)5p<4f<6s<5d (b)5p<6s<4f<5d (c)4f<5p<5d<6s (d)5p<5d<4f<6s

ANSWERS - Section - A
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. c
8. C
9. C
10. a
11. c
12. b
13. a
14. a
15. b

SECTION-B Short answer questions - (2 marks)

1. What is the physical significance of Ψ2?
2. Which orbital is non directional?
3. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle has no significance in our everyday life. Explain.
4. Out of 3d and 4s orbitals which is filled first?
5. How many electrons can be filled in all the orbitals with n+l=5?
6. Which one of the following electronic configurations is correct for chromium?
a) [Ar] 4s23d4 or b) [Ar]4s13d5? Justify your answer.
7. Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle with an example.
8. Designate the orbitals using s, p, d and f notations which are applicable: a) n=4, l=2 b) n=5, l=1.
9. Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in 3p orbitals.
10. (a)What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?
(b)An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals, Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this electron.
 ANSWERS
1. Ψ2 represents the probability of finding an electron. It is the probability of finding a particle
specified by a particular wave function.
2. S- orbital is spherically symmetrical i.e. it is non-directional. It has a spherical shape, like a hollow
ball.
3. In our daily life we can see only the moving macro and semi-micro-object’s. The mass of the
striking photons of light are too small to cause any shift in their position by the time the reflected photons
form the image of the object. For such particles, there is no problem in measuring the exact momentum
simultaneously. Thus, the principle has no relevance for such objects.
4. 4s orbital is filled first because it has lower energy. The energies of the orbitals can be compared
by their n+l values. For 4s orbital n+l (4+0) value is 4 while for 3d orbital, n+l (3+2) value is 5, Therefore
4s orbital is filled before3d orbital.
5. (n+l) =5 has 5s,4p and 3d orbitals with two, six and ten electrons respectively. Therefore, the total
number of electrons=18.
6. b) Ar]4s13d5is correct as half-filled orbitals are more stable than nearly half-filled orbitals due to
exchange energy and more symmetry.
7. Pauli’s exclusion principle: No two electrons can have all the four quantum numbers same.
Example: For Helium the three quantum numbers are same but fourth quantum number (spin quantum
number) is different. E.C. of He: 1s2
For 1st electron, n=1, l=0, m=0 and s=+1/2.
For 2nd electron n=1, l=0, m=0 and s= -1/2.
8. a) 4d b) 5p.
9. For 3p orbitals, n=3, l= 1
Number of angular nodes = l= 1
Number of radial nodes = n-l-1 = 3-1-1= 1.
10. (a) minimum value of n= 5
b) n=3, l=2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.

SECTION-C, Short answer questions - (3 marks)

1. Which of the followings are iso-electronic species, i.e. those having the same number of electrons?
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2–, Ar.
2. What is the uncertainty in locating its position? [Given, me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg] An electron speed
of 40 ms–1 accurate up to 99.9 percent.
3. Write the significance (one point) of each of the following:
a) Principal quantum number b) Azimuthal quantum number c) Magnetic quantum number.
4. State the following:
a) Aufbau principle, b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity c) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
5. Write the 3 points of difference between orbit and orbital.
6. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons.
Deduce (i)the number of protons and (ii) the electronic configuration of the element (iii) Identify the
element.
7. Table-tennis ball has a mass 10 g and a speed of 90 m/s. If speed can be measured within an
accuracy of 4%, what will be the uncertainty in speed and position?
8. (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml?
(ii) List the quantum numbers ml and l of electron in 3rd orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f.
9. The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing
energies. List if any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy
(i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -1/2 (ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 (iv) n = 3, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -111
(v) n = 3, l = l, ml = -1, ms = +1/2 (vi) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
10. Among the following pairs of orbitals, which orbital will experience more effective nuclear
charge (i) 2s and 3s (ii) 4d and 4f (iii) 3d and 3p?

ANSWERS
1. Na+(11 – 1 = 10), Mg2+ (12 – 2 = 10) have same number of electrons.
K+(19 – 1 = 18), Ca2+ (20 – 2 = 18), S2– (16 + 2 = 18), Ar (18) are iso-electronic, i.e. they have
same number of electrons.
2. Δx = 0.0144 m.
3. Significance of principal Quantum number(n): The principal quantum number determines the size
and to large extent the energy of the orbital. It also identifies the shell.
Significance of azimuthal Quantum number(l): It defines the 3-dimensional shape of the orbital.
Significance of magnetic Quantum number(m): It gives information about the spatial orientation of the
orbital with respect to standard set of co-ordinate axis.
4. a) Aufbau principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled with electrons in order
of their increasing energies. It means the lower energy orbitals are filled first followed by higher energy
orbitals.
b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: In the orbitals like p, d, f etc which have degenerate states, the
pairing of electrons takes place after all the orbitals getting singly filled.
c) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle: It is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and
exact momentum or velocity of subatomic particles like electrons.

5.
6. (i)For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
∴ Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
(iii) Copper.
7. (i) For n = 3; l = 0, 1 and 2.
For l = 0 ; ml = 0
For l = 1; ml = +1, 0, -1
For l = 2 ; ml = +2, +1,0, +1, + 2
(ii) For an electron in 3rd orbital ; n = 3; l = 2 ; ml can have any of the values -2, -1, 0, + 1, +2.
(iii) 1p and 3f orbitals are not possible
8. The electrons may be assigned to the following orbitals:
(i) 4d (ii) 3d (iii) 4p (iv) 3d (v) 3p (vi) 4p.
The increasing order of energy is:
(v) < (ii) = (iv) < (vi), = (iii) < (i)
9. Greater the penetration of the electron presents in a particular orbital towards the nucleus, more
will be the magnitude of the effective nuclear charge. Based upon this,
(i) 2s electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(ii) 4d electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(iii) 3p electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.

SECTION-D - (4 marks)
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
We can pin point an Aeroplan moving in the sky. Whatever may be its speed i.e. we can locate both its
exact position as well as direction. However, it is not possible to do so in case of a moving microscopic
particle such as electron. In fact, we cannot see any such particles without disturbing it. This has been
stated by Heisenberg in the form of uncertainty principle. The mathematical form of the principle is;
Δx. Δp≥ h/4π (constant). Since the product of Δx and Δp(mΔv) is constant, if one is very small, other is
bound to be large. The principle as such has no significance in daily life since it applies to those particles
which we cannot see.
A) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle rules out the exact simultaneous measurement of
a. Probability and intensity. b. charge density and radius.
c. Energy and velocity d. position and momentum.
B) If the uncertainty in the position of electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum would be;
a. Zero b. less than h/4pi b. Greater than h/4pi d. Infinite.

C) Given the mass of electron is 9.1 x 10-31 kg and velocity of electron is 2.2 x 106 m/s, if the uncertainty
in its velocity is 0.1%, the uncertainty in position would be;
a. 26 nm b. 32 nm c. 48 nm d. 50 nm

D) If uncertainty in position and momentum are equal, then the uncertainty in velocity is

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Orbitals are region or space where there is maximum probability of finding electrons.
Qualitatively, these orbitals can be distinguished by their size, shape and orientation. An orbital of small
size means there is more chance of finding the electron near the nucleus. Shape and orientation mean the
direction in which probability of finding electron is maximum. Atomic orbitals can be distinguished by
quantum numbers. Each orbital is designated by three quantum numbers n, l and ml (magnetic quantum
number) which define energy, shape and orientation but these are not sufficient to explain spectra of
multi-electrons atoms. Spin quantum number (ms) determines the spin of electron. Spin angular
momentum of electron has two orientations relative to chosen axis which are distinguished by spin
quantum numbers ms which can take values +1/2 and –1/2.
a) How many orbitals are associated with n = 3?
b) Describe the orbitals represented by (i) n = 2, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0.
c) How many electrons are possible in an orbital? Why?
d) What is shape of ’s’ and 'p' orbitals?

3. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the protons in the nucleus. As established earlier,
the charge on the proton is equal but opposite to that of electron. Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom = number of electrons in a neutral atom. protons and neutrons present in the
nucleus are collectively known as nucleons. The total number of nucleons is termed as mass number (A)
of the atom. mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (n). Isobars are the atoms
with same mass number but different atomic number for example, 6 14C and 7 14N. On the other hand,
atoms with identical atomic number but different atomic mass number are known as Isotopes. For
example, considering of hydrogen atom again, 99.985%of hydrogen atoms contain only one proton. This
isotope is called protium (1 1H). Rest of the percentage of hydrogen atom contains two other isotopes,
the one containing 1 proton and 1neutron is called deuterium (2 1D, 0.015%) and the other one
possessing 1 proton and 2neutrons is called tritium (1 3 T). The studies of interactions of radiations with
matter have provided immense information regarding the structure of atoms and molecules. Neils Bohr
utilized these results to improve upon the model proposed by Rutherford. Two developments played a
major role in the formulation of Bohr’s model of atom.

1. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is __________.

(a) Cr3+, Fe3+ (b) Fe3+, Mn2+ (c) Fe3+, Co3+ (d) Sc3+, Cr3+

[Link] have same mass number, different atomic number. These are isobars. In which of the following
pairs, the ions are isoelectronic?
(a) Na+, Mg2+ (b) Al3+, O– (c) Na+, O2– (d) N3–, Cl–

[Link] atoms are said to be isobars if.

(a) they have same atomic number but different mass number.
(b) they have same number of electrons but different number of neutrons.
(c)they have same number of neutrons but different number of electrons.
(d)sum of the number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different.

4. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Bohr's model explained electrons can revolve only in certain permitted orbits who’s angular
could successfully explain stability of atoms and spectrum of unielectron species. Hydrogen
spectrum consists of Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series. Bohr's theory could
not explain spectrum of multi-electron species, Stark effect, Zeeman effect, dual nature of
matter, de Broglie equation and Heisenberg uncertainty principle which lead to orbital
concept. Electrons were filled in orbitals according to Aufbau’s principle, Hund’s Rule and
Pauli's exclusion principle. Each electron is identified by four quantum numbers n, l, ml and
ms out which n, l, ml was derived from Schrodinger’s wave equation. Half-filled and
completely filled orbitals are more stable due to exchange energy and symmetrical distribution of
electrons.
a) Arrange 4d, 3d, 4p and 3p in increasing order of energy.
b) What is name of spectrum of radiation emitted by substance that has absorbed radiation?
c) What rules out the probability of existence of definite path of electrons?
d) Why are Half filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable?
 ANSWERS
1. a) d b) d c) a d) a
2. a) Number of orbitals = n2 = 32=9 orbitals, 3s, 3px, 3py, 3pz, 3dx2-y2, 3dz2, 3dxy, 3dyz and 3dzx.
b) (i) 2p (ii) 4s
c) Orbital can have maximum two electrons which must be of opposite spin.
d) 's' orbitals are spherical and 'p' orbitals have dumb-bell shaped.
3. 1. (b) Fe3+, Mn2+
2. (a) and (c).
3. (d) sum of number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different.
4. a) Ans. 3p < 3d < 4p < 4d
b) Ans. Emission spectrum.
c) Ans. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
d) Half-filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable due to exchange energy and
symmetrical distribution of electrons.

SECTION-E - (5 marks)
1. Using Aufbau principle, write the ground state electronic configuration of following atoms.
(i)Boron (Z = 5) (ii) Neon (Z = 10), (iii) Aluminium (Z = 13)
(iv) Chlorine (Z = 17), (v) Calcium (Z = 20)
2. State and explain the following:
(i) Aufbau principle
(ii) Pauli exclusion principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
3. What are quantum numbers? What permitted values can these have? Explain their significance.
4. (i) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions: (a) H (b) Na+ (c) 02- (d) F–.
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose outermost electronic configurations are
represented by: (a) 3s1 (b) Ip3 and (c) 3d6?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(a) [He]2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
ANSWERS
1. (i)Boron (Z = 5); 1s2 2s2 1p1
(ii)Neon (Z = 10); 1s2 2s2 2p6
(iii)Aluminium (Z = 13); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv)Chlorine (Z = 17); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(v)Calcium (Z = 20); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

2. (i) Aufbau Principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in the order of their
increasing energies. In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest-energy orbital available to them
and enter into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The order in which the energies of the orbitals increase and hence the order in which the orbitals are
filled is as follows:
Is, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p………………..
(ii) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum of two electrons and these must have
opposite signs.
For example: Two electrons in an orbital can be represented by
 The two electrons have opposite spin, if one is revolving clockwise, the other is revolving
anticlockwise or vice versa.
(iii) Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity: Electron pairing in p, d and/orbitals cannot occur until
each orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each or is single occupied.

3. Quantum numbers are a set of numbers that represent the position and energy of an electron in an atom.
The state of an electron in an atom or ion is defined by four quantum numbers, which yield solutions to
the Schrödinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom. There are four quantum numbers:

(i) ‘n’ is the principal quantum number. The quantity of the electron’s shell is the principal quantum
number, which is an integer. The quantity is one or more (never 0 or negative).

(ii) ‘l is orbital angular momentum quantum number (or azimuthal quantum number. The orbital’s form
is defined by the angular quantum number (l). Spherical (l = 0), polar (l = 1), or cloverleaf (l = 2) are
the best descriptions for orbitals. As the angular quantum number grows greater, they can take on
increasingly complicated shapes.

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (ml or m): characterises the subshell orbital. Having integer values range
from -l to l, the magnetic quantum number is the orbital’s orientation. As an outcome, for the p orbital,
where l=1, m might be -1, 0, or 1.

(iv) ‘ms’ stands for the electron spin quantum number. The spin quantum number is a half-integer
quantity that is either -1/2 (referred to as “spin down”) or 1/2 (referred to as “spin-up”) (called “spin
up”).

4. (i) (a) 1s2 (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (c) 1s22s22p6 (d) 1s22s22p6.
(ii) (a) Na (Z = 11) has outermost electronic configuration = 3s1
(b) N (Z = 7) has outermost electronic configuration = 2p3
(c) Fe (Z = 26) has outermost electronic configuration = 3d6
(iii) (a) Li (b) P (c) Sc
Copper: Cu (Correct Elect. Conf.) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (Fully filled elec.
conf.) → more stable.
So, the correct electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

Assertion - Reason Questions

In the following questions (1 to 5), a statement of assertion is followed by a corresponding
statement of reason. Of the following statements, choose the correct one:
A. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C. Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect statement.
D. Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct statement.

1 Assertion: Bohr model of atom fails in case of multi electron species.

Reason: It does not mention electron-electron repulsion.
Answer B
2 Assertion: Both position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined
simultaneously with maximum accuracy.
Reason: The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.
Answer C
3 Assertion: According to Thomson model of atom, mass of the atom is
assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom.
Reason: According to Thomson model of atom , positive charge is
concentrated in the centre of the atom.
Answer C
4 Assertion: Electronic configuration of helium is 1S2.
Reason: Hund’s rule demands that the configuration should display maximum
stability.
Answer B

5 Assertion: The outer electronic configuration of Cr and Cu are 3d54s1 and

10 1
3d 4s respectively.
Reason: Electrons are filled in orbitals in order of increasing energies given by
(n+l) rule.
Answer B

Very Short Answer Questions(one word or one sentence)(One mark questions)

1 In the multi-electronic atoms, indicate the orbital which has lower
energy? 4s or 3d?
Answer: 4s
2 How many unpaired electrons are present in zinc?
Answer: It has no unpaired electrons.
3 Write the electronic configuration of an element having atomic number 25.
Answer Mn- [Ar]184s23d5
4 Write de Broglie relation.
Answer: λ = h/mv (symbols have their usual significance).
5 Write the mathematical form of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
Answer: ∆x. ∆p ≥ h/4π (symbols have their usual significance).
6 State one defect of Bohr model of atom.

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Answer: It can not explain Stark effect.
7 Is an electron stationary in stationary energy state?
Answer: No, the electron is not stationary. Only the energy associated with it is
stationary.
8: State one point of Planck’s Quantum theory.
Answer: Atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy only in discrete
quantities and not in a continuous manner.
OR
The energy (E) of a quantum of radiation is proportional to its frequency and is given
by : E = hv ( h= planck constant = 6.626 x 10-34Js), v(neu) = frequency.
9 State Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Answer: No two electrons can have all the four quantum numbers same.
10 State all the four quantum numbers.
Answer: Principal quantum numbers, Azimuthal quantum numbers, magnetic
quantum number and spin quantum number.
11 Explain why atoms with half-filled and completely filled orbitals have extra
stability?
Answer: Due to exchange energy and symmetry.
12 Which quantum number specifies the shape of an orbital?
Answer: Azimuthal quantum number.
13 Which of the following orbitals are not possible?
2s,2p,3f,3d.
Answer: 3f
14 What do you understand by Hund’s rule?
Answer: For the orbitals like p,d,f which have degenerate states, the pairing of
electrons take pace after all the orbitals getting singly filled.
15 What are the shapes of the following orbitals: d and d .
xy z2

Answer: dxy has clover leaf shape (double dumb-bell) and d has dough-nut shape.
z2

Multiple Choice Questions (Single correct option)

1 A p-orbital can accommodate up to :
A) four electrons B) six electrons
C) two electrons with parallel spin D) two electrons with opposite spins
Answer: B
2 Principal quantum number of an atom is related to the:
A) size of the orbital B) spin angular momentum
C) orientation of the orbital in space D) orbital angular momentum
Answer: A
3 Quantum numbers n = 2, l = 1 represent:
A) 1s orbital B) 2s orbital C) 2p orbital D) 3d orbital
Answer: C
4 For principal quantum number n = 4, the total number of orbitals having l = 3
is : A) 3 B) 7 C) 5 D) 9
Answer: B
5 The electronic configuration of titanium is :
A) [Ar]184s23d1 B) [Ar]184s23d3 C) [Ar]184s23d2 D) [Ar]184s24p2
Answer C

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6 Which expression represents de Broglie relationship:
A) h/mv = p B) λ = h/mv C) λ = h/mp D) λm = v/p
Answer: B
7 Which of the following series of transitions in the spectrum of hydrogen falls in
visible region ?
A) Paschen series B) Lyman series C) Balmer series D) Brackett series
Answer: C
8 Which one of the following statements rules out the existence of definite paths
of electrons and other similar particles?
A) Pauli’s exclusion principle B) de Broglie relationship
C) Aufbau principle D) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Answer: D
9 Rutherford’s gold foil experiment drew the following conclusion:
A) mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom
B) an atom possesses a spherical shape in which the positive charge is
uniformly distributed
C) most of the space in the atom is empty
D) none of these
Answer: C
10 Half-filled and completely filled shells have extra stability due to :
A) Pauli’s exclusion principle B) Hund’s rule
C) Symmetrical distribution of electrons and exchange energy
D) Aufbau principle
Answer: C
Section-C: Two Marks Questions
1 State two postulates of Bohr model of atom.
Answer: Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom:
a. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in some selected permissible orbits
called stationary orbits.
b. The angular momentum of an electron in a stationary state is an integral multiple
of h/2π ( mvr = nh/2π).The symbols have their usual significances.

2 Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle with an example.

Answer: Pauli’s exclusion principle: No two electrons can have all the four quantum
numbers same.
Example: For Helium the three quantum numbers are same but fourth quantum
number (spin quantum number) is different.
E.C. of He: 1s2
For 1st electron , n=1,l=0,m=0 and s=+1/2.
For 2nd electron n=1,l=0,m=0 and s= -1/2.
3 Which one of the following electronic configurations is correct for
chromium? a) [Ar]18 4s23d4 or b) [Ar]18 4s13d5?
Justify your answer.
Answer: b) [Ar]18 4s13d5 is correct as half-filled orbitals are more stable than nearly
half-filled orbitals due to exchange energy and more symmetry.
4 Out of the following, which electronic configurations is correct for nitrogen?
Give reason in support of your answer.
a) 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz 1 b) 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz 0
c) 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py2 2pz 0
Answer: a) 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz 1 is correct.

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Reason: According to Hund’s rule, for the orbitals like p,d,f which have degenerate
states, the pairing of electrons take pace after all the orbitals getting singly filled.
5 Designate the orbitals using s, p, d and f notations which are applicable:
a) n=4, l=2 b) n=5, l=1
Answer a) 4d b) 5p.
6 Write the electronic configuration of the following ions?
a) Na+ b) O2-
Answer: a) Configuration of Na =1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 and Na+ =1s2 2s2 2p6
b) Configuration of O=1s2 2s2 2p4 and O2- =1s2 2s2 2p6

Three marks Questions

1a) Write de Broglie equation.
b) What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10
meter per second. Given : Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626 x10-34 Js.
Answer a): de Broglie equation: λ= h/mv (symbols have usual significances).
b) According to de Broglie equation: λ= h/mv
Given: h= 6.626 x 10-34 Js , m=0.1 kg , v= 10 m s-1
λ= h/mv = (6.626 x 10-34) / (0.1 x 10) = 6.626 x 10-34 m.
2 Write the significance (one point) of each of the following:
a) Principal quantum number b) Azimuthal quantum number
c) Magnetic quantum number.
Answer: Significance of principal Quantum number(n): The principal quantum
number determines the size and to large extent the energy of the orbital. It also
identifies the shell.
Significance of azimuthal Quantum number(l): It defines the 3-dimensional shape of
the orbital.
Significance of magnetic Quantum number(m): It gives information about the spatial
orientation of the orbital with respect to standard set of co-ordinate axis.
3 State the following: a) Aufbau principle, b) Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity c)Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
Answer: a) Aufbau principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled
with electrons in order of their increasing energies.
It means the lower energy orbitals are filled first followed by higher energy orbitals.
b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity:
In the orbitals like p, d, f etc which have degenerate states, the pairing of electrons
takes place after all the orbitals getting singly filled.
c) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle:It is impossible to determine simultaneously the
exact position and exact momentum or velocity of subatomic particles like electrons.

4a) The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 g is 10 m.-5

Calculate the uncertainty in its velocity.

(Given : h = 6.626x10 Js).
-34

Answer: According to Heisenberg Uncertainty principle :

∆x. ∆p ≥ h/4π
∆x. m(∆v) ≥ h/4π
Given: h= 6.626 x 10-34 Js , ∆x=10-5 m , m=10 g =10-2 kg .
∆v= h / 4πm(∆x)
∆v= (6.626 x 10-34)/(4 x 3.14 x 10-2 x 10-5) = 5.27 x 10-28 ms-1 (Ans)

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