Introduction

Chapter 1
 The Study of Chemistry
Macroscopic (巨觀) Microscopic (微觀)

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The scientific method (科學方法) is a
systematic approach to research

觀察 敘述 解釋

A hypothesis(假說;假設) is a tentative
explanation for a set of observations

tested modified

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A law (定律/定理) is a concise statement of a
relationship between phenomena that is
always the same under the same conditions.
Force = mass x acceleration (ex: truck)

A theory (理論;學說) is a unifying (統一)

principle that explains a body of facts and/or
those laws that are based on them.

Atomic Theory

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes
Matter is anything that occupies space and
has mass. (任何東西佔空間，具質量)
A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct
properties.(matter的一種型態，具有明確的組成與確切的性質)

liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals 5

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the

mixture is the same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not

uniform throughout.

cement,
iron filings in sand
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Physical means (物理方法) can be used to
separate a mixture into its pure components.

magnet

distillation

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An element (元素) is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means (化學方法) .
• 117 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur

• 35 elements have been created by scientists

technetium, americium, seaborgium
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9
A compound (化合物) is a substance composed
of atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions.

Compounds can only be separated into their

pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

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Classifications of Matter

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A Comparison: The Three States of Matter

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The Three States of Matter: Effect of a Hot
Poker on a Block of Ice

gas

liquid solid

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 Types of Changes

A physical change does not alter the composition

or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water

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 Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property (外延性質) of a material
depends upon how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
An intensive property (內含性質) of a material
does not depend upon how much matter is being
considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 15
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.

mass – measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon

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 International System of Units (SI)

流明（英语：Lumen），符号為lm（㏐）。
流明 是光通量的國際單位制的導出单位（derived unit），
是從一光源放射出的可見光的量度。

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18
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3

一度水?

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 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
density = d= V
volume

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

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21
A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = °C + 273.15
273 K = 0 °C
373 K = 100 °C

°F = 9 x °C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 °C
212 0F = 100 °C

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Convert 172.9 °F to degrees Celsius.

°F = 9 x °C + 32
5
°F – 32 = 9 x °C
5
5 x (°F – 32) = °C
9
°C = 5 x (°F – 32)
9
°C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
9

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 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer
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 Scientific Notation
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same

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 Scientific Notation

Multiplication
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
1. Multiply N1 and N2
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104–9 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 1.7 x 10-5

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 Significant Figures(有效位數)
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
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 How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 significant figures

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 Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

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 Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures

4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to

3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to

2 sig figs
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 Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths: 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3

Because 3 is an exact number

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Accuracy (準確性)– how close a measurement is to the true
value
Precision (精確性)– how close a set of measurements are to
each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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 Dimensional Analysis (因次分析) Method
of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L

1L L2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL

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The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this
speed in miles per hour?

conversion units

meters to miles

seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

m 1 mi 60 s 60 min mi
343 x x x = 767
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour

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 1.42 hint
• 1 short ton (US)=2000 pounds
• 1 long ton (UK)=2240 pounds
• 1 metric ton= 2204.62262 pounds

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