ampitn

omptn. cusrl duftuentcs

SOurce diffeuentc
belnncd
olp
tollar Her miunbelanced
e -olp
pknentary Ducl-
le
duk-ilp
Suclh
cy
Stoge
output input
Leved le
ncpseSerted
a by
ompita,
it mulistcqe
be
can
typical
op- a otationTepresnt ciaam Klcd
AMP
op-amp abbrewiatd
-to
intgtin.
D+ multipicadin
and Sbtractin,
alitim. suchoeiatiy
ay Madhemadica
awpify touccd device venatile a s 1B
ouspd and (ator trens lwl a
apltis
lferential moe
wealey ampiifiu
conili
gin hig couplc ct ci
amplihn
a is opercdicncl
An
Module-3
 The input stoge is the ducl- inpd. balanced - outpet
af ferental ampt This stage gencrelly
the ue ampi and allo ertatis hea
the opt Teistant o the op-amp.
anothes utecntial ampLfu,
driven
slag
by the cdprd ot the trt sBo
> To most amYp ifts the ks mediccle is decal inpul
unbalanced C pt Beeeeee cirect coupiny is UKd, the de
the oulpe of the \okrmeciate }s abo ve
grond potental.
Thecefore qeneiay the leuc tscnslator Cshif íng ) csCci t
S Uscd after the interme iae to shifH the de level
t the outp of the inter medict
stoe clown cnd tu 2esO
to
stags
Vo t wrth epc
> The toal stoge s puh pull complemeotary cmp 2it

cuput stog The outpt volseg stoee increy the outpt

voieg using and TOisey the cusrent spplng capabitty
c the opm Op-ap.

Schematic Symbo|
opsationel ampifir i shoon
The symtol tor
V
supoy
Inventiny
Output
vonvdiny
speky.
Schercdit symbl fr ee op-amp
 The device hay t 0 inpty and
Commn Conneli.
One the inpety is mar ked and the other is

The t) `iopet e the nonivcthng inpel An ae

pplicd to this input prodarca an n-pha signal t the

On thes oter hand, the C-) opcet is the tover thncg input
becaee an Cigral appLicd to thi inpat psoduee,
|80

V, - Voktcq non-invCTting iopt v)

at the iYcrtncg inpt )
otput vatteye)
vo
ee theu are mecsured oith feupee fo qod,

Amp Parametors
to
Gain H is clefnc c the ratio
much tohe op-amp
input NoHeg tt Yepresenh tA hous

Ar: Vout

the ctio
with a
af oudpt volteg to ipd votog
<male
propostm o4 the o p t etdbeek to the input.
Vout
CcaOredd
(oop
 Open -Loop votge gcànt The open Doop vog àn a
an oproctinal ampiften i defned ay tae tatio ot otpt
meayse with no eesbect
NoLSCG, to opd vottogr
ppitd. Vout
Avcos Vin
(o pen toop)

Topt Resistanee
operalinal amptn i
The npd Current
defocd the Lio opt votoe to iput on the
expresed vesy mueh odepender
ScmicodeettOY tenology empioyed.
Tt i
eitance
Rs Cvolt)
tae loput
Camu)

operatirmal amp ifn ie defned

to hot cdrct
Qrcit Output votage
the ratio a opcn
CLunen+ tprcGed
Outpus
Rot Vout coc)
Tot sc)
Cotmi)
Pout io volt.
open

CMRR Comnon Modde Boiction Ratio.

The ConmOn mode rejclim detned
eSsent ialy eoui vclert eoee n by ei
Scuera
VCioy

maneeturs.
 bplifi oRrational
ntene
comesponing
an
tpt in Vod hee
AVot byven gi
Vout
.3+ hoput unctin Stp
piftet Tepse
ato 7o tme
voktee output Change
ot
ampAn opesalimnal
sate the vovetiny
hang Tcle
o sleuo The * le
an ViN
belo shoon
votCg stp
opet rectangulon csben tme oth
Sleusrat
s
Rate Sleo
9° volo -mode Comm Acm
Vem
voCe moderommm-
Oudpt Vocm sthee
vottoye -mode common Vem
Vocm Acm
yeun votege mode COMAon
The
cleferic beCCn
A.
literenthal The
Aem.
Al CMRR
thed Acm; gan voke mode the to Aa
oAceuferentiel e rclio the detocd
ay be T+
 Bandicth t
The tee power bendeoicth tur n
oferadioal amplifAer
maimum unclistooted
eejui volent to tne frecqueney ct h the

Ccc) vole

Fnput ott Voteg

Tnput ctst voteqe s the vostoge
too npt terminaly CHot an op-amp to nuee the
bcen
T{ Vaci d Vde an de vovo Bequ
teq the inps otsd vottcge
This
V,o Cold be
CVac, - Vdc) is aangk1d by Vo valee cH Vio, the bettr
oelle the
poxtire ngative. The s
tfe icput ter riNcly ane metehed

le, is the
Lopt Biau Current The Topt biay curre
the ivoting and non-invrtng
auxrege
C te current thot lou 'nto
ioput temnay tte opr amp. +Vec

ToitT82 6
2

Dopud otst cusrent

inverttrc
atgearcie dttuence betoen the cursent 'oto the
The cOs cursent
refernd to as p
and non-inrerting trir

inverhng op
 -Ver
bsvmy in
ot ply punei rating ope
n
tstae Ro
Theven su KRo
Vottog
Source
¢ heveein
ocvalee
crceakt valet eci slos
ct
sieeltanoy Occr
that So
mocde Zafnit 6
Z
Hetionnoise mecleComnon
Ia CCMeR) reto
BeCan
that votg
shen (Vo)
am dine
ristanae
ho Odp Zso 3.
sounce signl
ceire Can
ay almoAt teat so
rutstanee
R, inpt lntnite 2
tics,
charactui
cal lechi
Amp op- ideal The
 Qreit shon the output valge

A-

invting ile teromnas

Vi votg ilp trmina.
inruting
Vo is
The equcion indicaty that
circtly Poportional igerae
to lnput vottogs ifeehee b toee
The otp amp a p ifiu
aplity Output
inpt voLinge, TeCOn polanity
the frie
votg.
Ope doop op- Amp configuntig. "no- conncodn.
)nlicaty that
ndi ca
The tim opn doop eits eteen

teiminal, That ,
4 'input inpt eiga,
fees bec frm
op config urein.
Connecl open

three opcn - toop op-amp configerlin.

l: Drfereudial Anp
2·
2:Jeiny tpsiten
Arpifin.
(OThe Diffesential Apf

4Vec

V2

Vini

tfevenhel Qp
toop itereutial a p incl
shoos te open- leop *to te
he poxitve 4
Vini

dittreeo Bethotcn the

aplif
Sxe dee op-anp conÁguseion cadle te
iput igualy ,tzes
too
difteretial Aplfp eiller
or le vot
Von coeld be
rutauee Rind Rin
Rinid Rin are normally
to stamee Ri
->The SOerCe
npt
ngbl copend to the ther senstorS
that
> Thercfore the vo2eg
to be 22T0, okich Lhen mpli
Ca
be ahened
Thuy
Vo

Thul beteen te t
votteg
the ideence
H limu confgunadimsgin
inpd voMagy. In open- toop
eommonly efed cpeo loop gun.
 The nvevtiog anpin)

A Vo-Vn
R,

Rin

Ampiftu
nveting ne inp is applicd and thct
In the inverting ampiiu only
noninvertg inpt
is to the inveting input terinal The
Since
tesminl grouncdid
Thuy Vo -AVin
indi cates tha -te oulyat voHee
The
inpt by
phau orth repLet to
amplif
Oppote polartyThuy n the iverting A
the 'inpt signal ampit by qen
ttie
alio

investing Ampifiu
Non -investing

Vid Vo AVi
Rin

ampifin
 shos tu open - oop non
-invnting agih,
tte
irput is appli cd to non-invrtng
kerminal and terminel is conneted
input
grnd.
They Vi Vin ¢ Vsov, Thercfore
Vo AVin.

A an phae oith the

Dp- hmp Appieeom

on

hous contgtin
On the Relatinkip
the ind TstoYS Ra R d Re,
feclback MitoT Re
tie csceit can Be ed as sumg
Scaling apifn
Ra
Vat
Rb

Ve 4Vec

t
Ra
Va Vt
erv)
R
Rom?
 From

Sinee R; anl A the op- mp ane

icdealay innity

Thereforti Va
Re
t Ve
RL
Vo

DSunmdng dpefin
the crcit , Ra: Rn Re R, then
Vo
R
v)
This that te oustput vottag is cqual
tte reiit
gnire Sum ct le puts dimes te gain f
crcuit is callecl

tte ontput vo
to tte ngetive
votcgy dy.
Vo - (VatVot Ve)

Aaplifin
plifl
ctifeent etor oeigltd
u en callecl
Ontput, ttu (g) sealig
Asugtidapifn. be acco mplilud 4 Ra R anl Re ane
This conolition
difet Re Re
scalig
plifin Vo Re
Re
va t
R ve)
Lolene Re R ft Re
Re
 Crcaeit
ercit,
The circuit ot Ag: Can
outpud volBege
tte
all dnput
input ruct
Tis is actomplilhed en,tte
Ra r Re eke Ri Tu addi
Cqual Vale .
be
oic

tte
neenbn inputs

They 4ehere ae 3inpute. conquenty.

Va t Vb + Ve
Vo 3

Non- irvuking Confyration

Ahows the non-inreting conguation.
The
Ri V

V a tV
R
+Va

ARi

tqt Non'nvei ng contquralin

 ceing cppropniats Vals to te te e t a l
henaton, t dhts tte Circtid i efeeato a
scattng
Te circeit

avgmgapiin thrcut
Vele c t sts, that R amd R

voteg R2 Vbt R2 Ve
Va t R+ R2

V, Va

Heue tte ospt vo l8 Va

odput Vo
tiney te
to tte
RF/R),lenee th name avnnging
anplifn ppliation reeguireent
Depending can S
oe s to a sprcidi c a l e
 will Be cqcall
tte

Thee barie cli/fenlney

amplitin ad invteay contgunatian
Bat uing inwntng
btecn t
phau rwsal occrs

inputy anol outpd

ange of the
nvating input [Link]
invting cvnagng apin
the oup the

Frem iputy t e Outpat

neenby

volteg
votegt
Va t Vb tVe

cireit TS callel non snvntiny Seanhg

Wence t u

aplitn.
 Bloe an instmentadtin Systm.
digam
Tranmiion line,

Ttesmecat Output
Payinl Sicg stag
Guacti ty
to be
meaeered Tsansdulen Jostrumentetin Trcli cotor and
ampif usiomctic Pio(y

any Indeutial ard Consumen appication

meaurement and contol o Phyeal Condi hons e vey impartart
for exampe prelse temperature Contol a platic
urnote neded to prcleuce a particeulon type of platic.
Genaliy tranilucen is Used t the meauriny ote to
cbtain the rcqurcd informoion teuly an safly.
ITansdeeen e ceuice thct conver one tormn of energ
)nto anothr.

An iitumentodion syctm is USd to meaeere the

by cL tnsdeeer and often to conto|
Cutput signcl produced
the phy sical Sigal producng
Composed af a pre -amplit
and some
The input Stag is
Soyt c transdecey, deperding on th physical qantiy to be

Use cle viCy sch y mettrs

chart
osilloscopes
Usd upeially en
The basardous
a remote tet site moni torog
temperatuve o lid levds
coneli 4i ony such ay high
tlamable chemioly
 from onit to uÔt.
These transmissios Linu pmit Sigral transter trem
The dength af the hansmission Sinu ependy prarily on
on the
thyscal uontidh to be monitorcd and on System rcqulrement
the
The signal f the instsumentodion ampiin s
SouTCe
Cetpet the transdeca.
levd oetpet signal a the transducen
the toco-
T6 ampiity the
So tht it can die the idicctor oY display is the major
ampLin.
function of the instrmetati'on
iostsumentation ampifn is tie intended
h short, the lhert los noik,
signl ampiftcation
for prcse low level TUstane ad
input
lo therml and tme
ane
aecurati cloKd - (oop go n Common -mode - rejchm
Beudy loco po Lon consumptinddeirable f superir
sles rat cne
Tatio, and hig
prformance ampifien, such ay
instrumertatien operation
malke o circui t
There an many and LHOo3 6
tfa
the eeA25, TeL760S
and accuraly
etremy stesle
expens)ve hey e Very prcie
Telaaively eletoiel pnametes,
stich most c the inpt sesifane
rceih in herey
spcial Purpose min)m2ed,
ane
optin od.
CMRR
 The Trteqator
the opt vo Hoq ccfrm i he
4 càreeit in chich
inkcgrat qf the inpd vo Hoge Locucfum i the intenetor
dhe indeqvalin anplifn. a bave inVering
circù
obteuncd by wng
Such seplaecd

k Cepociter Ce. be obtaincd

Vo can
otp vote
The cxprssi on fr the cd nou v
Iarchef CuYCNH equatin
by wng

ngogibly emaly
and
betscen curent throug
Recale that the relationip
the copaetr D

C dve

Vndt t c
35 1

V t Cse)

AVo T 27
Vo:

-05V
 Shon
n
*epns
of The
intgrato bane
+ricengulen a be oill
cqere
tine the to
Rice. constent
iopd
t e vo
ostional vertely and voteg otpud The
the toonel proporti irectly
ngei ve
constan
Therefore
F K
Vin
intgring by Telpecd
to sidy
both obtciuned bCan
adpt The
(-).
Vin Theefere
Vn-V
 Gun lds)

Aetcl repne et
prceital integrat
Rel atie

Both stabi lity ane thes too fequeney ctt.

be coTCctid by the cdti(n o
Prooterms Can

bloo gere.
Me

-Vo
35

The term stes+tty efers to c corte

te e deerecu
Also to -feeueney Yol[ ot refers
toon fcevei

rlatie

nd fr foequeneiy te a to
kequey
Aftn ta the galn decrecy
integrator.

a =
The Diferentiator
As it name implics , toe Circuit perform the mcthenatiel
Cpercein of dtretiaticn, that x, the outpud cfsm
is the detvative tu input oewe frrm,
The cffesentetor may con stucted ron lbaic
inVcoting ampitn if an pd reistor k,K, s Teplacid by
Capocitor C shot the ditereotiator
diferentidlon amplifin.

be ostcanel from krely'

C de

tnstautaeo
 follosu

Vee

inting amplitha
loPeg folous.
Called

In vo te fo lou the otpt vo tteeye

in phae wth the inpt [Link]-os taa lnpis
In otthes wscyhe vo Heeye ollouoen
tesmrel
+ the otpt votege fealbeck into the nvesting
o4 the ofamp
t The
Vo hu