PEEG 302 Fluid Mechanics and Heat
Transfer
Dr. Emad Alhseinat
Office: 255 Arzanah
Email: [Link]@[Link]
–
Course Outline
Foundations: Basic Concepts, Units & Conversions. Density in Gases
& Liquids, Viscosity in Gases and Liquids
– Fluid Statics: Fundamentals of Fluid Statics, Applications,
Examples. Incompressible fluids. Hydrostatic pressure distribution.
Standard Atmosphere. Measurement of pressure: Manometers
– The Balance Equation i.e. Mass, Energy, and momentum
balance and their application in Fluid Mechanics
– Application of Fluid Statics and Mass Balances
– Bernoulli Equation: Fluid Friction in Steady One-Dimensional
Flow
– Heat transfer fundamentals
– Introduction to heat exchangers
Grading
Assessment Methodology
Tentative Dates Weig
ht
Coursework: Quizzes 25%
Quiz 1 Week 4 (4 Feb)
Quiz 2 Week 6 (18 Feb)
Quiz 3 Week 9 (11 Mar)
Loading… Quiz 4 Week 13 (8 Apr)
Quiz 5 Week 16 (29 Apr)
Semester Examination Exam 1 Week 7 (25 Feb) 20%
1
Semester Examination Exam 2 Week 14 (15 Apr) 20%
2
Attendance & 5%
Assignment
Final Examination Final Exam TBA 30%
Office Hours: Monday: 10:30-11:30; appointment through email:
[Link]@[Link]
Textbook
• Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences by Y.
A. Cengel, J. M. Cimbala, and A. J. Ghajar, 6th
Edition, 2021. Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New
York, ISBN 9781260716979
•Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Noel de Nevers.,
McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2005. ISBN
9780071238243
Expectations
• What I expect from you?
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• What do you expect from me?
Global Look at Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering
• Four Laws comprise the field:
– Conservation of Mass: Compute Concentration
distributions
– Conservation of Energy: Compute Temperature
Distributions
– Conservation of Momentum: Compute Pressure and
Velocity distributions
– Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Properties and
concentration distributions.
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics is a study of fluids and the
forces acting on them.
Fluid statics – Study of fluid at rest
Fluid dynamics – Study of fluid in motion
Why study fluid mechanics?
Chemical and Petroleum Engineers
Petrochemical industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Biomedical industry
Power plants
Non-Chemical and Petroleum
Engineers
Airplane/Car/Boat design
Biomechanics
Sports
Weather forecast
Expected Learning Outcomes
No Course Learning Outcomes
Define the concepts of fluid mechanics and its
1
application in Chemical Engineering.
Develop a solid understanding of concepts of fluid
2
statics
Apply fluid statics for chemical engineering
3
application
Show ability to apply Bernoulli equation in
4
Chemical Engineering application
5 Design simple liquid piping systems and pumps
Develop a sound knowledge in understanding
6 common dimensionless groups in Fluid Mechanics
Develop the ability to apply fluid mechanics
7 concept
What is a fluid?
• Gas? Liquid? Solids?
• Properties that classify a substance as fluid
– Deformable?
– Flowable?
– Continuous phase?
Definition of a fluid
• A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously
under the application of a shear (tangential) force
• Solids can deform under shear forces but can return
to its original form when the shear forces is removed
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Fluid normally takes the form of liquid or gas
Properties of fluid
• Fluid statics Each property can change with location
– Density (x,y,z) and time (t)
– Viscosity
– Surface tension ρ = ρ ( x, y , z , t )
– Mass dρ
=0 steady state
– Volume dt
– Temperature dρ None of them valid =
– Pressure =0 3-Dimentional flow
dx
• Fluid mechanics dρ 1 of them valid =
– Velocity =0 2-Dimentional flow
dy
– Stress 2 of them valid =
dρ 1-Dimentional flow
=0
dz
Forces and stress
• Stress is force per unit
area
• Normal stress
– Force acts perpendicular
to surface
• Tensile
• Compressive (e.g.
pressure)
• Shear Stress
– Force acts tangentially to
surface
– For a given shear rate,
the shear stress is directly
proportional to the
viscosity of fluid
Pressure
• In hydrostatic situations (fluid at rest)
– fluid molecules are in a state of compression
– degree of compression is measured by pressure
(scalar quantity)
– By definition, p = F/A (has units of a stress)
– The value of pressure at a point is independent
of the orientation of any area associated with it
• In moving fluids, the normal stresses
include both a pressure and extra stresses
caused by the motion of the fluid
• Absolute pressure = gauge pressure +
atmospheric pressure
Velocity
• Distance traveled over time
• Space and Time dependent
• Velocity units:
– SI is m/s
– In gas Industry commonly used is m/s or ft/s
– Usual ranges for liquids is 1 to 2 m/s for gases is
10 to 20 m/s.
X-Flowrate
• Mass vs. Mole vs. Volumetric Flow rates:
• Conversion between them:
– Volume to mass requires density.
– Volume to mole requires molar density (or molar
volume).
– Mass to mole requires molecular weight.
• Units: kg/h, lb/h, kmol/h, Nm3/h, m3/h, ft3/h
• Question: For home: the Brent oil price is 50 $/barrel.
What will be the price on per litter basis in dirhams?
Density & Specific Gravity
• Defined as: Mass or Mole per unit volume.
• Its inverse is called the molar volume or the mass
volume.
• It is an intrinsic thermodynamic property that is a
function of P, T and composition.
• Will talk about it in details soon.
• Example units: kg/m3, lb/ft3, API gravity.
• Specific gravity is defined as: ratio of density to the
density of a certain fluid at a selected P, T.
Viscosity
• Material internal resistance to flow.
• SI Units: Pa.s or cP.
• Will be discussed in detail later.
• Kinematic viscosity is a combination of the
viscosity with the density = viscosity / density.
Surface Tension
• Surface tension exists only on
surfaces of liquids at
interfaces with other phases.
• Only relevant in multi-phase
flow.
• Units are: N/m or J/m2.
Wikipedia
• Typical dependency on T.
Basic laws
• To understand the basic principles and
concept of fluid mechanics, we need forms
of the following:
– Conservation of mass (Continuity)
– Newton’s second law of motion
– The first law of thermodynamics
• Put simply, the laws of fluid mechanics
amount to conservation of mass, energy, and
momentum.
General Advice
• Once you see non SI units switch to SI always.
• Always draw your system before solving it, in
order to make sure of proper visualization of
the problem.