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m2 Formulas

The document outlines fundamental concepts in probability and statistics, including basic probability formulas, random variables, and various probability distributions. It covers measures of central tendency, dispersion, correlation, curve fitting, and tests of significance. Key formulas and definitions are provided for each topic, making it a comprehensive guide for understanding these statistical principles.

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arpitadhukia68
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3 views5 pages

m2 Formulas

The document outlines fundamental concepts in probability and statistics, including basic probability formulas, random variables, and various probability distributions. It covers measures of central tendency, dispersion, correlation, curve fitting, and tests of significance. Key formulas and definitions are provided for each topic, making it a comprehensive guide for understanding these statistical principles.

Uploaded by

arpitadhukia68
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIT I -Basic Probability & Random

Variables

Basic Probability Formulas

1. Additive Law:
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B)

2. Conditional Probability:

Fl'.AIB) = ~;t), if Fl'.B) 1- 0

3. Independent Events:
P(A n B) = P(A) • P(B)

4. Bayes' Theorem:

P(AIB) = P(BIA) • P(A)


P(B)

Random Variables {Discrete)

5. Probability Mass Function {PMF):

P(X = xi) = Pi, LPi =1

6. Expectation {Mean):
E(X) = Lxipi

7. Variance:
Var(X) = E(X 2 ) - [E(X)] 2

8. Standard Deviation:

u = JVar(X)
UNIT II - Continuous Probability
Distribution & Distributions

Continuous Random Variables

9. Probability Density Function (PDF):

1: f(x)dx =l

10. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF):

F(x) = 1: f(t) dt

11. Expectation (Mean):

E(X) = 1: xf(x)dx

12. Variance:

Var{X) = 1: (x - µ) 2 f(x) dx

Probability Distributions

13. Binomial Distribution:

14. Poisson Distribution:

15. Normal Distribution:


1 (x-1,) 2
J(x) = --e-"Ta2
a./'in-

16. Exponential Distribution:


f(x) = .Xe-Ax, x >0
UNIT Ill - Basic Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency

17. Mean:
- Exi
x=--
n

18. Median:

• For grouped data:

Median= l + (~~~ · h

19. Mode:

• For grouped data:

Mode = l + ( 2 / 11-/.o-
fo f ) • h
2

20. Geometric Mean (GM}:

21. Harmonic Mean (HM}:

HM - _!!:_
-E;i

Dispersion

22. Range:
Range = Max - Min

23. Standard Deviation:

"= ✓L,(x,n- X)2


20. Geometric Mean (GM):

21. Harmonic Mean (HM):


n
HM=E1
X;

Dispersion

22. Range:
Range = Max - Min

23. Standard Deviation:


2
u= ✓L,(x~-i)

24. Coefficient of Variation (CV):


u
CV=-=- x 100
X

Correlation

25. Karl Pearson's Correlation:


E(x - x)(y-y)
r = ---=:::::::::::::======
JE(x - x)2 E(y-f;)2

26. Spearman's Rank Correlation:


6Ed~
r=l- i
n(n2 -1)

27. Regression Line (Von X):


Y= a+bX
where
b = E(x - x)(y - fl)
E(x - x)2
UNIT IV - Curve Fitting & Test of
Significance

Curve Fitting

28. Straight Line:


y=a+bx

Using normal equations:

LY=na+bI:x, Lxy=aI:x+bLx2

29. Second Degree (Parabola):


y =a+ bx+ cx 2

30. Exponential Curve:


y = abx or y = aebx

Test of Significance

31. t-Test (Mean difference):


x-µ
t=--
s/fo

32. t-Test (Two sample):


- -
t=-X--;::::1=X=2
2 2
~+~
n1 ni

33. Chi-square test:

x2 = L (o ~E)2

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