1 Nuclear Heat Transport

Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

Chapter 4
Reactor Heat Generation
2 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-1
Known;
𝑈𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 ; 10% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑, 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 50% 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 ; @500℉; 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Find;
𝑁𝑓𝑓 =?

Analysis;
𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = × 𝜌𝑓𝑓 × 𝑖
𝑀𝑓𝑓

𝜌𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟𝑓𝜌𝑓𝑚 ; 𝜌𝑓𝑚 = 0.5 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.5 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

→ 𝜌𝑓𝑓 = 0.5 𝑟𝑓𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

(𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸 − 1 → 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 @500℉ = 49.618 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑔𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 5 → 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ≡ 49.618 × 0.01602 = 0.795 𝑐𝑚3

𝑟𝑀𝑓𝑓 +(1−𝑟)𝑀𝑛𝑓
𝑓= → 𝑓 = 0.65
𝑟𝑀𝑓𝑓 + 1−𝑟 𝑀𝑛𝑓 +𝑀(𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 )

6.022×10 23
→ 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = × 0.5 × 0.1 × 0.65 × 0.795 × 1
235.0439
→ 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 6.620 × 1019 # 𝑐𝑚3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
3 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-2
Known;
𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 20%𝑃𝑢239 𝑂2 + 80%𝑈 238 𝑂2 ;
𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑓𝑚 = 10 𝑐𝑚3
Find;
𝑎) 𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 , 𝑁𝑈 238 =? ;
𝑏) 𝑇𝑕𝑒 % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 , 𝑈 238 =? (𝑖𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 1𝑀𝑒𝑉)
𝑐) 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 2𝑀𝑒𝑉

Analysis;
𝐴𝑣
a) 𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 = × 𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 × 𝑖
𝑀𝑃𝑢 239

𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 𝑂2 = 0.2 × 𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 𝑂2 𝑈𝑂2 = 0.2 × 10 = 2 𝑐𝑚3
𝑀𝑃𝑢 239 239
𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 = 𝑓𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 𝑂2 ; 𝑓 = = = 0.88
𝑀𝑃𝑢 239 +𝑀𝑂 2 239+32
𝑔𝑟
→ 𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 = 0.88 × 2 = 1.7638 ;𝑖 = 1
𝑐𝑚3

6.022×10 23
→ 𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 = × 1.7638 × 1
239
→ 𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 = 4.44 × 1021 # 𝑐𝑚3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝑈 238 = 𝑁𝑈 = × 𝜌𝑈 238 × 𝑖
𝑀𝑈 238

𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑈𝑂2 = 0.8 × 𝜌𝑃𝑢 239 𝑂2 𝑈𝑂2 = 0.8 × 10 = 8 𝑐𝑚3
4 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝑀𝑈 238 238
𝜌𝑈 238 = 𝑓𝜌𝑈𝑂2 ; 𝑓 = = = 0.8814
𝑀𝑈 238 +𝑀𝑂 2 238+32
𝑔𝑟
→ 𝜌𝑈 238 = 0.8814 × 8 = 7.052 𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝑖 = 1

6.022×10 23
→ 𝑁𝑈 238 = × 7.052 × 1
238
→ 𝑁𝑈 238 = 17.84 × 1021 # 𝑐𝑚3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

𝛴𝑓
𝑃𝑢 239
b) % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 =
𝛴𝑓 +𝛴𝑓 238
𝑃𝑢 239 𝑈
𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 𝜍 𝑓
𝑃𝑢 239
→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 =
𝑁𝑃𝑢 239 𝜍 𝑓 +𝑁𝑈 238 𝜍 𝑓 238
𝑃𝑢 239 𝑈

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 5 (@ 1 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≡ 106 𝑒𝑉) → 𝜍𝑓 𝑃𝑢 239 = 1.6 𝑏

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 6 (@ 1 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≡ 106 𝑒𝑉) → 𝜍𝑓 𝑈 238 = 0.02 𝑏

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 =
4.44×10 21 ×1.6×10 −24
= 0.952
4.44×10 21 ×1.6×10 −24 +17.84×10 21 ×0.02×10 −24
→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 = 95.2% [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑈 238 = 1 − 0.952 = 0.0478

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑈 238 = 4.8% [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

c)
𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 5 (@ 2 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≡ 2 × 106 𝑒𝑉) → 𝜍𝑓 𝑃𝑢 239 = 2 𝑏
𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 6 (@ 2 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≡ 2 × 106 𝑒𝑉) → 𝜍𝑓 𝑈 238 = 0.56 𝑏
5 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 =
4.44×10 21 ×2×10 −24
= 0.468
4.44×10 21 ×2×10 −24 +17.84×10 21 ×0.56×10 −24
→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑢239 = 46.8% [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑈 238 = 1 − 0.468 = 0.532

→ % 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑈 238 = 53.2% [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
6 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-3
Known;
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚𝐻𝑒 = 2.07 × 107 𝑕𝑟 ; 𝑇𝑖 = 800 ℉ ≡ 1260 𝑅;

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑕𝑖𝑡𝑒 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑; 𝑃 = 2000 𝑀𝑊(𝑡)

Find;
𝜍𝑓 =?

Analysis;
𝑃 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸 − 2 → 𝐶𝑝 𝐻𝑒 = 1.248 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 ℉

𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 11 → 2000 𝑀𝑊 𝑡 ≡ 6.83 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
6.83×10 9
→ ∆𝑇 = = 264.38 ℉
2.07×10 7 ×1.248

∆𝑇 = 264.38 ℉ ; 𝑇1 = 800 ℉
→ 𝑇2 = 800 + 264.38 = 1064.38 ℉
𝑇1 +𝑇2
→ 𝑇𝑎𝑣 . = = 932.19 ℉ ≡ 500.1 ℃
2

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝑓 𝑇 𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5
𝑇
𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 → 𝑓 𝑇 @𝑇𝑎𝑣 . =500 ℃ = 0.91 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈 235 − 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓 0 235 = 577.1 𝑏 ; 𝑇0 = 293 𝐾 ; 𝑇 = 773 𝐾
𝑈

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.91 × 577.1 × ( ) = 286.53 𝑏 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
773
7 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-4
Known;
𝑈𝑂2 3% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 ; 𝑇 = 500 ℉ ; 𝑃 = 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ;

𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ;

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1: 1.9 ;

2 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1/𝑉 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑕𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛

Find;
𝜍𝑓 =?

Analysis;
𝑉 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 1
=
𝑉𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 1.9
𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 1 𝑉𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1.9
→ = = 34.48% ; = = 65.52%
𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 1+1.9 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 1+1.9

235
𝑁𝑈 235 = 7.115 × 1020 𝑈 𝑐𝑚3 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 (𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4 − 1)

→ 𝑁𝑈′ 235 = 7.115 × 1020 × 0.3448 =

235
2.4532 × 1020 𝑈 𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝐻 = 2 𝑁𝐻2 𝑂 ; 𝑁𝐻2 𝑂 = × 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂
𝑀𝐻 2 𝑂

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐸 → 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 = 49.618
@500 ℉, 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑡 3
8 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝑔𝑟
→ 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 ≡ 0.7948 𝑐𝑚3

6.022×10 23
→ 𝑁𝐻 = 2 × × 0.7948 = 5.32 × 1022 𝐻 𝑐𝑚3 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
18

→ 𝑁𝐻′ = 5.32 × 1022 × 0.6552 = 3.485 × 1022 𝐻 𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

235 𝑁𝑈′ 235 2.4532×10 20

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑈 𝐻= 𝑁𝐻′ = = 0.007
3.485×10 22

→ 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 4 → 𝜍𝑓 0 = 420 𝑏

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.851 𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5 ; 𝑇 = 500℉ ≡ 260℃ ≡ 533 𝐾
𝑇
293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.851 × 420 × = 265.0019 𝑏
533
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 265 𝑏 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
9 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-5
Known;
𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) ; 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙: 𝑈𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 ;

10% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 𝑂 @500 ℉

𝑔𝑟
𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 1014 ; 𝜌𝑓 = 0.255 𝑐𝑚3 ;
Find;
𝐻
𝑞 ′′′ (0.499𝑅 , ) =?
4

Analysis;
𝑞 ′′′ = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑

𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 → 𝑞 ′′′ = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐽0
𝐻 𝑅
(𝐵𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕)

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 190
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 𝑁𝑈 235 = × 𝜌𝑈 235
𝑀𝑈 235

𝜌𝑈 235 = 𝑟 𝜌𝑈 ; 𝜌𝑈 = 𝑓𝜌𝑈𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 ; 𝜌𝑈 235 = 𝑟𝑓𝜌𝑈𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 ; 𝑟 = 0.1 ;

𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑈𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4 = 0.255 𝑐𝑚3

𝑟𝑀𝑈 235 + 1−𝑟 𝑀𝑈 238

𝑓=
𝑟𝑀𝑈 235 + 1−𝑟 𝑀𝑈 238 +𝑀 𝑂2 𝑆𝑂4
10 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

0.1×235.0439+0.9×238.0508
→𝑓=
0.1×235.0439+0.9×238.0508+32+6×16
→ 𝑓 = 0.65

6.022×10 23
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = × 0.1 × 0.65 × 0.255
235.0439
→ 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 4.25 × 1019 # 𝑐𝑚3

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5
𝑇

𝑇 = 500 ℉ ≡ 260 ℃ ≡ 533 𝐾

𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓 0 235 = 577.1 𝑏 ; 𝑇0 = 293 𝐾
𝑈

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 577.1 × = 379.2 𝑏
533
−24 2
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 379.2 × 10 𝑐𝑚

𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 𝐽0 ( )
𝐻 𝑅
𝐻
𝜋× 4 2.405 × 0.499𝑅
→ 𝜑 = 1014 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 𝐽0 ( )
𝐻 𝑅
𝜋 2 𝐴𝑝𝑝 .𝐶→𝐽 0 1.2 =0.6711
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 2

→ 𝜑 = 0.475 × 10 14 #
𝑠. 𝑐𝑚2

→ 𝑞 ′′′ = 190 × 4.25 × 1019 × 379.2 × 10−24 × 0.475 × 1014

→ 𝑞 ′′′ = 1.45447 × 1014 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 𝑞 ′′′ = 2.251 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
11 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-6
Known;
𝑈𝑂2 3% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 ; 𝑛 = 10000 ; 𝑇 = 500 ℉ ;

𝐻 = 20 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.6 𝑖𝑛 ; 𝐷𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 8 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 1013

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ; 𝐻𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ;

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕𝑠

Find;
𝑄𝑡 =?

Analysis;
′′′
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4 − 4 → 𝑄𝑡 = 0.289 𝑛 𝐴𝑠 𝐻 𝑞𝑐𝑜

𝜋 (1.524)2
𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.6 𝑖𝑛 ≡ 1.524 𝑐𝑚 → 𝐴𝑠 = = 1.82 𝑐𝑚2
4

𝐻 = 20 𝑓𝑡 ≡ 609.6 𝑐𝑚

′′′
𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 180
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 7.115 × 1020 # 𝑐𝑚3 (𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4 − 1)

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝑓 𝑇 𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5
𝑇
12 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 𝐷2 𝑂 , 𝑇𝑎𝑣 . = 500 ℉ ≡ 260 ℃ ≡ 533 𝐾

→ 𝑓 𝑇 = 0.93

𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓 0 = 577.1 𝑏

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.93 × 577.1 × ( )
533
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 352.64 𝑏

′′′
→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 180 × 7.115 × 1020 × 352.64 × 10−24 × 1013
′′′
→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 4.5163 × 1014 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3
′′′
→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 72.35 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑚3

→ 𝑄𝑡 = 0.289 × 10000 × 1.82 × 609.6 × 72.35

→ 𝑄𝑡 = 231.98 × 103 𝑘𝑊 𝑡 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
13 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-7
Known;
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑕𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ; 𝐻 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ;

𝐷 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 1013 ; 𝜆𝑒 = 0.5 𝑓𝑡 ;

𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 6 × 1020 # 𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝑇 = 500 ℉ ≡ 260 ℃ ≡ 533 𝐾 ;

Find;
𝑞 ′′′ (𝑟 = 0.832 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1.667 𝑓𝑡) =?

Analysis;
𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 → 𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 𝐽0 ( )
𝐻𝑒 𝑅𝑒

𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻 + 2𝜆𝑒 = 4 + 2 × 0.5 = 5 𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅 + 𝜆𝑒 = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 190 (𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠)
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝑓(𝑇)𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5
𝑇

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 → 𝑓 𝑇 = 0.93
𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓 0 = 577.1 𝑏

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.93 × 577.1 × ( )
533
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 352.64 𝑏
14 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝜋×1.667 2.405×0.832
→ 𝜑 = 1013 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) × 𝐽0 ( )
5 2.5
0.4998 𝐴𝑝𝑝 .𝐶→0.8463

→ 𝜑 = 4.23 × 1012 # 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚2

𝑞 ′′′ = 190 × 6 × 1020 × 352.64 × 10−24 × 4.23 × 1012

→ 𝑞 ′′′ = 1.6977 × 1014 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 𝑞 ′′′ = 2.6276 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
15 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-8
Known;
𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 ; 𝐻 = 4.8 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐷𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ;

𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 1013 ; 𝜍𝑓 = 500 𝑏 ; 𝑈𝑂2 20% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑

𝜆𝑒 = 0.186 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ;

𝜆𝑒 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Find;
′′′
𝜑 @ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑠 =? ; 𝑞𝑀𝑎𝑥 =?

Analysis;
𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
𝑎) 𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐽0
𝐻𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝐻
@(𝑟 = 𝑅 = 2 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑧 = ± = 2.4 𝑓𝑡)
2

𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻 + 2𝜆𝑒 = 4.8 + 2 × 0.3 = 5.4 𝑓𝑡

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅 + 𝜆𝑒 = 2 + 0.186 = 2.186 𝑓𝑡

𝜋×2.4 2.405×2
→ 𝜑 = 1013 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) × 𝐽0 ( )
5.4 2.186
0.174 𝐴𝑝𝑝 .𝐶→0.1104

→ 𝜑 = 1.921 × 1011 # 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚2 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

′′′
𝑞𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 180 (𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙)
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
16 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 𝑁𝑈 235 = × 𝜌𝑈 235 = × 𝑟 × 𝑓 × 𝜌𝑈 235
𝑀𝑈 235 𝑀𝑈 235

𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑈 235 = 10.5 𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝑟 = 0.2

𝑟𝑀𝑈 235 + 1−𝑟 𝑀𝑈 238

𝑓=
𝑟𝑀𝑈 235 + 1−𝑟 𝑀𝑈 238 +𝑀 𝑂2
0.2×235.0439+0.8×238.0508
→𝑓= = 0.8812
0.2×235.0439+0.8×238.0508+2×16

6.022×10 23
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = × 0.2 × 0.8812 × 10.5
235.0439
→ 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 4.74 × 1021 # 𝑐𝑚3

′′′
→ 𝑞𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 180 × 4.74 × 1021 × 500 × 10−24 × 1013
′′′
→ 𝑞𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 4.266 × 1015 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3
′′′
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 𝑞𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 6.6025 × 107 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 3 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
17 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-9
Known;
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑕𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ;

𝑈 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑕𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ;

𝑆𝑝𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ; 𝐷 = 200 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 1020 # 𝑐𝑚3 ;

𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 1013 ; 𝑇𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 = 550 ℉ ; 𝑅𝑒 = 104.3 𝑐𝑚 ;

Find;
𝑄𝑡 =?

Analysis;
𝑅 𝜋𝑟 𝑅𝑒 𝜋𝑟 𝑅
𝑄𝑡 = 1.175 × 10−5 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝑅𝑒 𝜑𝑐𝑜 [( 𝑒 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝜋 𝑅𝑒 𝜋 𝑅𝑒 0
(𝐸𝑞. 4 − 23 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)

𝐷 = 200 𝑐𝑚 → 𝑅 = 100 𝑐𝑚

𝑇
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝑓 𝑇 𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5
𝑇

𝑇𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 = 550 ℉ ≡ 287.78 ℃ ≡ 561 𝐾 , 𝐷2 𝑂 ;

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 → 𝑓 𝑇 = 0.93
𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓 0 = 577.1 𝑏

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.93 × 577.1 × ( )
561
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 343.73 𝑏
18 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝑄𝑡 = 1.175 × 10−5 × 1020 × 343.73 × 10−24 × 104.3 ×

104.3 2 𝜋×100 104.3 𝜋×100
1013 × [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝜋 104.3 𝜋 104.3
12 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 1.4468 × 10 𝑕𝑟 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
19 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-10
Known;
𝐻𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑊𝑅 ; 𝑈𝑂2 3% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 ;

𝐷𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 6.25 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐻𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 8.5 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐷𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 0.3 𝑖𝑛 ;

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑄𝑡 = 53 𝑀𝑊(𝑡) ; 𝑚 = 4 × 106 𝑕𝑟 ; 𝑛 = 20000 ;

𝑇𝑖 = 460 ℉ ; 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕𝑠

Find;
𝜑𝑐𝑜 =?

Analysis;
′′′
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 30𝑏 → 𝑄𝑡 = 0.289 𝑛 𝐴𝑠 𝐻 𝑞𝑐𝑜

𝜋(0.762)2
𝐷𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 0.3 𝑖𝑛 ≡ 0.762 𝑐𝑚 → 𝐴𝑠 = = 0.456 𝑐𝑚2
4
𝐻𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 8.5 𝑓𝑡 ≡ 259.08 𝑐𝑚

′′′ 53 ×10 6 𝑊(𝑡)

→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = = 77.615
0.289×20000 ×0.456×259.08 𝑐𝑚3
′′′
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 4.845 × 1014 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3

′′′
𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 180
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
‫‪20 Nuclear Heat Transport‬‬
‫‪Problem’s Solutions‬‬
‫‪M. M. EL-WAKIL‬‬

‫)‪𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 7.115 × 1020 # 𝑐𝑚3 (𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4 − 1‬‬

‫باید از منودارآب معمولی استفاده کنیم ولی بو دلیل کمبود اطالعات؛‬

‫𝑇‬
‫‪𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 𝑓(𝑇)𝜍𝑓 0 ( 0 )0.5‬‬
‫𝑇‬

‫;)𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐸 𝑑𝑛𝑎 𝑦𝑟𝑇( ‪𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇0‬‬

‫𝑇∆ 𝑝𝐶𝑚 = 𝑄‬
‫℉ ‪𝑇𝑖 = 460‬‬
‫𝑚𝑏𝑙‬
‫‪𝑚 = 4 × 106‬‬ ‫𝑟𝑕‬
‫‪460+480‬‬
‫= ‪𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑇0 = 480 ℉ → 𝑇𝑎𝑣 .‬‬ ‫℉ ‪= 470‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫℉ 𝑏𝑙 𝑢𝑡𝐵 ‪𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸 − 1 𝑃𝑊𝑅 @ 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 → 𝐶𝑝 = 1.12‬‬
‫𝑚‬
‫𝑟𝑕 𝑢𝑡𝐵 ‪𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 11 → 𝑄𝑡 = 1.80836 × 108‬‬
‫‪1.80836 ×10 8‬‬
‫= ‪→ ∆𝑇 = 𝑇0 − 460‬‬ ‫℉ ‪= 40.365‬‬
‫‪4×10 6 ×1.12‬‬
‫℉ ‪→ 𝑇0 = 500.365‬‬
‫‪460+500‬‬
‫= ‪𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑇0 = 500℉ → 𝑇𝑎𝑣 .‬‬ ‫℉ ‪= 480‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫℉ 𝑏𝑙 𝑢𝑡𝐵 ‪𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸 − 1 𝑃𝑊𝑅 @ 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 → 𝐶𝑝 = 1.13‬‬
‫𝑚‬
‫‪1.80836 ×10 8‬‬
‫= ‪→ ∆𝑇 = 𝑇0 − 460‬‬ ‫℉ ‪= 40‬‬
‫‪4×10 6 ×1.13‬‬
‫)𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑎( ℉ ‪→ 𝑇0 = 500‬‬

‫‪460+500‬‬
‫= ‪𝑇0 = 500 ℉ → 𝑇𝑎𝑣 .‬‬ ‫𝐾 ‪= 480℉ ≡ 248.89℃ ≡ 522‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 → 𝑓 𝑇 = 0.93‬‬
21 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝐴𝑝𝑝. 𝐵 → 𝜍𝑓0 = 577.1 𝑏

293 0.5
𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.93 × 577.1 × ( )
522
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 356.34 𝑏

′ ′′
𝑞 𝑐𝑜 4.845×10 14
→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = =
𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍 𝑓 180×7.115×10 20 ×356.34×10 −24

→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 10.62 × 1012 # 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚2 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

22 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-11
Known;
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑕𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 ; 𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ; 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 ;

20% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 ; 𝑎 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝑛 = 4900 ; 𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.45 𝑖𝑛 ;

𝑄𝑡 = 5 × 108 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 ; 𝑇 = 500 ℉ ; 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑕𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ;

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 ;

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕𝑠

Find;
𝜑𝑎𝑣 . =? ; 𝜑𝑀𝑎𝑥 =?

Analysis;
𝑎)
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 → 𝑧 = 0
1 1 𝑎 𝑎
𝜑𝑎𝑣 . = 𝜑 𝑑𝐴 → 𝜑𝑎𝑣 . = 2 2
𝐴 𝐴 − 𝑎 −𝑎 𝜑 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
𝑧 = 0 → 𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑎 𝑎 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
→ 𝜑𝑎𝑣 . = 2 2 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎2 −𝑎 2 −𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜 𝑎 𝑎
𝜑 𝑐𝑜 2𝑎 2 4
→ 𝜑𝑎𝑣 . = → 𝜑𝑎𝑣 . = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
𝑎2 𝜋 𝜋2

𝑏)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2 𝜋𝐻
→ 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑐′′′ 𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 2𝐻𝑒
23 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

2
𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻 → 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑐′′′ 𝐴𝑠 𝐻
𝜋

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 → 𝑞𝑐′′′ = 𝑞𝑐𝑜
′′′
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎2 𝑞𝑡 𝑛
𝐴′ = → 𝑞𝑡′ = = 𝑞𝑡
𝑛 𝐴′ 𝑎2

𝑛 2
→ 𝑞𝑡′ = 𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑞𝑐′′′
𝑎2 𝜋
2𝑛 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
→ 𝑞𝑡′ = ′′′
𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑞𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎 2
𝜋

2𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
→ 𝑄𝑡 = ′′′ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
𝜋𝑎 2 𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑞𝑐𝑜 − 2 −𝑎 2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎
2𝑛 4𝑎 2 8𝑛
′′′ ′′′
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴 𝐻𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 3 𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑞𝑐𝑜
𝜋𝑎 2 𝜋 2 𝑠 𝜋
′′′ 𝑄𝑡 𝜋 3 7 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = = 8.952 × 10
8𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝐻 𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3
′′′
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 5.78 × 1015 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚3

′′′
𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 180
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣
𝑁𝑓𝑓 = × 𝜌235 = × 𝑟 × 𝜌𝑈
𝑀235 𝑀235

𝑔𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 2 @500 ℉ → 𝜌𝑈 = 18.815 𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝑟 = 0.2 ;
24 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

→ 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 9.64 × 1021 # 𝑐𝑚3

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 3 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑕𝑖𝑡𝑒 , 𝑇 = 500 ℉ ≡ 260 ℃ ≡ 533 𝐾

→ 𝑓 𝑇 = 0.93

293 0.5
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 0.8862 × 0.93 × 577.1 × ( )
533
→ 𝜍𝑓 = 352.64 𝑏

′′′
𝑞 𝑐𝑜 5.78×10 15
→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = =
𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍 𝑓 180×9.64×10 21 ×352.64×10 −24
21 #
→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 9.452 × 10 𝑐𝑚 3 ≅ 1013 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
25 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-12
Known;
𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑕𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 ; 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 ; 𝐻 = 8 𝑓𝑡 ;

𝐻𝑒 = 12 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐷 = 5 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 1020 # 𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝜍𝑓 = 5 𝑏 ;

𝜑 𝐻
𝑧= 2
= 1015 ; 𝜑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Find;
𝑄𝑡 =? ;

Analysis;
𝑞 ′′′ = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑

𝐻
𝜋𝑧
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜 2
𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑧
−2 𝐻𝑒

𝜋𝑧
𝜑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
𝐻𝑒
15 15 𝜋×4
𝜑 𝐻
𝑧= 2
= 10 → 10 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
12

→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 2 × 1015

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐺𝑓 = 190
𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
2 𝜋𝑧 𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋𝐷 2 𝐻𝑒 2 𝜋 𝜋𝑧 𝜋𝐷 2 𝐻𝑒 𝜋𝑧 2
𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
−2 𝐻𝑒 4 4 𝜋 −2 𝐻𝑒 𝐻𝑒 4 𝜋 𝐻𝑒 −𝐻
2
26 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

(𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 −12)

1.9×10 14 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≡2.94×10 6 𝐵𝑡𝑢 1.732

𝑠.𝑐𝑚 3 𝑕𝑟.𝑓𝑡 3
12 𝜋52 𝜋𝑧 4
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 190 × 1020 × 5 × 10−24 × 2 × 1015 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 4 12 −4
6 12 25𝜋
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 2.94 × 10 × × 1.732 ×
𝜋 4
8 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 3.82 × 10 𝑕𝑟 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
27 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-13
Known;
𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ; 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙: 3.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑒,

0.2 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑘, 0.005 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 (304𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) ;

𝐻 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐷 = 4 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝑛 = 1000 ;

𝜑𝑐 𝑟=0.5 𝑓𝑡 ,𝑧=0
= 3.057 × 1013 ;

𝑞𝑐′′′ 𝑟=0.5 𝑓𝑡 ,𝑧=0

= 2.221 × 107 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3 ;

𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ;

𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Find;
𝜑𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 =? ; 𝑄𝑡 =? ;

Analysis;
𝑎)
2.405 𝑟 𝜑𝑐
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 25𝑎 → 𝜑𝑐 = 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝐽0 → 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 2.405 𝑟
𝑅𝑒 𝐽0 𝑅𝑒
𝜑 𝑐 𝑟=0.5 𝑓𝑡 ,𝑧=0 3.057×10 13
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅 = 2 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑟 = 0.5 𝑓𝑡 → 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 2.405 ×0.5 =
𝐽0 𝐽 0 0.6
2
𝐴𝑝𝑝 . 𝐶 →0.912

→ 𝜑𝑐𝑜 = 3.352 × 1013 # 𝑠. 𝑐𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝑏)
4𝑛 𝜋𝐻 ′′′ 𝑅 2.405 𝑟
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 29𝑎 → 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑒 sin 𝑞𝑐𝑜 𝑟 𝐽0 𝑑𝑟
𝜋𝑅 2 2𝐻𝑒 0 𝑅𝑒
28 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝜋𝐻 ′′′
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅 → 𝑄𝑡 = 0.275𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝐻𝑒 sin 𝑞𝑐𝑜
2𝐻𝑒

0.2 3.5
𝐴𝑠 = × = 0.00486 𝑓𝑡 2
12 12

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 → 𝐿 = 2.88 𝑐𝑚 ≡ 0.095 𝑓𝑡

2 𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 → 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 > 2𝐿 → 𝜆𝑒 = 𝜓𝑒 = 𝐿
→ 𝜆𝑒 = 0.095 𝑓𝑡

→ 𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻 + 2𝜆𝑒 = 4 + 2 × 0.095 = 4.19 𝑓𝑡

2.405 𝑟
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 25𝑏 → 𝑞𝑐′′′ = 𝑞𝑐𝑜
′′′
𝐽0
𝑅𝑒
𝑞 𝑐′′′ 𝑟=0.5 𝑓𝑡 ,𝑧=0 2.221×10 7
′′′
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒 → 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 2.405 ×0.5 =
𝐽0 0.912
2
′′′
→ 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 2.435 × 107 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3

0.997
𝜋×4
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 0.275 × 1000 × 0.00486 × 4.19 × sin ×
2×4.19
2.435 × 107
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 13.6 × 107 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑠
29 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-14
Known;
𝑃0 = 2000 𝑀𝑊 ; 𝜃0 = 1 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 ;

𝑎) 𝜃𝑠 = 1 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟 ; 𝑏) 𝜃𝑠 = 2 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ;

Find;
𝑄𝑠 =? ;

Analysis;
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 35 → 𝐸𝑠 = 0.128 𝜃𝑠 0.74

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 11 → 𝑃0 = 2000 𝑀𝑊 ≡ 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟

𝑎)
𝜃𝑠 = 1 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟 ≡ 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 → 𝐸𝑠 = 0.128 (3600)0.74
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 54.81 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
→ 𝐸𝑠 = 54.81 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ≡
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟

54.81 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = × 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑠 = 103.89 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

𝑏)
𝜃𝑠 = 2 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟 ≡ 7200 𝑠𝑒𝑐 → 𝐸𝑠 = 0.128 (7200)0.74
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 91.54 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
→ 𝐸𝑠 = 91.54 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ≡
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
30 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

91.54 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = × 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑠 = 173.52 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
31 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-15
Known;
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ; 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ;

′′′
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑛 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ; 𝑞𝑐𝑜 = 5 × 107 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3 ;

𝐷 = 10 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝐻 = 10 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝑅𝑒 = 1.5 𝑅 ; 𝐻𝑒 = 1.5 𝐻 ;

𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.3 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒

Find;
𝑄𝑠 =? , 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

Analysis;
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐸𝑞. 4 − 24 → 𝑞𝑕′′′ = 𝑞 ′′′
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.3 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 → 𝑞𝑕′′′ = 0.3 𝑞 ′′′

𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
𝑞 ′′′ = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑 = 𝐺𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑓 𝜍𝑓 𝜑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐽0
𝐻𝑒 𝑅𝑒

𝐻
2 𝑅 ′′′
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐻 0
𝑞 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑧
−2
𝐻
′′′ 2 𝑅 𝜋𝑧 2.405 𝑟
→ 𝑄𝑡 = 0.3 𝑞𝑐𝑜 2𝜋 𝐻 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐽0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑧
−2 𝐻𝑒 𝑅𝑒

𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
2 𝜋𝑧 𝐻𝑒 2 𝜋 𝜋𝑧 𝐻𝑒 𝜋𝑧 2
→ 𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑧 = sin
−2 𝐻𝑒 𝜋 −2 𝐻𝑒 𝐻𝑒 𝜋 𝐻𝑒 −𝐻
2
15 𝜋𝑧 5 30 𝜋𝑧 5
→ sin = sin = 8.27
𝜋 15 −5 𝜋 15 0
32 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝑅 2.405 𝑟 𝑅𝑒 2.405 𝑟 𝑅
→ 0
𝑟𝐽0 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑟𝐽1
𝑅𝑒 2.405 𝑅𝑒 0
7.5 2.405×5
→ × 5 × 𝐽1 = 8.886
2.405 7.5
1.6
𝐴𝑝𝑝 .𝐶→0.5699

→ 𝑄𝑡 = 0.3 × 5 × 107 × 2𝜋 × 8.27 × 8.886

→ 𝑄𝑡 = 6.926 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟

→ 𝐸𝑠 = 0.128 (24 × 3600)0.74

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 575.75 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
→ 𝐸𝑠 = 575.75 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ≡
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟

575.75 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = × 6.926 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑠 = 1.108 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
(𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑕𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛)

𝑄 = 𝑄𝑡 × 𝑡 = 6.926 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 × 24 𝑕𝑟

→ 𝑄 = 166.22 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]
(𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
33 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-16
Known;
𝑃0 = 2000 𝑀𝑊 𝑡 ; 𝜃0 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑕 ;

𝑎) 𝜃𝑠 = 1 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟 ; 𝑏) 𝜃𝑠 = 2 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ;

Find;
𝑄𝑠 =? ;

Analysis;
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 11 → 𝑃0 = 2000 𝑀𝑊 ≡ 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟

𝑎)
2.592×10 6 −0.2
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃0 ; 𝑓 𝜃0 = 1 − (1 + ) = 0.732
3600
→ 𝐸𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝜃0 𝐸𝑠 → 𝐸𝑠′ = 0.732 × 0.128 (3600)0.74
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 40.113 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
→ 𝐸𝑠′ = 40.113 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ≡
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟

40.113 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = × 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑠 = 76 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

𝑏)
2.592×10 6 −0.2
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃0 ; 𝑓 𝜃0 = 1 − (1 + ) = 0.692
2×3600
→ 𝐸𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝜃0 𝐸𝑠 → 𝐸𝑠′ = 0.692 × 0.128 (2 × 3600)0.74
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 63.35 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
→ 𝐸𝑠′ = 63.35 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ≡
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑕 𝑟
34 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

63.35 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = × 6.824 × 109 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟
3600 𝐵𝑡𝑢
→ 𝑄𝑠 = 120.1 × 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 [𝑎𝑛𝑠]

(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 4 − 14)

35 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

4-17
Known;
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3, 100% 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ;

Find;
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟) =? ;
𝑚
𝑎) 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏) 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

Analysis;
𝑎)
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙𝑏 𝑚
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑓𝑡 3

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 12 → 1 𝑊 𝑐𝑚3 ≡ 9.662 × 104 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑕𝑟 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑔𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻 − 5 → 1 𝑐𝑚3 ≡ 62.43 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑃( 𝑊 )×9.662×10 4 𝑃( 𝑊 )
𝑆. 𝑃. (𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟) = 𝑐𝑚 3
𝑔𝑟 = 1547.65 𝑔𝑟
𝑐𝑚 3
𝑚 𝜌( )×62.43 𝜌( )
𝑐𝑚 3 𝑐𝑚 3

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝑆𝑟 90 = 174.1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟

𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝐶𝑠 137
= 503.98 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝐶𝑒 144
= 3022.76 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝑃𝑚 147
= 257.94 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝑃𝑜 210 = 2.197 × 105 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
36 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝑃𝑢238 = 854.3 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟

𝑚
242 5 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃. 𝐶𝑚 = 1.54 × 10 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟

𝑏)
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 → 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑕𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
→ 𝑁 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

𝑃 = 𝑅∆𝐸 = 𝜆𝑁∆𝐸 ;
𝑁′
𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝜃 → = 𝑒 −𝜆𝜃
𝑁

𝑆.𝑃.′ 𝑃′ 𝑁′ 0.693
→ = = = 𝑒 −𝜆𝜃 ; 𝜆 =
𝑆.𝑃. 𝑃 𝑁 𝜃1
2

−0.693 ×1
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑆𝑟 90 = 𝑒 28 × 174.1
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑆𝑟 90 = 169.84 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
−0.693 ×1
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑠137 = 𝑒 33 × 503.98
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑠137 = 493.51 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
−0.693 ×365 (𝑑 )
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑒144 = 𝑒 285 (𝑑 ) × 3022.76
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑒144 = 1244.4 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
−0.693 ×1
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑚147 = 𝑒 2.5 × 257.94
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑚147 = 195.49 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
−0.693 ×365 (𝑑 )
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑜 210 = 𝑒 138 .4(𝑑) × 2.197 × 105
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑜 210 = 3.53 × 104 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟
37 Nuclear Heat Transport
Problem’s Solutions
M. M. EL-WAKIL

−0.693 ×1
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑢238 = 𝑒 86 × 854.3
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝑃𝑢238 = 847.4 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 𝑕𝑟
𝑚
−0.693 ×365 (𝑑)
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 3 → 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑚242 = 𝑒 163 (𝑑) × 1.54 × 105
→ 𝑆. 𝑃.′ 𝐶𝑚242 = 3.26 × 104 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑕𝑟