A Multi Campus University with ‘A’ Grade Accreditation by NAAC

AMRITA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

Centre for Allied Health Sciences
AIMS Ponekkara PO, Kochi – 682 041
Tel: 0484 – 2858131, 2858375, 2858845
Fax: 0484-2858382
Email: ahs@[Link]
Web: [Link]

PROGRAM
BSc Medical Radiologic
Technology
(Revised with effect from 2014-2015 onwards)

A Super Speciality Tertiary Care Hospital Accredited by ISO 9001-2008, NABL & NABH

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 Our Chancellor

SPIRITUAL PRINCIPLES IN EDUCATION

“In the gurukulas of ancient rishis, when the master spoke it was love that
spoke; and at the receiving end disciple absorbed of nothing but love. Because of
their love for their Master, the disciples’ hearts were like a fertile field, ready to
receive the knowledge imparted by the Master. Love given and love received.
Love made them open to each other. True giving and receiving take place where
love is present. Real listening and ‘sraddha’ is possible only where there is love,
otherwise the listener will be closed. If you are closed you will be easily dominat-
ed by anger and resentment, and nothing can enter into you”.

“Satguru Mata Amritanandamayi Devi”

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 Introducing AIMS

India is the second most populous nation on earth. This means that India’s health problems are
the world’s health problems. And by the numbers, these problems are staggering 41 million cases
of diabetes, nearly half the world’s blind population, and 60% of the world’s incidences of heart
disease. But behind the numbers are human beings, and we believe that every human being has
a right to high-quality healthcare.
Since opening its doors in 1998, AIMS, our 1,200 bed tertiary care hospital in Kochi, Kerala, has
provided more than 4 billion rupees worth of charitable medical care; more than 3 million pa-
tients received completely free treatment. AIMS offers sophisticated and compassionate care in a
serene and beautiful atmosphere, and is recognized as one of the premier hospitals in South
Asia. Our commitment to serving the poor has attracted a dedicated team of highly qualified
medical professionals from around the world.
The Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences is the adjunct to the term “New Universalism” coined by
the World Health Organization. This massive healthcare infrastructure with over 3,330,000 sq. ft.
of built-up area spread over 125 acres of land, supports a daily patient volume of about 3000
outpatients with 95 percent inpatient occupancy. Annual patient turnover touches an incredible
figure of almost 800,000 outpatients and nearly 50,000 inpatients. There are 12 super specialty
departments, 45 other departments, 4500 support staff and 670 faculty members.
With extensive facilities comprising 28 modern operating theatres, 230 equipped intensive-care
beds, a fully computerized and networked Hospital Information System (HIS), a fully digital radi-
ology department, 17 NABL accredited clinical laboratories and a 24/7 telemedicine service, AIMS
offers a total and comprehensive healthcare solution comparable to the best hospitals in the
world. The AIMS team comprises physicians, surgeons and other healthcare professionals of the
highest caliber and experience.
AIMS features one of the most advanced hospital computer networks in India. The network sup-
ports more than 2000 computers and has computerized nearly every aspect of patient care in-
cluding all patient information, lab testing and radiological imaging. A PET (Positron Emitting To-
mography) CT scanner, the first of its kind in the state of Kerala and which is extremely useful for
early detection of cancer, has been installed in AIMS and was inaugurated in July 2009 by Dr. A.
P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India. The most recent addition is a 3 Tesla Silent MRI.
The educational institutions of Amrita Vishwa Vidya Peetham, a University established under sec-
tion 3 of UGC Act 1956, has at its Health Sciences Campus in Kochi, the Amrita School of Medi-
cine, the Amrita Centre for Nanosciences, the Amrita School of Dentistry, the Amrita College of
Nursing, and the Amrita School of Pharmacy, committed to being centres of excellence providing
value-based medical education, where the highest human qualities of compassion, dedication,
purity and service are instilled in the youth. Amrita School of Ayurveda is located at Amritapuri, in
the district of Kollam. Amrita University strives to help all students attain the competence and
character to humbly serve humanity in accordance with the highest principles and standards of
the healthcare profession.

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 Table of Contents
Part I – Rules and Regulations

Sl No Contents Page No.

Under Graduate Programs

1. Details of Under Graduate Courses
6
I 2. Medium of Instruction
7
7
3. Eligibility

General Rules
1. Duration of the course 7
II 2. Discontinuation of Studies 7
3. Educational Methodology 7
4. Academic Calendar 8

Examination Regulations
1. Attendance 9
2. Internal Assessment 9
3. University Examination 10
III
4. Eligibility to appear for University Examination 10
5. Valuation of Theory – Written Paper 10
6. Supplementary Examination 11
7. Rules regarding Carryover subjects 11

Criteria for Pass in University Examination – Regulations

IV 1. Eligibility criteria for pass in University Examinations 11
2. Evaluation and Grade 12

Internship
V 1. Eligibility for Internship – Regulations 12
2. Attendance and leave details during Internship 13

VI General considerations and Teaching/Learning Approach 13

VII Project 13

VIII Maintenance of Log book 13

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 Part I
Rules and Regulations

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Under Graduate Programmes (Bachelor of Sciences)
I.1. Details of Under Graduate Courses :

Sl. Conditions of Eligibility for admission to the

Course Duration
No. course

Medical Laboratory Pass in plus Two with 50% marks with Physics,
1 4 years
Technology (MLT) chemistry and Biology

Medical Radiologic First class in plus two with Mathematics, Physics,

2 4 Years
Technology (MRT) Chemistry, and Biology

Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

Emergency Medical 3 Years + One
3 mistry and Biology.
Technology year internship

Anaesthesia Technol- 3 Years + One Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
4 mistry and Biology
ogy year internship

Respiratory Therapy 3 Years + one Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
5 year Internship mistry and Biology
(RT)

3 Years + One Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
6 Dialysis Therapy mistry and Biology
year internship

Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

3 years + one
7 Physician Assistant mistry and Biology.
year internship

Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

Cardio Vascular 3 Years + One
8 mistry and Biology.
Technology (CVT) year internship

Echocardiography Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

3 Years + One
9 Technology mistry and Biology.
year internship

Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

Cardiac Perfusion 3 Years + One
10 mistry and Biology.
Technology (CPT) year internship

Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-

3 years + One
11 Diabetes Sciences mistry and Biology.
year internship

3 Years + One Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
12 Optometry
year Internship mistry and Biology.
Optometry 2 Years + One
13 Pass in two year Diploma in Optometry
(Lateral Entry ) year Internship
Bachelor of Audiology Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
3 years + One
14 & Speech Language mistry and Biology.
Pathology (BASLP) year internship

Neuroelectro- 3 years + One Pass in plus two with 50% marks in Physics, Che-
15 physiology year internship mistry and Biology.

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I.2. Medium of Instruction:
English shall be the medium of instruction for all subjects of study and for examinations.

I.3. Eligibility:
Generally Science Graduates with Physics, Chemistry, and Biology are eligible for admission
to the Under Graduate Courses except in respect of certain specialties for which other qualifi-
cation or subjects are specifically called for. Essential qualifications for eligibility are men-
tioned under clause I.1

II. General Rules:

Admissions to the courses will be governed by the conditions laid down by the University
from time to time and as published in the Regulations for admissions each year.

II.1. Duration of the Course

Duration details are mentioned under clause No.I of this booklet.

Duration of the course : 4 Years (3 years + 1 year Internship except for

courses at serial number 1 and 2 in clause I.1)
Weeks available per year : 52 weeks
Vacation / holidays : 5 weeks (2 weeks vacation + 3 weeks
calendar holidays)
Examination (including preparatory) : 6 weeks
Extra curricular activities : 2 weeks
Weeks available : 39 weeks
Hours per week : 40 hours
Hours available per academic year : 1560 (39 weeks x 40 hours)

Internship wherever specified are integral part of the course and needs to be done in Amrita
Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi itself.

II.2. Discontinuation of studies

Rules for discontinuation of studies during the course period will be those decided by the
Chairman /Admissions, Amrita School of Medicine, and Published in the “Rules and Regula-
tions” every year.

II.3. Educational Methodology

Learning occurs by attending didactic lectures, as part of regular work, from co-workers and
senior faculty, through training offered in the workplace, through reading or other forms of
self-study, using materials available through work, using materials obtained through a

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professional association or union, using materials obtained on students own initiative, during
working hours at no cost to the student.

II.4. Academic Calendar

Course will follow and annual scheme as per details mentioned under:

FIRST YEAR

Commencement of classes – August

First sessional exam – November
Second sessional exam – February
Model Exam (with practical) – May - June (one week study leave)
University exam (with practical) – June - July (10 days study leave)
Annual Vacation – 3 weeks after the University examination.

SECOND YEAR

Commencement of classes – August

First sessional exam – November
Second sessional exam – February
Model Exam (with practical) – May - June (one week study leave)
University exam (with practical) – June - July (10 days study leave)
Annual Vacation – 2 weeks after the University examination

THIRD YEAR

Commencement of classes – August

First sessional exam – November
Second sessional exam – February
Model Exam (with practical) – May (one week study leave)
University exam (with practical) – June (10 days study leave)
Annual Vacation – 1 week after the University examination.
Date of completion of third
academic year – 31st July

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III. Examination Regulations:
III.1. Attendance:
75% of attendance (physical presence) is mandatory. Medical leave or other
types of sanctioned leaves will not be counted as physical presence. Attendance will be
counted from the date of commencement of the session to the last day of the final examina-
tion in each subject.

III.2. Internal Assessment:

1. Regular periodic assessment shall be conducted throughout the course.

At least three sessional examinations in theory and preferably one practical
examination should be conducted in each subject. The model examination
should be of the same pattern of the University Examination. Average of
the best of two examinations and the marks obtained in assignments / viva
/ practical also shall be taken to calculate the internal assessment.
2. A candidate should secure a minimum of 35% marks in the internal as-
sessment in each subject (separately in theory and practical) to be eligible
to appear for the University examination.
3. The internal assessment will be done by the department thrice during
the course period in a gap of not more than three months and model exam
will be the same pattern of university examination. The period for sessional
examinations of academic year are as follows :
8. First Sessional Exam : November
9. Second Sessional Exam : February
10. Model Exam : May /June

4. Each student should maintain a logbook and record the procedures they do and
the work patterns they are undergoing. It shall be based on periodical assessment,
evaluation of student assignment, preparation for seminar, clinical case presentation,
assessment of candidate’s performance in the sessional examinations, routine clinical
works, logbook and record keeping etc.
5. Day to day assessment will be given importance during internal assessment,
Weightage for internal assessment shall be 20% of the total marks in each subject.
6. Third sessional examinations (model exam) shall be held three to four weeks prior
to the University Examination and the report shall be made available to the Principal
ten days prior to the commencement of the university examination.

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III.3. University Examinations:

 University Examination shall be conducted at the end of every academic year.

A candidate who satisfies the requirement of attendance and internal assessment
marks, as stipulated by the University shall be eligible to appear for the University Ex-
amination.
 One academic year will be twelve months including the days of the University Exami-
nation. Year will be counted from the date of commencement of classes which will in-
clude the inauguration day.
 The minimum pass marks for internal assessment is 35% and for the University Ex-
amination is 45%. However the student should score a total of 50% (adding the in-
ternal and external examination) to pass in each subject (separately for theory and
practical)
 If a candidate fails in either theory or practical paper, he/she has to re-appear for
both the papers (theory and practical)
 Maximum number of attempts permitted for each paper is five (5) including the first
attempt.
 The maximum period to complete the course shall not exceed 6 years.
 All practical examinations will be conducted in the respective clinical areas.
 Number of candidates for practical examination should be maximum 12 to 15 per day
 One internal and external examiner will jointly conduct the theory evaluation and
practical examination for each student during the final year.

III.4. Eligibility to appear university Examination:

A student who has secured 35% marks for Internal Assessment is qualified to appear
for University Examination provided he/she satisfies percentage of attendance re-
quirement as already mentioned at the III (1).

III.5. Valuation of Theory – Revaluation Papers:

1. Valuation work will be undertaken by the examiners in the premises of the Exami-
nation Control Division in the Health Sciences Campus.
2. There will be Re-Valuation for all the University examinations. Fees for revalua-
tion will be decided by the Principal from time to time.
3. Application for revaluation should be submitted within 5 days from date of result of
examination declared and it should be submitted to the office with payment of fees
as decided by the Principal.

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III.6. Supplementary Examinations:
Every main University examination will be followed by a supplementary examination
which will normally be held within four to six months from the date of completion of the main
examination.
As stipulated under clause No. III.2 under Internal Assessment, HOD will hold an in-
ternal examination three to four weeks prior to the date of the University Examination. Marks
secured in the said examination or the ones secured in the internal examination held prior to
the earlier University Examination whichever is more only will be taken for the purpose of in-
ternal assessment. HODs will send such details to the Principal ten days prior to the date of
commencement of University examination.
Same attendance and internal marks of the main examination will be considered for
the supplementary examination, unless the HOD furnishes fresh internal marks and atten-
dance after conducting fresh examination.
Students who have not passed / cleared all or any subjects in the first University ex-
amination will be permitted to attend the second year classes and also eligible to appear for
second year university examination along with first year supplementary examination. How-
ever, he / she can appear for the third (final) year university examination, only if he / she
clear all the subjects in the first as well as in the second year examinations.
Students of supplementary batches are expected to prepare themselves for the Uni-
versity Examinations. No extra coaching is expected to be provided by the Institution. In
case at any time the Institution has to provide extra coaching, students will be required to
pay fees as fixed by the Principal for the said coaching.

III.7. Rules regarding carryover subjects:

A candidate will be permitted to continue the second and third year respectively of the
course even if he/she has failed in the first or second year university examinations.
A candidate must have passed in all subjects to become eligible to undergo compul-
sory internship of one year. For the candidates who have not passed all the subjects the du-
ration of the third year shall be extended until they become eligible to undergo compulsory
internship.

IV. Criteria for Pass in University Examination - Regulations:

IV.1. Eligibility criteria for pass in University Examination:

In each of the subjects, a candidate must obtain 50% in aggregate for a pass and the de-
tails are as follows:
 A separate minimum of 35% for Internal Assessment.
 45% in Theory & 35% in Viva.
 A separate minimum of 50% in aggregate for Practicals / Clinics (University Examina-
tions).

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  Overall 50% is the minimum pass in subject aggregate (University Theory + Viva +
Practicals + Internal Assessment).

IV.2. Evaluation and Grade:

Minimum mark for pass shall be 50% in each of the theory and practical papers separate-
ly (including internal assessment) in all subjects except English. Only a minimum
of 40% is required to pass in English
A candidate who passes the examination in all subjects with an aggregate of 50% marks
and above but less than 65% shall be declared to have passed the examination in
the second class.
A candidate who passes the examination in all subjects in the first attempt obtaining not
less than 65% of the aggregate marks for all the three years shall be declared to
have passed the examination with First Class.
A candidate who secures an aggregate of 75% or above marks is awarded distinction. A
candidate who secures not less than 75% marks in any subject will be deemed to
have passed the subject with distinction in that subject provided he / she passes
the whole examination in the first attempt.
A candidate who takes more than one attempt in any subject and pass subsequently shall
be ranked only in pass class.
A Candidate passing the entire course is placed in Second class / First class / Distinction
based on the cumulative percentage of the aggregate marks of all the subjects in
the I, II and III (Final) university examinations
Rank in the examination: - Aggregate marks of all three year regular examinations will be
considered for awarding rank for the [Link] Graduate Examination. For the courses
where the number of students are more than 15 only, rank will be calculated as
under :
5. Topmost score will be declared as First Rank.
6. Second to the topmost will be declared as Second Rank.
7. Third to the topmost will be declared as Third Rank.
8. There will be no ranking if the number of candidates is less than 15.

V. Internship:

V.1. Eligibility for Internship - Regulations:

Wherever internship is a part of the curriculum, students will have to do the internship
in Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences itself. A candidate must have passed in all subjects to
become eligible to undergo compulsory internship of one year or a period fixed in the curricu-
lum.
“Internship has to be done continuously for a period provided in the syllabus except in
extra ordinary circumstances where subject to the approval of the Principal the same may
be done in not more than two parts with an interruption not exceeding six months. In any
case Internship shall be completed within 18 months from the date of acquiring eligibility to
do the internship.

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V.2. Attendance and leave details during Internship:

For 30 days of duty an intern will be eligible for casual leave and one weekly off. A
Student will become eligible to receive his/her degree only after completion of internship to
the complete satisfaction of the Principal.

VI. General considerations and teaching / learning approach:

There must be enough opportunities to be provided for self learning. The methods and
techniques that would ensure this must become a part of teaching-learning process.
Proper records of the work should be maintained which will form the basis for the stu-
dents assessment and should be available to any agency that is required to do statutory in-
spection of the school of the course.

VII. Project:
Each student should submit a project in consultation with HOD and guidance under Project
Guide, 3 months prior to their final year university exam. The student will be eligible to ap-
pear for the final year examination only after submission of the project.

VIII. Maintenance of Log Book

 Every graduate student shall maintain a record of skills he/she has acquired during the
training period certified by the various Heads of Departments/Program Coordinator
under whom he/she has undergone training.

 In addition, the Head of the Department shall involve their graduate students in Semi-
nars, Journal Club, Group Discussions and participation in Clinical, Clinical-Pathological
meetings.

 The Head of the Departments/Program coordinator shall scrutinize the logbook in

every month.

 At the end of the course, the student should summarize the contents and get the log
book certified by the Head of the Department.

The log book should be submitted at the time of practical examination for the scrutiny of the
Board of Examiners.

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 Part II
Syllabus

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INTRODUCTION AND ADVANCEMENT

The branch of allied health field known as Radiological Technology deals with the use
of sophisticated technology in medical imaging and cancer treatment. It has various sub spe-
cialties such as Radiology, Radiotherapy & Nuclear medicine.

Radiotherapy - deals with the use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment.
Diagnostic Radiology – deals with the imaging of internal organs, bones, cavities and foreign
objects with the use of plain X – ray, CT & MRI also includes cardiovascular imaging and in-
terventional radiology.
Nuclear Medicine – this uses radioactive isotopes which can be administered to examine how
the body and the organs function and also to detect abnormal areas in different organs. Cer-
tain radioactive isotopes can be administered to treat certain cancers such as thyroid cancer.

A Radiological technologist also known as medical radiation technologist or Radio-

grapher performs the following duties

 Imaging of human body using advanced imaging technology such as Mag-

netic resonance imaging(MRI), Computed tomography(CT), Ultrasonogra-
phy (USG), Nuclear medicine, Digital & conventional radiography (X-ray) for
diagnostic purpose.
 Exposing patient’s body to various types of ionizing radiation by using
equipments such as linear accelerators (Linac) Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit
Brachytherapy (HDR, MDR, LDR) units for treatment of cancer.

Students of this program are taught Human Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Gen-
eral physics & electronics, Atomic & nuclear physics, Mathematics, Pathology, Community
medicine, Radio diagnosis, Radiation Oncology and Radiation Physics.

In Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Radiology & Radiation Oncolo-

gy are jointly conducting [Link] program from 2005.

The department of radiology has all kinds of advanced imaging equipments such as

1. Five X-ray machines(GE Tejus Digital Radiography, Prognosis DR System & Siemens
Multiphos 10) and four portable X-ray units(Siemens multimobilite 300MA, Siemens
Multiphos 100 MA & Shimadzu Mobileart) with three CR processors (Fuji FR profect
CS, Fuji FCR XG I & Fuji FCR Capsula Excel II) & Two film processors [Kodak Dryview
8900& Promax X-ray film processor(wet processor)].
2. Mammograhy unit (Siemens Mammomat 3000 Nova) for imaging of breast lesions.
3. C-arm (Siemens Axion Artis Zee 1000MA) for interventional & angiographic proce-
dures.
4. Fluoroscopy equipment(Siemens Siereskop 1000MA) for special radiographic proce-
dures.
5. Two MRI(Magnetic Resonance imaging)machines (siemens Magnetom Symphony 1.5
T & GE Signa HDX XT).

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 6. Three CT(Computed Tomography) machines( Siemens Somatom Emotion 16 slice, GE
discovery Pet-CT 8 slice & Siemens cardiac sensation 64).
7. Six Doppler /Ultrasound Machines (Siemens Sonoline G 40,Siemens Acuson Antares,
Siemens Sonoline Antares, Aloka alpha 7 ,Siemens adara & Sonosite).

The department of Radiation oncology is well equipped with

 Three linear accelerators(Electa Precise & Synergy) with triple photon ener-
gies(4MV,6MV &15 MV),set of electron energies(4,6,8,10,12 & 15 MeV) and EPID.
 Steriotactic RadioSurgery(SRS) & Steriotactic Radiotherapy(SRT) (3D Line system)
with micro MLC for treatment of intracranial lesions.
 CT Simulator (Siemens-Somatom Emotion) with lasers system for precise patient
set up.
 Computerized treatment-planning system (CMS XIO) with CT/MRI/PET fusion and
image contouring for both CT- based 3-Dimensional and Intensity Modulated Radi-
ation Treatment (IMRT) planning.
 Nucletron Simulix Evolution Simulator with Amorphous Silicon EPID for simulation
and verification.
 High dose rate (HDR) Brachytherapy (Nucletron-micro Selectron) after loader to-
gether with a CT/MRI based treatment planning system for intraluminal, interstitial
and intracavitary brachytherapy of a variety of disease sites including head and
neck, lung, esophagus, cervix and breast.
 Mould room for designing customized Cerrobend blocks for individual patients &
individual immobilization devices.

The department of Nuclear Medicine has

3. Two Gamma cameras, Siemens SYMBIA E (SPECT) variable angle gamma camera for
all routine nuclear medicine procedures & GE Infinia Hawkeye 4(SPECT CT) for all
routine Nuclear Medicine procedures, Low dose Ct correlation & attenuation correc-
tion.
4. PET – CT (Discovery STE 8 slice ) for oncology applications , Cardiac & Neurology PET
Scans with high quality CT Correlation & also performs standalone CT procedures.

The students receive training in all these equipments and at the end of the course
they will be able to Carry out independently all routine good quality radiographic procedures.
Operate all advanced imaging equipments such as CT, MRI, Mammography, SPECT &PET. As-
sist radiologists in all special investigations. Execute all routine therapeutic procedures in rad-
iation oncology using linear accelerators, & Brachytherapy units including simulations using
conventional X-ray simulator & CT simulator as per prescription of Radiation oncologists &
under the direction of Medical physicists. Operate and assist in maintenance & quality assur-
ance of all equipments used in diagnostic & therapeutic procedures.

Scope & career options

Nowadays a plenty of job opportunities are being created in the field of radiological
technology. A large number of hospitals started installing advanced imaging & therapeutic

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equipments & there will be an increased need of radiological technologists in the coming
years in India and abroad.

After the completion of the course candidates can work as:

11. Radiological technologist

12. Radiotherapy technologist
13. Nuclear medicine technologist
14. Clinical Application specialist

They have excellent overseas job opportunities and for those interested in higher studies var-
ious postgraduate courses are available in India or abroad.

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

At the end of the course the candidate should be:

1. Able to independently do routine, good quality radiographic procedures.

2. Able to assist in special investigations under the guidance of specialists in diagnostic
radiology.
3. Able to execute all routine therapeutic procedures in Radiation Oncology, using Linear
Accelerator and Cobalt Tele-therapy and Brachy-therapy, including simulations using
conventional X-ray Simulators and CT Simulators, as per prescription of Radiation on-
cologists and direction of Medical Physicists.
4. Able to operate and assist in the maintenance and quality assurance of all equipment
used in Diagnostic and Therapeutic procedures

PROGRAM STRUCTURE.

Program Outcomes (PO)

1. PO1: Fundamental knowledge on the subject.
2. PO2: Effective communication skills.
3. PO3: Knowledge in professional ethics.
4. P04: Leadership qualities and team work.
5. PO5: Problem Analysis and solving skills.
6. PO6: Basic knowledge on research methodology.
7. PO7: Higher Technical skills and competencies.
8. PO8: Higher study options in many fields.
9. PO9: Employability in various sectors.
10. PO10: Higher earnings.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

1. PSO1: Basic knowledge about the principles and operations of all Radiol-
ogy and Radiotherapy equipments.

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 2. PSO2: They should have effective communication skills with patients and
healthcare

3. PS03: They should select appropriate technical factors, positioning skills

and staffs
4. POS4: They should have the ability to solve clinical problems and as-
sessment skills Radiation Protection.
5. POS5: They should have the ability to make decisions and use indepen-
dent judgement
6. PSO6: Employability as Radiology technologist & Radiotherapy technolo-
gist in Govt hospitals, Private hospitals, Clinics in India as well as
Abroad, Tutor in private sectors, System Application specialist in compa-
nies.
7. PSO7: Entrepreneurship in Medical Imaging Sciences.

BMRT40
Value Based Education (Elective Course)
CO1: The attitude to be a good human being, with the curiosity to continue lifelong
learning.
CO2: The conviction to do service to humanity - to put the interests of the individual
patient as the foremost priority. Acquisition of values of gender sensitivity, environ-
ment & sustainablity.
CO3: Acquisition of the “skills for life” in addition to the skills to live.
CO4: Acquisition of positive lifelong values including ethics and etiquette.
CO5: The “practical applications” of the right values

The undergraduate program is a Four-year full time degree that provides education in all
areas of Medical Application of Radiation, with emphasis in Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
Oncology.
First Year:
Students undertake a series of courses in subjects designed to provide them with an
introductory understanding of the application of all Medical Radiation disciplines in
Clinical Medicine.
The courses studied include:
1. Anatomy and Histology-
2. Physiology and Bio chemistry
3. Basic Radiation Physics
4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics
5. Mathematics and Computer Applications.
6. General Subjects - Psychology
Second Year:

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 In this year, students continue to study a mix of both general and core courses. The
syllabus studied is designed to provide students with a more in-depth understanding
of practice in radiological technology
Courses studied in second year include:
1. Regional and Imaging Anatomy
2. Radio diagnosis - I
3. Radiation Oncology - I
4. Radiation Physics - I
5. Pathology, dietetics, sociology and community health
6. Clinical posting

Third Year:
In the third year of the program, the students continue to study general and core
courses. The third year content is designed to allow students the opportunity to de-
velop knowledge and understanding of more complex and advanced procedures within
their specialty.
During the third year, the students will have the opportunity to participate in interdis-
ciplinary lectures, tutorials and group-based activities, designed to develop an under-
standing of the interdisciplinary nature of Medical Radiations as experienced in the
workplace by patients, professionals and the community.
Courses studied in third year include:
 Radio diagnosis II
 Radiation Oncology II
 Radiation Physics II
 Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Safety
 Clinical posting; lectures, seminars and symposia
Fourth Year:
Practical training:
Six months practical training in the department of Radiation Oncology and Six months
practical training in the department of radio-diagnosis.
Project work:
The candidates are required to complete a project work in the field of their choice: ra-
dio diagnosis or radiation oncology.

Distribution of Teaching Hours

First Year
Sl Subject Theory Demon- Total
No: (hours) stration Hours
(hours)
1 Anatomy & Histology 80 20 100

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 2 Physiology & Biochemistry 100 10 110
3 Basic Radiation Physics 200 - 200
4 Atomic and Radiation Physics 200 - 200
5 Mathematics and Computer Applications 200 100 300
6 Psychology 200 - 200
7 Clinical Observation/Seminar & Symposium - - 330
Total Hours 1440
Second Year
1 Regional and Imaging Anatomy 160 40 200
2 Radio Diagnosis I 160 40 200
3 Radiation Oncology I 160 40 200
4 Radiation Physics 160 40 200
5 Pathology and Community Health 100 - 100
6 Clinical Observation /Seminar and Symposium - - 540
Total Hours 1440
Third Year
1 Radio Diagnosis - II 180 40 220
2 Radiation Oncology - II 180 40 220
3 Radiation Physics - II 180 40 220
4 Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Safety 180 40 220
5 Clinical Observation /Seminar and Symposium - - 560
Total Hours 1440

Fourth Year

In the fourth year there will be clinical postings in the departments of radiation oncology and radio
diagnosis of the Amrita Medical Institutions and other participating Medical Institutions. The project
work will proceed along with the clinical posting.

Posting and Project work : 1440 hours

_________________________________________________

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 FIRST YEAR

During the first year the students will have didactic lecture in the medical college from 10 am
to 4 pm

Internal Assessment

Three sessional examinations will be conducted in this year. Average marks of these session-
al examinations will be counted as internal marks.

********************************************************************

Paper I –AHS11
Section A: ANATOMY

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
An outline of anatomy with special emphasis on applied aspects is provided to the students
for better understanding of the technical and diagnostic procedure.

Course Outcome:
1. Knowledge of general anatomy and locomotion.
2. Knowledge of basic human anatomy and histology of CVS and Respiratory systems.
3. Knowledge of basic human anatomy and histology of CNS, GI, excretory and repro-
ductive systems.
4. Knowledge of basic human anatomy and histology of endcorine system and special
senses.

1. The human body as a whole 1 hour

Definition
Sub divisions of anatomy
Terms of location and positions
Fundamental planes, Vertebrate structure of man
Organization of body cells and tissues

2. Locomotion and Support 8 hours

The Skeletal System
Types of bones
Structure and growth of bones
Divisions of the skeleton
Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton
Name of all the bones and their parts
Joints: Classification, Types of movements with examples
Muscles: Structure, classification, muscles of abdominal wall, muscles of
Respiration, pelvic diaphragm, muscles of head and neck
Practicals: 2 hours
Demonstrations of all bones:
Showing parts

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 Joints, X-rays of all normal bones and joints
Muscles: Classification of muscle

3. Anatomy of nervous system 6 hours

Introduction and divisions of nervous system
Central nervous system: Spinal cord, Anatomy, and functions, Reflex arc
The Brain:
Location, gross features, parts, functional areas
Hindbrain, Midbrain, fore brain
Coverings of brain and peripheral nervous system
anatomy of cerebral blood supply& coverings
Spinal cord –gross features, extent, blood supply and coverings
Injuries to spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system – organization& structure of a typical spinal nerve

Practicals: 1 hour
Demonstration of brain and spinal cord

4. Anatomy of Cardiovascular system

Gross anatomy & Structural features of the Heart and Great vessels:
Heart 2 hours
Location, size, surface features, pericardium & valves
Right Atrium :- structural features
Venous area, Septum and atrial appendage
Right Ventricle :- structural features, inflow & Out flow characteristics
Left Atrium :- structural features, venous area, Septum and appendage
Left ventricle :- structural features, inflow & out flow characteristics
Valves :- valve apparatus, location
Structure & functions of each valve
Blood Supply of heart :- coronary arteries, cardiac cycle
Innervations :- sympathetic and parasympathetic sensory
Pulmonary circuit-names of the arteries and veins & positions
Lymphatic drainage of the Heart

Great Vessels 2 hours

Structure of blood vessels and its organization
Aorta
Blood supply to the cardia
Pulmonary artery & pulmonary vein
General plan of systemic circulation
General plan of fetal circulation
Pulmonary circulation

PRACTICALS 2 hours
Demonstration to illustrate normal angiograms.
Demonstration of surface features & interior of the heart
Demonstration of aorta and its branches

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 Histology of cardiac muscles and artery

5. Anatomy of the Respiratory system 4 hours

Organs of Respiratory System:
Conducting portion, respiratory portion.
(Nose –nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses
Larynx,trachea,bronchial tree)
Primary Muscles of Respiration
Accessory muscles of respiration
Cross structure and the interior features of nose & nasal cavity
Para nasal air sinuses
Cross structure and interior features of the pharynx and larynx
Cross structures and interior features of the trachea and bronchial tree
Gross structure, histology, position and coverings of the lungs
Pulmonary circulation – pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins & bronchial arteries
Nerve supply to the respiratory system

Practicals 2 hours
Demonstration of the parts and function
Demonstration of the different parts of the respiratory system with special emphasis
On lungs
Histology of lungs
6. Anatomy of the digestive system 1 hour
Components of the digestive system
Alimentary tube
Mouth, tongue, tooth
Salivary gland, liver, biliary apparatus and its secretion, pancreas and pancreatic
Secretion, movements of intestine defecation, GI hormones malabsoption and

Practicals 1 hour
Demonstrations of the parts and functions
Normal x-rays

7. Anatomy of excretory system & Reproductive system 1

hour
Organization of the renal system
Kidneys: location, gross features, structure, blood supply and nerve supply
Excretory ducts, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra location gross features and structure

Male reproductive system: 2 hours

Testis, Duct system, Prostate
Female Reproductive system:
Ovaries, duct system, accessory organs

Practicals 1 hour
Demonstration of Kidneys, ureter, bladder
Histology of kidney

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8. Anatomy of endocrine system 1 hour
Name of all endocrine glands and their positions
Hormones and their functions

9. Histology 6 hours
General Slides:
Hyaline cartilage, Fibro cartilage, Elastic cartilage, T.S & L.S of bone, Blood vessels,
Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus, Lymph node, Epithelial tissue, Skeletal and cardiac muscle, Peri-
pheral nerve and optic nerve
Systemic Slides 5 hours
 G.I.T
 Lung-Trachea
 Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder
 Endocrine- Adrenal,pancreas,pituitary,thyroid and parathyroid
 Uterus, Ovary, testis

Reference books:

Human Anatomy- Regional and Applied Volume

B.D Chaurasia
Clinical Anatomy For Medical Students
Richard [Link]

********************************************************************
Paper I – Section B: PHYSIOLOGY
Course outcome:
◦ CO1: Knowledge of general physiology, nerve-muscle physiology and haematology.
◦ CO2: Knowledge of basic human physiology with respect to CVS, Respiratory system
and GI system.
◦ CO3: Knowledge of basic human physiology of excretion and CNS.
◦ CO4: Knowledge of basic human physiology of special senses and endocrine system.
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY-1 hr
2. MUSCLE and NERVE - 3 hrs
7. Neurons and glial cells - Structure, function, Types, electrical property, degeneration
and regeneration.
8. Muscle- Structure & Functions of skeletal muscle & smooth muscle
9. Neuromuscular transmission – Functional anatomy, Transmission & Clinical impor-
tance.
3. HAEMATOLOGY - 9 hrs
1. Fluid compartments, Composition & functions of blood, Plasma protein – names, func-
tions.
2. Erythrocyte - Morphology, Count, Function, Erythropoiesis, Factors affecting erythro-
poiesis, Structure of Haemoglobin, Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate, Anaemia, Polycy-
themia, Fate of RBC, Jaundice.
3. Leucocytes - Morphology, Types, Properties & Functions, variations in count.
4. Thrombocytes- Morphology, Count, Function, Variations.
5. Hemostasis. Coagulation and its disorders.

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 6. Blood groups and its importance, Blood transfusion.
7. Tissue fluid and Lymph
8. Immunity.
4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - 10 hrs
 Organisation of CVS, Properties of Cardiac Muscle, Origin and spread of cardiac im-
pulse
 Cardiac Cycle – Electrical (ECG)and mechanical events,
 Cardiac output, Measurement, (Fick’s Principle) regulation
 Blood pressure, measurement & variation, determinants, regulation, Shock.
 Regional circulation.(Salient features only)-coronary, Pulmonary, Cerebral, Cutaneous
5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - 8 hrs
 Introduction. Functional anatomy, Mechanics of ventilation, Pressure changes, volume
changes, Surfactant, Compliance, Airway resistance.
 Alveolar ventilation, Dead space, Ventilation perfusion ratio and its significance,
 Spirogram
 Diffusion of gases, O2 transport, CO2 transport.
 Regulation of respiration – Voluntary, Neural, Chemical.
 Abnormalities of respiration Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Dyspnea, Asphyxia, High altitude,
 Dysbarism.
6. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - 7 hrs
 Functional anatomy of GI tract,
 Secretions - Salivary secretion & its regulation, Gastric secretion and its regulation,
 Peptic ulcer, Pancreatic secretion and its regulation, Functions of liver. Bile – storage
and functions. Intestinal juice
 Movements - Mastication, Deglutition, Movements of stomach, Small intestine, Large
intestine. vomiting, Defeacation.
 GI Hormones,
 Digestion & Absorption of carbohydrates, Proteins, Fat & vitamins
7. Excretion - 7 hrs
 Functional anatomy of kidney, Structure and function of kidney and nephron
 Renal blood flow, Glomerular filtration rate, Definition, Measurement and factors
 affecting Tubular functions – Reabsorption, Secretion, Acidification, concentration and
abnormalities.
 Micturition – Bladder innervation, Micturition reflex.
 Functions of skin
8. ENDOCRINOLOGY - 6 hrs
 Introduction to endocrinology (Different glands, hormones)
 Pituitary gland ( Anterial and posterior glands, actions and applied aspects.
 Thyroid gland (Actions and applied aspects)
 Calcium homeostasis (Parathyroid, Vitamin D, Calcitonin, actions and applied aspects
 Pancreas (Endocrine part – insulin, glucagon – actions and applied aspects
 Adrenal cortex and medulla (Actions and applied aspects)
9. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - 3 hrs
 Male Reproductive System- Different parts, spermatogenesis, hormones
 Female reproductive system – Different parts, Sexual cycles – Menstrual cycles –
Ovarian, endometrium
 Lactation, Pregnancy & Contraception (Basics only)
10. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (Basics only) - 10 hrs

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 a) Organization of Nervous system.
b) Synapse, Properties & Function
c) Reflexes, Reflex action, Property ,Function.
d) Sensory system – Receptor, Ascending sensory pathway (basics only), Thalamus, sen-
sory cortex
e) Motor System – Spinal control of Motor activity, Motor areas in Cerebral Cortex,
f) Pyramidal & extra pyramidal tracts (basics only),
g) Basal ganglia & Cerebellum.
h) Hypothalamus
i) Autonomous nervous system
j) Cerebro spinal fluid- formation and functions.
11. SPECIAL SENSES (Basics only) - 4 hrs
 Audition
 Vision
Revision and evaluation session – 4-5 hours
Reference books:
Essentials of Medical Physiology
Anil Baran Singha Mahapatra

********************************************************************
Paper II – AHS12
Section A: BIOCHEMISTRY

Course outcome:
▪ CO1: Knowledge of biochemistry of cell structure, functions, digestion, enzymes and
protreins.
▪ CO2: Knowledge of biochemistry of carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.
▪ CO3: Knowledge of biochmestry of liver and renal function tests, specialized laboratory
investigations and lipids.
▪ CO4: Knowledge of biochemistry of metabolism, homeostasis, nucleic acids and cancer.
I. CELL STRUCURE & FUNCTIONS 1hr
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosomes
 Fluid mosaic model for membrane structure
II. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS 2hrs
 Digestion of carbohydrates
 Fats
 Enzymes in digestion of proteins

III. ENZYMES 1hr

 Normal serum range and diagnostic importance of serum AST, ALP,ALT,CK,GGT
and AMYLASE.

IV. PROTEINS 1hr

 Essential amino acids
 Plasma proteins
 Immunoglobulins

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V. CARBOHYDRATES 2hr
 Diabetes mellitus- symptoms and complications
 Glucose tolerance test
 Action of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate metabolism
VI VITAMINS 2hrs
1 Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A, C, D, E, K
2 Vit B Complex
VII MINERALS 1hr
 Factors maintaining serum calcium level and important functions of calcium
 Importance of trace elements
VIII HEMOGLOBIN 1hr
 Hemoglobin metabolism
IX LIVER FUNCTION TESTS 1hr
 Jaundice and types of jaundice
 Enzymes in liver disease
 Alcoholic liver disease
 Infections of the liver
X RENAL FUNCTION TESTS 1hr
 Serum Creatinine
XI SPECIALIZED LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1hr
Principle and applications of
 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
 ELISA
 Colorimetry
 Flow cytometry
XII LIPIDS 1hr
 Essential fatty acids (EFA)
 Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
 Phospholipids
XIII METABOLISM 1hr
 TCA cycle (steps only)
XIV MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS 1hr
 Plasma buffers
 Renal mechanisms in pH regulation
 Anion gap
 Metabolic acidosis,
XV NUCLEIC ACIDS 1hr
 DNA and RNA
 Purine and pyrimidine bases,
XVI CANCER 1hr
• Chemical and physical carcinogens
• Tumor markers.
Reference books:
The Text Book of Biochemistry
Dr. [Link], Sreekumari.S
Text Book of Biochemistry
[Link]
Essentials of Biochemistry

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 [Link]

********************************************************************

Paper II – Section B: PHARMACOLOGY

Course outcome:
 CO1: Basic knowledge in pharmacology.
 CO2: Detailed systemic pharmacology.
 CO3: Detailed knowledge of drugs and groups of drugs.

Course
4. General Pharmacology – 4 hours
5. Evaluation of drugs in man, drug prescribing and drug interactions – 3 hours
6. Sedatives, hypnotics and pharmacotherapy of insomnia – 1 hour
7. Drugs effective in convulsive disorders – 1hour
8. Opioid analgesics – 1 hour
9. Analgesic – antipyretics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – 1 hour
[Link] – 1 hour
[Link] therapy of parksinsonism and other degenerative disorders of the brain – 1 hour
[Link] anesthetics – 1 hour
[Link] and adrenergic blocking drugs – 1 hour
[Link] and anti histamic drugs – 1 hour
[Link] of cough – 1 hour
[Link] of bronchial asthma and rhinitis – 1 hour
[Link] and pharmacotherapy of cardiac failure – 1 hour
[Link] drugs and pharmacotherapy of angina pectoris – 1 hour
[Link] of hypertension – 1 hour
[Link] and blood coagulation – 1 hour
[Link] effective in iron deficiency and other related anemias – 1 hour
[Link] – 1 hour
[Link], drug therapy of vomiting, vertigo and diarrhea – 1 hour
[Link] of constipation – 1 hour
[Link] of peptic ulcer – 1 hour
[Link], Trimethoprim, cortimoxazole, nitrofurans and quinolones – 1 hour
[Link] and antibiotics effective mainly against gram positive organisms – 1 hour
[Link] and other antibiotics effective mainly against gram negative
organisms – 1 hour
[Link] effective against both gram positive and gram negative organisms – 1 hour
[Link] principles of chemotherapy of infections – 1 hour
[Link] of urinary tract infections – 1 hour
[Link], disinfectants and insecticides – 1 hour
[Link] and antithyroid drugs – 1 hour
[Link] and ant diabetic drugs – 1 hour
[Link] cortical steroids – 1 hour
[Link] and antitoxidants – 1 hour
[Link], pregnancy and the newborn – 1 hour

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 28 of 60

Reference books:

Essentials of Medical Pharmacology

Tripathi
Basics and Clinical Pharmacology
Katzung
********************************************************************
Paper III – AHS 13
Section A: MICROBIOLOGY
Course Outcome:
◦ CO1: To understand the morphological characters of bacteria.
◦ CO2: To master the preparation of smear, fixation and staining of bacterial smears and
its quality control methods
◦ CO3: Learn to use microscope , autoclave, hot air oven, water bath, steamer, filters
◦ CO4: To differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity, and explain the main de-
fences lines as well as biological barrier to the infections.
◦ CO5: Employ antigen –antibody interaction to conduct different immunological and sero-
logical tests in the laboratory

Introduction to medical microbiology - 1 hr

Morphology and physiology of bacteria - 1 hr
Sterilization and disinfection - 2 hrs
Normal Microbial flora of the human body - 1 hr
Infection - 2 hrs
Antibiotics - 1 hr
Hospital infections and prevention - 2 hrs
Immunity - 1 hr
Antigen, Antibody, Antigen-antibody reactions - 1 hr
Immune response - 1 hr
Hypersensitivity - 1 hr
Immunoprophylaxis - 1 hr
Tuberculosis - 1 hr
Typhoid - 1 hr
Virus infections - 1 hr
HIV/AIDS - 1 hr
Hepatitis viruses - 1 hr
Medical Mycology - 1 hr
Medical Parasitology - 1 hr
Malaria - 1 hr
Urinary Tract Infections - 1 hr
Respiratory Tract Infections - 1 hr
Gastrointestinal Infections - 1 hr
Sexually Transmitted Disease - 1 hr
Infections of the nervous system - 1 hr
Practical Demonstrations
Gram Staining - ½ hr
Acid Fast Staining - ½ hr

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing - ½ hr
CSSD Visit - ½ hr
Theory Class Hours - 28 hrs
Practical Demonstration hours - 2 hrs
Total hours - 30 hrs
Referrence books:
Text Book of Medical Paracytology
[Link] Panicker
Text Book of Microbiology
Anand Narayan

********************************************************************
Paper III – Section B: PATHOLOGY
Course Outcome:
▪ CO1: Knowledge of general and systemic pathology.
▪ CO2: Knowledge of pathology of neoplasms.
▪ CO3: Knowledge of basics of community health.
1. Introduction to Pathology 3 hrs
- Histopathology- Methods and techniques
- Cytology-FNAC,Exfoliative advantages and limitations of cytology
- Hematology-Sample collection.
- Immunohistochemistry,Immunofluorescence, Electron microscopy, Flow cytometry
2. Cell injury & adaptations 1 hr
- Etiology
- Reversible & - Irreversible cell injury
- Necrosis & Apoptosis
- Gangrene - Dry - Wet
- Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia.
Fatty change
3. Inflammation & Repair 2hrs
- What is inflammation
- Signs of inflammation, Acute and chronic inflammation, Types of inflammation, Giant
cells, Macrophages, Ulcer, abscess, Acute inflammation, Systemic effects of acute in-
flammation
- Factors affecting healing- Complications of healing
4. Hemodynamic Disorders 2 hrs
-Definition of edema and causes of edema

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 - Exudate and transudate
Shock – Definition and types of shock
Thrombosis
Embolism- Definition and types of emboli ,- Pulmonary thromboembolism
5. Neoplasia 2 hrs
- Definition
- Difference between benign and malignant cells, Nomenclature of tumors
- Routes of metastasis of tumours,- Staging of tumour,- Etiology of cancers - Diagnosis
of cancer, including tumour markers
6. CVS 1hr
- Definition of Ischaemia, Infarction, Aneurysm
- Rheumatic heart disease, Infective endocarditis, Atherosclerosis
- Myocardial infarction,Hypertension and pericardial effusion
7. Respiratory system 1hr
- Tuberculosis, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, COPD and tumours
8. GIT 1hr
- Peptic ulcer, - Carcinoma of oesophagus, Stomach & Colon,
- Inflammatory bowel disease (UC & Crohns)
9. Liver and GB 1h
- Hepatitis. Cirrhosis, Tumours of liver
1. Cholecystitis and GB calculi

10. Renal 1hr

- Glomerulonephritis & Pyelonephritis
- Renal calculi -Nephrotic syndrome, Renal tumors, Polycystic renal diseases-

Internal assessment Exam -1 ½ hrs

11. MGS 1hr
- Cryptorchidism,Orchitis, epididymitis, Prostatic hyperplasia
1. Carcinoma penis, Testicular tumors
12. FGS & Breast 1hr

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 Ovarain tumours,- Fibroid- Carcinoma cervix- Carcinoma endometrium pap smear
Fibroadenoma breast, Carcinoma Breast-Predisposing factors & TNM
13. CNS 1hr
- Meningitis & encephalitis.- Alzheimer’s disease,
Tumours - Meningioma, Gliomas, Metastasis
CSF collection, indication and contraindication, tests performed, cytocentrifuge
14. Skin & soft tissue 1hr
Skin- SCC, Melanoma,BCC inflammatory lesions lipoma,
15. Bone 1hr
Osteoporosis, Osteomyelitis,Rickets ,Osteomalacia
Tumours – Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma , Ewings sarcoma & Arthritis
16. Endocrine 1hr
Organs, Pituitary, Adrenal brief; Thyroid – Goitre thyroiditis and tumours
Diabetes and its complications
17. Anaemias - Types of anaemia 1hr

18. WBC disorders Non neoplastic and neoplastic 1hr

[Link] system- Lymphadenitis, Lymphomas 1hr

20. Platelet and coagulation abnormalities-Primary & Secondary Hemostasis

2hrs
21 .Clinical Pathology I Blood collection, anticoagulants used,vacuettes and their
color [Link] hemogram and the various parameters ,Bone marrow – Indication of BM
study & collection procedure, PT ,APTT sample collection
1hr
22. Clinical Pathology II –Urine analysis –Physical,Chemical, microscopic, Dipstick pa-
rameters 1hr
23 Transfusion Medicine- Blood grouping, cross matching, Screening of donor, Pre-
cautions to take when you start blood transfusion,Monitoring during transfusion,Transfusion
reactions, Blood components. 1Hr

Internal assessment Exam -1 ½ hrs

Lab visit: Histopathology lab-1hr

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 Hematology lab &blood bank:1 hr
Cytology lab:1hr
Total Hours: 29 hrs lecture+3hrs exam+3 hrs lab visit=35 hrs
Referrence Books:

Basic Pathology: An introduction to the mechanisms of disease

Sunil R Lakhani, Susan A Dilly,Caroline J Filayson

********************************************************************

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 33 of 60

 Paper IV (AHS 14) – Section A: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICA-
TION

Course outcome:
 CO1: basic under-standing of use of computer.
 CO2: Applications of computer in clinical departments.
 CO3: Deatiled knowledge on how to use hospital information system.
Coure Description: This course is designed for students to develop basic understanding of
used of computer and its applications in Clinical Departments
Unit Time Learning Ob- Content Teaching Learning Assessment
(hours) jective activities Methods
Th. Pr.
1 10 5 Identify & Introduction * Lecture cum * Short an-
define var- * Concepts of discussion swer
ious con- computers * Explain using questins
cepts used * Hardware and charts
in comput- Software * Panel discus- * Objective
er Identify * Trends and sion Type
application Technology
of comput- * Application of
er Computers

II 5 10 Describe Introduction to * Lecture * Short an-

and use of Disk Operating * Discussion swers
Disk Oper- System * Demonstration
ating Sys- * DOS * Practice session * Objective
tem (DOS) * Windows (all Type
Demon- version) * Practical
strate skill * MS Word Exam and
in the use * MS Excel with Viva voice
of MS Of- Pictorial
fice Presentation
* MS - Access
* MS-Power Point
III 10 5 Demon- * Multimedia : * Lecture * Short an-
strate skill types & uses * Discussion swers
in using * Computer aided * Demonstration * Objective
multimedia teaching & test- Type
ing * Practical
Identify Exam and
features of Viva voice
computer
aided
teaching
and testing

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 IV 10 5 Describe and * Statistical * Lecture * Short answers
use of the packages: * Discussion * Objective
statistical Types and * Demonstra- Type
packages their tion * Practical
features * Practice Ses- Exam and
sion Viva voice

V 5 5 Describe the * Hospital * Lecture * Short answers

use of Hos- Management * Discussion * Objective
pital Man- System : * Demonstra- Type
agement Types and tion * Practical
System uses Exam and
* Electronic Viva voice
patient
records

********************************************************************
Paper IV – Section B: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION
Course outcome:
◦ CO4: Introduction and basic concept of quality.
◦ CO5: Standardization and Implementation
Course Objectives:
Modernization and its brand conscious make an organization thrive towards perfection
in the comparative world of business. The underlying factor that allows an organiza-
tion to stand the test of time is quality. The students are given the working knowledge
of the subject.
Course Content:
Introduction to quality - 2 hrs
Definition, Concept, Benefits - 2 hrs
Function - 2 hrs
Design - 2 hrs
Formulation - 2 hrs
Standardization - 2 hrs
Implementation - 2 hrs
Factors affecting quality - 2 hrs
Need for quality - 2 hrs
Quality cycle - 2 hrs
Quality objectives - 2 hrs
Quality policy - 2 hrs
Quality measurable - 2 hrs
Quality Control, Quality Standards, Q C Tools - 6 hrs
Quality Documents, QC Records, Kazen techniques - 2 hrs

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 35 of 60

 Such as Market-in, TOC, Q C Circles, - 2 hrs
Suggestion scheme, TPM, Kanban, - 2 hrs
JIT, Zero defect programme - 2 hrs
ISO - 4 hrs
Quality management system Quality manual - 4 hrs
Quality procedures - 4 hrs
Quality records - 4 hrs
Quality audit - 4 hrs
Correlative and preventive action - 2 hrs
SQC (Statistical Quality Control techniques) - 2 hrs
Cost effectiveness - 2 hrs
Cost of quality system - 2 hrs
Benefit in total cost - 4 hrs
Cost measuring system - 4 hrs
TQM- Concept, awareness, aspects train - 4 hrs
Total - 80hrs
Detailed Course Plan
Unit- I
Introduction to quality –Definition, concept, Benefits-Functions-Design- Formulation- Stan-
dardization
Unit-II
Implementation –Factors affecting quality –Need for Quality Cycle –Quality objectives- Quali-
ty policy

Unit-III
Quality measurable –Quality Control Quality Standards. Q C Tools –NABH, NABL, JCI~Quality
Documents, QC Records. Kazen Technique such as Market-in, TQC .Q C Circles –Suggestion
scheme. TPM, Kanban –JIT, Zero defect programmes

Unit-IV
ISO- Quality management system- Quality manual-Quality procedure- Quality records- Quali-
ty audit

Unit- V
Corrective and preventive action –SQC (Statistical Quality Control technique)
Cost effectiveness- Cost of quality system- Benefit in total cost –Cost
Measuring system- TOM- concept, awareness, aspects training

Reference Text:
1. Dale H Bester field. Carol Bester field, Glen H Bester field, Mary
Bester field –Scare, Total Quality Management .Wesley Logman
(Singapore)[Link]. Indian Branch, 482F.I.E, Patparganj, Delhi 110092,
India
2. [Link] bhat, Total Quality management .Himalaya Publishing
Hollse. “Ramdoot” Dr Bhalerao Mag. Girgaon, Mumbai-400004
********************************************************************

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 36 of 60

 Paper V (AHS 15): ENGLISH
Course Description : The course is designed to enable students to enhance ability to
comprehend spoken and written English (and use English) required for effective communica-
tion in their professional work. Students will practice their skills in verbal and written.
Course Outcome
▪ CO1: Develop their intellectual, personal and professional abilities.
▪ CO2: Acquire basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) in order to
communication with speakers of English language
▪ CO3: Acquire the linguistic competence necessarily required in various life situations
Unit Time Learning Ob- Content Teaching Learning Assessment
(Hours) jective activities Methods
1. 10 Speak and * Review of * Demonstrate use * Objective
write grammer of dictionary type
grammati- * Remedial * Class Room * Fill in the
cally study conversation blanks
correct of grammer * Exercise on use * Para Phras-
English * Building vo of grammer ing
cabulary * Practice in
* Phonetics public speaking
* Public speak-
ing
II 10 Develop * Read and Exercise on : * Short an-
ability to comprehend swers
read, un- prescribed * Reading * Essay Type
derstand course books * Summarizing
and ex- * Comprehension
press
meaning
fully, the
prescribed
text
III 8 Develop * Various forms Exercise on writing : * Assessment
writing of Composi- * Letter of the skills
skills tion * Note based on
* Letter writing * Precise the check
* Note taking * Diary list
* Precise writing * Anecdote
* Anecdotal re * Health problems
cords * Story writing
* Diary writing * Resume / CV
* Reports on * Essay Writing
health Prob- * Discussion on
lems written reports /
etc. documents
* Resume / CV

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 37 of 60

 IV 6 Develop Spoken English Exercise on : * Assessment
skill in spo- * Debating of the skills
ken English * Oral report * Participating in based on
* Discussion Seminar, panel, the
* Debate Symposium check list
* Telephone * Teleponic
conversation Conversation

V 2 Develop Listening Com- Exercise on : * Assessment

skill in lis- prehension of the skills
tening com- * Listening to au- based on
prehension * Media, audio, dio, the
video, Speeches video, tapes check list
etc. and
identify the key
points
VI 4 Develop Grammer Exercise on : * Assessment
skill in of the skills
Grammer * Transforma- * Voice based on
tion of * The Sentence the
Sentences * Parts of check list
* Correction of Speech
sentence * Direct and Indi
* Vocabulary rect Speech
Building * Affirmative and
* Composition Negative
* Essay writing * Change the
- Question Tag
on topics of * Correction of
every day life Syllabus
* Idioms
* Letter writing –
Personal, Offi-
cial
matters con-
nection
with daily life

********************************************************************

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 38 of 60

Second Year
Paper VII BMRT7

Regional and Imaging Anatomy

1. CO1: General anatomy of the head and neck including the brain, the thorax,
the abdomen, the pelvis, the vertebral column and spinal cord, the upper and
lower extremities and their associated articulations.
2. CO2: Sectional anatomy in transverse, sagittal and coronal planes utilizing con-
temporary 3D medical imaging.
3. CO3: Skills to acquire knowledge about pathologies that are difficult to evaluate
with Conventional Radiography.

Time allotted: Theory: 160 hrs.

Demonstration: 40 hrs.

The anatomical relationships of bones, organs, blood vessels, nerves and muscles. The
unit will address in turn the general anatomy of the head and neck including the brain,
the thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, the vertebral column and spinal cord, the upper
and lower extremities and their associated articulations. Each topic will include consid-
eration of osseous, muscular and vascular components, nerves and viscera. The re-
lated sectional anatomy in transverse, sagittal and coronal planes will be address utiliz-
ing contemporary 3D medical imaging.

 Upper Limb: relevant osteology; regional anatomy of the shoulder, axilla, arm, fo-
rearm, and wrist; detailed plain radiographic anatomy of skeletal mature and skeletal
immature individuals; MRI of the glenohumeral joint.

 Lower Limb: relevant osteology; regional anatomy of the hip, thigh, leg and foot re-
gions; detailed plain radiographic anatomy of skeletal mature and skeletal immature
individuals; MRI of the hip and knee joints.

 Head and Neck: relevant osteology of the skull and cervical spine; regional anatomy
of the mouth, nasal cavities, pharynx, and structures of the neck, brain and its blood
supply; sectional anatomy of the head and neck; plain and contrast radiographic anat-
omy, computerised tomography and MRI of the head and neck.

 Regional anatomy of the thorax: relevant osteology; thoracic wall, lungs and pleura,
and the mediastinum; sectional anatomy.

 Imaging anatomy of the thorax: plain radiographic anatomy; coronary arteriogra-

phy, mammography; computerized tomography.

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 39 of 60

  Regional anatomy of the abdomen: relevant osteology, abdomen wall, peritoneum,
supracolic and infracolic organs; retroperitoneum, sectional anatomy.

 Regional anatomy of the pelvis and perineum: pelvic wall, male pelvic organs, fe-
male pelvic organs, contents of the male and female perineum; sectional anatomy.

 Imaging anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis: plain radiographic anatomy; compu-
terized tomography; angiography; contrast radiographic anatomy of the gastrointes-
tinal tract, urinary tract, biliary tract and hysterosalpingogram.

 Ultrasonic anatomy: introduction to terminology; major organs and structures that

can be imaged using ultrasound.

 Age related Changes: Introduction to ossification changes in the skeleton and the appear-
ance in X-rays, Ultrasonography, CT.

 Imaging features of Foreign Bodies: Detection of foreign objects and substances in

radiological examination. Radio-opaque drugs, poisons, other substances.

REFERENCE BOOKS
 Radiotraphic anatomy - Messchan
 Gray’s anatomy
 Dean. Basic Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers. Hamilton et al, Surface
and Radiological Anatomy.

Paper VIII BMRT8

Radio-Diagnosis – I

1. CO1: Introduction to Radiographic procedures.

2. CO2: Knowledge about positioning terminology and positioning related to body
cavities, bony thorax ,upper extremities ,shoulder girdle and lower extremities
3. CO3: Knowledge about conventional modalities with respect to recent advances
in Radiography

Time allotted: Theory : 160 hrs.

Demonstration : 40 hrs.

1. Preliminary steps in Radiography

2. Radiation hazards, genetic and somatic effects
3. General anatomy and radiographic positioning terminology
4. Practical safety measures in diagnostic radiography
5. Physical principles of x-ray diagnosis
6. Radiological images, intensifying screens, fluoroscopic screens, grids, moving grid,
radiographic cones
7. Radiographic films, single coated, double coated films

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 40 of 60

 8. Various stages of film processing
9. X-ray developer, fixer, replenisher
10. Dark room construction, dark room safe light, pass box
11. Fog in x-ray film
12. Automatic x-ray film processing
13. Practical aspects in radiography of children
14. Bed side radiography, High KV Radiography, soft tissue radiography
15. Digital radiography introduction.
16. Software used in digital X-ray storage, viewing and sharing.
17. Digital image enhancement in radiography.

II. (a) UPPER EXTREMITY

Basic alternative and additional projections for special conditions of the bones and
joints of the upper exterimity.
Shoulder girdle: Basic and alternatives techniques for the shoulder joint and scapula,
clavicle, ACJ and SCJ.
(b) LOWER EXTREMITY
Basic and alternative projections of the lower extremity. Toes, foot, fingers, calcaneus,
subtalar joint, ankle joint leg. Knee intercondylar notch, patella femur.
(c) PELVIC GIRDLE AND HIP REGION
Basic and alternative techniques for the whole pelvis and upper femora, pelvis and hip
joints, femoral necks, acetabulum, anterior pelvic bones, ilium, spectal technique for
congenital dislocation of the hip.
(d) VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Basic and alternative techniques for the occipito cervical, articulations, Atlas and axis
(Open mouth) Odontoid process cervical vertebrae, cervical intervertebral foramina,
cervicothoracic region; thoracic vertebrae, lumbar- lumbosaiccral vertebrae, lumbo sa-
cral junction and scaro iliac joints, sacroiliac joints and coccyx.
(e) BONY THORAX
Techniques for sternum, sternoclavicular joints, Ribs, upper and lower.
(f) THORACIC VISCERA
Techniques for Trachea, and pulmonary apex, chest (lungs and heart).
(g) ANTERIOR PART OF NECK: Techniques for pharynx and larynx.
(h) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Abdomen, gall bladder, spleen and liver.
(I) SKULL: Techniques applicable to the whole skull cranial bone, sellaturcica, orbit, optic
foramen, superior and inferior orbital fissure.
(j) FACIAL BONES:
Radiographic positioning of Face bone Nasal bone Zygomatic arches, maxilla, mandi-
ble, mandibular symphysis TMJ, Panormic tomography of the mandible.
◦ PNS: Radiography and positioning of paranasal sinuses.
(l) TEMPORAL BONE : Radiography and techniques for the mastoid process and masto-
id and petrous positions, jugular foramina
(m) Dental Radiography

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 41 of 60

 Paper IX BMRT9

Radiation Oncology –I

1. CO1: X-ray - production and properties , X-ray Technology – X-ray tubes, rectifiers,
generators , transformers, KV and MV stabilizers ,timers
2. CO2: Principles of Diagnostic Radiology- Filters, Collimators and Grids
3. CO3: Effects of X-ray, Film construction and image production
4. CO4: Working of an Image Intensifier tube, Fluoroscopy
5. CO5: Physics of Mammographic Equipments
6. CO6: Computed Tomography – CT scanner, its generations, collimators, beam atten-
uation and its coefficients with Image Reconstruction Techniques with recent ad-
vancement in modalities.
7. CO7: Magnetic Resonance Imaging- Physics and Instrumentation of Magnetic Imaging

Time allotted: Theory : 160 hrs.

Demonstration : 40 hrs.

1. Cancer registry, Epidemiology and Prevention of cancer,

2. Oncopathology
3. Methods of cancer treatment
1. Medical oncology
2. Radiation oncology
3. Surgical oncology
4. Hormones in oncology

4. Radiobiological basis of Radiotherapy

Radiobiology: Direct and indirect effect of radiation, cell survival curves, linear energy
transfer (LET), oxygen effect, cell cycle, radio sensitivity of normal and tumor cells;
Radiation response of various tumors, normal tissue tolerance, radio resistance, the 4
R’s of radiotherapy, radiation dose and fractionation in radiotherapy, time-dose frac-
tionation, therapeutic ratio, radiation response modifiers, radiobiological effects in ra-
diosurgery.

5. Cancers of various sites

 Skin cancers: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melano-
ma, skin appendage tumors
 Head and neck tumors: oral cavity, nasal cavity and para nasal sinuses, naso pha-
rynx , oro pharynx, laryngo pharynx , larynx, salivary glands, ears
 Thoracic tumors : lung, esophagus, thymus
 Gastrointestinal tumors: stomach pancreas, liver, gall bladder, colon, rectum anal
canal
 Urological tumors: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
 Gynaecological cancer: uterus, ovary, cervix, vagina, vulva
 Male genital tumors : prostrate, testis, penis
 Breast Cancer

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 42 of 60

  Tumors of bone and soft tissue : osteo sarcoma, Ewing’s tumor, fibro sarcoma,
 Lympho reticular tumors : Hodgkin’s disease, non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
 Hematological malignancies : Leukemia, multiple myloma
 CNS tumors : gliomas, meningioma, medullo blastoma
 Cancer in children : retino blastoma, Wilm’s tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdo myo
sarcoma
 Endocrine tumors : thyroid, pituitary, adrenal
 Orbital and ocular tumors
 Metastasis of unknown primary site

Paper X BMRT10

Radiation Physics - I

1. CO1: X-ray - production and properties , X-ray Technology – X-ray tubes, rectifiers,
generators , transformers, KV and MV stabilizers ,timers.
2. CO2: Principles of Diagnostic Radiology- Filters, Collimators and Grids
3. CO3: Effects of X-ray, Film construction and image production.
4. CO4: Working of an Image Intensifier tube, Fluoroscopy
5. CO5: Physics of Mammographic Equipments.
6. CO6: Computed Tomography – CT scanner, its generations, collimators, beam atten-
uation and its coefficients with Image Reconstruction Techniques with recent ad-
vancement in modalities.
7. CO7: Magnetic Resonance Imaging- Physics and Instrumentation of Magnetic imag-
ing

SECTION: I
X-rays :
Production and properties – Continuous and characteristic x-rays-xray spectra- Inten-
sity and Quality of X- rays- Hard and Soft x-rays- Heel effect.

SECTION : II
X-ray Technology -1
X-ray tubes: Diagnostic and therapy tubes, Gas tubes, Collidge tube- Rotating anode
tube- Line focus tube voltage – Self rectifier circuit. Half wave rectifier circuit – Full
wave rectifier circuit. – Dual focus tube – Hooded anode tube- other therapy tubes
(qualitative study – x-ray generators of circuits- Auto transformer- Filament transfor-
mer- Rectification of anode

3 Phase generators – phase transformers- 6 pulse, 6 rectifier – 6 pulse, 12 rectifier –

Power storage Generators (Qualitative) – Capacitor units for diagnosis – Villard circuit-
Grenacher circuit – MA stabilizer – KV stabilizer – Mains compensator – Main stabilizer
– measurement of KV – sphere gap method – series resistance volt meters – electros-
tatic volt meters- pre- reading KV meter- crystal spectrometer.

SECTION: III X-ray Technology 2

Timers:

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 43 of 60

 Synchronous, Electronic, Ionization, Photo, MAS timers
- Pulse counting
- Rating factors controlling rating
- Use of rating charts
-Accelerators

SECTION: IV
Principles of Diagnostic Radiology:
Physical principles – Filters and Filtration – Inherent and Added Filtration – Heavy
metal filter- Effect of filtration on low and high energy beams.
Collimators – Grids – grid characterists – Types of grids- Evaluation of grid perfor-
mance – stroboscopic effect.

SECTION: V
Effects of X-rays
Fluorescence – Phosphorescence – Luminescence
X- ray Films:
Film construction – image production – Development – Fixation and Hardening-
processing – Properties of X-ray films – Density characteristic curves – film Gamma –
speed or sensitivity – latitude – Contrast
Screens:
Intensifying and fluorescent screens – Actions- Intensifying factors – Screen thickness
– materials used – quantum mottle (Brief) – Modulation Transfer Function (Brief)

SECTION: VI
Images:
Primary radiological images – image intensifier- Cine- radiography- Video tape
recording – TV technique – image quality- Geometric factors influencing the im-
age- Magnification and Distortion – Unsharpness – Penumbra- Radiographic Ex-
posure. – Quality Assurance in X-ray Radiology

SECTION VII
New Imaging Techniques

a. Computerised Tomography
CT scanner – various generation of CT – Collimators, CT beam attenuation, linear at-
tenuation coefficients, Hounsfield Unit, back-projection, filtered back-projection and Fourier
transform. Computed tomography system components inherent in computer acquisition,
processing and image display

b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Basic properties of the hydrogen nucleus, precession in a magnetic field (classical pic-
ture); Larmor equation; energy levels in a magnetic field; size of bulk magnetisation;
effects of RF ("B1") fields; Rotating frame, free precession and signals (FIDs), principle
of slice selection; importance of RF pulse profile, Gradients and 1-D profiles - frequen-
cy encoding; mention of projection-reconstruction imaging (not in detail); introduction
to sequence timing diagrams.

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 44 of 60

SECTION VIII
:Special procedures
• Fluoroscopy – Tomography – Stereoscopy – Myelography – Mammography – Pelvi-
metry – xero radiography.

Paper XI BMRT11

Pathology, And Community Health.

CO1: Knowledge of general and systemic pathology.

CO2: Knowledge of pathology of neoplasms
CO3: Knowledge of basics of community health.

Total time allotted :100 hrs.

PATHOLOGY 60 hrs

 Disorders of circulation
◦ Thrombosis
◦ Embolism
◦ Infarction
◦ Oedema

 Mechanism and changes in inflammation

 Detailed study of tumours
◦ Characteristics
◦ CLASSIFICATION
◦ Astiology & pathogenesis
◦ All the common beningn and malignant turmors

 Common Infection
◦ Common acute bacterial infection
◦ Detailed study of tuberculosis, Leprosy, Syphilis
◦ Commonest fungal infection with a short account of opportunistic fungal infection
◦ Brief account of all viral infections including AIDS
◦ Common protozoa and helminthes

 Detailed study of biological effects of radiation

 Regenerative changes
Fatty change
Necrosis
Gangrene
Pathogenic calcification
 Genetic diseases
Down’s syndrome

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 45 of 60

 Haemophilia
 Immunology
Auto immune diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
Immuno deficiency –AIDS
 Brief study of nutritional diseases
 Radiation and pregnancy

DISEASES OF INDIVIDUAL ORGAN SYSTEMS

1. CVS - IHD
- RHD
- infective endocarditis
- Hypertension
- Valvular diseases

2. Lung - Pneumonias
- TB
- Asthma
- Tumors

3. G I T - Oral cavity
- Oesophageal Ca
- Peptic Ulcer
- Ca stomach
- Malabsorption
- Inflammatory Bowel diseases
- Dysentry
- Appendicits
- Peritonitis

4. Gall bladder - Stones

-Cholecystitis

5. Pancreas - Pancreatitis
- Stones
- Diabetis mellitus

6. Male Reproductive system - Hydrocoele

- Orchitis & Epididynitis
- Benign prostate hypertrophy
- Brief mention of tumors

7. Female Reproductive system - Cervicitis

- Ca Cx
- Ca Endometrium

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 46 of 60

 - Disorders of Menstruation
- Lyomyoma
- Brief account of ovarian tumors
- Disease of pregnancy – PHT – Ectopic

8. Breast - Fibro adenoma

- Ca breast

9. Blood - Anaemias
- Leukaemia
- Bleeding disorders

10. Lymphoreticular Systems - Lymphadenitis

- Lymphomas

11. Bones - Congenital

- Osteomylitis
- Rickets osteomalacia
- Bone turmors
- Arthritis

12. Endocrine - Thyroid

- Pituitary
- Adrenal
- Parathyroid

13. Brief account of eye and ear infection

14. Skin - Psoriasis

- Eczema
- Skin tumors (Bassal, squamous
- Malignant Melanoma)

15. Kidney - Stones

- Glomerulonephritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal failure
- Nephrotie syndrome
- Tumors

16. Foetus and Embryo - Abortion

- Growth Retardation
- Congenital Malformations
- Cancers
-Intra Uterine Death
Reference:
 Robbins, Angell and Kumar, Basic Pathology, W.b. Saunders company, Philadelp-
thia.

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 47 of 60

  Smith – La, Microbilogy and pathology, The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis.
 Morse, M.E., samer, M.L. & Godale, R.H. Microbiology and Pathology for Nurses,
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
 Govan, Mae Farlane & Callander – Pathology Illustrated, Churchill Livinstone – In-
ternational Student edition, London, 1981

III. COMMUNITY MEDICINE (40 hrs)

[Recommended Text Book: Park’s textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine by [Link]]

1) General concepts of health and disease with reference to

Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
Determinants of health
Epidemiology and scope

2) Role of environment in health and disease

3) Communicable diseases - an overall view of communicable diseases

classified according to principal mode of transmission.
Non communicable diseases.
National Health Programmes in relation to communicable and
noncommunicable diseases.

4) Health problems of vulnerable groups- Pregnant and lactating

women, infants and pre-school children, Geriatrics.

5) Family Planning, Objectives of National Family Planning Programmes

and Family Planning methods. A general idea of advantages and
disadvantages of the methods.

6) Occupational Health- Definition, Scope, Occupational diseases,

Prevention of occupational disease and hazards with special
emphasis on radiation hazards and protection.

7) Mental health – Community aspects of mental health and mental

health as part of Primary Health Care.

8) Health care of community – Health care delivery system including

relevance of Primary Health Care.

9) Public Health Administration- overall view of the health

administration set up at different levels.

10) International Health Agencies

Park K. Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine

(latest edn), Banarasidas Banot Publishers, Jabalpur.

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 48 of 60

 Rao, Kasturi Sundar, An Introduction to Community health nurs-
ing, B.I. Publications, Chennai.

Park J.E. and Park K., Text Book of Community Health for Nurse,
Assam Publicaitons, Jabalpore.

Ghosh B.N.A. Treatise in Hygience and Public Health.

Third Year - Paper XII BMRT12

Radiation Physics – II
1. CO1: Knowledge about Special Radiographic Investigations and Imaging
2. CO2: Radiographic Techniques for Imaging of Breast tissue
3. CO3: Knowledge to acquire cross sectional images utilizing Computed tomographic
equipment,Patient care and clinical procedures and protocols and skills to diagnose
pathologies with respect to other radiographic modalities
4. CO4: Knowledge to acquire cross sectional images utilizing Magnetic Resonance and
skills to distinguish weighted images ,diagnose pathologies and to compare MR im-
ages with CT images.
5. CO5: Digital radiography- Knowledge about Digital Radiography with comparison with
conventional modalities
6. CO6: Diagnostic ultrasound – Knowledge about physical principles with clinical appli-
cations

Time allotted: Theory : 180 hrs.

Demonstration : 40 hrs

Section I

RADIOTHERAPHY

Principles of Radiotherapy – High energy Machines – Co 60, Cs 137, LINAC source

choice and design – Treatment head – shutter mechanism – Beam collimation and Penumbra
Beam shaping devices – Beam modification – shielding – Beam flattening – Tissue compensa-
tors – Wedge Filters – Beam direction devices – Front and Back pointer.

Section II
Phantoms- Functions used in dose calculation – TAR – BSF – PDD – Isodose curve –
Characteristics – Comparison of charts for beams of various energies.
Patient data acquisition – Body contours – Patient immobilization, Simulators – Treat-
ment simulation – Treatment verification – contour irregularities – Correction for field shaping
– Geometric separation of adjacent fields.

Section III
Treatment planning – SSD set up – isocentric set up – integral dose – Direct beam
therapy – Calculations – Opposing beam therapy – 3 field technique (qualitative) – Rotation
therapy – whole body radiation.

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 49 of 60

 Section IV
Radioactive sources used – Ra, Co, Cs, I, Ir, Au- source construction and care –
Activity – exposure rate constant – Effective Ra eq – Mg hr- Treatment planning – surface
moulds- line source – Interstitial treatment – single plane implant – 2 plane implant – vo-
lume implant – Treatment of cancer of cervix Paterson – Parker and Paris technique (qualita-
tive)- after loading applicators – manual –remote.

Section V
Nuclear Medicine
Radioisotopes used – measurement of sample activity – Detection of radioactivity in
the body – simple collimator system – whole body counting – scanners- Gamma Cameras.
Radiopharmaceutical – Radionuclides – Types of radiations used – Biological, Physical
and Effective half life – Specific activity – Thyroid uptake – Plasma volume – elusion.

Positron emission Tomography – brief

Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography – brief.

Section VII
Radiobiology
Biological effects of Radiation – Types of tumors – Tumor lethal dose – Tissue Toler-
ance dose – Therapeutic ratio – Effects of Radiation on cell cycle – Target theory (Brief) –
Cell survival cure- Response to radiation – Lethal dose- LD50 – Oxygen Effect- Oxygen En-
hancement Ratio – RBE – LET – QF- Fractionation – NSD, TDF, CRF

Section VIII
New Imaging modalities
Ultrasonography
Characteristics of ultrasound beam and propagation in human tissue. Basic principles
of ultrasound imaging equipment – interaction of ultrasound energy and tissue – modes of
ultra – sound imaging – probes, transducers and Ultrasound beam shapes- B-Mode, real
time, gray scale – Ultrasound imaging systems- Doppler Ultrasound – Care of instrument.

Paper XIII BMRT13

Radio Diagnosis – II

1. CO1: Basic Principles of Radiotherapy ,Knowledge about Heavy Energy Ma-

chines- Coblat-60,LINAC Treatment of Cancer with Ionizing Radiation, know-
ledge about dose calculations,
2. CO2: Devices used for patient immobilisations, Skills in Treatment Stimulation
and Verifications, Knowledge about workflow for planning and delivery of Radi-
ation Therapy Treatments.
3. CO3: Brachytherapy – Knowledge of Sources , different treatment techniques
4. CO4: Ultrasonography – Basic principles of ultrasound imaging equipment
5. CO5: Knowledge about interaction of ultrasound energy with tissue

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 50 of 60

 6. CO6: Different modes of ultrasound, Basics of Doppler Ultrasound
7. CO7: Radiobiology – Biological effects of Radiation on tumor cells & cell cycle
Time allotted: Theory : 180 hrs.
Demonstration : 40 hrs.

Special Radiography And Imaging

 CONTRAST MEDIA
Type of contrast agents. Strength and quantities and methods of introduction to
be taught along side the appropriate subject in association with the radiographic tech-
nique.

 CNS:
Radiological Anatomy, Cerebral angiography. Patient preparation. Examination pro-
cedure and Radiographic techniques.
Myelography
Ventriculography and Encephalography
Discography

(a) Digestive System:

Radiological anatomy, preparations of the patient for contrast examina-
tions. Ba meal, Ba FT, Ba enema Examination procedures and Radio-
graphic techniques.

▪ Biliary system:
Radiological Anatomy, and Radiological procedures. Oral cholecystogra-
phy, Intra venous chole cyctangiography, cholangiography, operative,
post operative, percutaneous and ERCP.
1.1 Urinary system:
Radiological Anatomy, contrast media used in [Link] uro-
graphy, Retrograde urography, Retrograde cystography, Female cysto
urethrography, male cysto urethrography.
1.2 Reproductive system:
Radiological Anatomy, Contrast media used in HSG Hysterosalpingogra-
phy, Radiographic pelvimetry and cephalometry; vesiculography, localiza-
tion of IUCD.
1.3 Circulatory System:
Diagnostic visceral and peripheral angiography

1.4 Cardiovascular system:

Cardiographic angiography, cathereization methods and Techniques, ca-
theterization studies and procedures.
1.5 Sialography – Parotid, sub maxillary and sub linqual
1.6 Broncography – Oral and Crico – thyroid
1.7 Dacto cystography – Lacrimal ducts

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 51 of 60

II.
1. Mamography : Film – mammography, Film- screen mammography, Xero
mammography, Techniques.

2. Computed tomography – CT imaging protocols for the head, neck, thorax, spine,
abdomen, pelvis, and musculoskeletal system. These include procedure indications,
patient education, preparation, orientation and positioning, patient history and as-
sessment, contrast media usage, scout image, selectable scan parameters, and
filming and archiving of the images.

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Overview of MRI system; magnets - types, field

strength, homogeneity, stability, shimming, fringe field and shielding; gradient coils -
geometry, amplitudes and rise-times; eddy-currents; pre-emphasis; shielded gradient
sets

Image contrast - proton density; TE and T2-weighting; TR and T1-weighting; in-

version-recovery sequences; examples of sequence parameters used clinically; Fac-
tors affecting SNR in MRI - gamma, B0, spin density, temperature, coil design, pix-
el size, no of acquisitions, bandwidth, sources of noise; signal sampling; gradient
strength and resolution; line width broadening; chemical shift artifact

4. Digital radiography – Digital angiography – Digital subtraction angiography.

1. Dignostic ultrasound – physical principles, clinical applications, Ultrasound

colour Doppler techniques.
• Nuclear medicine – clinical nuclear medicine
• Position emission tomography – principles, clinical studies
• Macroradiogrophy
• Stereography
• MMR or flurography
• Cine radiography
• Fluroscopy
• Image intensifier
• Kymography
• Subtraction radiography
• Indirect Radiography
• Pulsed radiography

III. Quality control of diagnostic X-ray machines, acceptance tests. Description and func-
tioning of various QA and acceptance testing Devices – KVp meter, KVp cassettes, mA
and mAS measuring systems, resolution device, focal spot and field congruence test
tools, cassette test device, spinning top, use of Pocket Dosimeters for QA etc.

Paper XIV BMRT14

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 52 of 60

Radiation Oncology – II
1. CO1: Clinical Implementation of Technology- Imaging for Radiation Therapy
planning: CT, MRI, PET, Ultrasound, Role of Simulators: Virtual simulation,
Conventional simulator Knowledge about Patient Immobilization and support
devices Mould room techniques, Treatment Techniques.
2. CO2: Computerized Radiation Treatment Planning: 2D, 3D conformal.
3. CO3: Treatment verification: Portal Imaging, Portal radiography
4. CO4: Special Techniques in Radiotherapy: Intensity Modulated Radiation Thera-
py (IMRT), Stereoradiosurgery (SRS, SRT), Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT),
Tomotherapy, Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT), Total Body Irradiation with
Photon beams, Total Skin Electron Therapy ,Brachytherapy,Cyberknife

Time allotted: Theory : 180 hrs.

Demonstration : 40 hrs.

1. Radiation Oncology: Overview

2. Clinical Implementation of Technology:

◦ Imaging for Radiation Therapy planning: CT, MRI, PET, Ultrasound
◦ Simulators: Virtual simulation, Conventional simulator
◦ Patient Immobilization and support devices; Mould room techniques
◦ Treatment Techniques: External Beam Radiation Therapy:
CNS
Head and Neck
Breast
Lung, Esophagus
Liver, Pancreas, Bladder, Rectum
Cervix, Uterus, Vagina, Vulva, ovary
Prostate, Testes
Lymphomas
Sarcomas
Bone
◦ Radiation Reaction: Radiation tolerance of various organs and tissues, acute radiation reaction
and its management, delayed radiation reactions, long term effects of radiation, complications
of radiation therapy in children, patient follow up

3. Computerized Radiation Treatment Planning: 2D, 3D conformal.

 Treatment verification: Portal Imaging, Portal radiography

 Special Techniques in Radiotherapy: Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

(IMRT), Stereoradiosurgery (SRS, SRT), Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), To-
motherapy, Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT), Total Body Irradiation with Pho-
ton beams, Total Skin Electron Therapy
Particulate beam therapy: protons, neutrons, heavy ions, neutron capture therapy
Hyperthermia, Photodynamic therapy

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 53 of 60

 5. Brachytherapy:
Radio nuclides used in Brachytherapy, Brachytherapy sources, manual brachytherapy,
remote afteroading brachytherapy, LDR, MDR, HDR and, PDR; intracavitary, intersti-
tial, intraluminal, intravascular and surface applications, intraoperative brachytherapy

6. Quality Assurance in Radiation Therapy

Periodic Quality Assurance Checks
1. Light field vs digital
2. ODIi vs MDI
3. Laser alignment
4. MLC QA (optical)
5. Rotation check for isocentre
6. Light field vs radiation field
7. Beam quality (j20/j10)

7. Mould room techniques

Patient positioning in Radiotherapy

Immobilization and Beam defining devices
Plaster of Paris mould (POP), Thermoplastic mould, Acrylic mould, Vacuum im-
mobilization cushion & Stereo tactic radiotherapy
Beam modifying devices, Tissue compensators, Conformal/secondary
beam shaping block, Surface mould Brach therapy, Special Procedures
Intra-oral prosthesis, corneal shield for
electron therapy, Build up glove
with lead shield for protection of nail bed,
Bolus material, Jig for treatment
of penile cancers.
8. Computer Networking and Information System in Radiation Oncology Networks:

1. Hardware: Servers, workstation, peripherals

2. Software: Servers, clients
3. Topology: Bus, Star, Ring, Fiber distributed data interface
4. Communication protocol, connectors, network infrastructure

Information System

 Over view of hospital information system

 Integration of radiation oncology systems to HIS
 DICOM and DICOM RT
 DICOM conformance
 PACS

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 54 of 60

Paper XV BMRT15

Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Safety

1. CO1: Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation

2. CO2: Knowledge about Radiopharmateuticals and Radioisotopes used.
3. CO3: Physics of Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission
Tomography
4. CO4: Radiation Safety – Knowledge about Radiation Units, Instruments used
for Radiation Detection & Personal Monitoring Devices Knowledge about Radia-
tion Hazards ,protection and regulations

Time allotted: Theory : 180 hrs.

Demonstration : 40 hrs

Radio pharmacy and Chemistry for Nuclear Medicine

Integrated survey of radio pharmacy and chemistry essential to nuclear medicine
procedures. Explanation of technical skills with practical examples in preparation for
clinical practice. Includes design and function of radionuclide generator, radiophar-
maceutical kit preparation, and chemical principles including chemical bonding, calcu-
lation of eluant, isotopic labeling, and disposal of nuclear waste and radiation emer-
gency procedures in event of a spill.

Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation

Variety of equipment and methods employed in radiation detection, measurement,
and diagnostic imaging. Practical considerations along with concepts of data analy-
sis, measurement concerns, and spectroscopy. Topics include gas-filed detectors,
basic scintillation systems and spectroscopy, imaging systems – both stationary and
tomographic – including hardware, software and accessories, and quality control.

Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Methods of performing patient organ visualization procedures in Nuclear Medicine.

Review of anatomy, physiology and pathology of various organs, radiopharmaceuti-
cals, applicable instrumentation, methodologies, and techniques utilized. Therapeutic
and in vivo clinical procedures, including radiation safety techniques, patient care,
and patient preparation for nuclear studies. Imaging studies include lung ventilation,
perfusion, cardiac procedures, indications, renal studies, GI bleeding, Meckel's diver-
ticulum, thyroid studies, brain scans and bone scans.

Radiation Protection and Safety

Safe handling of radioactive materials and disposal of radioactive waste. Radiation

safety regulations and safety guidelines including personnel monitoring and accurate
record keeping.

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Part II - Radiation Safety

Units – Roentgen, Rad, Gy, REM, Sievert – Biological Effects of Radiation Exposure – somatic,
genetic, acute chronic, stochastic and deterministic effects.
Radiation Detection Instruments
Ionization chamber - Proportional counter – G M Counter – Scintillation counter – Thermo-
luminiscent Dosimeter – Film. Solid state detectors – Chemical Dosimeters

Radiation exposure control – Critical organs and tissues – Quantities used in Radiological pro-
tection – Radiation weighing factors – equivalent dose – Tissue weighing factors – Effective
dose.
Time, distance and shielding calculations, primary and secondary protective barriers, radio-
logical protection survey. Patient Exposures in Diagnostic Radiology,
- Radiation monitoring instruments – Pocket dosimeters, film badges, TLD, area monitoring
instruments, survey monitors.
Radiation hazards – evaluation and control – Radiation emergencies – medical management
of personnel exposed to ICRP Recommendations (Brief) – Operational Units – Current codes
of practice for protection of radiation workers an public against ionizing radiation arising from
medical and dental use. AERBN safety codes – National regulatory requirements.
Radiation protection measures in the departments of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear
Medicine.

Radiation protection standards and regulations; need for protection, philosophy of radiation
protection, basic radiation protection criteria, external and internal exposure, additive risk
model and multiplicative risk model, risk coefficients, dose to the fetus, dose limits to occupa-
tional exposure, for public and special exposure situations, ICRP and AERB recommendations,
basic safety standards, source, practices, types of exposure, interventions.

Administrative and legislative aspects of radiation protection – Historical background of legis-

lation in the atomic energy field – Need for control of radiation exposure at national and in-
ternational levels – National control through acts with supporting regulation at central and
state levels – International control through specialized agencies – Third party liability and in-
surance in the atomic energy fields.

Atomic energy act, radiation protection rules, notifications, transport regulations, waste dis-
posal rules, licensing, approval of devices, Installations, sites and packages containing ra-
dioactive material.

Radiation protection measures in the departments of Radio-diagnosis, Radiotherapy and Nuc-

lear Medicine. Radiation Hazards in brachytherapy and teletherapy departments. Handling
of patients, radiation safety during source transfer operation, special safety consideration for
Linear accelerator installations, – Minimizing radiation exposures by adopting different tech-
niques

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 56 of 60

Fourth Year
Clinical postings in the departments of radiation oncology and radio diagnosis of the Amrita
Medical Institutions and other participating Medical Institutions. The project work will pro-
ceed along with the clinical posting.

PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPERS

Paper I
The duration of this theory paper will be three hours; the paper will have one section of 70
marks.

Pattern of Question Paper

Structured Essay (2 out of 2) - 30 marks (2 x 15 marks)
Short Notes (5 out of 7) - 25 marks (5 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 15 marks (5 x 3 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 70 marks

Paper II
The duration of this theory paper will be three hours; the paper will have two sections. 40
marks for Section A & 30 marks for Section B and a total of 70 marks.

Pattern of Question Paper

Section A
Structured Essay - 10 marks
Short Notes (3 out of 4) - 15 marks (3 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 15 marks (5 x 3 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 40 marks
Section B
Structured Essay - 10 marks
Short Notes (2 out of 3) - 10 marks (2 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 10 marks (5 x 2 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 30 marks

Paper III, IV, V and VII to X

The duration of each theory paper will be three hours; the paper will have only one section of
100 marks.

Pattern of Question Paper

Structured Essay (4 out of 4) - 40 marks (4 x 10 marks)

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 57 of 60

 Short Notes (6 out of 8) - 30 marks (6 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (10 out of 12) - 30 marks (10 x 3 marks)
-------------------------------
Total Marks - 100 marks

Paper VI
The duration of this theory paper will be two hours; the paper will have one section of 50
marks.

Pattern of Question Paper

Structured Essay (2 out of 2) - 20 marks (2 x 10 marks)
Short Notes (3 out of 4) - 15 marks (3 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 15 marks (5 x 3 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 50 marks
Paper XI
The duration of this theory paper will be three hours; the paper will have two sections. 50
marks for Section A & 50 marks for Section B and a total of 100 marks.

Pattern of Question Paper

Section A
Structured Essay (2 out of 2) - 20 marks (2 x 10 marks)
Short Notes (3 out of 4) - 15 marks (3 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 15 marks (5 x 3 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 50 marks
Section B
Structured Essay (2 out of 2) - 20 marks (2 x 10 marks)
Short Notes (3 out of 4) - 15 marks (3 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (5 out of 7) - 15 marks (5 x 3 marks)
-----------------------------
Total Marks - 50 marks

Paper XII to XV
The duration of each theory paper will be three hours; the paper will have only one section of
80 marks.
Pattern of Question Paper
Structured Essay (3 out of 3) - 30 marks (3 x 10 marks)
Short Notes (4 out of 6) - 20 marks (4 x 5 marks)
Short answer question (10 out of 12) - 30 marks (10 x 3 marks)
-------------------------------
Total Marks - 80 marks

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 58 of 60

 SCHEME OF EXAMIANTION

Theory Practical Grand

Paper No Subject Project Total
External Internal External Internal Total
FIRST YEAR
Paper I Anatomy & Histology 70 20
Paper II Physiology and Biochemistry 70 20
Paper III Basic Radiation Physics 100 20
Paper IV Atomic & Nuclear Physics 100 20 610
Mathematics and Computer
Paper V 100 20
Applications
Paper VI General Psychology 50 20
SECOND YEAR
Regional and Imaging Anato-
Paper VII 100 20
my
Paper VIII Radio-diagnosis I 100 20
600
Paper IX Radiation Oncology I 100 20
2010
Paper X Radiation Physics I 100 20
Paper XI Pathology & Community Health 100 20
THIRD YEAR
Paper XII Radiation Physics II 80 20
Paper XIII Radio-diagnosis II 80 20
Paper XIV Radiation Oncology II 80 20 400
Nuclear Medicine and Radia-
Paper XV 80 20
tion Safety
FOURTH YEAR
Radio-diagnosis
75 75
(Practical – 50, Viva – 25)
100 400
Radiation Oncology
75 75
(Practical – 50, Viva – 25)

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 59 of 60

IMPORTANT TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences : 0484-2801234/2851234
Principal's Office : 0484-2858131/2858131
Chief Programme Administrator : +91 7034028019, Oncall: 1919
Programme Co-ordinator : +91 7034028118, Oncall: 6976

[Link] Medical Radiologic Technology Page 60 of 60