CHAPTER 1
STATES OF MATTER
Interconversions between the States of Matter
Melting and Freezing
When the temperature is raised, the particles gain energy and vibrate
faster. The force of attraction between the particles are weak. The
particles move around past each other. The solid melts to form a
liquid..
If the liquid is cooled, the particles move slowly and the force of attraction
between them is stronger. The particles packed closely together into a
solid.
Boiling and Condensing
When a liquid is heated strongly, the particles have enough energy to break the
attractive forces between them. The particles move very fast and separate from
each other. The liquid boils.
When a gas is cooled, the particles move slowly and the force of attraction
between them is stronger and hold them together as a liquid. The gas
condenses.
Evaporation
On heating, the particles move faster and the liquid expands. Some
particles have enough energy to escape from the surface.
Evaporation takes place.
Evaporation occurs at any temperature but boiling occurs at definite
temperature/ boiling point.
Evaporation occurs at the surface but boiling occurs in the body of the liquid.
In a closed container, both evaporation and condensation occur at the same
time.
Sublimation
Sublimation → a process changing directly from solid to gas on heating
e.g. Dry ice to gas, Heating solid iodine, moth ball
Deposition → a process changing directly from gas to solid on cooling
e.g. water vapor to frost
Melting point → the temperature at which a solid turns into a
liquid
Freezing point → the temperature at which a liquid turns into a
solid
Boiling point → the temperature at which a liquid boils, when
the pressure of the gas created above the
liquid equals atmospheric pressure
The melting point and freezing point of a substance are same.
A pure substance melts and boils at definite temperature.
An impure substance sometimes melts or boils over a range
of temperatures.
Investigating the physical state
MP/BP → gas < liquid < solid
Given T< MP → solid
Given T > BP → gas
MP < given T < BP → liquid
Diffusion
The process by which different fluids mix as a result of the
random motions of their particles.
(OR)
The spreading of particles in a gas or liquid is diffusion.
The main ideas involved in diffusion are
Particles move from a region of higher concentration towards a region of
lower concentration until their concentration is same throughout.
The rate of diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases.
Diffusion does not takes place in solids as the particles cannot move
from place to place.
Diffusion of gases
Gases diffuse to fill all the space available to them.
Speed (rate) of diffusion of a gas depends on the mass of
the particles involved.
Heavier gas particles move slower than lighter particles at
the same temperature.
The average speed of the particles increases with an
increase in temperature.
Showing that particles of different gases
travel at different speeds
Ammonia diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride because it is
lighter than hydrogen chloride.
Ammonium chloride forms closer to the hydrogen chloride end.
Solute, Solvent and Solution
When a solid dissolves in a liquid,
Solute
the solid substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a
solution
Solvent
the liquid it dissolves in
Solution
is formed when a substance (solute) dissolved into
another substance (solvent)
Saturated solution
a solution that contains as much dissolved
solute as possible at a particular temperature
Solubility
amount of a solute ( in gram ) that dissolves in
100g of solvent to form a saturated solution at a
particular temperature
e.g. At 25ﹾC, sodium chloride (36g) dissolves in
100g of water to form saturated solution.
So the solubility of sodium chloride at 25ﹾC is
36 g per 100g of water.
Investing the solubility of a solid in water
Mass of crystals = 38.00 – 25.72 = 12.28g
Mass of water = 58.00 – 38.00 = 20.00 g
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Solubility (g/100g) = x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Solubility Curve