Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Name: ______________________________ ( ) Class: 3_______ Date: ________________________

Section Topic Page

1.1 Maximum and Minimum Values 1
1.2 Graphical Representation of Quadratic Functions 4
1.3 Applications of Quadratic Functions 9

1.1 Maximum and Minimum Values

We use the notation y = f(x) to mean that y is a _____________ of f(x).

To find all possible real values of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, we first use the method of completing the square to

express the function in the form ______________, where ____ and ____ are constants.

Activity One:

Sketch the graph of y = mx + c and the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c.

y = mx + c y = ax2 + bx + c

I observe that the graph y = mx + c is a I observe that the graph y = ax2 + bx + c is a

______________________________________ ______________________________________

Example 1

1. Given f(x)² = 2x² – 4, find

(i) its value when x = 0,
(ii) all possible real values of f(x).

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 1 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Practice 1

1. Given f(x)² = 2x² + 4, find

(i) f(–1) ,
(ii) all possible real values of f(x).

Example 2

1. Express f(x) = x² + 6x – 4 in the form (x – h)² + k, where h and k are constants. Hence find
(i) all possible real values of f(x),
(ii) the minimum value of f(x),
(iii) the value of x at which the minimum value of f(x) occurs.

Practice 2

1. Given f(x) = x² + 3x – 6, find

(i) all possible real values of f(x),
(ii) the minimum value of f(x),
(iii) the value of x at which the minimum value of f(x) occurs.

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 2 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Example 3

1. Express each of the following functions in the form a(x – h)² + k, where a, h and k are constants, and
a ≠ 0. Hence find the minimum or maximum value of f(x). Justify your answers.
(a) f(x) = 3x² – 6x + 2
(b) f(x) = –2x² – 3x + 3

Practice 3

1. Express each of the following functions in completed square form. Hence find the maximum or
minimum value of f(x). Justify your answers.
(a) f(x) = 2x² – 3x – 1
(b) f(x) = –3x² + 4x – 2

Example 4

1. Show that x² – 2x + 6 ≥ 5 for all real values of x.

Practice 4

1. Show that –x² – 4x – 10 is negative for all real values of x.

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 3 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

1.2 Graphical Representation of Quadratic Functions

The graph of a quadratic function changes direction at a point called the turning point or the vertex of the
graph.

Turning Point

Turning Point

The general form ax2 + bx + c is not very useful in sketching quadratic graphs, as it does not show features
like intercepts and turning points. As such, we would convert quadratic functions from the general form to
either the factorised form or the completed square form.

➢ The factorised form a(x – p)(x – q), where p and q are the x-intercepts
➢ The completed square form a(x – h) + k, where (h, k) are the coordinates of the turning point.

Discriminant Nature of Roots of Numbers of

Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c
(b2 – 4ac) ax2 + bx + c = 0 x-intercept

2 Real and Distinct Roots

>0 2

2 Real and Equal (Repeated) Roots

=0 1

No Real Roots
<0 0

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 4 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Example 5

1. (i) Find the coordinates of the turning point and the y-intercept on the graph of y = –2x2 + 4x + 4.
(ii) Find the exact values of x for which y = 0.

Practice 5

1. (i) Find the coordinates of the turning point and the y-intercept on the graph of y = 4x2 – 12x + 9.
(ii) Solve the equation y = 0.

Example 6

1. (i) Find the x-intercepts and the coordinates of the turning point on the graph of y = 2x2 – 6x – 8.
(ii) Hence explain why 2x2 – 6x – 8 = 0 has two distinct real roots.

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 5 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Practice 6

1. (i) Find the x-intercepts and the coordinates of the turning point on the graph of y = –2x2 + 2x + 4.
(ii) Hence explain why –2x2 + 2x + 4= 0 has two distinct real roots.

Example 7

1. Use the discriminant to determine the number of x-intercepts for the graph of each given quadratic
function.
(a) y = x2 + 6x + 9
(b) y = (2 – x)2 + 1

Practice 7

1. Use the discriminant to determine the number of x-intercepts for the graph of each given quadratic
function.
(a) y = x2 + 2x – 6
(b) y = (1 – x)2 + 2

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 6 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Example 8

1. Find the non-zero values of p for which the graph y = px2 – 2x + p touches the x-axis.

Practice 8

1. Find the non-zero values of p for which the graph y = 3x2 + 12 – px meets only the x-axis at one point
only.

Example 9

1. Explain why the graph of y = x2 + (1 – p)x – p intersects the x-axis.

Practice 9

1. Explain why the graph of y = x2 – 2x + 2 – p, where p > 1, intersects the x-axis at two points.

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 7 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

Example 10

1. (a) Show that the graph of y = x2 – 2kx + (k2 + 1) is entirely above the x-axis.
(b) Show that –2x2 + 4kx – 2k2 – 1 is negative for all real values of x.

Practice 10

1. (a) Show that the graph of y = –x2 + 2kx – (k2 + 1) is entirely above the x-axis.
1
(b) Show that x2 + kx + k2 + 1 is always positive.
4

Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 8 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions

1.3 Applications of Quadratic Functions

Example 11

1. Projectile Motion. A ball was launched from a slingshot. Its height, h m, above the ground is given by
h = –2x2 + 8x + 1, where x m is the horizontal distance from the slingshot.
(i) Find the height of the ball above the ground when it just left the slingshot.
(ii) Find the greatest height of the ball after it was launched from the slingshot.
(iii) If a toy is 3 m horizontally from the slingshot and 7 m above the ground, justify if the ball will hit
the toy directly.

Practice 11

1.

End of Chapter 1
Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics 9 Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions