Contents

 Basic Theory

 Instrument Hardware

 Sample preparation

 Software

 Calibration

 Cookbook

 Analysis

 Accessories

 Consumables

 Applications

2
 CHNS Analyzer

 Organic Elemental Analyzer “OEA” is a simultaneous

technique to determination of :

Carbon,
Hydrogen,

Nitrogen,

Sulfur.
contained in organic and inorganic materials

in solid, liquid, and gas forms.

4
 CHNS Combustion sequence

1. Organic or inorganic, solid or liquid are weighed in a

tin capsule.

2. Introduced into the combustion reactor by an AS.

3. Inserted in the special furnace heated at 1020°C.

4. A small volume of pure Oxygen is added to the

system and helps to burn the sample.

5. Reduction “Using copper” converting the sample into

elemental gases.

6. A separation column and TCD detector allows the

user to determine elements.

5
 Instruments configuration

The molecular design of the FLASH 2000 Series means that laboratories can
easily change the configuration to any other, according to their needs and
application fields.
 CHN
 CHNS
 NC ORG
 NCS
 NC soil
 N lube
 N org
 N protein
 Oxygen
 Sulphur

7
 Hardware configurations

The instrument, in its different configurations, consists

in a single structure subdivided into two sections:

I. Analytical Section

II. Control Section

8
 I. Analytical Section

1. Autosampler

2. Reactors

3. Adsorption Filters

4. Furnaces

5. Chromatographic Columns

6. Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)

9
 1. Autosampler

 It performs the automatic injection into the reactor of samples.

 Liquid autosampler

 Solid autosampler

10
 Sample loading Auto Injector AI 3000
Sample capacity: 8 Vials
Max. vial capacity: 2 ml
Injections/vial: 0-99
Syringes
Standard sampling: 10µl
Micro volume sampling: 5µl
Injection parameters
Max volume: 5µl
Min. Volume : 0.1µl
Increments: 0.1µl steps
Viscosity Delay: Yes/No

11
 Auto Sampler AS 3000
Sample loading
Sample capacity: 105 Vials
Max. vial capacity: 2 ml
Injections/vial: 0-99
Syringes
Standard sampling: 10µl
Micro volume sampling: 5µl
Injection parameters
Max volume: 5µl
Min. Volume : 0.1µl
Increments: 0.1µl steps
Viscosity Delay: Yes/No

12
 MAS 200 R Autosampler for Solid Samples

 It is mounted directly on the connecting fitting of

the concerned reaction tube.

It consists of:
 Anodized aluminum block provided on the left
with fittings for carrier gas and purge gas lines
connection.

 32-position sample-holding tray.

 Up to 4 optional trays are available to
accommodate 125 samples.

13
 2. Reactors

• The reactors can be quartz tubes or special steel

tubes.

• The quartz and special steel tubes have a conical

bottom end.

• The special steel reactors have their top end provided

with two through-holes.

• The filling materials used vary according to the

analytical determination required.

14
 CHNS Reactors

 If the sample to be analyzed presents particular

characteristics (high presence of inorganic

material) we suggest to insert the quartz crucible

into the oxidation/ reduction reactor.

 In this case it is necessary to reduce the Quartz

Wool between Copper Oxide and Electrolytic

1. Quartz Wool

Copper up to obtain a thin layer and to reduce the 2. Copper Oxide

3. Electrolytic Copper
Copper Oxide proportionally as shown in the figure

above.

15
 Reactor Cleaning

 After 200-300 samples have been measured

(depending on application and sample size) the

reactor should be replaced.

 After approximately 50 samples have been

measured (depending on material and sample

amount) the quartz crucible should be cleaned

and the ash of the samples be removed.

16
 Refill Reactor

 Starting from the reactor bottom (conical end),

introduce a sufficient amount of quartz wool.

 Plug with your finger the mouth of the reactor conical end.

Gently press the quartz wool using the rod provided.

 Pour sequentially the required filling materials into the reactor

ensuring that each layer has the indicated size.

 Put the other components and at each step gently press the

quartz wool using the rod provided.

17
 3. Adsorption Filters

According to the analytical configuration required,

the following adsorption filters can be used:

• Large filter (Plexiglas)

• Small filter (Glass).

18
 Refill the Adsorption Filters

• The filling materials used vary according to the analytical

determination required.

• The filling of reactors requires the use of quartz wool.

• Before handling quartz wool, we recommend to wear

gloves and face protection.

• The filling procedure should be carried out on a wide and

clean workbench.

19
 Steps

 Introduce into either of the tube ends a sufficient amount of

quartz wool to form the required layer.
 While plugging the tube mouth with your hand, press gently the
quartz wool using the rod provided.

 Screw the nut complete with its seal onto the threaded mouth
 Pour sequentially the required filling materials into the adsorption
filter, ensuring that each layer has the indicated size.

 At each step gently press the quartz wool using the rod provided
 Do the last layer using a sufficient quantity of quartz wool to form
the required layer.

 Complete the procedure by screwing on the second nut complete

with its seal

20
 4. Furnaces

 Each furnace consists of a candle surrounded by an

electrical resistor.
 The candle is plunged in a refractory material housed in a
metal compartment.

 Furnace Temperature is monitored by a thermocouple

appropriately located in the furnace.

 Furnace Cooling time varies according to the operating

temperature setting.

 The analyzer can be equipped with one or two furnaces

according to the instrument configuration.

21
  Do not open the furnace compartment during

the operation.

 Left furnace maximum temp. 1450 °C .

 Right furnace maximum temp. 1100 °C .

 Left Furnace Present in all configurations.

 Right Furnace Present only when required

by the instrument configuration.

22
 Notes

 As the life time of the furnace heater is limited, do

not heat it to higher temperatures than necessary.

 If you do not want to perform any analysis for

about one day (e.g. over night), cool down the

furnace to 400 °C .

 If you do not want to perform any analysis for

more than one week, cool down both furnace and

column to ambient temperature.

23
 5. Column

 The chromatographic column performs the

chromatographic separation of the reaction products

generated during the combustion or pyrolysis

process.

 The column can be kept at room temperature, or it

can be placed in the thermostatic chamber of the TCD

detector according to the instrument configuration.

 The CHNS-O and CHN-O instrument versions use two

analytical columns placed inside the thermostatic

chamber.
24
Columns Application
 Gases

Helium : GC grade,

 He flow: 120 - 140 ml/min (measurement channel)

and 100 ml/min (reference channel)

Oxygen : 99.995 % purity,

 Volume and flow are proportional to the sample

weight and the sample nature.

 Average consumption: 200 – 300 ml / analysis

 In Stand-By condition the Helium flow decreases

to 10 ml/min while the Oxygen flow is cut off.

26
 The carrier gas

An inert gas, which is used to sweep a mixture to be

separated through a gas chromatograph , (helium).

 Push the sample through the chromatograph column

 Clean out the chromatograph column after sample

analysis

27
 Carrier gas

 Ultra-pure and research-grade gases of up to 99.9999%

(Grade 6.0) purity.

 the carrier gas system often contains a molecular sieve to

remove water or other impurities.

 Linear Velocity (u) Is the speed at which the carrier gas or

mobile phase travels through the column.

 The linear velocity is generally expressed in cm/s

 The linear velocity is independent of the column diameter

while the flow rate is dependent on the column diameter.

28
 6. Thermal Conductivity Detector

 Located in a thermostatic chamber, This chamber also

accommodates the analytical column.

 The detector essentially consists of a stainless steel block

provided with two pairs of filaments (generally of

tungsten/rhenium) having the same electrical resistance.

 The detector is housed in a thermally insulated metal block

(detector oven) and maintained at constant temperature.

 The two pairs of filaments are electrically connected according

to a Wheatstone bridge circuit powered at constant voltage.

29
 TCD

Mechanism:
 A detector cell contains a heated filament with an applied current. As carrier gas
containing solutes passes through the cell, a change in the filament current occurs.
The current change is compared against the current in a reference cell.

 The difference is measured and a signal is generated.

Selectivity: All compounds except for the carrier gas

Sensitivity: 5-20 ng
Linear range: 105 - 106
Gases: Makeup - same as the carrier gas
Temperature: 150-250°C

30
 Good Detector

1. High sensitivity for sample.

2. Rapidly respond to concentration changes.

3. Large linear range.

4. Stable with respect to noise and drift.

5. Low sensitivity to variation in flow, pressure and temperature.

6. Possible selectivity.

7. Produces an easily handled signal.

31
 II. Control Section

The control section consists of two major

components:

 Pneumatic Compartment

 Electronic Compartment

32
 Pneumatic circuits

All pneumatic circuits have the following common components:

 The EFC Electronic Flow Controller for gases.

 Inlet gases pressure regulators and relevant gauges.

 The TCD Thermal Conductivity Detector.

According to each analytical configuration,

 One or two reactors.

 One or two gas chromatographic columns.

 One or two adsorption filters or none.

The filling of reactors and absorbent filters, and the type of analytical
columns vary according to the instrument configuration.

33
 Pneumatic Compartment

It consists of:

 Two pressure reducers,

 Two pressure gauges and ,

 Several lines fitted with an thermo regulator

electronic flow controller (EFCt), which ensures

the switching between helium and oxygen, and

controls the flow values.

34
 Electronic Compartment

It comprises the electronic boards for the instrument

 power supply and control.

 Low voltage section

 Mains voltage section

 EFC electronic flow controller for gas regulation

35
 Transformers Compartment

 Located in the right bottom part of the

instrument, it is accessible from the rear panel

by removing the relevant cover.

 It contains the electrical devices to power the

furnaces and control their temperature.

36
 Simple Checks
The areas and items to check include:

1. Gases - pressures, carrier gas average linear velocity,

and flow .

2. Temperatures - column, AS, detector .

3. System parameters - purge activation times,
detector attenuation and range.

4. Gas lines and traps - cleanliness, leaks, expiration.

5. Sample integrity - concentration, degradation,

solvent, storage.

6. Data system - settings and connections.

37
 Homogenizing the Sample

Before the analysis the sample must be properly homogenized.

 Soils, Sediments and Minerals

A homogenizing sample amounts of a few hundreds of grams is followed by finer
homogenizing on a few dozens of grams, until optimum granulometry (100-200
μm) is reached.

The resulting sample is dried in an oven

 Carbons
The technique of carbons is the same as that used for the preparation of soils, but
the sample drying in an oven for one hour at 105°C, left in the air for the same
time to let them acquire again their natural moisture and then stored in airtight
containers. Finally they are put into driers.

39
 Vegetal
 To prepare samples of vegetal products, two types of mills are normally used:

Blade mills to homogenize cereals, leaves, forage and wood. In these mills,

devices with 1 mm mesh sieves are used for N/Protein determination.

 Ball mills to homogenize samples of fruit and vegetables after lyophilization.

 These mills use devices for finer granulometry.

 The sample amount to be analyzed depends on the type of determination and on

the homogenizing degree.

 Metals, Plastic, and liquid are mostly homogenous.

40
 Liquid Sample

 Liquid samples are prepared according to a procedure that

depends on the sample volatility.

 Liquid samples with limited volatility are weighed in

traditional tin containers.

 However, to avoid sample losses, we suggest to use two

containers for each sample.

 If the sample is characterized by high viscosity, it should be

properly mixed before being drawn for injection.

 Samples injectable by micro syringes can be introduced

manually using the optional manual injection device, or
automatically using the autosampler for liquids.

41
 Important Notes

 In soils, sulfur is often present as ion sulfate, and therefore it is necessary to add5-
10 mg of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) every 10-20 mg of soil to ensure complete
conversion of inorganic sulfur into sulfur dioxide.

 Plants are rich in Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen, but relatively poor in Sulfur.
Therefore, after the first analysis, check that the peak of sulfur dioxide is correctly
integrated.

 In soils and sediments The Nitrogen content in such samples is generally very low
(0.1%). Set a very high sensitivity of integration and use Oxygen of maximum
purity grade.

 Generally : For samples rich in sulfur, samples of 2-5 mg are prepared. For
samples with sulfur traces, samples of 10-20 mg are prepared.

42
 Weighing Technique

 For Large Quantities of Solid Samples The following procedure contains the
instructions to weigh large quantities .

 Balance

 Tin disks

 Spring tweezers

 Sealing device and cylindrical tool

 Spatula

 Brush

43
 Weighing Technique

 The following operating procedure contains the instructions to properly weigh

liquid samples.

 Electronic micro balance.

 Tin container for liquid samples.

 Spring tweezers.

 Sealing device.

 Spatula.

 10 or 100 μl syringe according to the instrument

configuration.

44
 Eager Xperience software

 The most comprehensive software dedicated to OEA.

 The dedicated software controls the operation, data acquisition and data

evaluation capabilities of the FLASH 2000 Series enabling quick reference to

method parameters and instrument status readout.

 Users can configure this flexible platform to gain access to either all available

features or alternatively to a customized and simplified user interface

incorporating pre-set methods.

 Eager Xperience is the most advanced, complete and flexible dedicated software

for OEA applications.

46
 Main Menu

 The main menu of Eager 300, is the starting point to enter all menus and relevant

functions. Menus and icons of the main menu are described in the following.

47
 Description Of Menu
Menu Description Submenus and Options

File This menu is used during the analyzer installation Color set - Instrument configuration
procedure. It contains functions concerning the System administration
instrument operation. Installation qualification
Load method - Load system defined method
Save method - Copy method from...
Printer setup - Print method - Exit Eager 300
Run Use this menu to choose the type of start Start sequence of samples
command to be sent to the analyzer, and also to Stop running sequence
stop the analytical cycle or abort the current Start single sample data acquisition
analysis. - Start sequence of samples Stop data acquisition
Stop running sequence - Start single sample data Abort data acquisition - Run macro
acquisition - Stop data acquisition - Abort data
acquisition
Edit This menu provides functions related to the Method - Component table - Sample table
instrument setup and analytical parameters Wizard method development
Edit Elemental Analyzer parameters
View Use this menu to monitor the analysis in real time, View sample being acquired - Last sample
read the result of the last sample run, check the calculated results - View Calibration curve
calibration curve, compare and overlay View Chromatograms - Overlay
chromatograms, check the instrument status and Chromatograms
maintenance. Operate on Chromatograms - Compare
Chromatograms - View Elemental Analyzer
Status
View Maintenance
48
 Description Of menu

Menu Description Submenus and

Options
Recalculation Use this menu to cancel the calibration curve and the Reset calibration factor
results of previous analyses. Recalculation
You can recalculate previous results individually or Summarize results
sequentially.

It also provides the summary of results.

Tools Use this menu when the ashes removal and/or Ashes removal
reactor replacement is required as maintenance Reactor replacement

help Use this menu to enter the Eager 300 help program. Help
It is subdivided into different modules, each one Consumable
designed to cover specific issues of the module About Eager 300
currently in use.

49
 Description Of Icons

Icon Function Description

Use this icon to load a previously saved analytical
Load method from disk
method.

Save method to disk Use this icon to store new operating methods.

Wizard method Use this icon to develop new operating methods

development

This icon gives access to the integration and calculation

Edit method sections parameters, and to
the parameters for printing analytical reports.

Edit the components This table contains the stored retention times, which allow
table to identify N,C, H, S and O.

This table contains all functions related to sample records,

Edith the Sample Table and the function allowing communication with the balance.

This icon allows to program current maintenance by

View Maintenance recording the number of analyses run by each reactor of
the analytical circuit.

50
 Description Of Icons
Icon Function Description

Summarize results This feature contains analytical results, print options and
chromatograms.

Edit elemental Use this icon to have access to the three pages containing the
analyzer method commands
for the setting of temperatures, flows, times, detector and the analyzer
control functions.
Elemental This function comprises four pages displaying the analyzer conditions.
analyzer status It contains special functions to check the system pneumatic tightness
(Leak Test), to check the baseline level, and to program automatically
the
“Autoready” function.
It also contains functions to check the autosampler operation, the
status of
the reduction reactor or oxygen purity. These functions can be
activated
only after temporarily disabling some functions on the analyzer.
Start sequence Use this icon to start a series of analyses having different current and
timed requirements. At the end of the analytical cycle, the instrument
can
either be put in Stand-by or the furnace and detectors be switched off,
or
the gas flows turned off.
Stop sequence Use this function to stop in any moment the sequence of analyses only
56 completing the current run.
 Synoptic Panel

Icon Function Description

Power On When lit, the instrument is powered

Ready When lit, the instrument is ready to run analyses.

Run When lit, an analysis is in progress

Stand By When lit, the instrument is in stand-by condition. During this condition, gas
flows are decreased to 10 mL/min, and the furnaces temperature is
reduced to 50% of the set value.
Wake Up When lit, the instrument has been programmed for a timed automatic
startup (Ready Condition).
Furnace On Two LEDs are provided, one for each furnace. When one is lit, the
relevant furnace is powered.
Oven On When lit, the detector oven is powered.

TCD When lit, the detector filaments are powered.

Safety Cut Off It lights up when an alarm condition occurs.

57
 Calibration

 The Eager 300 software offers three calibration

methods:
K =%Th*(I-b)/p
o K-Factor
where:
o Linear
Th = Theoretical % of the standard
o Non Linear
p = Weight in milligrams
 All tests are performed with the K-Factor
I = Area integral
method that is generally used by most users.
b = Blank area integral
 This method consists in obtaining a constant of
calculation by means of the following formula:

54
 Linear and non- linear

 The Linear method is generally used when  The Non-Linear method is used

samples very different from each other are when the analyzer is connected to

analyzed in the same analytical sequence. another detector having a response

of exponential type.
 In this way the errors due to the
detector response linearity are  To select the calibration method or

minimized. view the calibration curves of a

memorized method, do what
 Three-four substances different in
described in the following operating
percentage from each other are used for
sequence.
calibration.
 Standard

56
 Validation Kit

 Validation is a process to evaluate and certify  FlashEA 1112 equipment and the
the performances of the instrument. relative Eager 300 software is

 One (or more) validation kit according to the validated for the installation

configuration which must be validated.  (Installation Qualifications IQ),

 The kits are constituted of consumables, operation (Operation Qualification

standard, filter and column and it includes OQ) and performance (Performance
Qualification PQ) For the FlashEA
 Every component necessary for the validation
validation are requested :
of the FlashEA configuration selected.

57
 Cookbook

 The OEA Cookbook is a compendium of sample

analyses, with information on operating
conditions, instrument configuration and tips on
sample preparation, to be used as a reference for
your samples.

 Indications and guidelines on instrument settings

are all included to help you optimize and enhance
your analyzer's results.

 Included type of standard, sample weighing range,

number of runs performed, and results in
percentage ppm, as well as the Relative Standard
Deviation (RSD %),

59
 Example No. 1 from Cookbook

Analytical conditions for CHNS

Pressure (kPa)
 He 250
Oxygen Flow 300
(mL/min)
 He meas. 140
 He ref. 100
Oxygen 250
Temperature (°C)
 Left 950
 Right 0
 Oven 65

 Cycle (Run Time) 720 s

 Oxygen Injection time 5s
 Sample delay time 12 s
60
 Sample for CHNS

CHNS determination Tires as an example

Sample N% RSD % C% RSD % H% RSD % S% RSD %

0.454 79.597 6.945 1.435

A 1.235 0.0701 0.0815 0.930
0.462 79.676 6.937 1.454

0.436 82.672 7.137 1.666

B 1.475 0.0932 0 0.0848
0.427 82.781 7.137 0.668

Standard weight: 2 - 3 mg
Sample weight: 2 – 3 mg
BBOT: 2,5-Bis (5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl) thiophene
Notes: Standard and samples were analyzed with the addition of about 10 mg of Vanadium
Pentoxide
Samples were cut into small pieces.
61
 Example No. 2 from Cookbook
Analytical conditions for CHN
Pressure (kPa)
 He 250
 Oxygen 300
Flow (mL/min)
 He meas. 140
 He ref. 100
 Oxygen 250
Temperature (°C)
 Left 950
 Right 0
 Oven 65

 Cycle (Run Time) 480 s

 Oxygen Injection time 5s
 Sample delay time 12 s

62
 Sample conditions for CHN

CHN determination SUGARS as an example

Sample N% C% H%
14.384 2.903 16.051
A
14.357 2.977 15.982
9.503 1.976 17.647
B
9.591 1.661 17.726
5.087 31.601 4.445
C
5.065 31.512 4.163
5.386 36.962 6.392
D
5.268 36.856 6.608

Standard: BBOT* 6.51 %N, 72.53 %C, 6.09 %H

Standard weight: 2 - 3 mg
Sample weight: 1 - 1.5 mg
BBOT: 2,5-Bis (5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl) thiophene

63
 For more information

For more information, to provide your

valuable feedback, or for copies of
Application Notes, please contact:

oeacookbook@[Link]

64
 Environmental Conditions

 Internal use.

 Altitude up to 2000 meters.

 Temperature from 15 to 35 °C.

 Maximum relative humidity between 30% and 85%.

 Voltage variations not exceeding of the nominal value.

 Transients according to installation categories II.

 Degree of pollution according to IEC 664 (3.7.3) 2.

66
 Pre – Analysis Steps

 Before starting the operating sequences, make sure that

instrument, reactors, adsorption filters, autosampler (or

manual injection device for liquids) and any

complementary units are properly installed.

 Open the gases cylinders and adjust the gauges.

 Switch on the instrument

 Switch on the computer and any complementary units.

 Click twice the icon Eager 300 for EA1112.

 Click twice on the icon of the instrument selected.

67
 Cont.
 In the main menu, select File and then the option Load System
Defined Method.

 In the main menu select Edit and then the option Edit Elemental
Analyzer Parameters.
 Press SEND to transfer the operating parameters to the
instrument.

 After about 50 minutes the instrument furnaces reach the

temperature settings and the LED Ready
 However, before starting an analytical cycle, a leak test must be
carried out to check that reactors, filters, if any, and gas
chromatographic columns have been properly installed.

 The instrument is now ready to run analyses.

68
 Sequence of analysis

 During pre-analysis, the solenoid valve EV1 shuts off the Oxygen flow, where as

the solenoid valve EV2 allows Helium to flow in the circuit.

 When Start Analysis is pressed, the valve EV1 opens, whereas the valve EV2

switches to allow Oxygen to flow in as far as the combustion reactor R1 for a

preset time.

 After a few seconds the sample in a tin container which placed in the

autosampler, is dropped into the combustion reactor.

 Tin, coming in contact with an extremely oxidizing environment, triggers a strong

exothermic reaction temp. rises approx. 1800 °C .

69
 Cont.

 At the end of the time set for Oxygen introduction, the valves EV1 and EV2 return

to their original position restoring the Helium flow.

 The combustion products are conveyed across the reactor R1 where oxidation is

completed.

 Nitrogen oxides and sulfur trioxide, possibly formed, are reduced to elemental
nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, and the Oxygen excess is retained.
 Then the gas mixture (N2, CO2, H2O e SO2) flows into the chromatographic
column CC1 where separation takes place.

 The eluted gases are sent to the thermal conductivity detector TCD that generates
electrical signals, which, properly processed by the Eager 300 software, provide
the percentages of Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulfur contained in the
sample.

70
 CHNS Chromatogram

71
 Chromatogram

1. The data recorder plots the signal from the detector over time.

2. The retention time, is qualitatively indicative of the type of compound.

3. The area under the peaks or the height of the peak is indicative of the amount of

each component.

72
 Retention Time (RT)

The retention time RT,

• Is the time it takes for a compound to travel from the

injection port to the detector

• Thousands of chemicals may have the same retention

time, peak shape, and detector response.

• For example, under certain conditions, DDT has the

same retention time as PCBs (polychlorinated

biphenyls).

73
 Retention Time Shifts

1. Different column temperature.

2. Different carrier gas flow rate or

linear velocity.

3. Leak in the injector, especially the

septum.

4. Contaminated column.

74
 Balance

MX5
 Capacity: 5,1 g

 Resolution: 1 µg

 Repeatability: 0.9 µg / 0.8 µg ( 0 …2g)

 Linearity: 4 µg / 2 µg (0 … 2g)

 Stabilization time: 8 … 12 sec

81
 Consumables & S. Parts for CHNS

No. Items Quant.

1 Bottom O-Ring for 18 mm OD Quartz Reactor (Set of 5) 1

2 Top O-Ring for 18 mm OD Quartz Reactor (Set of 5) 1

3 Quartz Wool 5g

4 Copper Oxide 50 g

5 Electrolytic Copper 70 g

6 Vanadium Pentoxide 1g

7 Empty Quartz Reactor Tube 18 mm OD (Set of 2) 1

8 Prepacked Quartz Reactor for CHNS/NCS/S 1

78
 Consumables & S. Parts for CHNS

No. Items Quant.

9 Packed Column CHNS/NCS (PTFE; 2 m; 6x5 mm) 1

10 Tin Containers 100

11 Forceps 1

12 Spatula 1

13 BBOT STD 2g

14 Sulphanilamide STD 2g

15 L- Cystine STD 2g

16 Quartz Crucible 2g

79
 Applications

 Organic/Inorganic Chemistry & Pharmaceuticals

 Material Characterization

 Environmental Analysis

 Agronomy & Marine Science

 Petro chemistry & Energy

 Human & Animal Samples

 Isotope Analysis

82
Organic/Inorganic Chemistry & Pharma

 Pharmaceuticals Products  Explosives

 Organo-metallic compounds  Catalysts

 Polymers  Textiles

 Plastic  Pesticides

 Synthetic rubbers  Detergents

 Fibers  Fluorine-compounds
 MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

 Glue/Resins  Pigments & Dyes

 Papers  Refractory materials

 Rubbers  Building materials

 Cement  Inorganic materials

 Ceramics  Metals

 Carbon/Glass Fibers  Textile fibers

 Tires  Wood powders

 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

 Soils, sediments, and rocks

 Composts

 Wastes

 Sewage/sludge

 Pesticides

 Water solution

 Waste Water

 Particulates in Air by Filters

 Particulates in Water by Filters

85
 AGRONOMY

 Soil

 Plants (leaves, roots, fruit)

 Sediments

 Humus

 Algae

 Plankton

 Particulate matter in water by filters

 Water

 Fertilizer

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 PETROCHEMISTRY & ENERGY

 Coals

 Cokes

 Crude oils

 Gasoline/Diesel

 Alternative fuels

 Petroleum derivates

 Lubricants

 Oil additives

 Graphite

87
 HUMAN & ANIMAL SAMPLES

 Blood

 Hairs

 Nails

 Serum

 Urine

88
 Thanks

To everyone who has helped us with support, new

books, hard / software and over the internet

Special thanks for Thermo

[Link]