MINISTRY OF HEALTH
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL MEDICINE
(NTA LEVEL 6)
INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL
TITLE;
AWARENESS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS ON IMPROVEMENT OF
PERSONAL HEALTH AMONG PATIENT ATTENDING AT NDUMBWI
DISPENSARY.
DECEMBER 2025 - JANUARY 2026
Prepared By;
AMIDU MUSSA
REGISTRATION
NS2530/0083/2012
SUPERVISOR. [Link]
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DECLARATION
I, AMIDU MUSSA, hereby declare that this research proposal is my own original work submitted in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Ordinary Diploma in Clinical Medicine at Vignan Institute of
Science and Technology. All sources used have been acknowledged in the reference list.
Signature: _____________________________ Date: ___________________
Supervisor:
Dr. Kalili
Signature: _____________________________ Date: ___________________
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to my family, including my father, mother, siblings and friends who supported me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank Almighty God for keeping me strong and healthy during the preparation of this research proposal.
I convey my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Kalili, for his guidance and support. I also thank our
facilitators in the Department of Operational Research for their encouragement. Any errors remain my
own and I welcome comments and suggestions.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BMI - Body mass index
CVD - Cardiovascular disease
MET - Metabolic equivalent of task
NCDs - Non-communicable diseases
PA - Physical activity
T2D - Type 2 diabetes
WHO - World Health Organization
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ABSTRACT
Physical activity and fitness improve physical and mental health and reduce the risk of non-
communicable diseases. However, awareness and practice vary across communities. This study aims to
determine awareness of physical exercise and fitness and its relationship with self-reported personal
health among patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary in Dar es Salaam. A descriptive cross-sectional
facility-based study will be conducted over two weeks among adult patients (18 years and above). A
sample size of 71 will be selected using simple random sampling. Data will be collected using a
structured questionnaire in English and Kiswahili. Data will be coded and analyzed using SPSS/Excel;
categorical variables will be summarized using frequencies and proportions, and continuous variables
using means or medians. Ethical approval and written informed consent will be obtained. Findings will
inform local health education and promotion activities to improve physical activity and fitness. The
estimated budget is TZS 192,700/=
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
1.1 DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................ii
2.1 DEDICATION...................................................................................................................................iii
3.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iv
4.1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................v
5.1 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................vi
6.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................vii
7.1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background........................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Problem statement............................................................................................................................1
1.4 Rationale of the study........................................................................................................................1
1.5 Research questions............................................................................................................................1
1.6 Broad objective..................................................................................................................................2
1.7 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................................2
1.8 Study variables...................................................................................................................................2
1.9 Hypotheses........................................................................................................................................2
8.1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................3
2.1 Definition of key concepts.................................................................................................................3
2.2 Role of physical activity in health......................................................................................................3
2.3 Physical activity guidelines and prevalence.......................................................................................3
2.4 Challenges and barriers to physical activity.......................................................................................3
9.1 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................4
3.1 Study area..........................................................................................................................................4
3.2 Study design......................................................................................................................................4
3.3 Study population...............................................................................................................................4
3.4 Target population..............................................................................................................................4
3.5 Sample size........................................................................................................................................4
3.6 Sampling technique...........................................................................................................................5
3.7 Data collection...................................................................................................................................5
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3.8 Inclusion and exclusion criteria..........................................................................................................5
3.9 Data processing and analysis.............................................................................................................5
3.10 Dissemination of results..................................................................................................................5
3.11 Ethical considerations......................................................................................................................6
3.12 Study limitations..............................................................................................................................6
3.13 Time frame......................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Budget and budget justification......................................................................................................7
3.2 Time frame.....................................................................................................................................7
10.1.....................................................................................................................................REFERENCES
........................................................................................................................................................8
11.1.................................................................................APPENDIX 1: INFORMED CONSENT (ENGLISH)
........................................................................................................................................................9
12.1.................................APPENDIX 2: FOMU YA RIDHAA YA KUSHIRIKI KWENYE UTAFITI (KISWAHILI)
......................................................................................................................................................11
13.1.........................................................................APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH VERSION)
......................................................................................................................................................13
SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION...............................................................................13
SECTION B: KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS............................................................14
SECTION C: PRACTICE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE.......................................................................................15
SECTION D: OBSTACLES TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE....................................................................................15
APPENDIX 4: DODOSO LA KISWAHILI.....................................................................................................16
SEHEMU A: TAARIFA ZA KIJAMII............................................................................................................16
SEHEMU B: UELEWA WA MAZOEZI YA MWILI.......................................................................................17
SEHEMU C: MAZOEZI YA MWILI (PRACTICE)..........................................................................................18
SEHEMU D: VIKWAZO VYA MAZOEZI YA MWILI....................................................................................18
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure
and includes activity during work, transport, household tasks and leisure time. (1)Exercise is a
subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive, and aims to improve or
maintain physical fitness. (2)Physical fitness refers to attributes related to health or skill that influence the
ability to perform physical activity.
1.2 Background
Regular physical activity helps prevent and manage non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, diabetes and some cancers, and improves mental health and quality of life. (3) (1) (2)The WHO
recommends that adults should accumulate 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per
week, or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, or an equivalent combination. (4)
1.3 Problem statement
Despite well-established benefits, physical inactivity remains common. WHO reported in 2024 that about
31% of adults worldwide (about 1.8 billion people) did not meet recommended activity levels in 2022,
and the trend has increased since 2010. (5)Urbanization, sedentary occupations, and increased motorized
transport are contributing to reduced daily physical activity in many communities. (6)In Ndumbwi, there
is limited local evidence on awareness and practice of physical exercise among patients attending the
dispensary. This gap limits the ability of health workers to design targeted health education and
promotion activities.
1.4 Rationale of the study
Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for many non-communicable diseases. (2) (3)The WHO
global action plan calls for improved promotion of physical activity through community and health
system actions. (7)Understanding awareness, barriers and practice among patients attending Ndumbwi
Dispensary will provide evidence to guide health education strategies and improve personal health
outcomes.
1.5 Research questions
1) What knowledge about the benefits of physical exercise and fitness do patients have?
2) What obstacles hinder patients from performing physical exercise and fitness?
3) How many patients participate in physical exercise and fitness, by sex and age?
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1.6 Broad objective
To determine awareness of physical exercise and fitness for improving personal health among patients
attending Ndumbwi Dispensary.
1.7 Specific objectives
1) To assess knowledge about the benefits of physical exercise and fitness among patients attending
Ndumbwi Dispensary.
2) To identify obstacles that hinder patients from engaging in physical exercise and fitness.
3) To determine the proportion of patients who participate in physical exercise and fitness by sex and age.
1.8 Study variables
Independent variables:
- Awareness and knowledge of physical exercise and fitness.
- Practice of physical exercise and fitness.
Dependent variable:
- Self-reported personal health status.
1.9 Hypotheses
Null hypothesis: There is no association between awareness/practice of physical exercise and self-
reported personal health among patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary.
Alternative hypothesis: There is an association between awareness/practice of physical exercise and self-
reported personal health among patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of key concepts
Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure
and includes work, transport, household chores and leisure activities. (1)
Exercise is planned, structured and repetitive physical activity that aims to improve or maintain physical
fitness. (2)
Physical fitness refers to attributes related to health or skill that influence the ability to perform physical
activity.
2.2 Role of physical activity in health
Evidence shows that regular physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes,
some cancers, obesity and premature death. It also improves mental health and quality of life. (3) (8)
2.3 Physical activity guidelines and prevalence
WHO recommends at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week for adults,
or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, plus muscle-strengthening activities. (4)Globally,
about 31% of adults did not meet recommended activity levels in 2022. [5] In Tanzania, a cross-sectional
survey in northern Tanzania reported high levels of sufficient physical activity (about 96%), with higher
prevalence among males than females; leisure-time activity was relatively low. (9)
2.4 Challenges and barriers to physical activity
Barriers to physical activity vary by context and include lack of time, lack of money, limited access to
facilities, low social support and limited information from health workers. A qualitative study in Tanzania
among people living with HIV reported these barriers and highlighted the influence of gender roles and
social norms. (10)Community and environmental factors, including urban design and transport patterns,
also influence physical activity opportunities. (11)
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study area
The study will be conducted at Ndumbwi Dispensary in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
3.2 Study design
This will be a descriptive cross-sectional, facility-based study using quantitative methods.
3.3 Study population
Male and female patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary who are 18 years and above.
3.4 Target population
All adult patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary during the study period.
3.5 Sample size
Recall formula: N= Z2 X P (100 - P)/e2
Where; N = Sample Size
P = Awareness rate from literature review (P). NOTE; the awareness rate to be used is
96% obtained from a research done by Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute
of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi,
Tanzania on Physical activity and associated factors from a cross-sectional survey among adults
in northern Tanzania in 2017.
Z = Standard normal deviation of 1.96
E = Maximum error = 5
Therefore;
N = 1.962 X 96 (100-96)
52
N = 59
(20% of 59 for non-respondent rate will be added)
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hence the total sample size to be used will be 71.
3.6 Sampling technique
Simple random sampling will be used. Each day, eligible patients will be listed from the attendance
register, assigned numbers, and selected using a random number table (or Excel RAND()) until the daily
quota is reached. Sampling will continue until the final sample size of 71 is achieved.
3.7 Data collection
Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire (English and Kiswahili). The questionnaire will
include socio-demographic information, knowledge, practice and barriers related to physical exercise and
fitness. The tool will be pretested before data collection.
3.8 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria:
- Adult patients (18 years and above) attending Ndumbwi Dispensary during the study period.
- Willing to provide informed consent.
Exclusion criteria:
- Critically ill or unconscious patients.
- Patients who decline to participate.
3.9 Data processing and analysis
Collected data will be coded, checked for completeness and entered into SPSS/Excel for analysis.
Categorical variables will be summarized using frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables will be
summarized using means (or medians, where appropriate). Where appropriate, associations will be
explored using chi-square tests.
3.10 Dissemination of results
Findings will be disseminated through a written report and presentations to:
- Clinical Officer in charge of Ndumbwi Dispensary
- Vignan Institute of Science and Technology
- Local authorities in the Ndumbwi area, Dar es Salaam
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3.11 Ethical considerations
Ethical approval will be obtained from the relevant institutional authorities. Permission to conduct the
study will be sought from the study site. Participants will provide written informed consent.
Confidentiality will be maintained by using codes instead of names and by storing data securely.
3.12 Study limitations
- The study will be limited to patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary; findings may not represent all
residents of Dar es Salaam or Tanzania.
- The short study period may limit sample size.
- Self-reported data may be affected by recall or social desirability bias.
3.13 Time frame
Task Duration Responsible person
Proposal writing 1 week Researcher
Data collection and analysis 2 weeks Researcher
Report finalizing 1 week Researcher
Dissemination of results 1 week Researcher
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3.1 Budget and budget justification
ITEM QUANTITY UNIT MULTIPLYING TOTAL
PRICE FACTOR COST
Stationary
Rim papers 1 @12,000/= 12,000 * 1 12000/=
Pens 5 @2,00/= 200 * 5 1000/=
Pencils 2 @1,00/= 100 * 2 200/=
Scientific 1 @35,000/= 35000 * 1 35000/=
calculator
Printing @5,00/= 500 * 20
Binding 20 @5,000/= 5000 * 2 10000/=
Photocopy 2 10000/=
proposal 34 @1,00/= 100 * 34
34000/=
Transportation
.from 28 days @2,000 2,000*28 56000/=
Makonde to
Ndumbwi
Dispensary
Food 3,000 @28 3,000*28 84000/=
TOTAL 192,700/=
The total budget will be covered by the researcher.
3.2 Time frame
No. TASK TIME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
1. Proposal writing 1weeks Researcher
2. Data collection and 2week Researcher
analysis
3. Report finalizing 1week Researcher
4. Dissemination 1week Researcher
information
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APPENDIX 1: INFORMED CONSENT (ENGLISH)
Title of study: Awareness of physical exercise and fitness for improving personal health among patients
attending Ndumbwi Dispensary.
My name is Amidu Mussa, a third year student in the Ordinary Diploma in Clinical Medicine at Vignan
Institute of Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam. I am conducting this study to assess awareness of
physical exercise and fitness and its relationship with personal health among patients attending Ndumbwi
Dispensary.
Purpose of the study:
The purpose of this study is to assess awareness, practice and barriers related to physical exercise and
fitness. The study is for academic purposes and to support health education at the dispensary.
What participation involves:
If you agree to participate, you will be asked to answer a questionnaire. It will take about 15-20 minutes.
Risks:
There is no expected risk to you.
Benefits:
The information collected will help improve health education and services related to physical activity in
the community.
Confidentiality:
Your responses will be kept confidential. Your name will not appear on any forms or reports.
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Voluntary participation:
Your participation is voluntary. You may refuse to participate or withdraw at any time without affecting
the services you receive.
Contact:
If you have questions, you may contact the researcher at 0623866740 or the study supervisor at Vignan
Institute of Science and Technology.
Signature of participant: _______________________ Date: ______________
Signature of researcher: _______________________ Date: ______________
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APPENDIX 2: FOMU YA RIDHAA YA KUSHIRIKI KWENYE UTAFITI
(KISWAHILI)
Jina la utafiti: Uelewa wa mazoezi na uimara wa mwili katika kuboresha afya binafsi kwa wagonjwa
wanaohudhuria Zahanati ya Ndumbwi.
Mimi naitwa Amidu Mussa, mwanafunzi wa Afisa Tabibu mwaka wa tatu katika Chuo cha Afya Vignan,
Dar es Salaam. Ninafanya utafiti huu ili kutathmini uelewa wa mazoezi ya mwili na uhusiano wake na
afya binafsi kwa wagonjwa wanaohudhuria Zahanati ya Ndumbwi.
Dhumuni la utafiti:
Kutathmini uelewa, mazoea na vikwazo vinavyohusiana na mazoezi ya mwili. Utafiti huu ni kwa
madhumuni ya kitaaluma na kwa kuboresha elimu ya afya katika zahanati.
Ushiriki unahusisha nini:
Ukikubali kushiriki, utaulizwa kujibu dodoso. Itachukua dakika 15-20.
Hatari:
Hakuna hatari inayotarajiwa kutokana na ushiriki wako.
Faida:
Taarifa zitakazokusanywa zitasaidia kuboresha elimu ya afya na huduma zinazohusiana na mazoezi ya
mwili katika jamii.
Usiri:
Taarifa zako zitahifadhiwa kwa siri. Jina lako halitaandikwa kwenye fomu au ripoti.
Ushiriki wa hiari:
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Ushiriki wako ni wa hiari. Unaweza kukataa au kujiondoa wakati wowote bila kuathiri huduma
unazopata.
Mawasiliano:
Kwa maswali, unaweza kuwasiliana na mtafiti 0623866740 au msimamizi wa utafiti katika Chuo cha
Afya Vignan.
Sahihi ya mshiriki: _______________________ Tarehe: ______________
Sahihi ya mtafiti: ________________________ Tarehe: ______________
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APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH VERSION)
Greetings,
I am a student from Vignan Institute of Science and Technology conducting a study on awareness of
physical exercise and fitness among patients attending Ndumbwi Dispensary. Your responses will be
confidential.
Questionnaire No: ______________________
District: ______________________________
Ward: _________________________________
Health center name: ____________________
Date: _________________________________
SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1. Respondent initials: __________________________
2. Age (years): __________
3. Sex (tick one): Male [ ] Female [ ]
4. Highest education level attained:
- No formal education [ ]
- Primary education [ ]
- O-level secondary education [ ]
- A-level/college certificate [ ]
- Diploma/degree [ ]
- Other (specify) ______________________
5. Occupation:
- Employed [ ]
- Businessman/woman [ ]
- Peasant/farmer [ ]
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- Unemployed [ ]
- Student [ ]
- Other (specify) ______________________
6. Marital status (tick one):
- Single [ ]
- Married [ ]
- Cohabiting [ ]
- Divorced/Separated [ ]
- Widowed [ ]
SECTION B: KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS
7. Have you heard about physical exercise and fitness? Yes [ ] No [ ]
8. Physical exercise and fitness can improve personal health. Yes [ ] No [ ] Not sure [ ]
9. Mention any benefits of physical exercise and fitness (at least two):
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
10. Where did you get information about physical exercise and fitness? (tick all that apply)
- Health facility [ ]
- School/college [ ]
- Mass media (radio/TV/newspapers) [ ]
- Social media [ ]
- Friends/family [ ]
- Community health meetings [ ]
- Other (specify) ______________________
SECTION C: PRACTICE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE
11. Do you perform physical exercise at least 3 days per week? Yes [ ] No [ ]
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12. If yes, which types of physical exercise do you perform? (tick all that apply)
- Walking/jogging [ ]
- Skipping rope [ ]
- Gym/fitness training [ ]
- Sports (football, netball, etc.) [ ]
- Cycling [ ]
- Other (specify) ______________________
13. Average duration per session:
- Less than 30 minutes [ ]
- 30-60 minutes [ ]
- More than 60 minutes [ ]
14. Usual time of day for exercise:
- Morning [ ]
- Afternoon [ ]
- Evening [ ]
- Night [ ]
SECTION D: OBSTACLES TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE
15. Do you face obstacles that prevent you from doing physical exercise regularly? Yes [ ] No [ ]
16. If yes, which obstacles? (tick all that apply)
- Lack of time [ ]
- Lack of motivation [ ]
- Lack of facilities/space [ ]
- Lack of money [ ]
- Safety concerns [ ]
- Health condition [ ]
- Family responsibilities [ ]
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- Other (specify) ______________________
APPENDIX 4: DODOSO LA KISWAHILI
Salaam,
Mimi ni mwanafunzi kutoka Chuo cha Afya Vignan nikifanya utafiti kuhusu uelewa wa mazoezi ya
mwili na uimara wa mwili kwa wagonjwa wanaohudhuria Zahanati ya Ndumbwi. Maelezo utakayotoa
yatakuwa ya siri.
Nambari ya dodoso: ______________________
Wilaya: ________________________________
Kata: _________________________________
Jina la kituo cha afya: _________________
Tarehe: _______________________________
SEHEMU A: TAARIFA ZA KIJAMII
1. Herufi za mwanzo za mshiriki: ___________________
2. Umri (miaka): __________
3. Jinsia (weka alama): Mwanaume [ ] Mwanamke [ ]
4. Kiwango cha elimu ulichofikia:
- Sina elimu rasmi [ ]
- Shule ya msingi [ ]
- Kidato cha nne (O-level) [ ]
- Kidato cha sita/cheti cha chuo [ ]
- Diploma/Shahada [ ]
- Nyingine (taja) ______________________
5. Kazi unayofanya:
- Nimeajiriwa [ ]
- Mfanyabiashara [ ]
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- Mkulima [ ]
- Sina ajira [ ]
- Mwanafunzi [ ]
- Nyingine (taja) ______________________
6. Hali ya ndoa:
- Sijaolewa/Sijaoa [ ]
- Nimeolewa/Nimeoa [ ]
- Tunaishi pamoja [ ]
- Tumetengana/Talaka [ ]
- Mjane/Mgane [ ]
SEHEMU B: UELEWA WA MAZOEZI YA MWILI
7. Umewahi kusikia kuhusu mazoezi ya mwili na uimara wa mwili? Ndiyo [ ] Hapana [ ]
8. Mazoezi ya mwili yanaweza kuboresha afya binafsi. Ndiyo [ ] Hapana [ ] Sina uhakika [ ]
9. Taja faida za mazoezi ya mwili (angalau mbili):
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
10. Unapata wapi taarifa kuhusu mazoezi ya mwili? (weka alama zote zinazohusika)
- Kituo cha afya [ ]
- Shule/Chuo [ ]
- Vyombo vya habari (redio/TV/magazeti) [ ]
- Mitandao ya kijamii [ ]
- Marafiki/Jamaa [ ]
- Mikutano ya afya ya jamii [ ]
- Nyingine (taja) ______________________
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SEHEMU C: MAZOEZI YA MWILI (PRACTICE)
11. Je, unafanya mazoezi ya mwili angalau siku 3 kwa wiki? Ndiyo [ ] Hapana [ ]
12. Kama ndiyo, unafanya mazoezi gani? (weka alama zote)
- Kutembea/Kukimbia [ ]
- Kuruka kamba [ ]
- Gym/mazoezi ya viungo [ ]
- Michezo (mpira wa miguu, netiboli, n.k.) [ ]
- Kuendesha baiskeli [ ]
- Nyingine (taja) ______________________
13. Muda wa wastani kwa kila zoezi:
- Chini ya dakika 30 [ ]
- Dakika 30-60 [ ]
- Zaidi ya dakika 60 [ ]
14. Muda wa siku unaofanya mazoezi:
- Asubuhi [ ]
- Mchana [ ]
- Jioni [ ]
- Usiku [ ]
SEHEMU D: VIKWAZO VYA MAZOEZI YA MWILI
15. Je, una vikwazo vinavyokuzuia kufanya mazoezi ya mwili mara kwa mara? Ndiyo [ ] Hapana [ ]
16. Kama ndiyo, ni vikwazo gani? (weka alama zote)
- Ukosefu wa muda [ ]
- Ukosefu wa motisha [ ]
- Ukosefu wa maeneo/vifaa [ ]
- Ukosefu wa fedha [ ]
- Hofu ya usalama [ ]
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- Tatizo la kiafya [ ]
- Majukumu ya familia [ ]
- Nyingine (taja) ______________________
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