Understanding Power &

Power Quality Measurements

is the actual transformer voltage. This
system is ­frequently used for power
loads in ­commercial and industrial
buildings. In such cases, service to the
premises is made at 208V, three-phase.
Feeders carry the power to panel
boards supplying branch circuits for
motor loads. Lighting loads are u ­ sually
handled by a separate single-phase
service. The 480V distribution
is often used in industrial buildings
with substantial motor loads.

A B C

The threatened limitations of any electrical system depends upon

conventional electrical power sources knowledge, p ­ reventive maintenance
have focused a great deal of attention and ­subsequently the test equipment B
on power, its a ­ pplication, monitoring used to monitor that system. C
and correction. Power economics Figure 2. 3Ø, 3-wire system
now play a critical role in industry as Typical Voltage Three-Phase, 4-Wire Systems
never before. With the high cost of
power generation, transmission, and
Configurations Known as the “WYE” type connection,
distribution, it is of paramount concern to Single-Phase Systems this is the system most commonly used
effectively monitor and control the Single-phase residential loads are in commercial and industrial buildings.
use of energy. almost universally supplied through In office or other commercial buildings,
120/240V, 3-wire, single-phase services. the 480V three-phase,
The electric utility’s primary goal is 4-wire feeders are c­ arried to each floor,
Large ­appliances such as ranges,
to meet the power demand of its where 480V three-phase is tapped to
water heaters, and clothes dryers
­customers at all times and under a power panel or motors. General area
are supplied at 240V. Lighting, small
all conditions. But as the electrical fluorescent lighting that uses 277V
­appliances, and outlet receptacles
demand grows in size and c­ omplexity, ballasts is connected between each leg
are ­supplied at 120V. In this system the
modifications and additions to existing and neutral; 208Y/ 120 three-phase,
two “hot” or current carrying c­ onductors
electric power networks have become 4-wire circuits are derived from step-
are 180° out-of-phase
increasingly expensive. The measuring down transformers for local lighting and
with respect to the neutral.
and monitoring of electric power have receptacle outlets.
become even more critical because of A
down time associated with equipment Typical voltage:
breakdown and material failures. phase-to-phase = 208/480V
0 phase-to-neutral = 120/277V
For economic reasons, electric power
is generated by utility companies at B
relatively high voltages (4160, 6900, t
LINE (HOT) A B C
13,800 volts are typical). These
high voltages are then reduced at
the ­consumption site by s­ tep-down NEUTRAL
­transformers to lower values which may A
be safely and more easily used Neutral
in commercial, industrial and r­esidential LINE (HOT)
B
applications. Figure 1. 1Ø System
Personnel and property safety are C
the most important factors in the Three-Phase, 3-Wire Systems
operation of electrical system operation. Figure 3. 3Ø, 4-Wire System
In this type of system, commonly known
Reliability is the first consideration as the “DELTA” configuration, the
in providing safety. The reliability of voltage between each pair of line wires

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Balanced vs. Unbalanced Loads V
Certain loads (e.g., inductive type
A balanced load is an AC power motors) create a phase shift or delay
­system using more than two wires, between the current and voltage
where the ­current flow is equal in each ÷ waveforms. An ­inductive type load
Ø
of the current carrying conductors. causes the current to lag the voltage by
Many systems today represent an I some angle, known as the phase angle.
unbalanced condition due to uneven On purely resistive loads, there is
loading on a particular phase. This no phase difference between the
Figure 4. Nonlinear current waveform
often occurs when electrical expansion two waveforms; therefore the power
is affected with little regard to even
distribution of loads between phases or
Demand factor on such a load will be 0 degrees,
or unity.
several nonlinear loads on the The amount of electrical energy
same system. ­consumed over time is known as The following examples of a soldering
demand. Demand is the average load iron and a single-phase motor illustrate
RMS vs. Average Sensing how power factor is consumed in
placed on the utility to provide power
The term RMS (root-mean-square) different types of loads. In a soldering
(kilowatts) to a customer over a utility-
is used in relation to alternating iron, the apparent power supplied by
specified time interval (­typically 15 or
current waveforms and simply means the utility is directly converted into heat,
30 minutes). If demand requirements
“equivalent” or “effective,” referring or actual power. In this case, the actual
are irregular, the utility must have
to the amount of work done by the power is equal to the apparent power,
more capability available than would
equivalent value of direct current (DC). so that the power factor
be required if the customer load
The term RMS is necessary to describe is equal to “1” or 100% (unity).
requirements remained constant. To
the value of alternating current, which
provide for this time-varying demand,
is constantly changing in amplitude
the utility must invest in the proper size
and polarity at regular intervals. RMS
equipment to p ­ rovide for these power KV
A
measurements provide a more accurate Kvar (inductive)
peaks. Brief high peaks such
representation of actual current or
as those present when large equipment ø
voltage values. This is very important
initially comes on line are not critical Kw
for nonlinear (distorted) waveforms.
in the overall equation because the
Until recently, most loads were “linear”; duration is short with respect to the V
that is, the load impedance remained demand averaging interval.
essentially constant regardless of
ï
the applied voltage. With expanding Consumption
­markets of computers, uninterruptible
Watts and vars are instantaneous I
power supplies, and variable speed
measurements representing what is
motor drives, resulting nonlinear
happening in a circuit at any given
waveforms are drastically different. Figure 5. Power factor on nondistorted
moment. Since these parameters sine wave.
Measuring nonsinusoidal voltage and vary so greatly within any p
­ eriod, it is
­current waveforms requires a True ­necessary to integrate (sum) electrical In the case of a single-phase motor,
RMS meter. Conventional meters usage over time. the actual power is the sum of several
usually m­ easure the average value of ­components:
The fundamental unit for measuring
amplitudes of a waveform. Some meters a. the work performed by the system;
usage is the watt hour (Wh), or more
are calibrated to read the equivalent that is, lifting with a crane, moving air
typically the kilowatt hour (kWh). This
RMS value (.707 x peak); this type with a fan, or moving material, as with
value represents usage of 1000W for
calibration is a true representation only a conveyer.
one hour. Typical costs in the United
when the waveform is a pure sine wave
States for one kilowatt hour range b. heat developed by the power lost in
(i.e., no distortion). When distortion
from 8 to 15 cents. the motor winding resistance
occurs, the relationship between
average readings and True RMS values
changes drastically. Only a meter which
Power Factor c. heat developed in the iron through
eddy currents and hysteresis losses
measures True RMS values gives Power factor is the ratio of ACTUAL
accurate readings for a nonsinusoidal POWER used in a circuit to the d. frictional losses in the moor bearings
waveform. RMS measuring circuits APPARENT POWER delivered by a e. air friction losses in turning the motor
sample the input signal at a high utility. Actual power is expressed in rotor, more commonly known as
rate of speed. The meter’s internal watts (W) or kilowatts (kW); apparent windage losses.
circuitry digitizes and squares each power in voltamperes (VA) or
kilovoltamperes (kVA). Apparent power We now observe that with a single-
sample, adds it to the previous samples
is calculated simply by multiplying the phase motor, the apparent power
squared, and takes the square root of
­current by the voltage. obtained is greater than the actual
the total. This is the True RMS value.
power. T­ his d
­ ifference is the power
Power Factor = Actual Power = kW factor.
Apparent Power kVA

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Power factor reflects the difference supplied to their customers is as close by the harmonic number. For our
which exists between loads. The as possible to a sinusoidal waveform. ­discussion, we will focus on the 60Hz
­soldering iron is a purely resistive load If the power user connects loads to the power frequency. The second harmonic
which absorbs the current, which is system which are resistive, such as would be two times the fundamental or
then absorbed directly into heat. incandescent light bulb, the resulting 120Hz. The third would be three times
The current is called actual c­ urrent current waveform will also be sinusoidal. the fundamental or 180Hz, and so on.
because it directly contributes to the However, if the loads are n ­ onlinear, Nonlinear equipment generates
production of actual power. which is typically the case, the current ­harmonic frequencies. The nonlinear
On the other hand, the single-phase is drawn in short pulses and the current nature of a device draws current
electric motor represents a partially waveform will be d ­ istorted. Total current waveforms that do not follow the
inductive load consisting of actual that is then drawn by the nonlinear load voltage waveform. Electronic
­current which will be converted into would be the fundamental as well as all equipment is a good example. While
actual power, and magnetizing current the ­harmonics. this broad ­category encompasses many
which generates the magnetic field different types of equipment, most of
required to operate the electric motor. these devices have one characteristic
This magnetizing current, called the in common. They rely on an internal DC
reactive current, corresponds to an power source for their operation.
exchange of energy between the Loads which produce harmonic
­generator and the motor, but it is not ­currents include:
converted into actual power. Fundamental
• Electronic lighting ballasts
Reactive Compensation • Adjustable speed drives
Power • Electric arc furnaces
Reactive compensation power refers • Personal computers
to the capacitive values required to
correct low power factor to as close 3rd Harmonic
• Electric welding equipment
to unity (1.0) as possible. Most • Solid state rectifiers
­industrial loads are i­nductive, so the
• Industrial process controls
load current lags the line voltage by
some degree. In order to bring the • UPS systems
value closer to unity, something must • Saturated ­transformers
be added to the load to draw a leading
­current. This is done by connecting a Resultant Distorted Waveform
• Solid state ­elevator controls
capacitor in parallel with the load. Since • Medical ­equipment
Figure 6. Composite waveform
a capacitor will not dissipate any real
This is by no means an e ­ xhaustive
power, the charge for real power will be
list of equipment which g
­ enerates
the same. Harmonic distortion can cause serious ­harmonics. Any electronic-based
AEMC recommends consulting a power problems for the users of electric equipment should be suspected of
factor correction capacitor manufacturer power, from inadvertent tripping ­producing ­harmonics.
prior to any installation to reduce of ­circuit breakers to dangerous
­overheating of transformers and n ­ eutral Due to the ever increasing use
the possible effects of harmonics,
conductors, as well as heating in motors of ­electronics, the p
­ ercentage of
resonance, etc.
and capacitor failure. Harmonics equipment which ­generates harmonic
Electrical Harmonics can cause problems that are easy to ­current has increased significantly.
The h­ armonic problem m ­ anifests itself
­recognize but tough to diagnose.
Until fairly recently, power quality with proliferation of e
­ quipment using
referred to the ability of the electric It is becoming increasingly important diode capacitor input power s­ upplies.
utilities to s­ upply electric power to understand the fundamentals of This type of equipment draws current
­without interruption. Today, the phrase ­harmonics, and to be able to recognize in a short pulse only during the peak
encompasses any d ­ eviation from a and monitor the presence of damaging of the sine wave. The result of this
perfect sinusoidal waveform. Power harmonics. Harmonics within an action, aside from improved efficiency,
quality now relates to s­ hort-term ­electrical system vary greatly within is that high frequency harmonics are
­transients as well as continuous state different parts of the same distribution ­superimposed onto the f­undamental
distortions. Power system harmonics system and are not limited simply to 60Hz frequency.
are a continuous state problem with the supply of the harmonic p­ roducing
device. Harmonics can interact within The harmonics are produced by the
dangerous results. harmonics can be
the system through direct system ­diode-capacitor input section which
present in current, voltage, or both. It is
­connections or even through c­ apacitive rectifies the AC signal into DC. The
estimated that as many as 60% of all
or inductive coupling. ­circuit draws c­ urrent from the line
electrical devices operate with non-
only during the peaks of the voltage
linear current draw. A harmonic may be defined as an ­waveform, thereby charging a capacitor
Utility companies invest millions of ­integer multiple of a fundamental to the peak of line voltage.
­dollars each year to ensure that voltage ­frequency. Harmonics are designated

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The equipment DC requirements Another useful parameter is the contribute to c­ reating h
­ armonics,
are fed from this capacitor and as a Distortion Factor, or %DF. Distortion personal computer power supplies are
result the c­ urrent waveform becomes Factor is the Total Harmonic Distortion the largest contributor within the office
distorted. referenced to the total RMS signal. environment. Although THD levels will
The THD is expressed as a percentage be lower than in an industrial setting,
Voltage the susceptibility of office equipment to
and may not be greater than the
­fundamental. The %DF never exceeds variations in power quality is extremely
100%. We provide this term because of high.
the market need and the requirement In the industrial environment, there can
Current of this value under the international be many three-phase, nonlinear loads
standard IEC-555. Mathematically, drawing high levels of load current. The
it is the ratio of the sum of the root- most p­ revalent harmonic f­requencies
Figure 7 Nonlinear current draw meansquare (RMS) of the harmonic are the odd integer multiples of the
content to the root-mean square (RMS) 60Hz frequency. The third h ­ armonic
Harmonics in the electric power value of the total signal, and expressed (180Hz) is always the most prevalent
­system combine with the fundamental as a percentage. and troublesome.
frequency to create distortion. The Please note that our %DF is not the Large commercial buildings have many
level of distortion is directly related to same value as the Distortion Factor ­different sizes and types of loads.
the frequencies and amplitudes of the as expressed the IEEE standard In most installations the power is
harmonic current. The contribution of 519-1992 (in which Distortion Factor ­distributed with 208/ 120V transformers
all harmonic frequency c­ urrents to the is the same as THD). in a Delta-Wye c­ onfiguration. When
fundamental current is known as “Total
multiple loads are
Harmonic Distortion” or THD. This THD
supplied, each
value is expressed as a p ­ ercentage of
­generates triple
the fundamental current. THD values of
­harmonic currents on
over 10% are r­eason for concern.
the neutral ­conductor
THD is calculated as the square root of which are sent onto the
the sum of the squares of all the transformer secondary
harmonics divided by the fundamental and reflected into the
Current Draw
­signal (50 or 60Hz). This calculation delta primary. These
arrives at the value of distortion as a currents circulate
percentage of the fundamental. Figure 8. Computer current waveform
­within the delta p
­ rimary
Mathematically, %THD is the ratio Wherever there are large numbers of causing overheating and s­ hortened
of the sum of the root-mean square ­nonlinear loads, there are sure to be service life.
(RMS) of the harmonic content to the ­harmonics in the distribution system. Harmonics can cause a variety of
root-mean square (RMS) value of the Harmonic-producing equipment is found ­problems to any user of electric power.
fundamental 50 or 60Hz signal, and in varied locations from administrative For large users, the problems can
expressed as a percentage. offices to manufacturing f­acilities. be intense. For electronic equipment
In the factory that relies on the zero crossing of the
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
environment, ­sinusoidal waveform, such as clock­
electronic power ­timing devices, heavy h­ armonic content
Sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics
%THD = x 100 ­converters such can cause a zero c­ rossing point offset.
Square of amplitude of fundamental as variable speed
480V/208V
drives, SCR Transformer
A
drives, etc., are the C1 B
%THD (current) = [(I2)2 + (I3)2 + (I4)2 + (I5)2 .../(IRMS)2] x 100 largest contributors
to harmonic C2 Primary Secondary
distortion. It is not
%THD (voltage) = [(V2)2 + (V3)2 + (V4)2 + (V5)2 .../(V1)2] x 100 uncommon to have C3
THD levels as
C
high as 25% within Neutral
Distortion Factor some industrial
Figure 9. Delta primary, circulating current
­settings.
Sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics Most single-phase Odd number harmonics (third, fifth
%DF = x 100
Square of Total RMS office equipment and seventh) cause the greatest
draws nonlinear ­concern in the electrical distribution
current. While system. Because the harmonic
%DF (current) = [(I2)2 + (I3)2 + (I4)2 + (I5)2 .../(IRMS)2] x 100 ­fluorescent ­lighting waveform u ­ sually swings equally in
with electronic both the ­positive and negative direction,
­ballasts and the even number harmonics are
%DF (voltage) = [(V2)2 + (V3)2 + (V4)2 + (V5)2 .../(V1)2] x 100 many types of mitigated.
office equipment

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Heating effect causes the greatest voltage drops between neutral and susceptible equipment (e.g., electronic
problem in electric equipment. Many ground which are well above normal. equipment, variable speed motors,
times, electrical distribution equipment Readings above four volts indicate high etc.). Remember that most distribution
has overheated and failed even when neutral current. systems are designed specifically to
operating well below the suggested False tripping of circuit breakers is also carry 60Hz.
rating requirements. Temperature a problem encountered with the higher Most nonlinear harmonic problems
increase is directly related to the ­frequencies that harmonics p ­ roduce. can be detected at the electrical panel.
increase in RMS current.
Excessive current flow on the neutral
can be detected with a True RMS
To Source of Power ­current meter, but may be indicated
by a resonant buzzing sound or by
­discolored connections on the neutral
Main Service buss.
Entrance Switch Capacitors

Fused
Disconnect
Switch for
Capacitors

To Load

Figure 10. Power factor capacitors at resonant frequency.

Because harmonic frequencies Peak sensing circuit breakers often will

are always higher than the 60Hz trip even though the a­ mperage value
­fundamental frequency, “skin effect” also has not been e ­ xceeded. Harmonic Figure 11. Measuring at the service entrance
panel.
becomes a factor. Skin effect is current peak v­ alues can be many times
a phenomenon where the higher higher than sinusoidal waveforms. Beginning at the service entrance
­frequency causes the electrons to Power factor correction capacitor f­ailure panel, measure and record the True
flow toward the outer sides of the in many cases can be directly attributed RMS current in each phase, as well
­conductor, effectively reducing the to harmonic content. Capacitors appear as the neutral of the distribution
cross-sectional diameter of the as extremely low impedance values ­transformer secondary. Compare
­conductor and thereby reducing the and are more s­ usceptible to harmonics. this ­measured neutral current to the
ampacity rating of the cable. This effect Inductive reactance varies directly ­anticipated current due to phase
increases as the frequency and the with frequency (XL = 2pfl). Parallel imbalance. If the phase currents are
amplitude increase. As a result, higher resonance between the capacitor equal, the vector sum of the neutral
harmonic frequencies cause a greater bank and the source impedance can currents will add to zero. If there are
degree of heating in conductors. cause system resonance resulting excessive amounts of triple harmonics
On balanced three-phase systems in higher than n
­ ormal currents and in the neutral, neutral c­ urrent may
with no harmonic content, the line voltages. High harmonic currents have exceed phase current. Consult the
­currents are 120 degrees out-of-phase, been known to overheat correction NEC® for the maximum ampacity for
canceling each other and resulting in capacitors, causing premature failure each of the tested conductors.
very little neutral c­ urrent. However, and sometimes resulting in explosion. Measure each feeder for harmonic
when there is distortion in any one Most harmonic problems result when content. A high degree at this location
of the phase currents, the h ­ armonic the resonant frequency is close to can often be heard as a buzzing sound.
currents increase and the c­ ancellation the fifth or seventh harmonic. These A voltage THD reading is also useful at
effect is lessened. The result is t­ypically ­happen to be the largest harmonic this location.
a neutral current that is ­significantly amplitude numbers that adjustable
higher than [Link] triple IEEE standard 519-1992 specifies both
speed drives create. When this maximum distortion levels and recom-
harmonics (odd multiples of three) are ­situation arises, capacitor banks should
additive in the neutral and can quickly mended correction levels. A h ­ armonic
be resized to shift the resonant point to ­distortion limit of 5% is the point where
cause dangerous overheating. ­another frequency. harmonics begin to have
In theory, the maximum current that Detection and Measurement a detrimental effect on electrical
the neutral will carry is 1.73 times the In harmonic analysis, field ­distribution systems.
phase current. If not sized correctly, measurements are performed to
overheating will result. Higher than Harmonic current measurements define
identify ­frequency and magnitude the harmonic generating c­ haracteristics
normal neutral ­c­ urrent will cause of harmonic currents generated by

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of the load, so m
­ easurements should The K factor is determined by responding instruments will yield
be taken at the load when possible. measuring the True RMS current ­erroneous measurement results from
Voltage m­ easurements define the of each ­harmonic, multiplied by the 25 to 40% below the actual value when
system response and are usually taken harmonic order and squared. The harmonic distortion is present.
at the individual busses. total sum of this is then m
­ ultiplied by Many instruments on the market
Effects on the System the harmonic order and squared. The measure average or Peak values of a
To compound the problems that total sum of this is then m
­ ultiplied by waveform and internally multiply by
­harmonic currents present to the the eddy ­current losses. Transformer 1.11 or .707 respectively to indicate
­system, nonlinear harmonic load also parasitic heating due to h­ armonic RMS values. These devices work well
have an Ohm’s law r­elationship with currents is ­frequency dependent, i.e., when measuring a pure sine wave.
the source impedance of the system to higher ­frequency harmonic currents
cause a higher degree of transformer Instruments with True RMS converters
produce voltage harmonics. Consider
­heating and failure. sample the waveform at many different
a heavily loaded transformer that is
points and provide accurate readings
affected by one branch circuit feeding a The K factor is basically an index of the on distorted waveforms. Microprocessor
non-linear load. The creation of voltage transformer’s ability to handle nonlinear based circuits sample, digitize and
harmonics can then be passed down to load current without abnormal heating. square each sample, add it to the
all the remaining circuits being fed by Some distribution transformers are ­previous sample squared, and take the
that transformer. now being designed with magnetic square root of the total. This process
Voltage harmonics may cause havoc cores and windings to accommodate yields a True RMS value regardless of
within the electrical system. Motors are harmonic ­content. A K-rated transformer the amount of distortion.
typically considered to be linear loads; is ­specifically designed to handle
nonlinear loads. The higher the K factor Crest Factor
however, when the source voltage
value, the better the transformer’s Crest factor is the ratio of the Peak
supply is rich in harmonics, the motor
­ability to handle nonlinear loads. value of a sinusoidal waveform to its
will draw harmonic current. The typical
RMS value.
result is a higher than normal operating IEEE C57.110-1986 is a prescribed
temperature and s­ hortened service life. ­procedure used to derate the Peak value
transformer loading based on the Crest Factor (CF) =
Different frequency harmonic currents RMS value
can cause additional rotating fields in specific harmonic content. Each
specific ­electrical application is unique Crest factor indicates the level of
the motor. Depending on the frequency,
in type and amount of harmonic ­peaking which an instrument can
the motor will rotate in the opposite
interaction. ­handle without measurement errors.
direction (counter-torque). The fifth
For a perfect sine wave the crest factor
harmonic, which is very prevalent, is a IEEE C57.1200-1987 has proposed a would be 1.414. This relates to the
negative sequence harmonic causing limit of 5% for transformer harmonic Peak amplitude that an instrument
the motor to have a backward r­otation, ­current factor. can measure accurately. Typical crest
shortening the service life. An alternate method for derating ­factor ratings are from 2.0 to 6.0. The
Noise can be picked up in transformers is available for buildings higher the factor, the more capable the
communication equipment and which supply single phase, 120V instrument of measuring a complex
telephone systems when harmonics receptacles. This method is established ­waveform correctly. When harmonics
at audio or radio f­requencies are by The Computer & Business are present crest factors may be less
inductively or capacitively coupled into Equipment Manufacturers Association than (CF of a square wave = 1) or
communication or data lines. (CBEMA). greater than 1.414.
When induction-disc watt-hour meters 1.414
are monitoring nonlinear loads, CBEMA Derating Factor =
Crest Factor
depending on the content of the
­harmonics, the disk may run slower or Meter Readings
faster, resulting in erroneous readings. Harmonic problems can be analyzed
Transformer Derating more easily when the proper test
Most generators and transformers ­equipment is used.
base their operating characteristics on The term “True RMS”, or Root-Mean-
undisturbed 60Hz waveforms. When Square, relates to the equivalent DC
the waveforms are rich in harmonics, ­heating value of the current or voltage
shortened service or complete failure waveform. If a pure sine wave and a
often follows. ­distorted sine wave were both applied
The derating K factor can be applied to a resistive load, the point where they
­specifically to transformers to ensure both create the same heating value
that dangerous heating will not result is the point where they both have the
due to the transformer supplying load same RMS value.
currents rich in harmonic content. True RMS capability is required to
­accurately measure systems where
­harmonic current is present. Average

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 Peak value Phase
Filtering is currently the most common
A
B
method used to limit the effects that
RMS value C ­harmonics present to the rest of the
Average value
system. Filters typically consist of tuned
series L — C circuits. Filter impedance
is negligible with respect to the rest
Reactor of the system, l­imiting its interaction
effects for harmonic control. Filters are
sized to withstand the RMS current
as well as the value of current for the
harmonics.
Figure 12. RMS — Avg — Peak
Relationship in sine wave In the future, systems may be available
which will offset the harmonics by
applying signals that are equal in
Capacitor
Limiting the Effects of Harmonics Bank amplitude but opposite in phase,
Derating certain types of electrical thereby canceling or severely limiting
­equipment is the easiest way to limit harmonic effects.
the effects that increased heating has ©
2002 Chauvin Arnoux ® Inc.
on the equipment. A 25% derating d.b.a. AEMC ® Instruments
Figure 13. Single tuned shunt filter.
for transformers and generators is
­commonly employed in industry.

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Contact Us
United States & Canada:

Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc.

d.b.a. AEMC ® Instruments
200 Foxborough Blvd.
Foxborough, MA 02035 USA
(508) 698-2115 • Fax (508) 698-2118
[Link]

Customer Support — for placing an order, obtaining price & delivery:

customerservice@[Link]

Sales Department — for general sales information:

sales@[Link]

Repair and Calibration Service — for information on repair & calibration, obtaining a user manual:
repair@[Link]

Technical and Product Application Support — for technical and application support:
techinfo@[Link]

Webmaster — for information regarding [Link]:

webmaster@[Link]

South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean, Australia & New Zealand:

Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc.

d.b.a. AEMC ® Instruments
15 Faraday Drive
Dover, NH 03820 USA
(978) 526-7667 • Fax (978) 526-7605
export@[Link]
[Link]

All other countries:

Chauvin Arnoux SCA

190, rue Championnet
75876 Paris Cedex 18, France
33 1 44 85 45 28 • Fax 33 1 46 27 73 89
info@[Link]
[Link]

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