Higher Math Book
Uploaded by
Rahul JainHigher Math Book
Uploaded by
Rahul JainHIGHER MATH WIN Series
Index
Chapter 1 - Set Theory & Relations ______ HM - 14 (Coordinate Geometry) ____________ 34
1
1.1 Set Theory __________________________ HM - 15 (3D Geometry) ___________________ 35
1.2 Venn Diagrams _______________________ 2 Chapter 6 - Statistics _________________ 37
1.3 Relations ____________________________ 6 HM - 16 (Statistics) ______________________ 43
HM - 01 (Set Theory and Relations) __________ 9 Chapter 7 - Matrices & Determinants _____ 45
HM - 02 (Set Theory and Relations) __________10 7.1 Matrices ____________________________
HM - 03 (Set Theory and Relations) __________11 7.2 Determinant of a Square Matrix__________ 47
Chapter 2 - Function and its Inverse______12 7.3 Inverse of a Matrix ____________________ 49
HM - 04 (Functions) ______________________13 HM - 17 (Matrices & Determinants) __________ 50
HM - 05 (Functions) ______________________15 HM - 18 (Matrices & Determinants) __________ 51
Chapter 3 - Trigonometry ______________16 HM - 19 (Matrices & Determinants) __________ 52
HM - 06 (Trigonometry) ___________________21 HM - 20 (Matrices & Determinants) __________ 53
HM - 07 (Trigonometry) ___________________22 Chapter 8 - Differentiation _____________ 54
HM - 08 (Trigonometry) ___________________24 HM - 21 (Differentiation) __________________ 58
HM - 09 (Trigonometry) ___________________25 HM - 22 (Differentiation) __________________ 59
HM - 10 (Trigonometry) ___________________26 HM - 23 (Differentiation) __________________ 60
HM - 11 (Height & Distance) ________________28 HM - 24 (Practice Exercise) ________________ 62
Chapter 4 - Binomial Expansion __________29 HM - 25 (Practice Exercise) ________________ 63
HM - 12 (Binomial Expansion) ______________30 HM - 26 (Practice Exercise) ________________ 65
Chapter 5 - Coordinate Geometry _______31 Answer Key ___________________________ 67
HM - 13 (Coordinate Geometry) _____________33 Explanation ___________________________ 69
HEAD OFFICE
Hitbullseye, E-305, Phase-8A, Industrial Area, Sector 75, Mohali, Punjab, 160071
Centres: Chandigarh - 34 | Chandigarh - 8 | Ambala | Ludhiana | Patiala | Yamunanagar
Toll Free: 7654 0000 41 | 7654 0000 57
(Offline) (Online)
HIGHER MATH
Max retail price – Rs. 500.00
Hitbullseye
Bulls Eye Knowledge System Pvt Ltd
E-305, Phase-8A,
Industrial Area, Focal Point
Sector 75,
Mohali, Punjab 160071
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the publishers.
First Edition – April, 2022
Third Edition - June, 2024
CHP 1
Set Theory and 1
Relations
CHP 1 Set Theory and Relations
1.1 SET THEORY 1.1.C Finite and infinite sets
1.1.C.(i) Finite set: A set A is called a finite set if it
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. is either the void set or its elements can be
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a∈ A and listed (counted, labeled) by natural numbers
say a belongs to A or a is in A or a is a member of 1, 2 , 3,…. and the process of listing
A. If a does belong to A, then we write a ∉ A. It is terminates at a certain natural number n .
assumed here that if A is any set and a is any The number n is called the cardinality (or
element, then either a ∈ A or a ∉ A and the two order) of the set A and is denoted by o(A).
possibilities are mutually exclusive. The void set is a finite set of cardinality zero.
A set having only one element is called, a
1.1.A Description of Sets: singleton set and its cardinality is one.
There are two ways of describing a set that are 1.1.C.(ii) Infinite Set: A set whose elements cannot
commonly used. be listed by the natural numbers 1, 2, 3,…,n
( ending at a fixed n) for any natural number
1.1.A.(i) Roster Method (Tabular Form) n is called an infinite set.
In this method a set is described by listing elements,
separated by commas, within braces. For example,
the set of odd natural numbers can be described as
1.1.D Equal Sets
{1,3,5,7…..}. The set of vowels of English Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every
Alphabets may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}. Here element of A is a member of B, and every element of
the dots in the first example stand for „and so on‟ so B is a member of A.
it mean that the list goes on. Note that the order in If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B and A ≠ B
which the elements are written makes no difference. when A and B are not equal.
Thus {a, e, i, o, u} and {e, a, o, u, i} denote the same Let A = {1, 2, 5, 8} and B = {5, 8, 2,1}. Then A = B
set. Also, repetition of an element has no effect. For because each element of A is an element of B and
example {1, 3, 1, 2} is the same set as { 1, 2, 3}. vice-versa.
1.1.A.(ii) Set Builder method 1.1.E Subsets
In this method, a set is described by a characterizing Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is a
property, P (x) of its elements x. In such a case the member of B, then A is called a subset of B.
set is described by {xP(x) holds} or {x: P(x) If A is a subset of B, we write A⊆B, Which is read
holds}, which is read as „the set of all x such that as “A is a subset of B”, “A is contained in B”
P(x) holds true for them‟. The symbol „‟ or „:‟ is Thus A⊆B if α ∈ A ⇒ α ∈ B.
reads as „such that‟. If A is a subset of B, we also say that B contains A
In this representation the set of all positive multiples or B is a superset of A and we write B ⊇A.
of 3 can be written as: {xx is a natural number and If A is not a subset of B, we write A⊈B.
x = 3n for n ∈ N} Obviously every set is a subset (superset) of itself
The set of all real number greater than – 5 and less and the void set ø is subset of every set. These two
than 1 can be described as: {x x is a real number subsets are called trivial subsets.
and – 5 < x < 1}. A subset D of a set A is called a proper subset of A if
D ≠ A and we write D ⊊ A or D ⊂ A.
1.1.B Null set Thus, if D is a proper subset of A, then there exists
an element x ∈A such the x ∉ D.
A Set is said to be empty or void or null set if it has So, two sets A and B are equal if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
no elements. There is only one empty set and we Thus whenever we want to prove that two sets A and
denote it by ø. B are equal, we must prove that A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
Note: Let A be a finite set having n elements. Then
the total number of subsets of A is 2n.
2 Higher Math
For example, let A = {1,2} then the subsets of A are: 1.2 VENN DIAGRAMS
ø, {1},{2},{1,2} which are four subsets = 22.
1.1.F Power Set: 1.2.A Basics of Venn Diagrams
Let A be a set. Then the family of all subsets of A is Venn diagram also known as Euler-Venn diagram is
called the power set of A and is denoted by P (A). a simple representation of sets by diagrams. The
That is, P(A) = {SS⊆ A }. usual depiction makes use of rectangle as universal
Since the void set ø and the set A itself are always set and circles enclosed in it for sets under
subsets of A and are therefore elements of P (A). consideration.
For example, Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then the subsets of Following are the Venn diagrams of sets with basic
A are ø, {1}, {2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3} and {1,2,3}. operations:
Hence P(A) = {ø ,{1},
{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},{1,2,3}} 1.2.A.(i) Union of sets: A ∪ B
A B
If A is the void set ø, then P (A) has just one element
:ø.
So, if A is a finite set having n elements, then P (A)
has 2n elements.
1.1.G Universal Set
In any discussion in set theory, there happens to be a
set U that contains all the sets under consideration.
Such a set is called the universal set. Thus a set that
contains all sets in a given context is called the 1.2.A.(ii) Intersection of sets: A∩ B
universal set.
For example, when talking about sets of students of a A B
class the entire list of students of that class is the
universal set, similarly in plane geometry the set of
all points in the plane is the universal set. A B
1.2.A.(iii) Difference of sets: A – B
A B
1.2.A.(iv) Complement of a set A = A‟= U – A ,
where U is the universal set. The entire shaded
portion is A‟.
A' A
CHP 1
Set Theory and 3
Relations
Note: If the sets are disjoint then their corresponding Where x = number of elements that belong to set A
circles are non- overlapping. only.
y = number of elements that belong to set B only.
1.2.A.(v) Disjoint sets A and B z = number of elements that belong to set A and B
both.
A B w = number of elements that belong to none of the
sets A, B.
Thus, n (A) = x + z.
n (B) = y + z.
n (A U B) = x + y + z.
1.2.B.(ii) Venn Diagram - 2
1.2.A.(vi) Symmetric Difference of two sets
Let A and B be two sets. The symmetric difference
of sets A and B is the set ( A – B) ∪ ( B – A) and is A B
denoted by A ∆ B. s
Thus A ∆ B = ( A – B) ∪ ( B – A) . p q
The shaded part represents A ∆ B. v
t u
A B
w
r
C
Where, p = number of elements that belong to set A
only
q = number of elements that belong to set B only
r = number of elements that belong to set C only
Venn diagrams have huge application in the s = number of elements that belong to sets A and B
problems based on Inclusion- Exclusion principle i.e. only
n ( A U B) = n(A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A∩ B) t = number of elements that belong to sets A and C
n (A U B U C) = n(A ) + n ( B ) + n (C) – n ( A∩ B) only
– n ( B ∩ C) – n ( C ∩ A) + n ( A∩ B ∩ C ) u = number of elements that belong to sets B and C
And so on, Where n( A) = number of elements in set only
A. v = number of elements that belong to all the three
sets A, B and C
1.2.B The following Venn diagrams will w = number of elements that belong to none of the
be very useful sets A, B, C
therefore n (A) = p + s + t + v
n (B) = q + s + u + v
1.2.B.(i) Venn Diagram - 1 n (C) = r + t + u + v
Following are few examples based on the above
B mentioned concept.
A
Y Note: Always start filling values in the Venn
Z diagram from the innermost value.
X
W
4 Higher Math
1.2.C Solved Examples: 2. How many students like at most one of the
Ex 1: In a particular class, 40 students study beverages?
English and 30 students study Hindi. 5 3. How many students like at least one of the
students study both English and Hindi. If it beverages?
is compulsory for them to study at least one Sol. n(T) = number of students who like tea =
of these languages then 140
n(C)= number of students who like coffee =
1. How many students are there in the class? 120
2. How many students study only English? n (T ∩ C) = 80
3. How many students study only Hindi?
4. How many students study neither Hindi nor E H
English?
Sol. n (H) = number of students who study 25
5
English = 40
n (E)= number of students who study Hindi 35
= 30
n (E∩ H) = 5
0
now let us fill the values in Venn diagram 1
E H z = 80
x = 140 – 80 = 60
5
25 y = 120 – 80 = 40
n(T U C) = 80 + 60 + 40 = 180
35 therefore w = 200 - 180 = 20
(i) Number of students who like neither tea
nor coffee = 20
0
(ii) Number of students who like at most one
of tea or coffee = n (only tea) + n (only
now let us fill the values in Venn diagram 1 coffee) + n (neither tea nor coffee)
Since studying one of the languages is = 60 + 40 +20
compulsory therefore = 120
w=0 Or simply exclude 80 from 200
Z=5 (iii) Number of students who like at least one
X = 40 – 5 = 35 of tea or coffee = n (only Tea )+ n (only
Y = 30 – 5 = 25 coffee ) + n (both Tea & coffee ) = 60 + 40
Using the Venn diagram we can answer all + 80 = 180
the questions very easily Or simply exclude 20 from 200
(i) Total number of students in the class =
35 + 5 + 25 + 0 = 65 Ex 3: A class has 175 students. 100 students study
(ii) Number of students who study only Mathematics, 70 study Physics and 46 study
English = 35 Chemistry. 30 study Mathematics and
(iii) Number of students who study only Physics, 28 study Mathematics and
Hindi = 25 Chemistry, 23 study Physics and Chemistry.
(iv) Number of students who study none of 18 study Mathematics, Physics and
the languages is zero Chemistry.
Ex 2: In a particular college, 200 students are 1. How many students study at least one of
randomly selected. 140 like tea, 120 like the three subjects mentioned above?
coffee and 80 like both tea and coffee. 2. How many students study at least two of
the three subjects mentioned above?
1. How many students like neither tea nor 3. How many students study only Physics?
coffee? 4. How many students study none of the
three mentioned subjects?
CHP 1
Set Theory and 5
Relations
Sol. n(M) = number of students who study Ex 4: In a survey among 500 students of a college
Mathematics = 100 it was found that 49 % liked watching
n (P )= number of students who study football, 53 % liked watching hockey and 62
Physics = 70 % liked watching basketball. 27 % liked
n( C) = number of students who study watching football and hokey both, 29 %
Chemistry = 46 liked watching basketball and hockey both
n ( M ∩ P) = 30 and 28 % liked watching football and
n ( M ∩ C) = 28 basketball both. 5 % liked watching none of
n ( P∩ C ) = 23 these games.
n ( M∩ P∩ C ) = 18 1. How many students like watching all the
three games?
2. Find the ratio of number of students who
M P like watching only football to those who like
12 35
6 watching only hockey.
0 18
3. Find the number of students who like
10 5 watching only one of the three given games.
4. Find the number of students who like
13 C watching at least two of the given games.
22 Sol. n(F) = percentage of students who like
watching football = 49 %
n(H) = percentage of students who like
now let us fill the values in Venn diagram 2 watching hockey = 53 %
v = 18 n(B)= percentage of students who like
s = 30 – 18 = 12 watching basketball = 62 %
t = 28 – 18 = 10 n(F∩H) = 27 %
u = 23 – 18 = 5 n(B∩H) = 29 %
p = 100 – (12 + 18 + 10) = 60 n ( F ∩B) = 28 %
q = 70 – (12 + 18 + 5) = 35 since 5 % like watching none of the given
r = 46 – (10 + 18 + 5) = 13 games so, n ( F U H U B) = 95% -------------
using inclusion –exclusion principle, -----------B
n (M U P U C ) = 100 + 70 + 46 – 30 – 28 – also using inclusion –exclusion principle,
23 + 18 = 153 n ( F U H U B) = 49% + 53% + 62% -27% –
therefore w = 175 – 153 =22 29% – 28% + n ( F ∩H ∩B) -------------------
Now we can answer the questions using -A
Venn diagram combining A and B we have n (F ∩H ∩B) =
(i) Number of students studying at least one of 15%
the three mentioned subjects = n (M U P U C now let us fill the values in Venn diagram 2
) = 153 or simply exclude 22 from 175. w=5%
(ii) Number of students who study at least two v = 15 %
of the subjects s = (27 - 15) % = 12%
= n (only 2 subjects) + n (all the 3 subjects) t = (28 - 15)% = 13%
= n (only M & P) + n (only M & C) + n u = (29 - 15)% = 14%
(only P &C ) + n ( M&P&C) p = 49 - (12 + 15 + 13) = 9 %
= 12 + 10 + 5 + 18 q = 53 - (12 + 15 + 14) = 12%
= 45 r = 62 - (13 + 15 + 14) = 20 %
(iii) Number of students who study only Physics
= 35 F H
(iv) Number of students who study none of the 12 12
three subjects = 22 9
15
13 14
20
B
5
6 Higher Math
Note: All values in the Venn Diagram are in 1.3 RELATIONS
percentage.
1.3.A Cartesian product of sets:
(i) Number of students who like watching all the
three games = 15 % of 500 = 75 Let A and B be two non-empty sets. The set of all
(ii) Ratio of number of students who like only ordered pairs (a, b) such that aA and b B is called
football to those who like only hockey = the Cartesian product of set A with set B and is
(9 % of 500) / (12 % of 500) = 9 / 12 = 3:4 denoted by A × B.
(iii) The number of students who like watching Thus, A × B = {(a, b) : a A and b B}.
only one of the three given games = Similarly, B × A = {(b, a) : b B and a A}.
(9% + 12 % + 20 %)of 500 = 205
(iv) The number of students who like watching at Example: A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y, z}
least two of the given games=( number of A × B = {(1, x), (1, y), (1, z), (2, x), (2, y), (2, z)}
students who like watching only two of the B × A = {(x, 1), (y, 1), (z, 1), (x, 2), (y, 2), (z, 2)}
games) +(number of students who like
watching all the three games) = (12 + 13 + 14 1.3.B Relation:
+ 15) % of 500 = 270 Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from set
A to set B is a subset of A × B. Thus, R is a relation
1.2.D Some important Results: from A to B R A × B.
Let A, B, C be any Sets, then
Example: A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
(i) Idempotent laws: a R b iff b > a then
(a) A ∪ A = A R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(b) A ∩ A = A
(ii) Commutative laws: 1.3.C Notations:
(a) A ∪ B = B ∪ A If R is a relation from a non-void set A to a non-void
(b) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
set B and if (a, b) R, then we write a R b which is
(iii) Associative laws:
read as „a is related to b, by the relation R‟.
(a) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = ( A∪B) ∪ C
(b) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = ( A∩B) ∩ C
If (a, b) R, then we write a R b and we say that „a is
(iv) Distributive laws:
not related to b, by the relation R‟.
(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = ( A∩B) ∪ ( A∩C)
(b) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = ( A∪B) ∩( A∪C)
(v) De Morgan‟s rules: 1.3.D Domain:
(a) (A‟)‟ = A Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the
(b) (A ∪ B)‟ = A‟ ∩ B ‟ set of all first components or coordinates of the
(c) ( A∩ B) ‟ = A‟ ∪ B ‟ ordered pairs belonging to R is called the domain of
R.
Thus, domain of R = {a : (a, b) R}
So, domain of R A
1.3.E Range:
Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the
set of all second components or coordinates of the
ordered pairs belonging to R is called the range of R.
Thus, range of R = {b: (a, b) R}
So, range of R B.
Example: A = {1, 3, 5, 7} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
R = {(1, 8), (3, 6), (5, 2), (1, 4)}
Domain (R) = {1, 3, 5}
Range (R) = {2, 4, 6, 8}
CHP 1
Set Theory and 7
Relations
1.3.F Relation on a set: 1.3.H.(iv) Reflexive relation: A relation R on a set
Let A be a non-empty set. Then a relation from A to A is said to be reflexive if every element
itself i.e. a subset of A × A is called a relation on set of A is related to itself. Thus, R is
A. reflexive (a, a) R for all aA.
A relation R on a set A is not reflexive if
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} there exists an element aA such that (a,
R is a relation on the set A, defined by R = {(a, b): a a) R.
– b = 2}
R = {(3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)} Example: A = {1, 2, 3} and
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)}
1.3.G Inverse of a relation: Then R is a reflexive relation on A.
Let A and B be two sets and let R be a relation from 1.3.H.(v) Symmetric relation: A relation R on a set
set A to set B. Then, the inverse of R, denoted by R- A is said to be a symmetric relation iff (a,
1
, is a relation from B to A and is defined by R-1 = b) R ⇒ (b, a) R for all a, b A.
{(b, a) : (a, b) R} i.e. a R b ⇒ b R a for all a, b A.
Clearly, (a, b) R (b, a) R-1
Also, Domain of R = Range of R-1 Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
and Range of R = Domain of R-1 R = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 1)}
Then R is a symmetric relation on A.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R is a relation on the set A, defined by R = {(a, b): a 1.3.H.(vi) Transitive relation: Let A be any set. A
– b = 2} relation R on A is said to be a transitive
R = {(3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)} relation iff (a, b) R and (b, c) R ⇒ (a,
R-1 = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)}
c) R for all a, b, c A
i.e. a R b and b R c ⇒ a R c for all a, b, c
1.3.H Some important types of relations A.
on a set A:
1.3.H.(i) Void relation: Let A be a set. Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Then, A × A and so it is a relation on R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (2, 4)}
A. This relation is called the void or empty Then R is a transitive relation on A.
relation on set A.
1.3.H.(vii) Equivalence relation: A relation R on a
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R is a relation on set A is said to be an equivalence relation
the set A defined by R = {(a, b) : a – b = on A iff it is reflexive, symmetric and
12} then R = transitive.
1.3.H.(ii) Universal relation: Let A be a set. Then, Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
A × A A × A and so it is a relation on A. R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
This relation is called the universal Then R is an equivalence relation.
relation on A.
1.3.I Some important results on Relations:
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R is a relation on (i) If R and S are two equivalence relations on a
the set A defined by R = {(a, b) : a – b is set A, then R S is also an equivalence
an integer} then R = A × A relation on A. The intersection of two
equivalence relations on a set is an
1.3.H.(iii) Identity relation: Let A be a set. Then, equivalence relation on the set.
the relation IA = {(a, a): for all a A} on (ii) The union of two equivalence relations on a
A is called the identity relation on A. set is not necessarily an equivalence relation
on the set.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3} (iii) If R is an equivalence relation on a set A
IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} then R-1 is also an equivalence relation on A.
The inverse of an equivalence relation is an
equivalence relation.
8 Higher Math
1.3.J Solved Examples: Ex 4: The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} on the
Ex 1: Find if R is reflexive, symmetric, transitive or set {1, 2, 3} is
equivalence relation.
1. symmetric only
1. A relation R on N is defined by (x, y) R 2. reflexive only
x y. 3. an equivalence relation
2. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and 4. transitive only
let R be a relation defined on L by the rule Sol. Since (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) all belong to R so it
(x, y) R x is perpendicular to y. is reflexive and R is by default Symmetric and
3. On the set N of natural numbers the relation transitive as there is nothing that is
R is defined by x R y x is less than y contradicting them. So R is an equivalence
4. Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a relation. So, 3rd option
plane defined by (l1, l2) R line l1 is
parallel to line l2.
Sol. (i) (x, y) R x y. R is reflexive and
transitive, because x x is always true so R is
reflexive. Also, x y and y z x z so R is
transitive.
(ii) (x, y) R x is perpendicular to y. Then
R is symmetric, because x perpendicular to y
y is perpendicular to x.
(iii) x R y x is less than y . Then R is
transitive, because x < y and y < z x < z.
(iv) (l1, l2) R line l1 is parallel to line l2.
Then R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
therefore an equivalence relation.
Ex 2: Let R and S be two non-void relations on a set
A. Which of the following statements is false?
1. R and S are transitive ⇒ R S is transitive.
2. R and S are transitive ⇒ R S is transitive
3. R and S are symmetric ⇒ R S is
symmetric
4. R and S are reflexive ⇒ R S is reflexive
Sol. 1st option (see theory)
Ex 3: R is a relation on the set Z of integers and it is
given by (x, y) R |x – y| 1. Then, R is
1. reflexive and transitive
2. reflexive and symmetric
3. symmetric and transitive 4. An equivalence relation
Sol. |x – x| 1 R is reflexive.
|x – y| 1 |y – x| 1, so R is symmetric.
But R is not transitive as, 2 R 3 and 3 R 4 but 2
is not related to 4. So, 2nd option
CHP 1
Set Theory and 9
Relations
HM - 01 9. If aN = {axx ∈ N} and bN ∩ cN = dN, where
b, c ∈ N, then
(Set Theory and Relations) 1. d = bc 2. c = bd
1. A survey shows that 83% of the Indians like 3. b = cd 4. None of these
Paani Poori whereas 78% like Pav Bhaji. If 10. In a city of 20,000 residents, it was found that
x% of the Indians like both Paani Poori and 45% residents read magazine X, 25% residents
Pav Bhaji, then read magazine Y and 15% residents read
1. x = 61 2. 61 ≤ x ≤ 78 magazine Z, 8% residents read X and Y both,
3. x = 78 4. None of these 5% read Y and Z both and 4% read X and Z
2. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, B = {2, 4, both. If 2% residents read all the three
6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 ,18} and N is the universal magazines, then the number of residents who
set, then A‟ ∪ ((A ∪ B) ∩ B‟) is read X only is
1. 6600 2. 7000 3.6200 4. 9000
1. A 2. N
3. B 4. None of these 11. In a city of 20,000 residents, it was found that
45% residents read magazine X, 25% residents
3. If X = {8 – 7n – 1 n ∈ N} and
n
read magazine Y and 15% residents read
Y = {49 (n – 1)n ∈ N}, then magazine Z, 8% residents read X and Y both,
1. X ⊂ Y 2. Y ⊂ X 5% read Y and Z both and 4% read X and Z
3. X = Y 4. None of these both. If 2% residents read all the three
magazines, then the number of residents who
4. If sets P and Q are defined as
read none of X, Y or Z is
P = {(x, y) y = ex, x ∈ R} 1. 6000 2. 6800 3. 3000 4. 14000
Q = {(x, y) y = x, x ∈ R}, then
12. Consider the set X of all determinants of order
1. P ⊂ Q 2. Q ⊂ P
5 with entries 0 or 1 only. Let Y be the subset
3. P ∩ Q = ø 4. None of these
of X consisting of all determinants with value
5. Let A = {(x, y) y = ex, x ∈ R}, 1. Let Z be the subset of the set of all
B = {(x, y) y = e –x, x ∈ R}. Then determinants with value – 1. Then
1. A ∩ B = ø 2. A ∩ B ≠ ø 1. Z is empty 2. n (Y) = n (Z)
3. A ∩ B = R 4. None of these 3. X = Y ∪ Z 4. n (Y) = 2 × n (Z)
6. Suppose A1, A2, …, A30 are thirty sets each 13. If A and B are two sets, then A ∩ (A ∪ B)
with five elements and B1, B2, …, Bn are n sets equals
each with three elements such that 1. A 2. B
3. Ø 4. None of these
If each element of S belongs
to exactly ten of the Ai‟s and exactly 9 of the 14. Let X and Y have 5 and 11 elements
Bj‟s, then the value of n is respectively.
1. 10 2. 35 3. 45 4. 95 What can be the minimum number of elements
in X ∪ Y?
7. If sets A and B are defined as
1. 5 2. 11 3. 16 4. 55
1
A = ( x, y) y ,0 x R , 15. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The
x
total number of subsets of the first set is 56
B ( x , y) y x , x R, then more than the total number of subsets of the
1. A ∩ B = A 2. A ∩ B = B second set. The values of m and n are
3. A ∩ B = ø 4. None of these 1. m = 6, n = 4 2. m = 8, n = 5
3. m = 6, n = 3 4. m = 7, n = 5
8. If aN = {axx ∈ N} and bN ∩ cN = dN, where
b, c ∈ N are relatively prime, then
1. d = bc 2. c = bd
3. b = cd 4. None of these
10 Higher Math
HM - 02 9. Let R be an equivalence relation on a finite set
A having n elements. Then the number of
(Set Theory and Relations) ordered pairs in R is
1. Let R be a relation on a set A such that 1. less than n
2. Greater than or equal to n
R = R – 1, then R is
3. less than or equal to n
1. Reflexive 2. Symmetric 4. None of these
3. Transitive 4. None of these
10. The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2),
2. The relation R defined in N as a R b ⇔ b is (2, 3), (1, 3)} on set A = {1, 2, 3} is
divisible by a is
1. Reflexive but not symmetric
1. Symmetric and Transitive 2. Reflexive but not transitive
2. Equivalence relation 3. Symmetric and transitive
3. Reflexive but not Symmetric 4. Neither symmetric nor transitive
4. Symmetric but not Transitive
11. Let R and S be two equivalence relations on a
3. Given the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set A. Then
set A = {1, 2, 3}, the minimum number of
1. R ∪ S is an equivalence relation on A
ordered pairs which when added to R make it
2. R ∩ S is an equivalence relation on A
an equivalence relation is
3. R – S is an equivalence relation on A
1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 4. 8 4. None of these
4. An integer m is said to be related to another
integer n if n is a multiple of m, such that
(m, n) ∈ R Then the relation is
1. Reflexive and Symmetric
2. Reflexive and Transitive
3. Symmetric and Transitive
4. Equivalence Relation
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R = {(2, 2), (3, 3),
(4, 4), (1, 2)} be a relation on A. Then R is
1. Reflexive 2. Symmetric
3. Transitive 4. None of these
6. Let R1 be a relation defined by R1 = {(a, b)
a ≥ b, a, b ∈ R}. Then R1 is
1. an equivalence relation on R
2. reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
3. symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
4. neither transitive nor reflexive but
symmetric
7. Let R be a reflexive relation on a finite set A
having n elements, and let there be m ordered
pairs in R. Then
1. m ≥ n 2. m ≤ n
3. m = n 4. None of these
8. The void relation on a set A is
1. Reflexive
2. Symmetric and Transitive
3. Reflexive and Symmetric
4. Reflexive and Transitive
CHP 1
Set Theory and 11
Relations
HM - 03 9. If R be a relation „>‟ from X = {5, 7, 9} to Y =
{5, 6, 7, 8} i.e. (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a > b, then
(Set Theory and Relations) R o R – 1 is
1. The relation defined as X R Y if X is a subset 1. {(5, 6), (5, 9), (6, 7), (6, 9), (5, 9), (8, 9)}
of Y, on the power set P (A) of a set A is 2. {(7, 5), (9, 5), (7, 8), (9, 6), (9, 7), (9, 8)}
3. {(7, 7), (7, 9), (9, 9), (9, 7)}
1. Symmetric 2. Anti-symmetric
4. {(7, 7), (7, 8), (8, 9)}
3. Equivalence relation 4. None of these
10. Let S be a finite set containing n elements.
2. Let P = {(x, y) x2 + y2 = 1, x, y ∈ R}. Then P
Then the total number of binary operations on
is
S is
1. Reflexive 2. Symmetric 2 2
3. Transitive 4. Anti-symmetric 1. 2n 2. 2 n 3. n n 4. n2
3. Let X be a family of sets and R be a relation on 11. Let S be a finite set containing n elements.
X defined by „A is disjoint from B‟. Then R is Then the total number of commutative binary
operation on S is
1. Reflexive 2. Symmetric
3. Anti-symmetric 4. Transitive n (n 1) n (n 1)
1. n ^ 2. n ^
4. Let A and B be two finite sets having m and n 2 2
2 2
elements respectively. Then the total number 3. n n 4. 2 n
of mappings from A to B is 12. Which of the following binary operations is
1. mn 2. 2mn 3. mn 4. nm commutative?
5. Let A and B be two finite sets having m and n 1. *on R, given by a * b = a2 b
elements respectively. If A is the empty set, 2. o on R, Given by a o b = a - b
then the total number of mappings from A to B 3. ∆ on P (S), the power set of a set S, given by
is A ∆ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A)
1. m 2. n 4. None of these
3. 1 4. None of these
6. The total number of injective mappings from a
set with m elements to a set with n elements, m
≤ n, is
1. mn 2. m
n!
3. 4. n!
( n m) !
7. The total number of injective mappings from a
finite set with m elements to a set with n
elements for m > n is
n! m!
1. 2.
(n m) ! (m n ) !
3. nm 4. None of these
8. Let R and S be two non –void relations on a
set A. Which of the following statements is
false?
1. R and S are transitive ⇒ R ∪ S is transitive
2. R and S are transitive ⇒ R ∩ S is transitive
3. R and S are symmetric ⇒ R ∪ S is
Symmetric
4. R and S are reflexive ⇒ R ∩ S is reflexive
12 Higher Math
CHP 2 Functions and Inverse of
functions
2.A Functions and Inverse of functions So we can have the following types of functions.
Definition: Let A and B be two sets. A relation f I. One-One & Onto (or Bijection)
from A to B is called a function from A to B iff for II. One-One & Into
III. Many-One & Onto
each aA there exists one and only one bB such
IV. Many-One & Into
that the ordered pair (a, b) f.
Then b is called the image of a under f and a is called
the pre image of b. 2.C Inverse of a function:
The set A is called domain and B is called co domain Let f: A B be a bijection.
of f. Then a function g: B A which associates each
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as element yB to a unique element x A s.t. f(x) = y
the range of f or image set of A under f and is is called the inverse of F. i.e. f(x) = y g(y) = x
denoted by f(A). Thus f(A) = {f(x) : xA} = Range The inverse of f is generally denoted by f-1.
of f.
A function f: A B is called a real function if A and 2.D Composition of functions:
B both are subsets of R.
Let f: A B and g: B C be two functions. Then a
function
2.B Kinds of functions: gof: A C defined by gof(x) = g(f(x)), for all xA
I. One-One function (Injection) is called the composition of f and g
A function f: A B is said to be a one-one
function or an injection if different elements of 2.E Some important properties of
A have different images in B. functions
Thus, f: A B is one-one if, a b
1. The composition of functions is not
⇒f(a) f(b) for all a, b A
commutative i.e. fog gof.
i.e. f(a) = f(b) ⇒ a = b for all a, b A. 2. The composition of functions is associative
i.e. f, g, h are three functions such that
II. Many-one function fo(goh) & (fog)oh exist then fo(goh) =
A function f: A B is said to be a many-one (fog)oh.
function if two or more elements of set A have 3. The composition of two bijections is a
the same image in B. bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections
Thus, f: A B is a many-one function if there then gof is also a bijection.
exist x, yA s.t. x y but f(x) = f(y). 4. Let f: A B Then, foIA = IBof = f, i.e.
composition of any function with the identity
III. Onto function (Surjection) function is the function itself.
A function f: A B is said to be an onto 5. The inverse of a bijection is unique and is
function or a surjection if every element of B also a bijection
is the f-image of some element of A. i.e. if 6. If f: A B is a bijection and f-1: B A is
f(A) = B or range of f is the codomain of f. the inverse of f.
Thus, f: A B is a surjection iff for each a. Then fof-1 = IB and
bB, there exists aA s.t. f(a) = b. b. f-1of = IA where
c. IA and IB are the identity functions on the
IV. Into function sets A and B respectively.
A function f: A B is an into function if there 7. If f: A B and g: B C are two bijections,
exists an element in B having no pre image in then gof: A C is a bijection and (gof)-1 =
A. f-1og-1
i.e. f: A B is an into function if it is not an 8. Let f: A B is a bijection then inverse of f-1
onto function. is f, i.e. (f-1)-1 = f.
CHP 2
Functions and 13
Inverse of functions
2.F Solved Examples: HM - 04 (Functions)
Ex 1: Which one of the following is not a function?
1. If f (x) = cos (loge x), then
1. {(x,y) | x,yR, x2=y} f (x) f (y) – 1/2 [f (x/y) + f (xy)] is equal to
2. {(x,y) | x,yR, y2=x} 1
1. 0 2. f (x) f (y)
3. {(x,y) | x,yR, x=y3} 2
4. {(x,y) |x,yR, y=x3} 3. f (x + y) 4. None of these
Sol. {(x,y) | x,yR, y2=x} is not a function as there
is no y for negative x. So, 2nd option 2. If A = x x and
6 3
Ex 2: Let g be a real function defined by f (x) = cos x – x (1 + x), then f (A) is equal to
1
g(x) = . Find the domain and range of g.
x3 1. ,
6 3
Sol. Since the function is not defined for x = -3, So,
Domain of g = R- {-3}. 2. ,
The value of g(x) can be any real number 3 6
except for 0. So, Range of g = R – {0}. 1 3
3. 1 , 1
2 3 3 2 6 6
Ex 3: Let f: R R be given by f(x) = [x]2 + [x+1] -3,
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than 1 3
or equal to x. Then, f(x) is 4. 1 , 1
2 3 3 2 6 6
1. many-one and onto 2. many-one and into 3. Let f be an injective map with domain {x, y, z}
3. one-one and into 4. one-one and onto and range {1, 2, 3} such that exactly one of the
Sol. f( 2.5) = [2.5]2 + [2.5+1] -3 = 4 + 3 – 3 = 4. following statements is correct and the
f( 2.8) = [2.8]2 + [2.8+1] -3 = 4 + 3 – 3 = 4. remaining are false.
So, f(2.5) = f ( 2.8), So, f is many-one. f (x) = 1, f (y) ≠ 1, f (z) ≠ 2. The value of
Also, there is no x domain for 4.5 co- f – 1 (1) is
domain, So f is into. Hence, 2nd option 1. x 2. y
3. z 4. None of these
Ex 4: Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x. Then the solution
set of the equation fog(x) = gof(x) is 1 x , 0 x 2
4. Let f (x) Then f of (x)
3 x , 2 x 3
1. R 2. {0}
3. {0, 2} 4. None of these 2 x , 0 x 1
Sol. f(x) = x and g(x) = 2 . So, fog(x) = f (2x) = 2
2 x 1. 2 x , 1 x 2
2x
and gof(x) = g (x2) = 2^ x2. 4 x , 2 x 3
Then the solution set of the equation fog(x) =
2 x , 0 x 2
gof(x) is, 2.
2 2x = 2^ x2 2x = x2 x = 0 or 2. 4 x , 2 x 3
2 x , 0 x 2
3.
2 x , 2 x 3
4. None of these
5. If f (x) = (a – xn)1/n, where a > 0 and n ∈ N,
then f o f (x) is equal to
1. a 2. x 3. xn 4. an
14 Higher Math
6. Let f (x) be defined on [-2, 2] and is given by f 12. Let f: R → R be a function defined by
1, 2x0 f (x) = cos (5x + 2). Then f is
(x)
x 1, 0x2 1. Injective 2. Surjective
3. Bijective 4. None of these
and g (x) = f (x) + f (x). Then g (x) is
13. If f: A → B is a bijection and g: B → A is the
equal to
inverse of function f, then fog is equal to
x , 2 x 0 1. IA 2. IB 3. f 4. g
1. 0, 0 x 1
x 1, 1 x 2 3x 2
14. If f (x) , then
5x 3
x , 2 x 0 1. f – 1 (x) = f (x) 2. f – 1 (x) = - f (x)
2. 0, 0 x 1 1
2( x 1), 1 x 2 3. (f o f) (x) = - x 4. f – 1 (x) = f ( x )
19
x , 2 x 0 15. The domain of definition of the function
3.
x 1, 0 x 2 5x x 2
f (x) log 10 is
4. None of these
4
7. The image of the interval [-1, 3] under the 1. [1,4] 2. (1,4) 3. (0,5) 4. [0,5]
mapping f: R → R given by f (x) = 4x3 – 12x
is
1. [8, 72] 2. [-8, 72]
3. [0, 8] 4. None of these
8. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then which of the following
are functions from A to itself?
1. f1 = {(x, y)y = x + 1}
2. f2 = {(x, y)x + y > 4}
3. f3 = {(x, y)y < x}
4. f4 = {(x, y)x + y = 5}
9. Which of the following functions from Z to
itself are bijections?
1. f (x) = x3 2. f (x) = x + 2
3. f (x) = 2x + 1 4. f (x) = x2 + x
10. If f: R → R be a mapping defined by
f (x) = x3 + 5, then f – 1 (x) is equal to
1. (x + 5)1/3 2. (x – 5)1/3
3. (5 – x)1/3 4. 5 – x
11. Let f: R → R, g: R → R be two functions
given by f (x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x3 + 5.
Then (fog)-1 (x) is equal to
1/ 3 1/ 3
x 7 7
1. 2. x
2 2
1/ 3 1/ 3
x 2 x 7
3. 4.
7 2
CHP 2
Functions and 15
Inverse of functions
HM - 05 (Functions) 9. If a function f (x) is defined for x ∈ [0, 1], then
the function f (2x + 3) is defined for
The range of the function f (x)
1 3
1. is 1. x ∈ [0, 1] 2. x ∈ ,1
2 cos 3x 2
1 3
1. ,0 2. R 3. x ∈ R 4. x ∈ ,1
3 2
1 10. The period of the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x
3. ,1 4. None of these
3 is
2. If the function f: R → A given by f (x)
1. π 2.
x2 2
2 is a surjection, then A = 3. 2π 4. None of these
x 1
11. Which of the following functions is inverse of
1. R 2. [0,1] 3. (0,1] 4. [0,1) itself?
3. The domain of definition of the function f (x) 1 x
1. f (x) = 2. f(x) = 5 log x
1 1 x
= is 3. f(x) = 2x (x – 1) 4. None of these
x x
12. Which of the following functions is an odd
1. R 2. (0, ∞)
function
3. (- ∞, 0) 4. None of these
4. The set of values of x for which the function f 1. f (x) = constant
1 1 2. f (x) = sin x + cos x
(x) = 2 sin 1 x exists is
x x2 3. f (x) = sin log (x+ ( x 2 1) )
4. f (x) = 1 + x + 2x3
1. R 2. R – {0}
13. The value of the function
3. Ø 4. None of these
2
5. The function f (x) = log (x + ( x 2 1) ) is f (x) = 3 sin x2 lies in the interval
16
1. An even function 2. An odd function
3
3. Periodic function 4. None of these 1. , 2. 0,
4 4 2
6. The function f (x) = cos log (x + ( x 2 1) ) is 3. (-3, 3) 4. None of these
1. Even 2. Odd x 1
14. If f (x) = , then f (2x) is
3. Constant 4. None of these x 1
f (x) 1 3f ( x ) 1
7. The function f (x) = 1. 2.
f (x) 3 f (x) 3
1 x 2
cos(sin x ) sin 1 is defined for
f (x) 3 f (x) 3
2x 3. 4.
f (x) 1 3f ( x ) 1
1. x ∈ {-1, 1} 2. x ∈ [-1, 1]
3. x ∈ R 4. x ∈ (-1, 1) 1 x
15. Given f (x) = log and
8. The function f (x) = cos xis periodic with 1 x
period 3x x 3
g (x) , Then fog (x) equals
1 3x 2
1. 2π 2. π 3. 4.
2 4 1. – f (x) 2. 3 f (x)
3. [f (x)]3 4. None of these
16 Higher Math
CHP 3 Trigonometry
3.A Basic Concepts of Trigonometry: (iii) sin (90° + ) = cos ; cos (90° + ) = - sin ;
tan (90° + ) = - cot .
3.A.(i) Identities: (iv) sin (180° - ) = sin ; cos (180° - ) = - cos ;
tan (180° - ) = - tan .
sin
(i) tan (v) sin (180° + ) = - sin ; cos (180° + )
cos = - cos; tan (180° + ) = tan.
cos (vi) sin (360° - ) = - sin , cos (360° - ) = cos ;
(ii) cot
sin tan (360° - ) = - tan .
(iii) sin2 + cos2 = 1 (vii) sin (360° + ) = sin , cos (360° + ) = cos ,
(iv) 1 + tan2 = sec2 tan (360° + ) = tan .
(v) 1 + cot2 = cosec2
3.A.(v) Sum & Difference Formula:
3.A.(ii) Range of T-Ratios: (i) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y.
(i) – 1 ≤ sin ≤ 1 and – 1 ≤ cos ≤ 1 (ii) sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y.
Thus, | sin | ≤ 1 and | cos | ≤ 1. (iii) cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
The value of sin is never greater than 1 and (iv) cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y.
never less than – 1. (v) 2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x – y).
The value of cos is never greater than 1 and (vi) 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y).
never less than – 1. (vii) 2 cos x cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x -y).
(ii) cosec 1 and cosec ≤ -1. (viii) 2 sin x sin y = cos (x – y) – cos (x + y).
(iii) sec 1 and sec ≤ - 1. (ix) sin2x – sin2y = sin (x + y). sin (x - y).
(iv) tan may assume any value. (x) cos2 x – sin2y = cos (x + y). cos (x – y).
3.A.(iii) Increasing & Decreasing Functions: 3.A.(vi) Some More Formulae:
CD CD
(i) The value of sin increase from - to . (i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
As increases in this interval, then sin also CD CD
increases. (ii) sinC – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
(ii) 1st Quadrant: sin increases from 0 to 1 ; cos
CD CD
decreases from 1 to 0 and tan increases from (iii) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos
0 to . 2 2
(iii) 2nd Quadrant: sin decreases from 1 to 0; CD CD
(iv) cosC – cosD = - 2 sin sin
cos decreases from 0 to – 1; tan decreases 2 2
from to 0.
(iv) 3rd Quadrant: sin decreases from 0 to – 1; 3.A.(vii) Tangent Formulae:
cos increases from – 1 to 0; tan increases
from 0 to . tan x tan y
(i) tan (x + y) =
(v) 4th Quadrant: sin increases from – 1 to 0; 1 tan x tan y
cos increases from 0 to 1; tan decreases tan x tan y
(ii) tan (x – y) =
from to 0. 1 tan x tan y
3.A.(iv) T-Ratios of Negative, Complementary, 3.A.(viii) T-Ratios of Multiple Angles:
Supplementary Angles etc.
(i) sin 2x = 2 sin xcosx
(i) sin (- ) = - sin , cos (- ) = cos , tan (- ) (ii) cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 2 cos2x -1
= - tan . = 1 – 2 sin2x.
(ii) sin (90° - ) = cos ; cos (90° - ) = sin ; (iii) 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x and 1 – cos 2x = 2 sin2x.
tan (90° - ) = cot . (iv) sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x
CHP 3
Trigonometry 17
(v) cos 3x = 4 cos3x – 3 cosx 3.A.(xi) Trigonometric Equations:
(vi) tan 2x =
2 tan x (i) sin = 0 = n
1 tan 2 x
(ii) cos = 0 = (2n + 1)
3 tan x tan 3 x 2
(vii) tan 3x =
(iii) tan = 0 = n
1 3 tan x
2
1 tan 2 x 3.A.(xii) Periodicity: A function f (x) has periodicity
(viii) cos 2x =
1 tan 2 x p, if f (x + p) = f (x). sinx has periodicity 2,
2 tan x since sin (x + 2) = sin x. cosx has
(ix) sin 2x = periodicity 2, since cos (x + 2) = cosx
1 tan 2 x
3.A.(ix) T-Ratios of Sub-multiple Angles: 3.A.(xiii) Things To Remember:
(i) sinx = 2 sin (x/2) cos (x/2)
1. 30, 45, 60, 90,
(ii) cosx = cos2 6 4 3 2
x x x x = 180° & 2 = 360°.
sin 2 2 cos2 1 1 2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 2. (i) All T-ratios are positive in 1st quadrant.
(iii) tanx =
2 tan(x / 2) (ii) sin and cosec are +ve in 1st & 2nd
1 tan 2 ( x / 2) quadrants.
x x (iii) tan and cot are +ve in 1st& 3rd
(iv) 1 – cosx = 2 sin2 and 1 + cosx = 2 cos2 quadrants.
2 2
(iv) cos and sec are +ve in 1st& 4th
2 tan(x / 2) quadrants.
(v) sinx =
1 tan 2 ( x / 2)
3. (i) sin (180° - ) = sin ; tan (180° + )
1 tan 2 ( x / 2) = tan ; cos (360° - ) = cos.
(vi) cosx =
1 tan 2 ( x / 2) (ii) sin ( - ) = sin ; tan ( + ) = tan ,
cos (2 - ) = cos.
3.A.(x) T-Ratios of Some Special Angles:
4. (i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
3 1 (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(i) sin 15° = cos75
2 2 (iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A -B) – cos (A + B)
3 1
(ii) cos 15° = sin 75
2 2
3.B Solved Examples:
5 1
(iii) sin 18° = cos 72 9 3
4 Ex 1: If cot , = and < < , find the value of
40 2
10 2 5
(iv) cos 18° = sin 72 cosec , tan , sec , cos and sin .
4
3
10 2 5 Sol. Since < < , so lies in 3rd quadrant
(v) sin 36° = cos54 2
4
In 3rd quadrant, cosec is negative.
5 1
(vi) cos 36° = sin 54 cosec 1 cot2
4
2 2 81 1681 41
(vii) sin 22
1
= 1
2 2 1600 1600 40
1 40 1 40
1 2 2 sin = , tan = .
(viii) cos 22 = cos ec 41 cot 9
2 2 Also, cos = (cot × sin)
9 40 9 1 41
= , sec = .
40 41 41 cos 9
18 Higher Math
Ex 2: If tan = - 1 and , find the value of tan = tan 45° = 1 and cosec
2 4
sec . 1 1
1.
2 sin 90
Sol. Since , so lies in 2nd quadrant sin
2 2
And, sec is negative in 2nd quadrant.
sin cos tan 3 cosec 2
sec = - 1 tan 2 1 (1) 2 2. 6 3 4 2
1 1
13 12 1.
Ex 3: Evaluate: sin2 60° + cos2 30° + cot2 45° + sec2 2 2
60° - cosec2 30° + cos2 0°.
Ex 6: Find the values of:
3
Sol. We know that: sin 60° = , cos 30°
2 (i) sin 150° (ii) cos 135°
3 1 (iii) tan (-210°) (iv) cot 240°
= , cot 45° = 1; sec 60° =
2 cos 60 (v) sec 330° (vi) cosec 390°
= 2; cosec 30° 1
1 Sol. (i) sin 150° = sin (180° – 30°) = sin 30° =
= =2 & cos 0° = 1. 2
sin 30 (ii)cos 135° = cos (180° – 45°) = - cos 45° =
sin2 60° + cos2 30° + cot2 45° + sec2 60° – 1
cosec2 30° + cos2 0°
2
3 2 3 2
= 12 2 2 2 2 12 7 (iii) tan (-210°) = - tan 210°
2 2
2 1
= - tan (180° + 30°) = - tan 30° = -
3
Ex 4: Evaluate: cosec2 90° + sec2 30° + tan2 30° + (iv) cot 240° = cot (180° + 60°) = cot 60°
tan2 60° + sin2 0° + cosec2 60°. 1
=
1
1, sec 30°
3
Sol. We know that cosec 90° =
sin 90 (v) sec 330° = sec (360° – 30°) = sec 30°
1 2 1 1 2
= ; tan 30° = , tan 60° =
cos 30 3 3 cos 30 3
1 2 (vi) cosec 390° = cosec (360° + 30°)
= 3 , sin 0° = 0, cosec 60° = ,
sin 60 3 = cosec 30° =
1
2
cosec 90° + sec 30° + tan 30° + tan 60° +
2 2 2 2 sin 30
sin2 0° + cosec2 60° = 1
Ex 7: If sin = and 0 << 2, find the values of .
2
2
2 2 2
2 1 2
12 3 0 2 1 π
3 3 3 Sol. sin = = sin θ
2 6 6
4 1 4 Also, sin = sin (- ).
1 3 0 7.
3 3 3 π π 5π
sin = sin ( - ) = sin
6 6 6
Ex 5: Evaluate: π 5π
Hence, the required values of are and
3 6 6
sin cos tan cos ec 2 .
6 3 4 2
Ex 8: If sec = 2 and 0 << 2, find the values of .
Sol. We know that: sin = sin 30° 1 π π
6 Sol. sec =2 cos = = cos =
1 2 3 3
= cos = cos 60° = ; But, cos = cos (2 - ).
3 2
CHP 3
Trigonometry 19
π π 5π Ex 12: If x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 and x = rcosA sin B, y = r
cos = cos 2π - cos sin A sin B, find the value of z.
3 3 3
Sol. x2 + y2 = r2 cos2A sin2B + r2 sin2A sin2B
π 5π
Hence, the required values of are and = r2 sin2B (cos2A + sin2A) = r2 sin2B.
3 3 Now, x2 + y2 + z2 = r2z2 = r2 – (x2 + y2)
Ex 9: If tan = 3 and 0 << 2, find the values z2 = r2 – r2 sin2B = r2 (1 - sin2B) = r2 cos2B
of . Hence, z = r cos B
π π
Sol. tan = θ
3 = tan Ex 13: Evaluate:
3 3
But, tan = tan (+ ). (i) sin 79°cos 19° – cos 79° sin 19°
π π 4π (ii) cos 48°cos 12° – sin 48° sin 12°
So, tan tan π tan
3 3 3 (iii) cos 70°cos 40° + sin 70° sin 40°
Hence, the required values of are (iv) sin 36°cos 9° + cos 36° sin 9°
π 4π Sol. (i) sin 79°cos 19° – cos 79° sin 19°
and
3 3 3
= sin (79° – 19°) = sin 60° =
2
Ex 10: Find the values of: [ sin xcosy – cosx sin y = sin (x – y)]
(ii) cos 48°cos 12° – sin 48° sin 12°
(i) sin 56° – cos 34° 1
(ii) sin2 41° + sin2 59° = cos (48° + 12°) = cos 60° =
2
tan 57
(iii) [ cosxcosy – sin x sin y = cos (x + y)]
cot 33
(iii) cos 70°cos 40° + sin 70° sin 40°
cos(90 θ). sec (- θ). tan (180 θ)
(iv) 3
sec (360 θ). sin (180 θ). cot (90 θ) = cos (70° – 40°) = cos 30° =
2
(v) cos 780° + sin 480° [ cosxcosy + sin x sin y = cos (x – y)]
Sol. (i) sin 56° – cos 34° = sin 56° – cos (iv) sin 36°cos 9° + cos 36° sin 9°
(90° – 56°) = sin 56° – sin 56° = 0. 1
= sin (36° + 9°) = sin 45° =
(ii) sin2 41° + sin2 59° = sin2 41° + sin2 2
(90° – 41°) = sin2 41° + cos2 41° = 1.
tan 57 tan (90 33) cot 33
(iii) 1 Ex 14: If 0 < < 90°, solve the following equations:
cot 33 cot 33 cot 33 (i) 2 cos2 + sin - 2 = 0
cos90 θ .sec (θ). tan(180 θ) (ii) tan2 + 3 = 3 sec
(iv)
sec(360 θ).sin (180 θ). cot (90 θ) Sol. (i) 2 cos2 + sin - 2 = 0
( sin θ).secθ . (-tanθ) sin θ .secθ . tan θ 2 (1 – sin2) + sin - 2 = 0
1
sec (θ). (-sin θ). tan θ secθ .sin θ . tan θ 2 sin2 - sin = 0 sin (2 sin - 1)
=0
(v) cos 780° + sin 480° = cos (360° × 2 + 60°)
1
+ sin (360° + 120°) = cos 60° + sin 120° sin = 0 or sin =
= cos 60° + sin (180° – 60°) = cos 60° 2
1 3 3 1 π
+ sin 60° = = [ 0]
2 2 2 6
(ii) tan2 + 3 = 3 sec (sec2 - 1) + 3
p = 3 sec
Ex 11: If tan 62° = , find the value of tan 28°.
q sec2 - 3 sec + 2 = 0 (sec - 2)
p (sec - 1) = 0
Sol. tan 28° = tan (90° – 62°) = cot 62° = , sec = 2 or sec = 1
q
π
= [ 0]
3
20 Higher Math
Ex 15: Find the values of tan 15° and cos 105°. sin 2 24 25 24
tan 2 = ;
Sol. tan 15° = tan (45° – 30°) = cos 2 25 7 7
1
1 sin 3 = 3 sin - 4 sin3
tan 45 tan 30 3 3 1 4 4 44
3
1 tan 45 tan 30 1 1 3 1 = 3 4 ;
3 5 5 125
cos 105° = cos (60° + 45°) cos 3 = (4 cos3 - 3 cos)
= cos 60°cos 45° – sin 60° sin 45° 3 3 3 117
1 1 3 1 1 3
= 4 3 ;
= 5 5
2 2
125
2 2
2 2
Ex 16: If x = a sin and y = btan , prove that 3
Ex 20: If tan = , find the values of cos 2 and
a 2 b2 4
: 2 2 1.
x y sin 2.
a b Sol. cos 2 =
Sol. Clearly, = cosec and = cot .
x y 9
1
Squaring and subtracting, we get: 1 tan
2
16 7 16 7
a 2 b2 1 tan
2
9 16 25 25
x y
2 2 cos ec 2 cot2 1 1
16
sin 2 =
3
Ex 17: Which of the following relations is true? 2
2 tan 4 3 16 24
(i) sec2 + tan2 = 1 1 tan
2
9 2 25 25
1
(ii) tan2 + cot2 = 1 16
(iii) cosec2 - cot2 = 1
(iv) cot2 - cosec2 = 1 Ex 21: Evaluate: cos2 45° – sin2 15°.
Sol. Since 1 + cot2 = cosec2, so cosec2 - cot2 Sol. We know that cos2 - sin2
= 1 is the true statement. = cos (+ ) . cos ( - )
cos2 45° – sin2 15°
Ex 18: If x and y are the angles lying in the second = cos (45° + 15°) .cos (45° – 15°) = cos60°
quadrant and x<y, then which one of the 1 3 3
following is true? .cos 30° = =
2 2 4
Ex 22: Prove that:
(a) sinx< sin y (b) sin x> sin y
(c) sin x = sin y
sin 5 sin 3
Sol. In 2nd quadrant sin x decreases as x increases. (i) tan
cos 3 cos 5
y > x sin y < sin x
sin sin 3
Hence x < y sin x > sin y (ii) tan 2
cos cos3
4 sin 3x sin x
Ex 19: If sin = , find the values of (iii) cot 2x
5 cos x cos 3x
sin 2, cos 2, tan 2, sin 3 and cos 3 Sol.
16 9 3 (i)
Sol. cos = 1 sin 2 1
25 25 5 5 3 5 3
2 cos sin
4 3 24 sin 5 sin 3 2 2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 ; tan
cos3 cos5 5 3 5 3
5 5 25 2 cos cos
16 7 2 2
cos 2 = (1 – 2 sin2) = 1 2 ;
25 25
CHP 3
Trigonometry 21
CD CD
U sin g sin C sin D 2 cos 2 sin 2
HM - 06 (Trigonometry)
3
C D C D 1. The value of radians in degrees is
cosC cos D 2 cos cos 5
2 2
1. 540 2. 600 3. 108 4. 120
(ii) 2. The value of 150 in radian is
3 3 3 4 5 3
2 sin cos 1. 2. 3. 4.
sin sin 3 2 2 4 5 6 5
tan 2
cos cos3 3 3
2 cos cos 3. If sin
12
and < <
3
, then sec is:
2 2 13 2
C D C D
U sin g sin C sin D 2 sin 2 cos 2
13 12 5 13
1. 2. 3. 4.
5 5 12 5
CD CD
and cosC cos D 2 cos cos 4. If cos x = 1/√2 and 3π/2 < x < 2π, then cosec x
2 2 is:
1. √2 2. -√2 3. 2 4. -2
(iii)
3x x 3x x 1
2 cos sin 5. If sin x = and x lie in 4th quadrant, then
sin 3x sin x 2 2 2
cot 2x cos x is:
cos x cos3x 3x x 3x x
2 sin sin
2 2 3 1 3 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2
1
6. If tan = , the value of
7
cos ec 2 sec2
cos ec 2 sec2 is:
5 3 3 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
7 4 7 12
4 1 sin
7. tan , the value of is:
3 1 sin
2 1 1 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 3 3 4
8. If 3 cos = 5 sin, the value of
5 sin 2 sec3 2 cos
5 sin 2 sec3 2 cos is:
271 316
1. 2.
979 2937
542
3. 4. None of these
2937
1 sin A
9. is equal to:
1 sin A
1. sec A + tan A 2. sec 2A + tan 2A
3. sec A – tan A 4. cos A – sin A
22 Higher Math
10.
7
If cot2 = and 0 < < 900, then the value HM - 07 (Trigonometry)
8
of
1 sin 1 sin is: 1. The value of (sin2 31 + sin2 59) is:
1 cos 1 cos 1. 1 2. 0 3. sin2 28 4. cos228
7 7 7 7 2. The value of (sin 43cos 47 + cos 43 sin 47)
1. 2. 3. 4.
8 6 5 4 is:
1. 0 2. 1 3. sin 4 4. cos 4
1 cos x
11. is equal to: 3. The value of (cot 15 cot 16 cot 17………
1 cos x
cot 73 cot 740 cot 75) is:
1. cosec x + cot x 2. Cosec x – cot x
3. sec x+ tan x 4. sec x – tan x 1
1. 2. 0 3. 1 4. – 1
12. (sec A – sec A) is equal to:
4 2 2
1. tan2 A + tan4 A 2. tan4A – tan2 A 4. The value of: cos 20+ cos 40 + cos 60 +......
3. tan2A – tan4 A 4. None of these + cos 1600 + cos 1800 is:
1. 0 2. 1 3. – 1 4. 1/2
13. (1 – tan )2 + (1 + tan )2 is equal to:
1. 2 tan2 2. 2 tan 3. 4 tan 4. 2 sec2 cos (900 ) . sec(3600 ) tan (1800 )
5. is
sin sec ( 7200 ) . sin (5400 ) . cot ( 900 )
14. is equal to:
1 cos equal to:
1. 1 2. – 1 3. tan 4. - tan
sin cos 1
1. 2. 6. Which of the following is a negative number:
cos sin
1 cos sin 1 1. cos 40 2. cos (-40)
3. 4. 3. cos 320 4. cos 140
sin cos
7. The value of sin 150 is:
15. The value of (sec2 60 – 1) is:
1 1 3 3
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5 1. 2. 3. 4.
2 2 2 2
16. (sin2 30 + 4 cot2 45 – sec2 60) is equal to:
3
1 8. If sin x , then the value of cos 2x is:
1. 0 2. 3. 4 4. 1 5
4
32 16 4 7
17. The value of 1. 2. 3. 4.
25 25 25 25
(3 cos2 60 + 2 cot2 30 – 5 sin2 45) is:
8
13 17 9. If cos x = and x is acute, then the value of
1. 4 2. 1 3. 4. 17
6 4 sin 2x is:
18. If tan x = 3 cot x, then the value of x is: 219 240 64 32
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 45 2. 30 3. 60 4. 15 236 289 119 129
19. The value of 5
10. If tan x = , then the value of cos 2x is:
2 4 4 12
cos cos sin sin 4 is:
4 6 6 3 119 119 161 13
1. 2. 3. 4.
1 3 7 9 12 169 289 12
1. 2. 3. 4.
16 16 16 16
11. The value of sin 15° is
cos 20 cos 70
0 0
3 1 5 1
20. The value of is:
1. 2.
sin 70 sin 20
0 0
2 2 4
1.
1
2.
1
3. 1 4. 2 2 3 2 3
2 2 3. 4.
2 2
CHP 3
Trigonometry 23
12. The value of sin 75° is 23. The value of sin 36° is
2 1 3 1 10 2 5 10 2 5
1. 2. 1. 2.
2 2 2 2 4 4
3 1 3 2 5 1 5 1
3. 4. 3. 4.
2 2 2 4 4
13. The value of sin 105° is 24. The value of sin 54° is:
2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
14. The value of tan 15° is 10 2 5 10 2 5
3. 4.
4 4
3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 1 3 1 3 2 2
15. The value of (cos 48° – sin 12°) is
2 2
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 8 8 16
16. The value of 2 cos 75° cos 15° is
1
1. 2 2. 2 3. 4. 4
2
17. The value of (4 cos3 15° – 3 cos 15°) is
1
1. 1 2. – 1 3. 0 4.
2
o o
1 1
18. The value of sin 7 cos 37 is
2 2
3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 2 4 4 4
19. The minimum value of (sin x + cos x) is
1. 0 2. 1 3. – 1 4. – 2
20. The maximum and minimum values of
(1+ cos 2x) is
1. – 1 and 1 2. 1 & 2
1 1
3. & 4. 0 & 2
2 2
21. cos 3θ + sin 3θ maximum when θ is
1. 15° 2. 30° 3. 45° 4. 60°
22. The value of cos 18° is
5 1 5 1
1. 2.
4 4
10 2 5 10 2 5
3. 4.
4 4
24 Higher Math
HM - 08 (Trigonometry) 12. The value of sin2 cos2 + cos2 sin2 +
sin2 sin2 + cos2cos2 is
1. sin3 (1+ cot ) + cos3 (1 + tan ) is equal to
1. 1 2. 0 3. -1 4. 3
1. sin - cos 2. sin + cos
3. sin cos 4. cosec sec sin 1 cos
13. sin ?
2. The value of sin6 + cos6 + 3 sin2 cos2 is 1 cos sin
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 6 1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 1
3. If 0 x < 90 and 1 + tan2 x - 2 tan x = 0 then sin cos 1
14. (1 sin ) ?
the value of x is: sin cos 1
1. 30 2. 45 3. 60 4. 90 1. sin 2. cos
4. The extremum values of cos x are: 3. tan 4. None of these
2
3 1 sec tan 1
1. and 2. -1 and 0 15. ?
2 2 tan sec 1
3. -1 and 1 4. 0 and 1 1 sin 1 sin
1. 2.
5. The value of sec can 1 sin 1 sin
1. Never be greater than 1 3. 1 4. None of these
2. Never be less than 1
cot cos ec 1
3. Never be equal to 1 16. ?
4. Never lie between -1 and 1 cot cos ec 1
1. cosec + cot 2. cosec - cot
1 sin x
6. If x is acute, then ? 3. 1 4. None of these
1 sin x
17. If sin + cosec = 2, then the value of
1. sec x + tan x 2. cosec x + cot x
3. sec x + cosec x 4. tan x + cot x (sin2 + cosec2) is:
1. 1 2. 2
cos cos 1
1 sin 1 sin sec ?
7. 3. 4 4. None of these
18. If tan + cot = 2, then the value of sin is:
1. 4 2. 2
3. -2 4. None of these 1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 3 2 3
8. (cosec - sin) (sec - cos) (tan + cot ) is
equal to 19. (1 - sin A + cos A)2 = ?
1. 0 2. 1 1. 2 (1 - sinA) (1 - cosA)
3. -1 4. None of these 2. 2 (1 + sin A) (1 - cosA)
3. 2 (1 - sinA) (1 + cosA)
sin 3 cos3 cos3 sin 3 4. None of these
9. sin cos cos sin ?
sin x sin x
20. If 4 and 0 x < 90,
1. 1 2. 2 3.0 4. None 1 cos x 1 cos x
then the value of x is:
(cos sin ) 4 (cos sin ) 4
10. ? 1. 60 2. 15 3. 30 4. 45
sin cos
1. 8 2. 6
3. 4 4. None of these
11. If x = r cos cos , y = r cos sin and
z = r sin , then x2 + y2 + z2 = ?
1. r2 2. r4 3. 1 4. None
CHP 3
Trigonometry 25
HM - 09 (Trigonometry) 8. If tan2 x = (1- e2), then the value of
(sec x + tan3 x cosec x) is:
1. If lies in second quadrant, then 1. (2 + e2)3/2 2. (2 - e2)3/2
1 sin 1 sin 3. (1- e2)3/2 4. (1 + e2)3/2
?
1 sin 1 sin
9. If sin + sin2 = 1, then the value of
1. tan 2. 2tan [Link] 4. 2cot cos2 + cos4 is:
3 1 cos 1 cos 1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. None
2. If < , then ?
2 1 cos 1 cos 10. If sec - tan = 4/5, then the value of sin is;
1. 2 cosec 2. -2 cosec 4 16 9 9
3. 2 sec 4. -2 sec 1.
5
2.
25
3.
41
4.
16
b sin a cos If cosec + cot = m, then the value of cos
3. If a tan = b, the value of is: 11.
b sin a cos is:
b2 a 2 a 2 b2 1 m2 1 m 2 m 2 1 m 2 1
1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4.
b2 a 2 a 2 b2 1 m 2 1 m2 m 2 1 m 2 1
a 2 b2 12. If cos + sin = 2 cos, then (cos - sin) =?
3. 4. None of these
a 2 b2 1. - 2 cos 2.2 sin
4. If 5 cot = 4, then the value of 3. 2 cos 4. 2 sin
5 sin 3 cos 13. If a cos + b sin = 3 and a sin - b cos = 4,
is
sin 2 cos then the value of (a2 + b2) is:
5 3 1. 25 2. 23 3. 27 4. None
1. 2.
14 4 14. If cot + cos = m and cot - cos = n, then
3. 1 4. None of these (m2 - n2) is equal to :
2 1. 4 mn 2. 8 mn
5. If sec - tan = , then 3. 4 mn 4. None of these
3
5 3 15. If tan + sin = m and tan - sin = n, then
1. sec = , tan = (m2 - n2) = ?
6 2
13 5 1. 4 mn 2. 4 mn 3. 2 mn 4. 2mn
2. sec = , tan =
12 12 16. If m cos2 + n sin2 = p, the cot2 =?
8 4
3. sec = , tan = pn pm
9 9 1. 2.
4. None of these pm pn
pn
6. If cosec + cot = 6, then 3. 4. None of these
mp
35 37
1. cosec = , cot = 17. If x = a cos3 and y = b sin3, then
12 12
37 35 - eliminant is:
2. cosec = , cot =
12 12 2 2 2 2
a 3 b3 b3 a 3
3. cosec =
41
, cot =
31 1. 1 2. 1
12 12 x y x y
4. None of these 2 2
x 3 y3
7. If 7 sin2 + 3cos2 = 4, then the value of tan 3. 1 4. None of these
a b
is
1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 3 2 3
26 Higher Math
18. If x = a cos4 and y = b sin4, then the HM - 10 (Trigonometry)
- eliminant is:
1. The value of
x y
1. x + y = 1 2. 1 tan 15 tan 25 tan 45 tan 65 tan 75 is
a b
1 1 1. 3 2. 3 3. 2 4. 1
x
4 y4
3. 1 4. None of these 2. The value of
a b cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 … cos 178 cos 179 is:
19. If x = h + p sec and y = k + q cosec then 1. -1 2.1 3. 0 4.2
(x h) 2
(y k) 2
3. The value of
1. 2
2
1
p q (sin10 + sin 20 + sin 30 +… + sin 360) is:
(x h) 2
(y k) 2 1. 0 2. 1
2. 1
p2 q2 3. -1 4. None of these
p2 q2 4. The value of tan1 tan 2 tan 3 … tan 89 is:
3. 1
(x h) (y k)
2 2
1
1. 0 2. 1 3. 4.
4. None of these 2
20. If a cos3 + 3a cos sin2 = m and a sin3 + 3a 5. The value of:
cos2 sin = n, then value of (m + n)2/3 + 3 5 7 9
tan tan tan tan tan is
(m-n)2/3 is: 20 20 20 20 20
1. a2/3 2. a4/3 3. 2a2/3 4. 2a4/3 1
1. -1 2. 1 3. 4.
2
6. The value of (tan 20 + tan 40 + tan 60 + …
+ tan 180) is:
1
1. 9 2. 4 3. 0 4. 1
2
7. The value of (sin2 5 + sin210 + sin2 15 + …
+ sin2 85 + sin2 90) is:
1
1. 7 2. 8 3. 9 4. 9
2
8. The value of
2 7 4
sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 is:
18 9 18 9
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 4
9. The value of (cos24 + cos55 + cos125 + …
+ cos204 + cos300) is:
3
1. 0 2. 3. 3 4. 1/2
2
10. The value of (cos 330 + sin 660 + sin 150 +
cos 120) is:
1. 1 2. -1 3. 0 4. None
11. The value of
(cos 510 cos330 + sin390cos120) is:
2
1. -1 2. 1 3. 4 4.
3
CHP 3
Trigonometry 27
12. The value of 19. If (a2 – 1) sin = (a2 + 1) cos
sin 150 5 cos300 7 tan 225 and 0 < 90, then the value of sin is:
is:
tan 135 3 sin 210 (a 2 1) (a 2 1)
1. 2.
1. -1 2. 1 3. -2 4. 2 2(a 4 1) 2(a 4 1)
13. The value (a 2 1)
3. 4. None of these
cos(225) cosec(315) cos(510)
of 2(a 4 1)
is:
sin(660 ) tan(1050 ) sec(420 )
20. If Sin x + Sin2x = 1 then the value of
1.
3
2.
2
3.
3
4.
4 Cos8x+2 Cos6x + Cos4x is
2 3 4 3 1. 0 2. – 1 3. 2 4. 1
14. The value of
sin(300 ) tan(240 ) sec(390 )
is:
cos(210 ) cot(135 ) cosec(315 )
2 3
1. 3 2. 2 3. 4.
3 2
15. The value of
cos(90 ) sec() tan(180 )
is:
sec(360 ) sin(180 ) cot(90 )
1. 1 2. -1 3. tan 4. cot
16. The value of
sin(180 ) cos(90 ) tan(270 ) cot(360 )
is:
sin(360 ) cos(360 ) cos ec() sin(270 )
1. 1 2. -1 3. Sec 4. 2
17. The value of
3
sin( ) cos 2 tan 2 cot(2 )
sin(2 ) cos(2 ) cosec() sin 3
2
is:
1. 1 2. -1 3. -2 4. 2
18. The value of
cos(2 ) cosec(2 ) tan 2
is:
sin cosec() cot( )
2
1. -1 2. 1 3. 2 4. -2
28 Higher Math
HM - 11 (Height & Distance) 8. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane
and is surmounted by a vertical flagstaff of
1. Two poles of equal heights stand on either height h. At a point on the plane, the angles of
sides of a roadway which is 120m wide. At a elevation of the bottom of the flagstaff is and
point on the roadway between the poles, the that of the top of the flagstaff is . Find the
elevations of the tops of the pole are 60° and height of the tower.
30°. Find the height of the poles.
tan tan
1. 20 m 2. 30 3 m
1.
tan tan 2.
tan tan
3. 30 m 4. 40 3 m
h tan h tan
2. An aeroplane when 3,000m high passes
3.
tan tan 4.
tan tan
vertically above another at an instant when the
angles of elevation at the same observing point 9. From the top and bottom of a building of
are 60° and 45° respectively. How many height h, the angles of elevation of the top of a
metres lower is one than the other, tower are and respectively. Find the height
approximately? of the tower.
1. 1268 m 2. 2 m h tan h tan
1. 2.
3. 3000 m 4. 3000 3 m tan tan tan tan
3. The length of a sting between a kite and a h tan h tan
3. 4.
point on the ground is 102m. If the sting makes tan tan tan tan
an angle with the level ground such that tan
15 10. From a tower 125m high, the angles of
, how high is the kite? depression of two rocks which are in
8
horizontal line through the tower are 450 and
1. 115.6 m 2. 17 m 300. Find the distance between the rocks if
3. 23 m 4. 90 m they are on the same side of the tower.
4. The shadow of a vertical pole is 3 of its 1. 250m 2. 125 3m
height. Find the angle of elevation. 3. 125 ( 3 1)m 4. 125 ( 3 1)m
1. 90° 2. 60°
3. 30° 4. 45°
5. The angles of depression of two ships from the
top of a lighthouse are 45° and 30°. If the ships
are 100m apart, find the approximate height of
the lighthouse.
1. 100m 2. 100 2 m
3. 88 m 4. 44 m
6. From the top of a cliff 200m high the angles of
depression of two boats which are due south of
observer are 60° and 30°. Find the
approximate distance between the two boats.
1. 200 / 3 m 2. 200 3 m
3. 200 m 4. 460 m
7. A tower is 200 3 m high. Find the angle of
elevation of its top from a point 200m away
from its roots.
1. 60° 2. 75° 3. 40° 4. 80°
CHP 4
Binomial Expansion 29
CHP 4 Binomial Expansion
4.A Expansion and ‘r’th term: Ex 2: Find the third term in the expansion of (2 + x)6
If n is a positive integer, (a + x)n can be expanded as Sol. As expansion is of the form (a + x)n, so rth term
(a + x)n = an + nC1 an–1 x + nC2 an–2 x2 + nC3 an–3 x3 + ... = an–r+1 xr–1 [{n(n–1) (n – 2) ... (n – r + 2)} (r
+ xn. – 1)!].
Here r = 3 and n = 6.
In case of a binomial expansion, if any particular 6 5
term say ‘r’th is asked, then instead of applying the So 3rd term of (2 + x)6 = 26 – 3 + 1 . x3 – 1 .
whole expansion, the following direct formula can be 2
4 2 2
applied to find the ‘r’th term. =2 . x . 15 = 240 x
‘r’th term = an–r+1 xr–1[{n(n–1) (n – 2) ...(n – r + 2)}
(r – 1)!] Ex 3: Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (3
+ x)8.
Similarly (x + a)n can be expanded as Sol. As expansion is of the form (a + x)n, so rth term
(x + a)n = xn + nC1 xn–1a + nC1 xn–2 a2 + nC1 xn–3 a3 + ... = an – r + 1 x r – 1 [{n (n – 1) (n – 2) ... (n – r + 2)}
+ an (r – 1)!].
And if in this case if particular term say ‘r’th is asked, x4 will come in 5th term.
then instead of applying the whole expansion, the Hence we have to find the 5th term of the
following direct formula can be applied to find the expansion.
‘r’ th term Here r = 5 and n = 8.
‘r’th term = xn–r+1ar – 1[{n(n – 1)(n – 2)...(n – r + 2)} So 5th term of (3 + x)8 =3 8 – 5 + 1. x5 – 1
(r – 1)!]. 8 7 6 5
.
So order of the term to be expanded is very 5 1!
important i.e., whether it is in the form (a + x)n or (x = 34 . x4 . 70 = 81 70x4 = 5670 x4
+ a)n , so we will solve accordingly. Hence coefficient of x4 is 5670.
4.B Middle term or terms: Ex 4: Find the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of
(x + 5)6.
If n is even then there is only one middle term
Sol. As expansion is of the form (x + a)n, so rth
n 1th term. term
2
If n is odd then there are two middle terms = x n – r + 1 a r – 1 [{n(n–1) (n – 2) ... (n – r + 2)}
(r – 1)!].
n 1 th and n 3 th terms. So x5 will come when r = 2 and n = 6.
2 2
Hence we have to find the 2nd term of the
expansion.
4.C The greatest coefficient depending So r = 2 and n = 6.
upon whether n is even or odd. So 2nd term of (x + 5)6 = x6 – 2 + 1. 56 – 1.
If n is even, the greatest coefficient is ncn/2 and if n is 6 5 5 5
odd, the greatest coefficient is n C n 1 or n C n 1 2 1! = x . 5 . 6 = 18750 x
2 2
Hence coefficient of x5 is 18750.
4.D Solved Examples:
Ex 1: Expand (3x – 2)10
Sol. (3x – 2)10 = 10C0 (3x)10–0(–2)0 + 10C1 (3x)10–
1
(–2)1
+ 10C2 (3x)10–2(–2)2 + 10C3 (3x)10–3(–2)3
+ 10C4 (3x)10–4(–2)4 + 10C5 (3x)10–5(–2)5
+ 10C6 (3x)10–6(–2)6 + 10C7 (3x)10–7(–2)7
+ 10C8 (3x)10–8(–2)8 + 10C9 (3x)10–9(–2)9
+ 10C10 (3x)10–10(–2)10
30 Higher Math
HM - 12 (Binomial Expansion) 10. If the coefficient of x2 and x3 in the expansion
of (3 + kx)9 are equal, then the value of k is:
11
1 9 9
1. If the coefficient of x7 in ax 2 and the 1. 2.
bx 7 7
1
11 7
coefficient of x-7 in ax 2 are equal, 3. 4. None of these
9
bx
then ab is equal to: 11. What is the sum of the coefficients of all the
1. 1 2. 2 terms in the expansion of (45x - 49)4?
3. 3 4. 4 1. - 256 2. -100
3. 100 4. 256
2. If (1 – x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ….. + a2n x2n,
then a0 + a2 + a4 +……+ a2n is equal to: 12. In the expansion of (1+ x)n, what is the sum of
even binomial coefficient?
3n 1 3n 1
1. 2. 1. 2n 2. 2n-1
2 2 3. 2 n+1
4. None of the above
1 1
3. 3n 4. 3n 13. What is the sum of all the coefficients in the
2 2
expansion of (1+ x)n ?
3. If coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th term in the 1. 2n 2. 2n - 1
expansion of (1 + x)2n are in A.P., then: 3. 2 n-1
4. 2(n-1)
1. 2n2 + 9n + 7 = 0 2. 2n2 – 9n + 7 = 0
3. 2n – 9n – 7 = 0
2
4. 2n2 + 9n – 7 = 0 14. What is the coefficient of x4 in the expansion
2
1 x
4. n
The coefficient of x in the expansion of of ?
1 x
(1 + x)2n and (1 + x)2n – 1 are in the ratio:
1. -16 2. 16
1. 1 : 2 2. 1 : 3
3. 8 4. -8
3. 3 : 1 4. 2 : 1
6 15. What is the number of terms in the expansion
3 of (a + b + c)n, n ∈ N?
5. The coefficient of x in x 5
3
is:
1. n+1 2. n+2
x3
n2
1. 0 2. 120 3. n(n +1) 4. n 1
3. 420 4. 540 2
6. If the coefficient of x7 and x8 in (2 + x/3)n are
equal, then n is equal to:
1. 56 2. 55
3. 45 4. 15
7. If the numerical coefficient of the pth term in
the expansion of (2x + 3)6 is 4860, then the
value(s) of p is/are:
1. 2 2. 3
3. 4 4. 5
8. The value of C0 + 3C1 + 5C2 + 7C3 +………+
(2n + 1) Cn is equal to:
1. 2n 2. 2n + n × 2n-1
n
3. 2 × (n+1) 4. None of these
9. The middle term in the expansion of (3 + 2x)50
is:
1. 15th term 2. 51st term
3. 26th term 4. 29th term
CHP 5
Co-ordinate 31
Geometry
CHP 5 Co-ordinate Geometry
5.A Shifting of Origin:
If the co-ordinates of a point P are (x, y) with
reference to the origin O (0, 0). Now if the origin is
shifted the co-ordinates of the point P with reference
to the new origin will be (x – h, y – k)
y P(x, y)
Given a point P in space, we drop a perpendicular
y PM on the XY-plane with M as the foot of this
perpendicular in the above figure. Then, from the
point M, we draw a perpendicular ML to the x-axis,
O (h, k) meeting it at L. Let OL be x, LM be y and MP be z.
x Then x, y and z are called the x, y and z coordinates,
x
O (0, 0) respectively, of the point P in the space. In Fig, we
may note that the point P (x, y, z) lies in the octant
OXYZ and so all x, y, z are positive. If P was in any
5.B Condition of concurrency of three other octant, the signs of x, y and z would change.
straight lines: Thus, to each point P in the space there corresponds
If A1x + B1y + C1 = 0, A2x + B2y + C2 = 0 and an ordered triplet (x, y, z) of real numbers.
A3x + B3y + C3 = 0 are three straight lines, then the Conversely, given any triplet (x, y, z), we would first
three lines will be concurrent (i.e., intersect at a fix the point L on the x-axis corresponding to x, then
point) if A3(B1C2 – B2C1) + B3(C1A2 – C2A1) locate the point M in the XY-plane such that (x, y)
+ C3(A1B2 – A2B1) = 0. are the coordinates of the point M in the XY-plane.
Note that LM is perpendicular to the x-axis or is
Ex: A point P in the x – y plane has the co- parallel to the y-axis. Having reached the point M,
ordinates as (- 3, 6). If the origin is shifted to we draw a perpendicular MP to the XY-plane and
the point (5, 8) then find the co-ordinates of locate on it the point P corresponding to z. The point
the point P with reference to the new origin. P so obtained has then the coordinates (x, y, z). Thus,
Sol. For a point P(x, y) in the x – y plane if the there is a one to one correspondence between the
origin is shifted to new location at (h, k) then points in space and ordered triplet (x, y, z) of real
co-ordinates of the point with reference to the numbers.
new origin are = (- 3 – 5, 6 – 8) = (- 8, - 2) Alternatively, through the point P in the space, we
draw three planes parallel to the coordinate planes,
meeting the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis in the points A,
5.C 3D Geometry B and C, respectively.
Let OA = x, OB = y and OC = z. Then, the point P
5.C.(i) Coordinates of a Point in Space will have the coordinates x, y and z and we write P
Having chosen a fixed coordinate system in the (x, y, z). Conversely, given x, y and z, we locate the
space, consisting of coordinate axes, coordinate three points A, B and C on the three coordinate axes.
planes and the origin, we now explain, as to how, Through the points A, B and C we draw planes
given a point in the space, we associate with it three parallel to the YZ-plane, ZX-plane and XY-plane,
coordinates (x, y, z) and conversely, given a triplet of respectively. The point of intersection of these three
three numbers (x, y, z), how, we locate a point in the planes, namely, ADPF, BDPE and CEPF is
space. obviously the point P, corresponding to the ordered
triplet (x, y, z). We observe that if P (x, y, z) is any
point in the space, then x, y and z are perpendicular
distances from YZ, ZX and XY planes, respectively.
32 Higher Math
External Division
Octants or st nd rd th th th th th If a point P divides the line segment joining the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Coordinates points A and B in the ratios m:n with the coordinates
X + - - + + - - + as (x1,y1,z1) and (x3,y3,z3) externally, Then P’s
Y + + - - + + - - coordinates are:
z + + + + - - - - mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1 mz 2 nz1
[ , , ]
mn mn mn
Ex 1: Find the octants in which the points (3,-8,10)
and (2,7,-19) lie. Ex 2: find the distance between the points (1, 2, 3)
and (4, 5, 6).
Sol. from the table mentioned above the point
(3,-8,10) lies in 4th quadrant and the point Sol. The distance formula between two points (x₁,
(2,7,-19) lies in 5th quadrant y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) is given by
( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z1 ) 2
Distance between two points is given by the .
following Formula (4 1) 2 (5 2) 2 (6 3) 2
The distance between the two points P and Q Therefore
having coordinates as (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 units
is given by
PQ = ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z1 ) 2 Ex 3: Determine the midpoint of the line segment
joining the points (2, -1, 3) and (5, 4, -2).
Mid-point between two points is given by
the following formula Sol. The midpoint formula for 3D coordinates is:
x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 z 1 z 2
, ,
The Mid-point between the two points P and 2 2 2
Q having coordinates as (x1,y1,z1) and
2 5 1 4 3 2 7 3 1
(x2,y2,z2) is given by We have: , , , ,
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2 2 2 2 2 2 2
[ , , ]
2 2 2
Centroid of a triangle is given by the
formula
The centroid of the triangle having three
coordinates (x2,y2,z2) and (x3,y3,z3) is given
by
x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 z1 z2 z3
[ , , ]
3 3 3
Section Formula (internal and external
Division):
Internal division
If a point P divides the line segment joining the
points A and B in the ratios m:n with the coordinates
as (x1,y1,z1) and (x3,y3,z3) internally, Then P’s
coordinates are:
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1 mz 2 nz1
[ , , ]
mn mn mn
CHP 5
Co-ordinate 33
Geometry
HM - 13 (Co-ordinate Geometry) 5. Find the equation of the internal bisector of
angle BAC of the triangle ABC whose vertices
A, B, C are (5, 2) (2, 3) and (6, 5) respectively.
1. Find the distance between the points
A (at12, 2 at1) and B (at22, 2 at2) 1. 2x – y – 12 = 0 2. x + y – 12 = 0
3. 2x +3y – 12 = 0 4. 2x + y – 12 = 0
1. a ( t 2 t1 ) ( t 2 t1 ) 2 4
6. Find the equation of the line through (2, 3) so
2. a ( t 2 t1 ) ( t 2 t1 ) 4
2 that the segment of the line intercepted
between the axes is bisected at this point.
3. a ( t 2 t1 ) ( t 2 t1 ) 2 8 1. 3x + 4y = 15 2. 5x – 2y = 10
4. a ( t 2 t1 ) ( t 2 t1 ) 2 8 3. 3x + 2y = 12 4. 5x + 2y = 14
7. A line passes through the point (3, -2). Find
2. For what value of k are the points (k, 2-2k)
the locus of the middle point of the portion of
(- k + 1, 2k) and (-4 – k, 6 – 2k) are collinear?
the line intercepted between the axes.
1 1 1 1 2. 2y – 3x = 3xy
1. ,1 2. ,1 3. ,1 4. ,1 1. 3y + 2x = 2xy
2 2 2 2 3. 3y – 2x = 2xy 4. y – 2x = 4xy
3. Find the angle between the lines joining the 8. Find the equation of the straight line upon
points (0, 0), (2, 3) and the points (2,-2), (3, 5) which the length of perpendicular from origin
11 11 is 32 units and this perpendicular makes an
1. tan 1 2. tan 1 angle of 75 with the positive direction of
25 23
X-axis.
9 17
3. tan 1 4. tan 1 1. (5 + 1) x + (3 – 1) y = 12
25 25
2. (3 -1) x + (3+4) y = 10
4. Two lines passing through the point (2, 3) 3. (3 – 1) x + (3 + 4) y = 10
intersect each other at an angle of 60. If slope 4. (3 -1) x + (3+1) y = 12
of one line is 2, find the equation of the other
9. Find the value of m for which the lines
line.
mx + (2m + 3) y + m + 6 = 0 and
2 3 (2m + 1) x + (m - 1) y + m - 9 = 0 intersect at a
1. y + 3 = - (x - 2) and point on Y-axis
2 3 1
2 3 1. -1, 21 2. 1, 21
y-3= (x - 2) 3. -3, 10 4. None of these
2 3 1
10. Find the equation of a straight line parallel to
2 3
2. y - 3 = - (x - 2) and 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 and which is such that the
2 3 1 sum of its intercepts on the axes is 15.
2 3 1. 3x + 5y - 18 = 0 2. 2x + 3y - 18 = 0
y-3= (x - 6)
2 3 1 3. 5x + 3y + 18 = 0 4. 3x + 4y - 18 = 0
2 3 11. Find the value of k if the straight line 2x + 3y
3. y - 3 = - (x - 2) and + 4 + k (6x – y + 12) = 0 is perpendicular to
2 3 1
the line 7x + 5y – 4 = 0.
2 3
y-3= (x - 2) 29 29
2 3 1 1. 2. 3. - 1 4. - 5
37 33
2 3
4. y - 4 = - (x - 2) and 12. If p is the length of the perpendicular from the
2 3 1 x y
2 3 origin to the line 1, then
y-3= (x - 4) a b
2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1. 2
2 2 2. 2
2 2
p a b p a b
1 2 1 1 2 1
3. 2 2 2 4. 2 2 2
p a b p a b
34 Higher Math
13. The equation of the base of an equilateral HM - 14 (Co-ordinate Geometry)
triangle is x + y – 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex
has coordinates (2, - 1). Find the area of the 1. Find the equation of a circle whose centre is
triangle. (2, -3) and radius 5.
1 2 _____________________________________
1. 2.
3 3
2. Find the equation of the circle which passes
1 through the point of intersection of the lines 3x
3. 4. None of these
2 3 -2y – 1 = 0 and 4x + y – 27 = 0 and whose
14. Find the equations of lines parallel to centre is (2, -3)
3x – 4y – 5 = 0 at a unit distance from it. _____________________________________
1. 3x – 4y = 0, 3x – 4y – 10 = 0.
2. 3x – 4y = 10, 3x + 4y – 10 = 0. 3. If the equations of two diameters of a circle are
3. 4x + 3y = 0, 4x – 3y – 10 = 0. x – y = 5 and 2x + y = 4 and the radius of the
4. 3x + 4y = 15, 3x – 4y + 10 = 0. circle is 5, find the equation of the circle.
15. Obtain the equations of the lines passing _____________________________________
through the intersection of lines 4x - 3y - 1 = 0
and 2x - 5y + 3 = 0 and equally inclined to the 4. Find the equation of the circle whose
axes. diameters are 2x - 3y + 12 = 0 and
x + 4y - 5 = 0 and area is 154 sq. units
1. x – y + 2 = 0, x = y
2. x + y + 2 = 0, x = 2y _____________________________________
3. x – y – 2 = 0, 2x = y
4. x + y – 2 = 0, x = y 5. Find the equation of a circle of radius 5, where
centre lies on x – axis passes through the point
(2, 3).
_____________________________________
6. Find the equation of the circle which passes
through two points of the x- axis which are at
distances 4 units from the origin and whose
radius is 5.
_____________________________________
7. Find the equations of the circle which passes
through the origin and cuts off intercepts 3 and
4 from the positive parts of the x –axis and
y-axis respectively.
_____________________________________
8. A circle of radius 5 units touches the
coordinate axes in the first quadrant. If the
circle makes one complete roll-on x –axis
along the positive direction of x-axis, find its
equation in new position
_____________________________________
9. Find the equation of the circle whose radius is
5 and touches the circle
x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 20 = 0
externally at point (5, 5).
_____________________________________
CHP 5
Co-ordinate 35
Geometry
10. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is HM - 15 (3D Geometry)
at the point (4, 5) and which passes through the
centre of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0 1. Which of the following is true about point A
(p,q,r) that is equidistant from the origin and
_____________________________________
the point B(3, -2, 5).
11. Find the equation of the circle which passes 1. 4p - 6q - 10r = 38
through (5, -8), (2, -9) and (2, 1). 2. 10p - 4q + 6r = 48
3. 6p - 4q + 10r = 38
_____________________________________ 4. None of these
x y 2. In which Octant the point (-3, 9, -7) lies
12. The straight line 1, cuts the
a b 1. VI 2. V 3. VII 4. IV
coordinate axes at A and B. Find the equation 3. For what value of K the points A (3, 6, 9),
of the circle passing through O (0, 0), A and B. B (10, 20, 30) and C (25, -41, K), will form a
_____________________________________ right angled triangle with right angle at A?
1. 33 2. 35 3. -33 4. -35
13. Find the equation of the circle passing through
(1, 0) and (0, 1) and having the smallest 4. The distance between the points P(-1, -3, 4)
possible radius. and Q (4, 1, 2)
1. 3 5 2. 2 5 3. 5 4. 4 5
_____________________________________
5. The midpoint of the line joining the point A
14. Find the equation of the circle, the coordinates (3, 4, -9) and B(5, 2, 7) will be
of the end points of whose diameter are (-1, 2)
1. (-1, 3, 4) 2. (4, 3, -1)
and (4, -3).
3. (3, 4, -1) 4. None of the above
_____________________________________ 6. If the origin is the centroid of the triangle PQR
with vertices P (2a, 4, 12), Q (-4, 3b, -10 and
15. Find the equation of the circle drawn on the
intercept made by the line 2x+ 3y = 6 between R(8, 14, 2c), then the values of a, b & c will be
the coordinates axes as diameter. 1. (1, 2, 6) 2. (-1, -6, -2)
3. (0, 0, 0) 4. (-2, -6, -1)
_____________________________________
7. The centroid of a triangle ABC is at the point
(1, 1, 1). If the coordinates of A and B are
(3, 5, 14) and (1, 7, 6) respectively then the
Coordinates of the point C will be
1. (1, 9, 17) 2. (-1, -9, -17)
3. (17, 9, 1) 4. None of these
8. The coordinates of the point which divides the
line segment joining the points A (1, 4, 6) and
B (2, 1, -3) in the ratio 3:2 internally is.
8 11 9 11 9 8
1. , , 2. , ,
5 5 5 5 5 5
8 11 3
3. , , 4. None of these
5 5 5
9. If three vertices of a parallelogram are
A(1, 3, 9), B(4, -2, 6) and C(-1, -2, -5) then
find the fourth vertex .
1. (1, 8, -2)
2. (4, -2, 2)
3. (-4, 2, -2)
4. Cannot be determined
36 Higher Math
10. The image of the point A (3, 1, 6) in the line 14. Which of the following gives the direction of a
passing through the point B (-6, 4, -19) such line?
that AB is perpendicular to the line. 1. Slope (m) 2. Direction ratios
1. (15, 7, -44) 3. Direction cosines 4. Both b) & c)
2. (-15, 7, -44)
15. Slope (m) of the line ax + by = 1 is given by.
3. (15, 7, 44)
4. Cannot be determined b
1. m=
11. If origin is the centroid of a triangle with two a
vertices as (1, 5, 9) and (2, -8, -3); then find a
2. m=
the third vertex. b
1. (-3, 3, -6) 2. (-6, -3, 3) c
3. m=
3. (3, 3, 6) 4. (-3, -3, 6) a
12. Which of the following represents slope of a 4. None of these
line where line makes an angle θ with positive
side of x - axis?
1. Sin θ 2. Cos θ 3. tan θ 4. Sec θ
13. Which of the following is the equation for
intercept form of a line?
x y z
1. 1
a b c
x y
2. 1
a b
x y a
3. 1
b c z
4. None of these
CHP 6
Statistics 37
CHP 6 Statistics
6.A Introduction In this method of collection and representation, we
Consider the marks obtained by 20 students of a check how many times a particular observation (in
class in a mathematics test, where the maximum this case, marks) occurs. This is known as discrete
marks are 50. The scores of the 20 students are as frequency distribution of the data or simply, the
follows: frequency of that observation.
8, 2, 6, 17, 16, 2, 6, 18, 20, 15, 14, 8, 7, 9, 25, 5, 7, 8, (c) Another way is to divide the given data in
10, 12 small groups or intervals with each observation
placed in the interval in which it lies. Let the
These facts or figures, which are numerical or intervals be 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50
otherwise, collected with a definite purpose, are i.e., we have divided 50 marks into 5 intervals
called data. The extraction of meaningful of width 10 each.
information from this data is studied in a branch of Now marks (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) will come under
mathematics called Statistics. interval 1-10 having the frequency of 12 (as 12
students lies in this interval). Marks (12, 14, 15, 16,
Now the marks obtained can be shown or collected 17, and 18) will come under 11-20 and so on. In
in different ways for their analysis: tabular form:
(a) In the above example, the marks of 20 students Class 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- Total
are written in no definite pattern i.e., we have Interval 9 19 29 39 49
just asked the student and written down his/her Frequency 12 7 1 0 0 20
marks. This method of collection and
representation of data is known as ungrouped This method is known as continuous frequency
data. distribution method.
(b) The other way of showing data is to see that 6.B Measures of Central Tendency
how many times any particular marks are Majorly we need not to study all the data and can
obtained by how many students. For example make out some important features of it by
in the above data: considering only certain representatives of the data.
This process is known as measures of central
Number of Students tendency.
Marks obtained
(Frequency)
2 2 Measures of Central Tendency indicate the center of
5 1 the data along the number line and are usually
6 2 reported as values that represent the data.
7 2 The commonly used three measures of central
8 3 tendency are:
9 1
10 1 6.B.(i) Arithmetic Mean (or Average)
12 1 Arithmetic Mean (or generally known as Mean or
14 1 Average) is defined as the sum of observations
15 1 divided by the number of observation. For Example,
16 1 Let the marks obtained by 10 students of a class in a
17 1 mathematics test are as follows:
1 8, 2, 6, 2, 6, 8, 7, 5, 7, 8
18
20 1 Arithmetic Mean or Average
25 1 = (Sum of marks) ÷ (Number of marks)
8 2 6 2 6 8 7 5 7 8 59
5.9
10 10
38 Higher Math
6.B.(ii) Median Sol. Let’s arrange the data in ascending order,
Median is defined as the middle value of the data 144, 145, 147, 148, 148, 151, 152, 155, 169
after arranging the data in ascending or descending New Mean = (144 + 145 + 147 + 148 + 148 +
order. For Example, 151 + 152 + 155 + 169)/9 = 1350/9 = 151 cm
Let the marks obtained by 10 students of a class in a New Median = 148 cm (middle value) is still
mathematics test (in ascending order) are as follows: the same
New Mode = 148 cm (occurring 2 times) is
2, 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8 still the same
Median is the middle value of above data, and in Ex 3: What is the difference between the mean and
case there are two values in the middle, simply takes the median of 15 consecutive natural numbers?
the average of those two values Sol. Let the numbers be 1, 2, 3, …, 14, 15
Mean = (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 14 + 15) ‚ 15
67 15 16
Median = 6. 5 15 8
2 2
Median = 8 (middle value)
The general process to calculate the median of n Hence, the required difference = 8 – 8 = 0
numbers is:
1. Arrange the given numbers in either ascending Note – If the difference between the consecutive
or descending order observation is same, Arithmetic Mean = Median
2. If n is odd, then the median is the middle
number in the ordered list of numbers 6.B.(iv) Empirical Formula
3. If n is even, then there are two middle
numbers, and the median is the average of Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
these two numbers This formula is valid for the distributions which are
moderately symmetric i.e. symmetry being
6.B.(iii) Mode coincidence of mean, median and mode.
Mode is that value of the observation which occurs
most frequently, i.e., an observation with the 6.B.(v) Weighted Mean (or Average)
maximum frequency is called the mode. For Consider there are two sections in class X, section A
Example, and section B. In section A, there are 3 students
Let the marks obtained by 10 students of a class in a whose marks obtained are 30, 40, and 50. In section
mathematics test (in ascending order) are as follows: B, there are 5 students whose marks obtained are 40,
50, 60, 70, and 80. What should be the average of
2, 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8 whole class X?
Mode = 8 (occurring 3 times) One way to calculate the average is combining the
average of both sections as follows:
Ex 1: The heights (in cm) of 9 students in a class are: Average marks of section A = 40 and Average marks
155, 160, 145, 148, 151, 147, 152, 144, 148 of section B = 60
Find mean, median and mode. So, average marks of class X = (40 + 60)/2 = 50
Sol. Let’s arrange the data in ascending order,
144, 145, 147, 148, 148, 151, 152, 155, 160 Other way is combining the marks of all the students
Mean = (144 + 145 + 147 + 148 + 148 + 151 + of section A and section B as follows:
152 + 155 + 160)/9 = 1350/9 = 150 cm Total marks of combining both sections = (30 + 40 +
Median = 148 cm (middle value) 50) + (40 + 50 + 60 + 70 + 80) = 420
Mode = 148 cm (occurring 2 times) So, required average marks of class X = 420/8 = 52.5
Ex 2: The heights (in cm) of 9 students in a class are: Here, the former way of calculating the average is
155, 160, 145, 148, 151, 147, 152, 144, 148 incorrect as we are not considering the number of
If a student with height 160 cm is replaced students (also known as weights) of the sections
with another student having height 169 cm. mentioned. In case, we like to use the former way,
What is the new mean, median and mode. we need to consider the number of students as well.
CHP 6
Statistics 39
Average (or weighted average) 6.B.(vi) Mean of Grouped Data (Class Intervals)
40 3 60 5 420 Consider the following data
52.5 (the correct average)
35 8
Class 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- Total
In general, Interval 9 19 29 39 49
Weighted Average Frequency 12 7 1 0 0 20
X WA X B WB X C WC ......
A Now, for each class-interval, we require a point
WA WB WC
which would serve as the representative of the whole
class. It is assumed that the frequency of each class
where, XA, XB and XC are the average of section interval is centred around its mid-point. So the mid-
A, B and C and WA, WB and WC are the weights point (or class mark) of each class can be chosen to
(number of observations) of the respective sections. represent the observations falling in the class.
Ex 4: Find the arithmetic mean of data given below: Class mark = (Upper class limit + Lower class
limit)/2
Value 15 20 25 10 5 30 26 8
Frequency 2 4 3 5 7 6 1 8
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
Class
0-9
Sol. Total sum = 15 × 2 + 20 × 4 + 25 × 3 + 10 × 5 Total
+ 5 × 7 + 30 × 6 + 26 × 1 + 8 × 8 = 540 Interval
Total observation = 2 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 6 + 1 +
Frequency
8 = 36 12 7 1 0 0 20
(f)
Required arithmetic mean (or weighted
Class
average) = 15 4.5 14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5
mark (x)
Ex 5: Find the mean, median and mode salary of 60 f×x 54 101.5 24.5 0 0 180
workers of a factory from the following table:
Mean of the given data = 180/20 = 9
10000
Salary 6.B.(vii) Measures of Position
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
(in Rs) Measures of Position indicate the location of the
data.
Number The most commonly used positions (or locations)
of 16 12 10 8 6 4 3 1 are:
workers
(a) The Least Value (L)
Sol. Total sum = 3000 × 16 + 4000 × 12 + 5000 × The least value is the smallest value among all the
10 + 6000 × 8 + 7000 × 6 + 8000 × 4 + 9000 × given values, L = 2
3 + 10000 × 1 = 305000
Total number of observation = 16 + 12 + 10 + (b) The Middle Value (Median, M)
8 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 1 = 60 The middle value (as already discussed earlier) is the
Mean = 305000/60 = Rs 5083.33 value that is located exactly in the middle of the data
Median = Average of 30th and 31st observation after arranging the data, M = 19 (basically diving the
= Rs 5000 whole data into two equal parts or groups)
Mode = Rs 3000 (highest frequency)
(c) The Greatest Value (G)
Ex 6: In a certain moderately symmetric distribution, The greatest value is the highest value among all the
the mean and median are 24 and 26 given values, G = 47
respectively. Find the value of the mode.
Sol. Using the formula, Mode = 3 Median – 2
Mean
Hence, Mo Find the median of data given de =
3 × 24 – 2 × 26 = 72 – 52 = 20
40 Higher Math
Consider the following data with first 15 prime numbers (arrange in ascending order):
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47
Least Middle Value Greatest
Q1 Q3
Value (L) (M) = Q2 Value (G)
(d) Quartiles (Q1, Q2 and Q3)
The three quartile numbers that divide the data into four roughly equal parts or groups. Firstly, we calculate
the median (middle value) of the whole data, which gives us quartile 2 (Q2). Now the median of the left part
(group) of the data gives us quartile 1 (Q1) and the media of the right part (group) of the data gives us quartile
3 (Q3), diving the whole data into roughly four equal parts or groups.
(e) Percentiles
Similar to quartiles which divide the whole data into 4 equal parts (groups), there are 99 percentile numbers
that divide the data into 100 roughly equal parts or groups.
For Example, consider the data of 100 even natural numbers
Least Value Greatest
2 4 … 48 50 … 100 102 … 150 152 … 198 200
(L) Value (G)
3 49 101 151 199
P1 P25 P50 P75 P100
Q1 Q2 Q3
Median
(f) Some other measures of position
Measure of Position Description
Median Dividing the whole data into roughly 2 equal parts or groups
Tercile or Tertile Dividing the whole data into roughly 3 equal parts or groups
Quartile Dividing the whole data into roughly 4 equal parts or groups
Quintile Dividing the whole data into roughly 5 equal parts or groups
Sextile Dividing the whole data into roughly 6 equal parts or groups
Septile or Heptile Dividing the whole data into roughly 7 equal parts or groups
Octile Dividing the whole data into roughly 8 equal parts or groups
Nonile Dividing the whole data into roughly 9 equal parts or groups
Decile Dividing the whole data into roughly 10 equal parts or groups
Ex 7: Given the list of 16 numbers as 9, 4, 7, 2, 9, 7, 6.C Measures of Dispersion
8, 9, 7, 7, 4, 8, 7, 5, 7, and 9. Find the least Measures of dispersion indicate the degree of spread
value, middle value, greatest value and of the data.
quartiles. The most common statistics used as measures of
dispersion are:
Sol. After arranging the data,
2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9 6.C.(i) Range
Least Value (L) = 2 The range of the data is defined as difference
Middle Value (M) = (7 + 7)/2 = 7 between the Greatest Value (G) and the Least Value
Greatest Value (G) = 9 (L).
Quartiles, Q1 = (5 + 7)/2 = 6, Q2 = M = 7 and Consider the following data as follows (arranged in
Q3 = (8 + 9)/2 = 8.5 ascending order):
1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 10, 10, 10, 20
Range = Greatest Value – Least Value
= 20 – 1 = 19
CHP 6
Statistics 41
6.C.(ii) Interquartile Range For Example, consider the data 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9
However, sometimes a data value is so unusually 1 3 5 7 9 25
small or so unusually large in comparison with the Mean of the data 5
5 5
rest of the data that it is viewed with suspicion when Mean Deviation
the data are analysed, the value could be erroneous 5 1 5 3 5 5 5 7 5 9
or accidental in nature. Such data are called outliers
because they lie so far out that in most cases, they 5
are ignored when analysing the data. Interquartile 4 2 0 2 4 12
2.4
Range measures the spread of the middle half of the 5 5
data.
Consider the following data as follows (arranged in
ascending order):
6.C.(iv) Standard Deviation
1 2 3 3 3 5 7 10 10 10 20 Standard Deviation is a measure of spread that
depends on each number in the list.
Greatest
For Example, consider the data 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9
Q1 Q2 Q3 Mean of the data = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9)/5 = 25/5 = 5
Least
Average of squared differences from the mean
= [(5 1)2 + (5 3)2 + (5 5)2 + (5 7)2 + (5
9)2]/5
Interquartile Range = Third Quartile (Q3) – First = (16 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 16)/5 = 8
Quartile (Q1) = 10 – 3 = 7 Standard Deviation = √8 = 2.83 (approximately)
Quartile Deviation or Semi Interquartile Range =
(Q3 – Q1)/2 = 7/2 = 3.5
Box Plot or Whisker’s Box-Plot
Least value (L), Greatest Value (G), Middle Value where, X = Mean (or average) of n values
(M), Quartiles (Q1, Q2 and Q3) and Range of the Xi = The different values (i = 1 to n)
given data can be represented in one graph known as n = Number of values
Box-Plot
For example, given the list of 16 numbers 2, 4, 4, 5, Note-
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9 can be shown through 1. The more the data are spread away from the
the boxplots by the following graph mean, the greater the standard deviation; and
the more the data are clustered around the
mean, the lesser the standard deviation
2. Standard Deviation ≤ Range/2
6.C.(v) Variance
Variance is defined as the square of the Standard
(C) Mean Deviation
Deviation
Unlike the range and the interquartile range, the
For Example, Standard Deviation of the data, 1, 3, 5,
Mean Deviation is a measure of spread that depends
7, and 9 is √8
on each number in the list.
Variance of the above data = 8
Effect of the change in data on various types of Measures
Each value Standard
Mean Median Mode Range Mean Deviation Variance
of the data Deviation
+k +k +k +k No change No change No change No change
–k –k –k –k No Change No Change No Change No Change
×k ×k ×k ×k ×k ×k ×k × k2
÷k ÷k ÷k ÷k ÷k ÷k ÷k ÷ k2
42 Higher Math
Ex 8: Two large lists of numerical data, List I and 6.D Distribution Curves
List II, are summarized by the following The purpose of the distribution curve is to give a
boxplots. What is approximate difference of good illustration of a large distribution of numerical
the interquartile range of the two lists? data that doesn’t depend on specific classes. It is also
known as Density Curve or Frequency Curve.
1. 125 2. 150 3. 175
4. 200 5. 225
6.D.(i) Linear Distribution
When the data is distributed in such a way that each
value corresponds to one frequency only and that too
have symmetric difference among the values, then it
is known as linear distribution.
For example, if the 75th percentile on a test
corresponded to a score of 600, then 25th percentile
corresponded to a score of 25/75 × 600 = 200 and
95th percentile corresponds to a score of 95/75 × 600
Sol. Interquartile Range of List I = 700 – 275 = 425 = 784
Interquartile Range of List II = 600 – 375 =
225 6.D.(ii) Probability Distribution
Required difference (approximate) = 425 – 225 When the data is distributed randomly such that the
= 200 occurrence of each value has different frequencies
giving different probability of selecting them, then it
Ex 9: Find the Range, Interquartile Range, Quartile is known as probability distribution.
Deviation, Standard Deviation and Variance of For example, the given data below consists of
the data 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17 numbers of children in a randomly chosen family
Sol. Range = 17 – 2 = 15 among the 25 families.
Interquartile Range = Q3 – Q1 = 13 – 5 = 8 Probability of selecting 0 (zero) children = 3/25 =
Quartile Deviation = 8/2 = 4 0.12 (also equals to 12%)
Standard Deviation and Variance Similarly we can calculate the probability
Mean = (2 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 17)/6 = 9 distribution for others
Average of squared differences from the mean
2 92 5 92 7 92 Number of Frequency Probability
10 92 13 92 17 92 Children (x)
0
(f)
3
Distribution
0.12
6 1 5 0.20
49 16 4 1 16 64
25 2 7 0.28
6 3 6 0.24
Variance = 25 4 3 0.12
Standard Deviation = √25 = 5 5 1 0.05
Total 25 1
Ex 10: Arrange the data in ascending order of their
Standard Deviation (C) Normal Distribution
Data I: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 The normal distribution satisfies the following
Data II: 1, 5, 9, 13, 15 conditions:
Data III: 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 1. Mean = Median = Mode
Data IV: 101, 103, 105, 107, 109 2. The data group around the mean is fairly
Sol. We know, the more the data are spread away symmetric
from the mean, the greater the standard 3. 68% of the data are within the one standard
deviation deviation of the mean, 98% of the data are
So, in terms of Standard Deviation within the two standard deviation of the mean
Data II > Data I = Data IV > Data III and 100% of the data are within the three
standard deviation of the mean
For Example, the IQ of 1000 persons have been
noted such that
CHP 6
Statistics 43
Mean = Median = Mode = 100 and Standard
Deviation, d = 15
HM - 16 (Statistics)
The data can be represented as follows: 1. On her first four tests, Anita received an
average (arithmetic mean) score of n. If on her
fifth test she exceeds that average by 20 points,
what is her average score for all five tests?
1. n 2. n + 4
3. n + 5 4. n + 20
2. A list consists of 10 consecutive even integers.
What is the difference between the average
(arithmetic mean) of the list and the median of
the list?
1. 0 2. 0.5 3. 1 4. 2
3. Which of the following sets has a median
A normal distribution curve has data distribution equal to that of set S below?
always shaped like a bell curve having the mean,
median, and mode exactly the same and the S = {5, 0, -7, -4, 3, -5}
distribution is perfectly symmetric about the mean 1. {7, -5, 4, 1, -6, -9}
within about 3 standard deviations above or below 2. {0, -2, 6, 3/2, -8, -5}
the mean i.e. m − 3d and m + 3d 3. {3, 6, 2, 9, 1}
4. {-4, 0, -1, 3, -2, 5}
Range of the data = 6 × Standard Deviation
4. List Y below consists of seven integers. List Z
is formed by using one of the integers twice
Ex 11: Six hundred applicants for several post
and five of the remaining integers once. If 8 is
office jobs were rated on a scale from 1 to 50
the mean, median, and mode of list Z, which
points. The ratings had a mean of 32.5 points
integer from Y is NOT used?
and a standard deviation of 7.2 points. How
many standard deviations above or below the List Y : 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 20
mean is a rating of 47 points?
1. 2 2. 3 3. 5 4. 9
Sol. Mean ratings = 32.5
Rating one standard deviation above the 5. Quiz scores in Ms. Carson’s class can range
mean = 32.5 + 7.2 = 39.7 from 0 to 5 points, inclusive. If the scores from
Rating two standard deviation above the Tuesday’s quiz have an average (arithmetic
mean = 39.7 + 7.2 = 46.9 ≈ 47 mean) of 3, a median of 3, and a mode of 2,
Hence, The rating of 47 points is 2 standard which of the following list could represent
deviation above the mean those quiz scores?
1. 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5 2. 0, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5
3. 0, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5 4. 2, 2, 2, 4, 5
6. List A: 5, 5, 4, 4, 1, 6, 3, x, y
The (unique) mode of list A shown above is 5
and the median is 4. If x > y, and x and y are
both integers, what is the greatest possible
value of y?
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5
7. If Octiles divide up a set of data into 8 ordered
groups, each with the same number of terms,
what is the median of the sixth Octile group of
the set of data composed of the integers from
25 to 48, inclusive?
1. 40 2. 38 3. 41 4. 43
44 Higher Math
8. The arithmetic mean of 6, 21, x and y is 13, 12. Which of the following does not affect the
where x and y are integers with a product of median of a set of 7 numbers given that no
100. Which of the following could be x? number is appearing more than once in the set?
1. 50 2. 20 3. 10 4. 4 1. Increasing the largest number only
2. Decreasing the largest number only
9. If the arithmetic mean of 6, 8, 10 and x is
3. Increasing the smallest number only
between 7 and 11 inclusive, what is the
4. Multiplying each number by 6
difference between the greatest and the least
possible value of x? 13. The arithmetic mean of the 5 consecutive
1. 20 2. 8 3. 20 4. 16 integers starting with ‘s’ is ‘a’. What is the
arithmetic mean of 9 consecutive integers that
10. Set A = {1, 2, 7, 8, 15, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13} x is the starts with s + 2?
median of the even integers in set A; y is the
1. 2 + s + a 2. 22 + a
median of the prime numbers in set A; and z is
3. 4 + a 4. 2a + 2
the median of the least and greatest numbers in
set A. Find the mean of x, y and 2z. 14. The range of the data is given as 10, which of
1. 4 2. 8 3. 12 4. 16 the following cannot be its Standard
Deviation?
11. If the mean of a set of data is 39 and the
1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
standard deviation is 8, then which of the
following option contains the interval one 15. The standard deviation of variable x is 10, find
standard deviation away from the mean? the standard deviation of variable 6x + 20.
1. 31 to 47 2. 23 to 55 1. 20 2. 6 3. 80 4. 60
3. 23 to 47 4. 31 to 55
CHP 7
Matrices and 45
Determinants
CHP 7 Matrices and Determinants
7.1 Matrices 7.1.C Equality of two matrices:
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be
7.1.A Definition: equal if
A set of m × n numbers arranged in the form of a (i) they are of the same order and
rectangular array of m rows and n columns is called (ii) aij = bij, for all i, j
an (m x n) matrix. So we can say, A = B
a11 a12 a13....... a1 j.......a1n
7.1.D Addition of Matrices:
a 21 a 22 a 23....... a 2 j...... a 2 n Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two matrices of the
: : : : : same order m × n. Then their sum A + B is defined
A to be the matrix of the order m × n such that A + B =
a i1 ai2 a i3...... a ij....... a in
[cij] where cij = aij + bij for all i, j.
: : : : :
a a a .... a ..... a Example:
m1 m2 m3 mj mn
A = [aij]m x n where the element aij belongs to ith row 1 3 5 10 3 5
and jth column and is called the (i,j)th element of the A 3 0 1 B 3 8 2
matrix A.
4 2 5 6 2 0
7.1.B Types of Matrices:
1. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number 11 6 10
of rows is equal to the number of columns, say A B 6 8 3
n, is called a square matrix of order n. 2 4 5
2. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is called a
diagonal matrix if all the elements that do not 7.1.E Multiplication of a matrix by a
lie on the leading diagonal are zero, i.e. aij = 0 scalar:
for all i j.
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and k be any
3. Scalar matrix: A square matrix A is called a number called a scalar. Then the matrix obtained by
scalar matrix if aij = 0 for all i j and aii = c multiplying every element of A by k is called the
for all i. scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by kA.
4. Identity matrix: A square matrix A is called an Thus, kA = [k aij]m × n
identity matrix or unit matrix if aij = 0 for all i
j and aii = 1 for all i. The identity matrix of Example:
order n is denoted by In.
5. Null matrix: A matrix whose all elements are 1 3 5 2 6 10
zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix A 3 0 1 2A 6 0 2
and is denoted by O.
4 2 5 8 4 10
6. Row matrix: A matrix having only one row is
called a row matrix or a row vector.
7. Column matrix: A matrix having a single 7.1.F Properties of Scalar Multiplication
column is called a column matrix or a column If A = [aij] m×n, B = [bij]m×n are two matrices and k, l
vector. are scalars, then
8. Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix A is i. 1A = A
called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for ii. (-1) A = -A
all i > j. iii. (-k) A = -(kA) = k(-A)
9. Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix A is iv. k (A + B) = kA + kB
called a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for v. (k + l)A = kA + lA
all i < j. vi. k(lA) = (kl) A = l(kA)
46 Higher Math
7.1.G Multiplication of Two Matrices 7.1.I Transpose of a Matrix
Let A, B be two matrices, then they are conformable Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix. Then the transpose
for the product AB if the number of columns in A of A denoted by AT or A’ is an n×m matrix such that
(pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (AT)ij = aji for all i = 1, 2 ,…, m
(post-multiplier). Thus, if A = [aij]m×n , B = [bij]n × p j = 1, 2, …, n.
are two matrices, then their product AB is of order m Thus, AT is obtained from A by changing its rows
× p and is defined as into columns and columns into rows.
(AB)ij = [ith row of A] [jth column of B] For example, if
n
AB ij a ir b rj 1 2 3 4
1 2 3
r 1
2 3 2
a i1 b1 j a i 2 b 2 j a i 3 b 3 j .... a in b nj A 2 3 4 1 , then A T
3 4 4
3 2 4 1 34
b1 j 4 1 1 43
b 2 j 7.1.J Properties of Transpose
b
a i1a i 2 a i 3 ...a in 3 j Let A, B be two matrices, then
. (i) (AT)T = A
(ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT, A and B being of the
. same order.
b
nj (iii) (kA)T = kAT, k being a scalar
(iv) (AB)T= BTAT, A and B being conformable for
Example: multiplication.
1 3 5 7.1.K. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
1 3 5
A B 3 2
1
2 7.1.K.(i) Symmetric matrix:
3 0
1 2 0 A square matrix A =[aij] is called a symmetric matrix
if aij = aji for all i, j
15 19 11
AB (A)ij = (AT)ij for all i, j
4 11 15 A = AT.
a h g
7.1.H Properties of Matrix Multiplication For example, h b f is a symmetric matrix.
(i) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. if A, B, g f c
C are m × n, n × p and p × q matrices
respectively, then (AB) C = A (BC) 7.1.K.(ii) Skew-symmetric matrix:
(ii) Matrix multiplication is not always A square matrix A = [aij] is called a skew-symmetric
commutative. matrix if aij = - aji i, j
(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over (A)ij = - (AT)ij for all i, j
matrix addition i.e. A(B + C) = AB + AC AT = - A.
where A, B, C are any three, m × n, n × p, n × If A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
p matrices respectively. aij = - aji for all i, j ⇒ aii = - aii for all i⇒
(iv) If A is an m × n matrix, then Im A = A = A In. 2aii = 0 for all i ⇒ aii = 0 for all i.
(v) The product of two matrices can be the null Thus the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric
matrix while neither of them is the null matrix. matrix are all zero. For example, the matrix
For example, 0 3 5
0
If A
2 1
and B
0 A 3 0 2 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
0
,
0 0 0 5 2 0
0 0
then AB
0
,
0
while neither A nor B is a null matrix.
CHP 7
Matrices and 47
Determinants
7.2 Determinant of a Square (viii) If B is obtained by adding to a row (column) of
A a scalar multiple of another row (column) of
Matrix A, then |B| = |A|.
(ix) If A, B are n × n matrices, then |AB|=|A||B|
7.2.A Introduction:
Let A = [aij]n x n be a square matrix of order n, then 7.2.C Singular Matrix (Definition)
the determinant of A is a number denoted by det(A)
or |A|. A square matrix A is called a singular matrix if |A| =
For a 2×2 matrix, the determinant is calculated as: 0, otherwise A is called a non-singular matrix.
a 11 a 12 7.2.D Minors and Cofactors
= a11 a22 – a12 a21
a 21 a 22 7.2.D.(i) Minor (Definition)
Let A = [ajj] be an n – rowed square matrix. Then the
For a 3×3 matrix, the determinant is calculated as: minor Mjj of ajj is the determinant of the sub matrix
a 11 a 12 a 13 obtained by leaving i th row and jth column of A.
a 21 a 22 a 23 For example,
a 31 a 32 a 33 3 5 1
a 11
a 22 a 23
a 12
a 21 a 23
a 13
a 21 a 22 If A 1 1 2 , then
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32 2 3 1
This is known as the expansion of |A| about first row. 1 2
Similarly, various other arrangements provide M 11 min or of A11 5
3 1
expansion of |A| about other rows (columns).
35
example :
6 2
24 6 18 M 23 min or of A23 1
3 4 23
3 1
1 1 6 M 32 min or of A32 7
example : 1 0 7 1 2
3 1 12
7.2.D.(ii) Cofactor (Definition)
0 7 1 7 1 0
1 1 6 Let A = [aij] be an n - rowed square matrix. Then the
1 12 3 12 3 1 cofactor Cij of aij is equal to (-1)i+j times the minor
1 ( 0 7) 1 ( 12 21 ) 6 ( 1 0 ) 8 Mij , i.e. Cij = (-1)i+j Mij.
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n. Then the
7.2.B Properties of determinants: sum of the products of elements of a row (or a
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then column) with their cofactors is equal to |A| i.e.
n
(i) |A| = |AT| A a
r 1
ir C ir
(ii) If all elements of any row (column) of A are
n
zero, then |A| = 0.
(iii) If k is a scalar, then |k A| = kn |A|
A
r 1
a rj C rj
and
(iv) If A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix, then |A| = a11 The sum of the products of elements of a row (or
a22 a33 …..ann. So, |In| = 1. column) with the cofactors of corresponding
(v) If B is a matrix obtained by interchanging any elements of some other row (or column) is always
two rows (columns) of A, then |B| = - |A|. zero i.e.
n n
air C jr 0, i j and a
(vi) If two rows(columns) in A are equal, then |A|
=0 ri C rj 0, i j
r 1 r 1
(vii) If B is obtained by multiplying all elements of
a row (column) of A by a scalar , then |B| =
|A|.
48 Higher Math
7.2.E Product of Determinants
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
Let 1 a 2 b2 c 2 and 2 2 2 2
a3 b3 c3 3 3 3
be two determinants. Then
a 1 1 b1 2 c1 3 a 11 b1 2 c1 3 a 1 1 b1 2 c1 3
1 2 a 2 1 b 2 2 c 2 3 a 2 1 b 2 2 c 2 3 a 2 1 b 2 2 c 2 3
a 3 1 b 3 2 c 3 3 a 3 1 b 3 2 c 3 3 a 3 1 b 3 2 c 3 3
This is row by column multiplication rule for finding the product of two determinants and it is same as the
rule of multiplication of two matrices. Since the value of a determinant does not change by interchanging the
rows and columns, therefore we can also follow the row-by-row multiplication rule, or the column-by-row
multiplication rule or column-by-column multiplication rule.
Example: Express the determinants
1 cos ( ) cos( )
cos( ) 1 cos( )
cos( ) cos( ) 1
as the product of two determinants and hence show that ∆ = 0.
Sol. We have
1 cos ( ) cos( )
cos( ) 1 cos( )
cos( ) cos( ) 1
cos 2 sin 2 cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin cos 2 sin 2 cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos 2 sin 2
cos sin 0 cos sin 0
cos sin 0 cos sin 0 0.
cos sin 0 cos sin 0
7.2.F Adjoint of a square matrix (Definition)
Let = [aij] be a square matrix of order n × n, and Cij be the cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix
of cofactors of elements in A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.
Thus, adj A = [Cij]T
∴ (adj A)ij = Cji = Cofactor of aji in A.
7.2.G Theorem
If A is an n-rowed square matrix, then
A (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) A
Hence A (adj A) is a diagonal matrix with each diagonal element |A|.
∴ A (adj A) = |A| In.
Similarly, (adj A) A = |A| In
Hence A (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) A.
CHP 7
Matrices and 49
Determinants
Ex: Let A be an n × n matrix, then prove that |adj A| = |A|n-1.
Sol: We have A adj A = |A|In
∴ Det (A adj A) = Det (|A|In)
⇒ Det (A) Det (adj A) = |A|n Det (In)
⇒ Det (A) Det (adj A) = (Det (A))n
⇒ Det (adj A) = (Det A)n-1 or |adj A| = |A|n-1.
7.3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
7.3.A Definition
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then a matrix B is called inverse of A if AB = In = BA.
Then inverse of A is denoted by A-1.
Let A be an n × n non-singular matrix then A (adj A) =|A| In = (adj A) A
1 1
A adj A I n adjA A
| A| | A|
∴ A is invertible such that
1
A 1 adj A.
| A|
A square matrix A is an invertible matrix iff it possesses its inverse.
The inverse of an invertible matrix is always unique.
7.3.B Theorem1:
A square matrix A is invertible iff it is non-singular.
7.3.C Theorem 2:
If A, B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1. Also let A, B, C be invertible matrices of the same order, then ABC is invertible and (ABC)-1
= C-1 B-1 A-1.
7.3.D Theorem 3:
If A is a n-rowed non-singular matrix, then
(AT)-1 = (A-1)T.
50 Higher Math
HM - 17 0 i
If A =
1
, B =
0
1
8. , then AB + BA is
(Matrices and Determinants) i 0 0
1. Unit matrix 2. Null matrix
3 0 3. Invertible matrix 4. None of these
3
If A = , then A is equal to
9
1.
7 9. If θ ϵ R, Maximum value of
1. 3 2. -3 3. – 81 4. 7 1 1 1
0 1 2 ∆ 1 1 sin 1 is
2. If A = 1 2 3 and A –1 = 1 1 1 cos
3 x 1 3 3 2
1
1. 2. 3. 2 4.
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 2 2 4
4 3 y then
xa b c
5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 10. If a xb c = 0, then x equals
1. x = 2, y = ½ 2. x = -1 , y = 1 a b xc
3. x = 1, y = -1 4. x = ½, y = ½
1. a + b + c 2. – (a + b +c)
0 1 2 3. 0, - (a + b + c) 4. 0, a + b + c
3. If A= 1 0 3 , then A + 2A’ equals sec2 tan 2
1
2 3 0 11. The determinant tan 2
sec 1 equals
2
1. – A 2. A’ 3. – A’ 4. 2A 12 10 2
0 1 2 1. 0
4. Let At = 2 5 t , then the value (s) 2. 12 sec2 θ – 10 tan2 θ
3. 12 sec2 θ – 10 tan2 θ + 5
4 7 t 6 4. 2 sin2 θ
of t for which inverse of At does not exist, are
a 2b 0
1. – 2, 1 2. -3, 2 3. 2, 3 4. 3, -1
12. If ∆ 0 a 2b = 0, then find (a/b)3
5. Let a, b, c, ∈ R be such that a + b + c > 0 and
2b 0 a
a b c
abc = 2. Let A = b c a 1. 8 2. 0
3. 2 4. 1
c a b
If A2 = I, then value of a3 + b3 + c3 is
1. 0 2. 2 3. 7 4. -1
6. If A is a 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrix with
real entries and trace of A2 equals zero, then
1. A = I 2. 2A = I
3. 3A = I 4. None of these
i 0 i 2
7. If X+ = - X, then find X.
3 i 3 4 i
1 0 0 1
1. 2.
0 2 i 0 2 i
0 1
3.
i
4. None of these
3
CHP 7
Matrices and 51
Determinants
HM - 18 1 2 1
If A = 0 1 1 , then A3 – 3A2 – A + 9I is
(Matrices and Determinants) 8.
3 1 1
1 2 3 equal to
1. A = 1 2 3 , then A is a nilpotent 1. I 2. O 3. A 4. A2
1 2 3
1 1 i i
matrix of index
9. The determinant 1 i i 1 equals
1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 5
i 1 1 i
1 ix ix
1 ix
2 (e e ) 2 e e
ix
1. 7 + 4i 2. -2 + 2i
2. If A = then A
-1
3. – 7 – 4i 4. – 2 - 2i
(e e )
1 ix ix 1
(e e )
ix ix
2 10. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then
2
1 1
exists 1 ab
1. for positive real x only a b
2. for all real x 1 1
3. for negative real x only ∆ 1 bc is
b c
4. None of these
1 1
1 ca
ab b 2 c a
3. If A = 2 , then A is equal to
2
a ab 1. 1 2. 0
1. I 2. O 3. (a + b + c) 4. None of these
3. – I 4. None of these log a (abc) log a b log a c
2
4. If A is 2 × 2 matrix such that A = O, then 11. If a, b, c > 1, ∆ log b (abc) 1 log b c is
trace (A) is
log c (abc) log c b 1
1. 0 2. – 1
3. 1 4. None of these 1. 1 2. logab + logbc + logca
3. logabc (a + b + c) 4. None of these
a b
5. If A = such that A satisfies the relation 12. If a, b, c are positive and are the pth, qth and
c d rth terms respectively of a G.P., then
A2 – (a +d) A = O, then inverse of A is log a p 1
1. I 2. A
∆ log b q 1 is
3. (a + d)A 4. Does not exist
log c r 1
3 2 –3
6. If A = , then A is 1. log (abc) 2. 0
0 1 3. – (p + q + r) 4. None of these
1 1 26 1 1 26
1. 2.
27 0 27 27 0 27
1 1 26 1 1 26
3. 4.
27 0 27 27 0 27
7. If A is a skew Hermitian matrix, then the main
diagonal elements of A are all
1. Zero 2. Positive
3. Negative 4. Purely imaginary or zero
52 Higher Math
HM - 19 If A =
4 x 2
x 1
9. is an invertible
(Matrices and Determinants) 2 x 3
matrix, then x cannot take value
1 1
1. If A = and B = , then A9 1. -1 2. 2
1 1 3. 3 4. None of these
equals
b 2 ab b c bc ac
1. 64 B 2. 32 B 3. 256 B 4. 16 B
10. If ∆ ab a 2 a b b 2 ab then ∆ equals
2 3i i
bc ac c a ab a 2
2. If A = 3 i 5 7 i , then A is
i 7i e 1. (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)
2. abc (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)
1. Symmetric 2. Skew-Hermitian 3. (a + b + c) (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)
3. Hermitian 4. None of these 4. 0
3. If A and B are two square matrices of the same 7i 5i 1
order and m is a positive integer, then
11. If 8 5i 1 = x + iy, then
(A + B)m = mC0 Am + mC1 Am-1 B + mC2Am-2 B2 33 5 i
+ … + mCm-1 ABm -1 + mCm Bm if
1. x = 3, y = 1 2. x = 1, y = 3
1. AB + BA = O 2. AB = BA 3. x = 0, y = 0 4. x = 0, y = 3
m m
3. A = O, B = O 4. None of these
12. If a, b, c are three complex numbers, then
cos sin 0 b c
0
4. If A (θ) = sin cos 0 , then A (0) is z b 0 a is
0 1
0 c a 0
1. I 2. Null matrix 1. 0 2. Purely imaginary
3. 2 I 4. None of these 3. abc 4. None of these
5. If A and B are two non - singular matrices 13. If f(x)
such that AB = C, then B is equal to sin x sin 2 x sin 3x sin 2 x sin 3x
A 3 4 sin x 3 4 sin x then
1. C 2.
C 1 sin x sin x 1
C /2
3
A
4. None of these the value of f
0
( x )dx is
2 1
6. If the system of equations ax + y = 3, 1. 3 2. 3. 0 4.
x + 2y = 3, 3x + 4y = 7 is consistent, then 3 3
value of a is given by 14. If pqr ≠ 0 and the system of equations
1. 0 2. 1 3. -1 4. 2 (p+a) x+b y+c z=0, ax + (q+b) y+c z = 0,
7. If the system of equations x + 2y – 3z = 1, ax+by + (r+c) z=0 has a non- trivial solution,
(p + 2) z = 3, (2p + 1) y + z = 2 is in- a b c
then value of is
consistent, then the value of p is p q r
1. 2 2. -1/2 3. 0 4. -2 1. 0 2. -1 3. 1 4. 2
8. The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 15. The values of λ for which the system of
2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique equations (λ + 5) x + (λ – 4)y + z =0,
solution if (λ – 2) x + (λ +3) y + z =0, λ x + λy +z = 0 has
1. k = 0 2. – 1 < k < 1 a non – trivial solution is (are)
3. – 2< k < 2 4. k ≠ 0 1. -1, 2 2. 0, - 1
3. 0 4. None of these
CHP 7
Matrices and 53
Determinants
HM - 20 1 sin 1
sin 1 sin then
(Matrices and Determinants) 8. If x = for
1 sin 1
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n 1 1 66
1. If 0 1 0 1....0 1 0 1 .
0 1 all , , det (x) lies in the interval
2 2
Find n.
[2, 4) 2. (2, 4) 3. (0, 1) 4. [0, 1]
1. 12 2. 13 3. 11 4. 14
6 ! 7! 8!
2. Let B is a 3 3 matrix s.t |B| = 5, then find 1
|5adj (|5B|) B2|? 9. If A = 7! 8! 9! then Find |adj (adj
6 ! 7! 8!
8! 9! 10!
1. 543 2. 541 3. 539 4. 540
(2A))|
4 3 1. 232 2. 230 3. 231 4. 229
3. Let A ; then find determinant of
1 1
the matrix (A216 – 2 A215 – A214) 10. Let x = [xij] be a 3 3 matrix such that
( 1) ji , if i j
1. – 25 2. 214 3. 216 4. 25
x ij 1 , if i j then find |3 adj (2x)|
w 2k 1 w k i j
( 1) , if i j
k 2k
4. w w 1 = X where 1, w, w2 are cube 1. 0 2. 1 3. -1 4. 6
1 w k w 2 k
roots of unity. Then Find |x| if k is a natural
number.
1. 0 2. w 3. w2 4. 1
5. Let a1, a2, a3, a4, ….., a10 be a G.P. with all +ve
terms.
log a 1a 2 log a 2 a 3 log a 3 a 4
| x | log a 4 a 5 log a 5 a 6 log a 6 a 7
log a 7 a 8 log a 8 a 9 log a 9 a 10
Find |x| ?
1. 0 2. w 3. w2 4. 1
6. Let B be a matrix of order 3 3 and if
|adj (12B)| = |adj (3 adj 2B)|, then find |B|2
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 9
[ t 3] [ t 2] [ t 1]
7. Let x = [ t 4] [ t 1] [ t 1] where [t]
[ t 4] [ t 2] [ t ]
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
to t. If det (x) = 192, then the set of values of t
is in the intervals.
1. [66, 67) 2. (66, 67]
3. [67, 68) 4. (67, 68]
54 Higher Math
CHP 8 Differentiation and its
applications
8.A. Differentiation of a Function 8.C. Some Important Results on
Let f (x) be a differentiable function on [a, b]. Then Differentiation
corresponding to each point c ∈ [a, b] we obtain a Let f (x) and g (x) be two differentiable functions on
unique real number equal to the derivative of f(x) at their common domain [a, b]. Then the following
x = c, written as f ' (c). This correspondence between results are true:
the points in [a, b] and derivatives at these points
defines a new real valued function with domain [a, b] d df ( x ) d
and range a subset of R such that the image of x is 1. (f ( x ) g( x )) g( x )
the value of the derivative at x. This function is dx dx dx
called the derivative of f (x) with respect of x or
derivative of f (x) and is denoted by f ' (x) or D f (x) 2.
df ( x ) d d d
or . (f ( x )g( x )) f ( x ) (g( x )) g( x ) (f ( x ))
dx dx dx dx
(Product rule)
8.B. Geometrical Meaning of Derivative at
d d
a Point g( x ) (f ( x )) f ( x ) (g( x ))
d f (x) dx dx
dx g( x )
Consider the curve y = f (x). Let f (x) be 3.
differentiable at x = c. Let P (c, f (c)) be a point on (g ( x )) 2
the curve y = f (x) and Q (x, f (x)) be a neighboring (Quotient rule)
point on the curve. Then
d d df ( x )
y Q[x,f(x)] {g o f ( x )} {g(f ( x ))}.
4. dx df ( x ) dx
P[c, f(c)] or (gof )' ( x ) g' (f ( x )) f ' ( x )
f(x)-f(c) (Chain rule)
So, if y = g (u) and u = f (x), then
dy dy du
x-c N .
dx du dx
O T L M x
5. If g (x) is the inverse of the function f (x), then
17.3 gof (x) = x ⇒ g' (f (x)) f ' (x) = 1 ⇒ g' (f (x))
1
f ( x ) f (c) = .
Slope of chord PQ = . f ' ( x ).
xc
Taking limit as Q → P i.e. x → c, we get, df ( x )
6. f (x) = constant ⇔ 0.
lim lim f ( x ) f (c) dx
QP
(slope of chord PQ) = .
x c xc 7. Let f be derivable at x = c such that f ' (c) > 0.
As Q → P, chord PQ becomes tangent at P. Then there exists a neighborhood (c – δ, c + δ)
Therefore, of the point c such that f (x) is strictly increasing
on (c – δ, c + δ).
lim
f ( x ) f ( c)
Slope of the tangent at P = x c = f’ (c) 8. Let f be derivable at x = c such that f ' (c) < 0.
xc
Then there exists a neighborhood (c – δ, c + δ)
Thus, the derivative of a function at a point x = c is
of the point c such that f (x) is strictly increasing
the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the
decreasing on (c – δ, c + δ).
point (c, f (c)).
CHP 8
Differentiation and 55
its application
9. If f is derivable on [a, b] and if K is a number 8.E. Evaluation of Limits by Using L’
between f’ (a) and f’ (b), then there exists c ∈ (a, Hospital’s Rule
b) such that f’ (c) = K.
L’ Hospital’s rule: If f (x) and g (x) be two functions
dy
of x such that
dt
dy dx ' ( t ) lim lim
10. If x = ø (t), y = ψ (t), then (i) f (x) = 0 = g (x)
dx dt ' ( t ) x a x a
(ii) they are continuous at the point x = a,
8.D. Differentiation of Some Basic (iii) they are differentiable at the point x = a,
Functions (iv) f’ (x) and g’ (x) are continuous at the point x =
a,
d
(i) (const) 0, lim f ( x ) lim f ' ( x )
dx then x a = xa , Provided that
g( x ) g' ( x )
d n
(ii) ( x ) nx n 1 , g’ (a) ≠ 0.
dx lim f ' ( x )
d Generalization: If , assumes the
(iii) {(f ( x )) n ) n (f ( x )) n 1 f ' ( x ) x a g' ( x )
dx
0
d 1 indeterminate form and f ' (x), g' (x), satisfy
(iv) (log e x ) 0
dx x all the conditions of the L’ Hospital’s rule,
d x then we can repeat the application of this rule
(v) (a ) a x log e a lim
dx f ' (x) f ' (x)
on , and get x a =
d x g' ( x ) g' ( x )
(vi) (e ) e x lim f ' ' ( x )
dx
x a g ' ' ( x )
d 1
(vii) {log(f (x))} f ' (x)
dx f (x) Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this
process a number of times till our goal is
d f (x)
(viii) (e ) e f ( x ) f ' ( x ) achieved.
dx lim
d This rule is also applicable if x a
f (x) = ∞
(ix) (sin x ) cos x
dx lim
d and x a
g (x) = ∞ i.e.
(x) (cosx ) sin x
dx lim f ( x ) lim f ' ( x )
d x a g( x ) = x a g ' ( x ) which can again be
(xi) (tan x ) sec2 x
dx repeated till the final goal is achieved.
d
(xii) (cot x ) cosec 2 x
dx 8.F. The Derivative as a Rate of Change:
d In case of a linear function y = mx + b the graph is a
(xiii) (sec x ) sec x tan x
dx straight line and the slope m measures the steepness
d of the line by giving the rate of climb of the line, the
(xiv) (cosecx) cos ecx cot x rate of change of y with respect to x .
dx
As x changes from x0 to x1, y changes m times this
change.
So, we have,
y1 – y0 = m(x1 – x0)
Thus the slope m = (y1 – y0) / (x1 – x0) gives the
change in y per unit change in x
56 Higher Math
In case of differentiable function y = f (x), the 8.H. The Angle Between two Curves:
difference quotient given by: The angle of intersection of two curves is defined as
f (x h) f (x) f (x h) f (x) the angle between the two tangents at the point of
,h 0
xhx h intersection. Let y = f(x) and y = g (x) be two curves,
is the average rate of change of y (or f) with respect and let P (x0, y0) be their point of intersection. Also,
to x. The limit as h approaches zero is the derivative let ψ and ø be the angles of inclination of the two
dy/dx = f '(x), which can interpreted as the tangents with the x- axis, and let θ be the angle
instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x. between the two tangents.
tan tan g' ( x ) f ' ( x )
Then tan
8.G. The Concept of Tangent and Normal: 1 tan tan 1 f ' (x)g' (x)
Let y = f (x) be the equation of a curve, and let P (x0,
y0) be a point on it. Let PT be the tangent, PN the 8.I. The Concept of Monotonicity:
normal and PM the perpendicular to the x- axis.
A function f (x) defined on a set D is said to be non-
decreasing, increasing, non-increasing and
Y decreasing respectively, if for any x1, x2, ∈ D and x1
< x2, we have f(x1) ≤ f (x2), f(x1) < f(x2), f(x1) ≥ f(x2)
and f (x1) > f(x2), respectively . The function f (x) is
said to be monotonic if it possesses any of these
P (X0, Y0) properties.
Y
y0 y = f (x)
O X f(x2)
T M N
f(x1)
The slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at P is
dy
given by X
dx ( x 0 ,y0 ) O x1 x2
Thus the equation of the tangent to the curve y = f An increasing function
(x) at (x0, y0) is
dy
y y0 (x x 0 ) Y
dx ( x 0 , y 0 )
Since PN is perpendicular to PT, it follows that if f(x1)
(dy/dx) (x0,y0) ≠ 0, the slope of PN is
1 dx
f(x2)
dy dy ( x 0 , y0 )
( x 0 , y 0 )
dx
Hence the equation of the normal to the curve y = f
X
(x) at (x0, y0) is O x1 x2
dx
y y0 (x x 0 ) A decreasing function
dy ( x 0 , y 0 )
CHP 8
Differentiation and 57
its application
Let f(x) be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on 8.L. Second Derivative Test:
(a, b). Then
Let f be twice differentiable, and let c be a root of the
(i) for f (x) to be non - decreasing on [a, b] it is equation f ' (x) = 0. Then
necessary and sufficient that f ' (x) ≥ 0 for all x
∈ ( a, b). (i) c is a local maximum point if f '' (c) < 0
(ii) for f (x) to be non - increasing on [a, b] it is (ii) c is a local minimum point f ''(c) > 0
necessary and sufficient that f ' (x) ≤ 0 for all However, if f ''(c) = 0, then the following result
x ∈ ( a, b). is applicable. Let f ' (c) = f ''(c) = … = f(n – 1) (c)
(iii) for f (x) to be increasing on [a, b] it is =0 (where f r denotes the rth derivative), but f(n)
sufficient that f ' (x) > 0 for all x ∈( a, b). (c) ≠ 0.
(iv) for f (x) to be decreasing on [a, b] it is (i) If n is even and f (n) (c) < 0, there is a local
sufficient that f ' (x) < 0 for all x ∈( a, b). maximum at c and if f (n) (c) > 0, there is a
(v) if f ' (x) = 0 for all x in ( a, b), then f is local minimum at c.
constant on [a, b]. (ii) If n is odd then there is no extremum at the
point c.
8.J. Concept of Maxima and Minima:
A function has a local maximum at the point x0 if the 8.M. Greatest/ Least Value (Absolute
value of the function f (x) at that point is greater than Maximum / Absolute Minimum)
its values at all points other than x0 in a certain
Let f be a function with domain D, then f has the
interval containing the point x0. In other words, a
greatest value (or absolute maximum) at a point c ∈
function f (x) has a maximum at x0 if it is possible to
D if f (x) ≤ f (c) for all x in D and the least value (or
find an interval (α, β) containing x0, i.e., with α < x0
absolute minimum) at c if f (x) ≥ f (c) for all x in D.
< β, such that for all points different from x0 in (α,
β), we have f (x) < f(x0).
The greatest (least) value of continuous function f (x)
on the interval [a, b] is attained either at the critical
A function f (x) has a local minimum at x0 if there
points or at the end points of the interval. To find the
exists an interval (α, β) containing x0 such that f (x)
greatest (least) value of the function, we have to
> f (x0) for x ∈ (α, β) and x ≠ x0.
compute its values at all the critical points of the
interval (a, b), and the values f (a) & f (b) of the
The general term for the maximum and minimum of
function at the end points of the interval, and choose
a function is extremum, or the extreme values of the
the greatest (least) out of the values so obtained.
function. A necessary condition for the existence of
an extremum at the point x0 of the function f (x) is
that f ' (x0) = 0, or f ' (x0) does not exist. The points at
which f ' (x) = 0, or f ' (x) does not exist, are called
its critical points.
8.K. First Derivative Test:
(i) If f '(x) changes sign from positive to negative
at x0, i.e., f '(x) > 0 for x < x0, and f’ (x) < 0 for
x > x0, then the function attains a local
maximum at x0.
(ii) If f '(x) changes sign from negative to positive
at x0, i.e., f ' (x) < 0 for x < x0, and f’ (x) > 0
for x > x0, then the function attains a local
minimum at x0.
(iii) If the derivative does not change sign in
moving through the point x0, then there is no
extremum at that point.
58 Higher Math
HM - 21 (Differentiation) 8. The expression of
dy
of the function y =
dx
1. Let f be twice differentiable function such that x ...
f ''(x) = - f (x) and f '(x) = g (x), xa
a is
h (x) = {f (x)}2 + {g (x)}2. If h (5) = 11, then
find the value of h (10). y2 y 2 log y
1. 2.
1. 11 2. 14 x (1 y log x ) x (1 y log x )
3. 0 4. None of these
y 2 log y y 2 log y
2. Let f and g be differentiable function satisfying 3. 4.
g' (a) = 2, g (a) = b and fog = I (identity x (1 y log x log y) x (1 y log x log y)
function). Then f '(b) is equal to
dy
1 9. If xy = ex-y, then is equal to
1. 2 2. dx
2
2 1. (1 + log x)-1 2. log x (1+log x)-2
3. 4. None of these 3. (1 + log x)-2 4. None of these
3
sin1 x dy
ax b, x 1 If y e
2
10. and u = log x, then is
3. If f (x) 2 b 0 , then du
bx ax c, x 1 1
f (x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 1 if xesin x
1
1. 2. xesin x
1. a = b, c = 0 2. a = b, c ∈ R 1 x 2
3. c = 0, a = 2b 4. a = b, c ≠ 0 1
esin x
4. If f ' (2) = 2, f '' (2) = 1, then 3. 4. None of these
2x 4f ' ( x )
2 1 x2
Lim is
x 2 x2 dy
1. 0 2. 4 3. 2 4. ∞ 11. If xp yq = (x+y)p + q, then is equal to
dx
f (x) x py y qy
5. If Lim exists, then 1.
y
2.
qx
3.
x
4.
px
x a
g ( x )
1. Both Lim f (x) and Lim g(x) must exist. 2x 3
x a x a 12. If f '(x) = sin (log x) and y = f , then
3 2x
2. Lim f(x) need not exist but Lim g(x) exists
x a x a dy
is equal to
3. Lim f (x) exists but Lim g (x) need not dx
x a x a
exist. 1
1. sin(log x).
4. Neither Lim f (x) nor Lim g (x) may exist x log x
x a x a
2 2x 3
6. Let f (x) be an even function. Then f’ (x) 2. . sin log
(3 2x ) 3 2x
2
1. is an even function
2. maybe even or odd 2x 3
3. sin log
3. is an odd function 3 2x
4. None of these 4. None of these
7. Let f (x) be an odd function. Then f’ (x) 13. If f (x) = ex g (x), g (0) = 2, g' (0) = 1, then
1. is an odd function f '(0) is
2. is an even function 1. 1 2. 2 3. 0 4. 3
3. maybe even or odd
4. None of these
CHP 8
Differentiation and 59
its application
14.
x2
If f (x) = 3 e , then HM - 22 (Differentiation)
1 1. The tangent to the curve y = e2x at the point
f ' (x) – 2x f (x) + f (0) – f '(0) is equal to
3 (0, 1) meets x-axis at
1. 1 2. 0 1. (0, 2) 2. (2, 0)
7 x 1
3. ,0
2
3. e 4. None of these 4. None of these
3 2
x 2. If f and g are two increasing functions such
dy that gof exists, then gof
15. If y = ce a
x
, then find the value of
dx 1. Is a decreasing function
ay 2. Is an increasing function
1. a (x – a)2 2. 3. Is neither increasing nor decreasing
(x a) 2
4. None of these
3. a2 (x – a)2 4. None of these
3. If f and g are two decreasing functions such
16. The normal to a given curve is parallel to that gof exists, then gof
x- axis if
1. Is neither increasing nor decreasing
dy dy 2. Is a decreasing function
1. 0 2. 1
dx dx 3. Is an increasing function
dx dx 4. None of these
3. 1 4. 0
dy dy 4. Let y = x2 e –x, then the interval in which y
increases with respect to x is
1. (- ∞, ∞) 2. (- 2, 2) 3. (0, 2) 4. (2, ∞)
5. The value of b for which the function
f (x) = sin x – bx + c is decreasing in the
interval (- ∞, ∞) is given by
1. b < 1 2. b ≥1 3. b >1 4. b ≤ 1
6. let f(x) = x100 + sin x – 1, On which of the
following intervals is f(x) decreasing?
1. 0, 2. (0, 1)
2
3. , 4. None of these
2
7. The function f (x) = x3 – 3x is
1. increasing on (-∞, -3) ∪ (3, ∞) and
decreasing on (- 3, 3)
2. decreasing on (-∞, -1) ∪ (1, ∞) and
increasing on (- 1, 1)
3. increasing on (0, ∞) & decreasing on (-∞, 0)
4. decreasing on (-1, 1) & increasing on
(-∞, -1) ∪ (1, ∞)
60 Higher Math
8. If y = a log x + b x2 +x has its extremum value
at x = -1 and x = 2, then
HM - 23 (Differentiation)
1 1 1. If f ’(3) = 2 then find Lim
2. a = , b
h 0
1. a = 2, b = -1
2 2 f (3 h ) f (3 h )
2 2
1 2h 2
3. a = 2, b = 4. None of these
2 1. 1 2. ½ 3. 3 4. 2
9. If the function f (x) = 2x – 9 ax + 12 a x +1
3 2 2 log ex 2
2. If y tan 1
2
attains its maximum and minimum at p and q log ex
respectively such that p2 = q, then ‘a’ equals
3 2 log x d2 y
1. 0 2. 1 3. -1 4. 2 tan 1 then find 2
1 6 log x dx
10. The longest distance of the point (a, 0) from 1. 2 2. 0 3. 1 4. – 1
the curve 2x2 + y2 – 2x = 0, is given by
tan x sec x 1
3. If f (x) then f ’(x) is equal
1. 1 2a a 2
2. 1 2a 2a 2
tan x sec x 1
to
3. 1 2a 2a 2 4. 1 2a a 2 1. sec x (tan x – sec x) 2. sec x (sec x + tan x)
11. An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 2θ is 3. sec x (sec x - tan x) 4. None of these
inscribed in a circle of radius ‘a’. Then area of 4. If f(x) = x1/x then f '' (e) is equal to
the triangle is maximum when θ =
1. e1/(e-3) 2. - e1/e
3. - e1/(e-2) 4. None of these
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 6 3 2 dy
3x 4
3 2 5. If y = f and f '(x) = tan x2 then is
12. The maximum slope of the curve y = - x + 3x 5x 6 dx
+ 2x – 27 is
equal to
1. -5 2. 5 2
3x 4 1
3.
1
4. None of these 1. tan
5x 6 (5x 6)
2
5
The largest value of 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 5 for – 2 3 tan x 2 3
13. 2. f tan x2
≤ x ≤ 4 occurs at x = 5 tan x 2
6
1. – 2 2. – 1 3. 4 4. 3 3. tan x2
2
14. The function f (x) = x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 attains 3x 4 1
4. – 2 tan
its maximum value on the interval [0,2] at x = 5x 6 (5x 6)
2
1. Then the value of a is
1. –120 2. 120 6. If f '(x) = g(x) and g'(x) = - f(x) for all x and
3. 52 4. None of these f (2) = 4 = f ’(2) then find f 2 (16) + g2 (16)
1. 64 2. 16 3. 32 4. 128
1 cos x dy
7. If y = tan-1 , then find
1 cos x dx
x 1
1. 2 sec2 2.
2 2
1 2 x 1 2 x
3. sec 4. sec
2 2 2 2
CHP 8
Differentiation and 61
its application
x4 for x 1 12. The solution set of f '(x) > g'(x) where f(x) =
3 1 2x+1
8. f(x) = x 1 then 5 and g (x) = 5x + 4x log 5 is
x 2
3 x for x 1 2
2 2 1. (1, ∞) 2. (0, 1 ) 3. (0, ∞) 4. [0, ∞)
1. f(x) is continuous at x = 1 but not at x = 4
13. Suppose f is differentiable at x = 1 and
2. f(x) is differentiable at x = 4
Lim 1
3. f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 1 f (1 h ) 5 then
4. f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 4 h 0 h
x 1. f '(1) = 4 2. f '(1) = 3
9. Let f ( x )
{1 1 t }dt x2
then
3. f '(1) = 5 4. None of these
14. Suppose that f is a differentiable function with
0
5x 7 x2 the property that f (x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy and
1. f is not continuous at x = 2 1
2. f is differentiable everywhere Lim f (h ) 3 then
h 0 h
3. f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 2
1. f is a linear function
4. f’ (2+) doesn’t exist
x2
10. If f (x) = log10x then at x = 1 2. f (x) = 3x +
1. f is not continuous 2
2. the derivative is 1 3. f (x) =3x + x2
3. f is differentiable 4. None of these
4. f is continuous but not differentiable
11. If f '(x) is continuous at x = 0 and f ''(0) = 4,
Lim
then the value of x 0
2f (x) 3f (2x) f (4x)
is
x2
1. 4 2. 12
3. 9 4. None of these
62 Higher Math
HM - 24 (Practice Exercise) than one of the three. What is the maximum
and minimum number of people who could
have done Chemistry only?
1. Let p and q be two functions defined by p(x) =
|x + |x|| and q(x) = 1/x for x ≠ 0. If p(m) + 1. 40, 0 2. 28, 0 3. 38, 2 4. 44, 0
q(p(m)) = 29/10 for some real m, then the 9. A survey of 200 people in a community who
minimum possible value of p(q(m)) is watched at least one of the three channels ‒
1 5 8 BBC, CNN and DD ‒ showed that 80% of the
1. 2. 3. 4. 10 people watched DD, 22% watched BBC, and
5 4 5
15% watched CNN. What is the maximum
2. A real-valued function P satisfies the relation percentage of people who can watch all the
P(x) P(y) = P(xy + 4) + 4 P(y + x) – 4 P(x) + three channels?
9x, for all real numbers x and y, then the value
1. 12.5% 2. 8.5%
of P(8) is
3. 15% 4. Data insufficient
1. 18 2. 19 3. 20 4. 21
10. If p2 + q2 ‒ 29 = 2pq ‒ 20 = 52 ‒ 2pq, then the
3. A ladder of 7.6 m long is standing against a difference between the maximum and
wall and the difference between the wall and minimum possible value of (p3 – q3) is
the base of the ladder is 6.4 m. If the top of the
1. 486 2. 189 3. 378 4. 243
ladder now slips by 1.2 m, then the foot of the
ladder shifts by approximately: 11. What is the largest positive integer such that
1. 0.4 m 2. 0.6 m 3. 0.8 m 4. 1.2 m n 2 7 n 12
is also positive integer?
4. If θ is the angle between the pair of tangents n 2 n 12
drawn from the point A (0, 0) to the circle 1. 6 2. 8 3. 16 4. 12
x2 + y2 – 14x + 16y + 64 = 0, then tan θ equals
12. If A denotes the sum of all the coefficients in
7 7 112 15 the expansion of (1 – 3x + 10x2)n and B
1. 2. 3. 4.
8 4 15 64 denotes the sum of all coefficient in expansion
5. Suppose the two sides of a square are along the (1 + x)2, then:
straight lines 5x + 12y = 60 and 24y + 10x = 1. B = A3 2. 3A = B
107. Then the area of the square is 3. A = 3B 4. A = B3
1. 2.25 sq. units 2. 2.89 sq. units 13. The table given below shows the average
3. 3.61 sq. units 4. None of the above temperature (°F) of four cities during a 5-day
6. A boat is being rowed away in still water, from period. The standard deviation of the average
a 210 meters high cliff at the speed of 3 km/hr. temperature during the given period was
What is the approximate time taken for the lowest for which of the five cities?
angle of depression of the cliff at the boat to
Wednesd
Thursda
Tuesday
Monday
Friday
change from 60° to 45°?
ay
1. 5 min 2. 1.7 min 3. 1 min 4. 2 min
7. If A + B = 225°, then the value of
CotA CotB City A 73 75 77 71 69
City B 80 82 82 80 81
(1 CotA)(1 CotB)
City C 62 68 63 67 65
1 1 1 City D 55 58 52 50 50
1. 1 2. 3. 4.
2 3 4 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
8. Of 60 students in a class, anyone who has 14. Let the median the mean deviation about the
chosen to study maths elects to do physics as median of 7 observation 170, 125, 230, 190,
well. But no one does maths and chemistry, 16 205
do physics and chemistry. All the students do 210, a, b be 170 and respectively. Then
at least one of the three subjects and the 7
number of people who do exactly one of the the mean deviation about the mean of these 7
three is more than the number who do more observations is:
1. 31 2. 28 3. 30 4. 32
Practice Exercise 63
15. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and
A.(Adj.(A)) = 10I, then the value of
HM - 25 (Practice Exercise)
1
|Adj.(A)| is 1. A set of all possible values the function
25
f x x 2
1. 100 2. 25 3. 10 4. 4 , where x ≠ 0, takes is
x
16. If the points (2, –3), (λ, –1) and (0, 4) are
collinear, then the value of λ is : 1. (0, ∞) 2. (-∞, 0)
7 3 7 10 3. (-∞, ∞) 4. (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
1. 2. 3. 4.
10 10 3 7 2. For a < b < c < 0, the minimum value of the
function f(x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c| is
17. The shortest distances of the point (1, 2, 3)
from x, y, z axes respectively are 1. 2b – a – c 2. c – a
abc
1. 1, 2, 3 2. √5, √13, √10 3. 4. a + c – 2b
3. √10, √13, √5 4. √13, √10, √5 3
18. Let f(x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], then value of fog 3. A ladder just reaches a window that is 8 metres
high above the ground on one side of the
9 9
gof is: street. Keeping one end of the ladder at the
2 2 same place, the ladder is moved to the other
1. –1 2. 1 3. –9 4. 9 side of the street so as to reach a 12 metre high
window. If the ladder is 13 metres long, what
1 0 is the width of the street?
19. If A 1 , then the value of A125 is
1 1. 14.6 metres 2. 15.8 metres
25 3. 15.2 metres 4. 15.5 metres
1 5 0 1 4. If one of the lines given by the equation
0
1.
1 1
2.
5 3x2 + axy + 4y2 = 0 coincides with one of
those given by 3x2 + bxy – 4y2 = 0 and the
1 0 5 1 other lines represented by them are
5
3.
1 1
4.
0
perpendicular then a2 + b2 =
x sin cos 1. 5 2. 25 3. 26 4. 50
20.
The determinant of sin x 1 is: 5. The area, in sq. units, enclosed by the lines
x = 2, y = |x – 2| + 4, the X-axis and the Y-axis
cos 1 x
is equal to
1. independent of θ only 1. 12 2. 8 3. 6 4. 10
2. independent of x only
3. independent of both θ and x 6. Find the range of 3 + 4 Sin2 Q
4. None of these 1. (3, 7] 2. [3, 7) 3. (3, 7) 4. [3, 7]
7. In a class of 100 students, 73 like coffee, 80
like tea and 52 like lemonade. It may be
possible that some students do not like any of
these three drinks. Then the difference
between the maximum and minimum possible
number of students who like all the three
drinks is
1. 47 2. 53 3. 52 4. 48
8. Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b and g(x) = f(x + 1) –
f(x – 1). If f(x) ≥ 0 for all real x, and g(20)
= 72, then the smallest possible value of b is
1. 16 2. 1 3. 4 4. 0
64 Higher Math
x 2 6x 10 13. During recent elections, 9 prominent parties
9. The minimum possible value of , got elected on the number of seats 73, 44, 52,
3 x
37, 18, 25, 12, 18, and p, respectively, where p
for x < 3, is
is a natural number. For these 9 parties, if the
1 1 absolute difference between the mode and the
1. 2. 3. 2 4. –2
2 2 median value of the number of seats on which
they got elected is 10, what is the value of p?
10. The sum of the coefficient of three consecutive
terms in the binomial expansion (1 + x)n + 2, 1. 8 2. 18 3. 25 4. 28
which are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5, is equal to: 14. Let A and B be two non-singular, square
1. 63 2. 92 3. 25 4. 45 matrices of same order, then which of the
20
following are true?
11. ( 20
C k ) 2 is equal to: A. (AB)–1 = B–1.A–1
k 0 B. (A + B)–1 = B–1 + A–1
C. adj. A = |A|.A–1
1. 40C21 2. 40C19 3. 40C20 4. 41C20 D. det(A–1) = [det A]–1
12. If the variables A, B and C take on only the Choose the correct answer from the options
values 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and 34 with given below
frequencies indicated by the shaded regions 1. A and B only 2. B and C only
above, for which of the frequency distributions 3. B and D only 4. A, C and D only
is the mean equal to the median?
15. The area of the triangle whose vertices are
(1, 0), (2, 3) and (3, 2) is:
1. 4 sq. units 2. 2 sq. units
1 3
3. sq. unit 4. sq. units
2 2
16. If f ( x ) x , g ( x ) 2 x 3, then domain of
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 fog(x) is:
A 3 1 5
1. , 2. , 3. [2, ∞) 4. ,
2 2 2
17. If A and B are square matrices of the same
order, then (A + B) (A - B) is equal to
1. A2 – B2 2. A2 – BA – AB – B2
3. A2 – BA + B2 + AB 4. A2 – B2 + BA – AB
1 K 3
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 18. The value of K, if 3 K 2 33, is
B 2 3 1
1. –1 2. 0 3. 1 4. 2
19. Consider set A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
How many relations are possible from A to B?
1
1. 2. 8
28
3. 28 4. None of these
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 20. Find the distance between the points P (1, 2, 3)
C and Q (2, 1, 3).
1. A only 2. B only 1
1. 2 2. 2 3. 4. 4
3. A and C 4. A, B and C 2
Practice Exercise 65
HM - 26 (Practice Exercise) 7. For real x, the maximum possible value of
x
is
1. Let f(x) = 5x – 3 and g(x) = 9 – 5x. 1 x4)
Then |f(x) + g(x)| = |f(x)| – |g(x)| if and only if 1 1 1
1. 1 2. 3. 4.
2 2 3
3 3 9
1. x 2. x
5 5 5 8. The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of
5
9
3. x 5 3 1
4. for all real values 2 x 2 is:
5 3x
2. There are two buildings, one on each bank of a 26 80
river, opposite to each other. From the top of 1. 2. 3. 9 4. 8
3 9
one building, 60 m high, the angles of
depression of the top and the foot of the other 9. The table given below gives the weight
building are 30° and 60° respectively. What is categories of the 127 employees at company
the height of the other building? XYZ and the number of employees in each
1. 30m 2. 18 m 3. 40 m 4. 20 m category. According to the table, if m is the
median age, in years, of the employees at
3. The vertices of a triangle are (0, 0), and (4, 0) Company XYZ, then m must satisfy which of
and (3, 9). The area of the circle passing the following?
through these three points is
Weight Category Number of
14 205 12 123 (in pounds) Employees
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 9 5 7 Less than 120 12
120 - 129 20
4. Each of 74 students in a class studies at least
130 - 139 35
one of the three subjects H, E and P. Ten
students study all three subjects, while twenty 140 - 149 18
study H and E, but not P. Every student who 150 - 159 17
studies P also studies H or E or both. If the 160 - 169 15
number of students studying H equals that 170 and over 10
studying E, then the number of students 1. 120 ≤ m ≤ 129 2. 125 ≤ m ≤ 134
studying H is 3. 130 ≤ m ≤ 139 4. 135 ≤ m ≤ 144
1. 22 2. 44 3. 52 4. 74
10. If the constant term in the binomial expansion
5. 95% of the students in a class have taken k
10
Marketing, 80% have chosen Finance, 84% of x 2 is 405, then |k| equals:
have chosen Operations, and 90% have chosen x
Human Resources. What is the maximum and 1. 3 2. 9 3. 1 4. 2
minimum percentage of students who have
1 1 1
chosen all of the four specializations?
1. 80% and 56% 2. 95% and 53% 11. If A 1 2 2 and square matrix
3. 80% and 49% 4. 80% and 51% 2 1 3
B satisfies AB = 8I, then the value of |B| is:
x 2 2 x 15
6. f(x) = is negative if and only if 1. 512 2. 64 3. 32 4. 8
x 2 7 x 18
1. –5 < x < – 2 or 3 < x < 9 1 a bc
2. –2 < x < 3 or x > 9 12. The value of 1 b c a is:
3. x < – 5 or 3 < x < 9 1 c ab
4. x < – 5 or – 2 x < 3
1. 0
2. (a + b + c)
3. a2 + b2 + c2
4. (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
66 Higher Math
13. Closing Prices of Stock Z during a certain 18. Consider set A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
week (in dollars) Given that all the relations from set A to set B
are equally likely, find the probability that a
Wednesday
Thursday
relation from A to B is also a function?
Saturday
Tuesday
Monday
Friday
1
1. 2. 0
26
1
15 19 18 24 17 12 3. 4. None of these
2
A certain financial analyst defines the
volatility of a stock during a given week to be 19. The domain of the function f(x) = log (x2 – 4)
the result of the following procedure: find the is :
absolute value of the difference in the stock’s 1. [2, ∞) 2. (–∞, –2) ∪ (2, ∞)
closing price for each pair of consecutive days 3. (2, ∞) 4. (–∞, –2] ∪ (–2, –1)
in the week and then find the average 20. Vijay has been invited for dinner in a club.
(arithmetic mean) of the 5 values. What is the While walking through the garden path
volatility of stock Z during the week shown in towards the club, he observes that there is an
the table? electric rod on the top of the building. From
1. 0.6 2. 1.8 3. 3 4. 4.6 the point where he is standing, the angles of
14. If A = (2, 3), B = (–1, 0), C = (4, 6) then area elevation of the top of the electric rod and the
of the parallelogram ABCD (in square units) top of the building are ø and θ respectively. If
is: the heights of the electric rod and the building
are p and q respectively, mark all the correct
3 statements.
1. 3 2.
2
p tan
3. 6 4. 2 A) The height of the building is
tan tan
1
15. If f(x) = 27x3 and g ( x ) ( x ) 3 , then gof (x) is: B) The height of the electric rod is
q tan
1. x 2. 2x 3. 3x 4. 0
tan tan
16. If the order of a matrix A is 2 × 3, the order of p tan
matrix B is 3 × 4 and the order of matrix C is C) The height of the building is
tan tan
3 × 4, then the order of the matrix (A.B).CT is:
1. 2 × 3 2. 3 × 3 D) The height of the electric rod is
3. 3 × 4 4. 4 × 3 q tan tan
17. Find the midpoint of the line joining the points tan
A (8, 4, 9) and B (4, 2, 5). 1. A and B 2. A and D
1. (12, 6, 14) 2. (6, 3, 7) 3. B and C 4. C and D
3. (4, 2, 4) 4. None of these
Answer Key 67
HIGHER MATH
ANSWER KEYS
HM - 01 HM - 02 HM - 03 HM - 04 HM - 05 HM - 06
1. 2 1. 2 1. 2 1. 1 1. 3 1. 3
2. 2 2. 3 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 3
3. 1 3. 3 3. 2 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1
4. 3 4. 2 4. 4 4. 1 4. 3 4. 2
5. 2 5. 3 5. 3 5. 2 5. 2 5. 3
6. 3 6. 2 6. 3 6. 2 6. 1 6. 2
7. 3 7. 1 7. 4 7. 2 7. 1 7. 3
8. 1 8. 2 8. 1 8. 4 8. 2 8. 1
9. 4 9. 2 9. 3 9. 2 9. 2 9. 1
10. 2 10. 1 10. 3 10. 2 10. 2 10. 1
11. 1 11. 2 11. 1 11. 4 11. 1 11. 1
12. 2 12. 3 12. 4 12. 3 12. 1
13. 1 13. 2 13. 2 13. 4
14. 2 14. 1 14. 2 14. 3
15. 3 15. 1 15. 2 15. 2
16. 2
17. 4
18. 3
19. 4
20. 3
HM - 07 HM - 08 HM - 09 HM - 10 HM - 11 HM - 12
1. 1 1. 2 1. 2 1. 4 1. 2 1. 1
2. 2 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 1 2. 1
3. 3 3. 2 3. 1 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2
4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4
5. 1 5. 4 5. 2 5. 2 5. 4 5. 4
6. 4 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 6. 2
7. 1 7. 2 7. 2 7. 4 7. 1 7. 4
8. 4 8. 2 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 8. 3
9. 2 9. 2 9. 2 9. 4 9. 1 9. 3
10. 2 10. 1 10. 3 10. 3 10. 3 10. 2
11. 1 11. 1 11. 3 11. 1 11. 4
12. 2 12. 1 12. 2 12. 3 12. 2
13. 3 13. 3 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1
14. 2 14. 2 14. 3 14. 2 14. 2
15. 3 15. 2 15. 2 15. 2 15. 4
16. 3 16. 2 16. 3 16. 1
17. 4 17. 2 17. 3 17. 1
18. 2 18. 1 18. 2 18. 2
19. 4 19. 3 19. 3 19. 2
20. 4 20. 3 20. 3 20. 4
21. 1
22. 3
23. 1
24. 2
68 Higher Math
HM - 13 HM - 14 HM - 15 HM - 16 HM – 17 HM - 18
1. 1 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1. 3
2.
For explanations of the questions, go 2. 2. 2. 2.
4 1 1 3 2
3. 2 to the explanations section of this 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 2
4. 3 4. 1 4. 4 4. 2 4. 1
5. 4 5. 2 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4
6. 3 6. 4 6. 2 6. 4 6. 1
7. 3 7. 2 7. 3 7. 2 7. 4
8. 4 8. 3 8. 2 8. 2 8. 2
9. 1 9. 3 9. 4 9. 2 9. 2
book
10. 2 10. 2 10. 2 10. 3 10. 2
11. 1 11. 1 11. 1 11. 1 11. 4
12. 1 12. 3 12. 1 12. 1 12. 2
13. 3 13. 1 13. 3
14. 1 14. 4 14. 4
15. 4 15. 3 15. 4
HM - 19 HM - 20 HM - 21 HM - 22 HM - 23
1. 3 1. 1 1. 1 1. 4 1. 4
2. 3 2. 1 2. 2 2. 2 2. 2
3. 2 3. 1 3. 3 3. 3 3. 2
4. 1 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4
5. 3 5. 1 5. 4 5. 3 5. 4
6. 1
6. 4 6. 3 6. 4 6. 3
7. 4 7. 1 7. 2 7. 4 7. 2
8. 4 8. 1 8. 4 8. 3 8. 4
9. 4 9. 1 9. 2 9. 4 9. 3
10. 4 10. 1 10. 1 10. 3 10. 4
11. 3 11. 3 11. 2 11. 2
12. 1 12. 4 12. 2 12. 3
13. 4 13. 4 13. 3 13. 3
14. 2 14. 1 14. 2 14. 2
15. 4 15. 2
16. 4
HM - 24 HM - 25 HM - 26
1. 3 11. 4 1. 1 11. 3 1. 3 11. 2
2. 4 12. 4 2. 2 12. 4 2. 3 12. 1
3. 2 13. 2 3. 3 13. 4 3. 2 13. 4
4. 3 14. 3 4. 4 14. 4 4. 3 14. 1
5. 1 15. 4 5. 4 15. 2 5. 3 15. 3
6. 2 16. 4 6. 4 16. 1 6. 1 16. 1
7. 2 17. 4 7. 1 17. 4 7. 3 17. 2
8. 4 18. 2 8. 3 18. 2 8. 2 18. 1
9. 2 19. 3 9. 3 19. 3 9. 3 19. 2
10. 3 20. 1 10. 1 20. 1 10. 1 20. 2
Explanations 69
HIGHER MATH
n n
n (B ) 3n
j and n(B ) 9m.
j
EXPLANATIONS j 1 j 1
∴ 3n = 9m ⇒ n = 3m ⇒ n = 45
HM - 01 (Set Theory and Relations) 7. The Set A is the set of all points on the hyperbola
1. Let A denotes the set of Indians who like paani xy = 1 having its two branches in the first and third
poori and B denotes those who like pav bhaji. quadrants, while the set B is the set of all points on
Now, A ∪ B = A + B – A ∩ B y = – x which lies in second and fourth quadrants.
Solving, A ∩ B = 83 + 78 – A ∪ B These two curves do not intersect.
Considering, A ∪ B ≤ 100 ⇒ A ∩ B ≥ 61 Hence A ∩ B = ø.
So, minimum value of x (A ∩ B) = 61 8. We have,
Now, A ∩ B ⊂ A and A ∩ B ⊂ B, bN = {bxx ∈ N}
So, we have, A ∩ B ≤ A and A ∩ B ≤ B = the set of positive integral multiples of b
So, maximum value of A ∩ B = min (83, 78) = 78 cN = {cxx ∈ N}
Hence, 61 ≤ x ≤ 78. = the set of positive integral multiples of c
2. We have, (A ∪ B) ∩ B' = A ∴ bN ∩ cN = the set of positive integral multiples of
⇒ ((A ∪ B) ∩ B') ∪ A' = A ∪ A' = N bc = bcN (∵ b and c are co-prime)
3. We have, Hence, d = bc
8n – 7n – 1 = (7 + 1)n – 7n – 1 9. We have,
= (nC272 + nC373 + … + nCn7n) bN = {bxx ∈ N}
= 49 (nC2 + nC37 + … + nCn7n – 2) for n ≥ 2 = the set of positive integral multiples of b
For n = 1, we have, 8 – 7 – 1 = 0 c N = {cxx ∈ N}
Thus, 8n – 7n – 1 is a multiple of 49 for n ∈ N = the set of positive integral multiples of c
So, X consists of all positive integral multiples of ∴ bN ∩ cN = the set of positive integral multiples of
49 of the form 49 Kn, where Kn = nC2 + nC37 + … + b and c both.
n
Cn7n – 2 including zero. ⇒ d = lcm of b and c
Also, Y consists of all positive integral multiple of 10. We have,
49 including zero. Total residents = 20,000
Therefore X ⊂ Y X (only) = X – (X ∩ Y) – (X ∩ Z) + (X ∩ Y ∩ Z)
4. The set P is the set of all points on the curve y = ex = 45% – 8% – 4% + 2% = 35%
and the set Q is the set of all points on the line X (only) = 35% of 20000 = 7000
y = x, passing through the origin and making 45 11. We have,
angle with X- axis. These two curves do not Total residents = 20,000
intersect. X ∪ Y ∪ Z = X + Y + Z – (X ∩ Y) – (Y ∩ Z) – (Z
Therefore P ∩ Q = ø ∩ X) + (X ∩ Y ∩ Z)
5. The set A consists of all points on y = ex and the set X ∪ Y ∪ Z = 45% + 25% + 15% – 8% – 5% – 4% +
B consists of points on y = e –x, these two curves 2% = 70%
intersect at x = 0. Hence A ∩ B consists of a single (X ∪ Y ∪ Z) ' = 100% – 70% = 30%
point. Read none of X, Y or Z = 30% of 20000 = 6000
Therefore A ∩ B ≠ ɸ. 12. Since the value of a determinant changes by minus
6. Since each Ai has 5 elements, we have sign by interchanging any rows or columns.
30 Therefore, corresponding to every element P of Y
n(A ) 5 30 150
i
there is an element P' in Z obtained by
interchanging two rows (or columns) in P.
i 1 …….(1) It follows that n (Y) ≤ n (Z).
Suppose S has m distinct elements. Since each Similarly, n (Z) ≤ n (Y)
element of S belongs to exactly 10 of Ai’s, we also Hence, n (Y) = n (Z)
have 13. ∵A⊂A∪B
30
∴ A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A
n(A ) 10m.
i 14. X ∪ Y will contain minimum number of elements if
i 1 …….(2) X ⊂ Y and in that case n (X ∪ Y) = n (Y) = 11
Form (1) and (2), we get 10m = 150 15. It is given that 2m – 2n = 56.
⇒ m = 15. So, m = 6, n = 3 satisfy the condition.
Since each Bi has 3 elements and each element of S
belongs to exactly 9 of the Bi’s we have
70 Higher Math
HM - 02 (Set Theory and Relations) symmetric.
1. Let (a,b) ∈ R. Then It can be easily verified that R is transitive.
(a,b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R – 1 11. Since R and S are reflexive relations on A
(by def. of R – 1) Therefore, (a, a) ∈ R, (a, a) ∈ S for all a ∈ A
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R (∵ R = R – 1) ⇒ (a, a) ∈ R ∩ S for all a ∈ A
∴ R is symmetric ⇒ R ∩ S is reflexive.
2. For any a ∈ N, we find that a R a Let (a, b) ∈ R ∩ S. Then
Therefore, R is reflexive but R is not symmetric (a, b) ∈ R ∩ S ⇒ (a, b) ∈ R and (a, b) ∈ S
(Because a R b does not imply that b R a) ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ S (∵ R and S are
Also, R is transitive by using the divisibility symmetric)
property. ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R ∩ S
3. Set A = {1, 2, 3} ∴ R ∩ S is Symmetric
R to be reflexive, it must contain (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) Let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ∩ S then
Since, R contains (1, 2) and (2, 3) (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ∩ S
R to be symmetric it must contain (2, 1), (3, 2) as ⇒ (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R and (a, b), (b, c) ∈ S
well ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R and (a, c) ∈ S (∵ R and S are
⇒ R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3) transitive)
(1,2)} ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R ∩ S
R to be transitive, it must contain (3, 1), (1, 3) ∴ R ∩ S is transitive.
⇒ R becomes an equivalence relation by adding Hence R ∩ S is an equivalence relation on A.
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2), (1, 3), (3,1) Let A = {a, b, c}, and let R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c),
Hence, the number of ordered pairs to be added = 7 (a, b), (b, a)},
4. For any integer n, we have S = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (b, c), (c, b)} be two
n is a multiple of n ⇒ n R n equivalence relations on A. Then R ∪ S is not an
∴ n R n for all n ∈ Z (the set of integers) equivalence relation on A, because (a, b) ∈ R ∪ S
⇒ R is reflexive and (b, c) ∈ R ∪ S but (a, c) does not belong to R ∪
∵ 2 divides 6 but 6 does not divide 2 S.
So, (2, 6) ∈ R but (6, 2) ∉ R. In the above example, R – S is also not an
⇒ R is not symmetric. equivalence relation.
Let (m, n) ∈ R and (n, p) ∈ R. Then HM - 03 (Set Theory and Relations)
(m, n) R m n 1. The relation is not symmetric, because if A is a
m p (m, p) R subset of B does not imply that B is a subset of A.
(n, p) R n p But it is anti-symmetric because if A is a subset of
⇒ R is transitive. B and B is a subset of A then A = B.
Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but it is not 2. Considering, the relation is not reflexive and
symmetric. transitive but it is symmetric, because
5. Since (1,1) ∉ R ∴ R is not reflexive. x2 + y2 = 1 ⇒ y2 + x2 = 1.
Now, since (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1) ∉ R, 3. Considering, the two sets are disjoint A ∩ B = ø and
Therefore, R is not symmetric. B ∩ A = ø, the relation is symmetric but it is neither
But R is transitive. reflexive nor transitive.
6. For any a ∈ R1, we have a ≥ a 4. Consider any mapping f: A → B.
Therefore, the relation R1 is reflexive but it is not The image of any given element in A can be any
symmetric as (2, 1) ∈ R1 but (1, 2) ∉ R1. one of the n elements in B.
The relation R1 is transitive, because (a, b) ∈ R1, Therefore, the m elements, in A can be assigned
(b, c) ∈ R1 implies that a ≥ b and b ≥ c which in turn images in B in, n × n × n × … m times = nm ways.
means that a ≥ c, So, (a, c) ∈ R1. This means that there are exactly nm distinct
7. Since R is reflexive relation on A mappings from A to B
Therefore, (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A 5. If A is empty set, then there is just one mapping
⇒ the minimum number of ordered pairs in R is n from A to B, namely the empty mapping in which
Hence, m ≥ n there is no element to which an image is to be
8. The void relation R on A is not reflexive as (a, a)∉R assigned.
for any a ∈ A. The void relation is by default 6. Let A = {a1, a2, …, am}, B = {b1, b2, …, bn} and let
symmetric and transitive. f: A → B.
9. Given, R is an equivalence relation on Set A The possible choices for f (a1) are n, for f (a2) are n
Therefore, (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A. – 1, and so on. Thus, there are
Hence, R has at least n ordered pairs or more. n (n – 1) (n – 2) … (n – (m – 1)) = n!
10. Since (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) ∈ R, therefore R is reflexive (n m) !
(1,2) ∈ R but (2, 1) ∉ R, therefore R is not injective mappings from A to B.
Explanations 71
7. When m > n, the elements of B are exhausted and the statements f (x) = 1, f (y) ≠ 1 are both false
before we have assigned an image to each element We have f (x) = 2 or 3, f (y) = 1, f(z) = 1 or 3.
of A. Therefore, there is no injective mappings from Since f is an injective map, therefore f (z) = 3
A to B possible in this case. This implies that f (x) = 2
8. Let A = {1, 2, 3} So, f (x) = 2, f (y) = 1 and f (z) = 3.
Let R = {(1, 1), (1, 2)}, S = {(2, 2), (2, 3)} be Hence, f – 1 (1) = y
transitive relations on A. 4. We have
Then R ∪ S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3)}. f o f (x) = f (f (x))
Now, R ∪ S is not transitive, since (1, 2) ∈ R ∪ S f (1 x ), 0 x 2
and (2, 3) ∈ R ∪ S but (1, 3) ∉ R ∪ S f (3 x ), 2 x 3
9. We have 1 (1 x ), 0 x 1 2 x , 0 x 1
R = {(7, 6), (7, 5), (9, 8), (9, 7), (9, 6), (9, 5)}
3 (1 x ),1 x 2 2 x , 1 x 2
So, R– 1 = {(6, 7), (5, 7), (8, 9), (7, 9), (6, 9), (5, 9)} 1 (3 x ), 2 x 3 4 x , 2 x 3
Hence, R o R – 1 = {(7, 7), (7, 9), (9, 9), (9, 7)}
10. Since a binary operation on S is function from S × S 5. We have f (x) = (a – xn)1/n, n ∈ N
to S, therefore the total number of binary operations ∴ f o f (x) = f (f (x)) = f ((a – xn)1/n)
on S is the total number of functions from S × S to = [a – [(a – xn)1/n]n]1/n = [a – (a – xn)]1/n
2 = (xn)1/n = x
S which is nn
6. We have
11. Since under a commutative binary operation on a
1, 2 x 0
set S ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are mapped to f(x) =
the same element, so the total number of x 1, 0x2
commutative binary operations on S is equal to Since x ∈ [-2,2], therefore x∈ [0,2].
n(n 1) n(n 1) f (x) = x – 1 for all x ∈ [-2, 2]
n^ [ n] n^ [ ]
x 1, for all x [2,0]
or f (x) =
2 2
12. A ∆ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A)
x 1, for all x [0,2]
and B ∆ A = (B – A) ∪ (A – B)
So, ∆ is commutative 1, 2 x0
HM - 04 (Functions) Now, f(x) = 1 x, 0 x 1
1. We have f (x) = cos (loge x), therefore x 1, 1 x 2
f (x) f (y) – 1/2 [f (x/y) + f (xy)]
Form (1) and (2), we get,
= cos (loge x) × cos (loge y) – 1/2 [cos (loge x/y) +
g(x) = f (|x|) + |f(x)|
cos (loge xy)
= cos (loge x) × cos (loge y) – 1/2 [cos (loge x – loge x 1 1, 2 x 0
y) + cos (loge x + loge y) x 1 1 x , 0 x 1
= cos (loge x) × cos (loge y) – 1/2 [2 cos (loge x) cos x 1 x 1, 1 x 2
(loge y)
x , 2 x 0
=0
2. Since f (x) is a continuous decreasing function on 0, 0 x 1
[π/6, π/3], therefore f (x) attains every value 2( x 1), 1 x 2.
between 7. Since f(x) = 4x3 – 12x is a continuous function
minimum value f (π/3) = 1/2 – π/3 (1 + π/3) defined on a closed interval [-1, 3], therefore it
and maximum value f (π/6) = √3/2 – π/6 (1 + π/6) attains every value between its minimum and
Hence f (A) = range of f (x) maximum values.
= [1/2 – π/3 (1 + π/3), √3/2 – π/6 (1 + π/6)] The given function has minimum value = – 8
3. There are three possibilities: (at x = 1) and maximum value 72 (at x = 3)
(i) The statement f (x) = 1 is true Hence the range of f is [-8, 72]
and the statements f (y) ≠ 1, f (z) ≠ 2 are both false 8. We have
We have f (x) = 1, f (y) = 1, f (z) = 2. f1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
But this means that f is not an injective map. f2 = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 4),
Therefore, this possibility is ruled out. (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
(ii) The statement f (y) ≠ 1 is true f3 = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
and the statements f (x) = 1, f (z) ≠ 2 are both false f4 = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
We have f (x) = 2 or 3, f (z) = 2 and f (y) = 2 or 3. Considering, f4 is a function from A to itself and
This implies that two of the elements x, y, z must f1, f2 and f3 are not functions from A to itself
have the same image which will mean that f is not 9. The function f (x) = x3 is not a surjection map from
an injective map. Z to itself as 2 ∈ Z does not have any pre-image in
Therefore, this possibility is also ruled out. Z. The function f (x) = x + 2 is a bijection from Z to
(iii) The statement f (z) ≠ 2 is true itself. The function f (x) = 2x + 1 in not a surjection
72 Higher Math
from Z to itself and f (x) = x2 + x is not a surjection x, x 0
∵x=
3.
map from Z to itself.
x , x 0
10. Since the function f: R → R given by f(x) = x3 + 5
0, x 0
is a bijection, therefore f – 1 exists. ∴x– x =
Let f (x) = y. Then x3 + 5 = y ⇒ x = (y – 5)1/3 2 x , x0
⇒ f – 1 (y) = (y – 5 )1/3 (∵ f(x) = y ⇔ x = f – 1 (y)) Hence, the domain of f (x) = 1
Hence, f – 1 (x) = (x – 5)1/3
x x
11. Since f: R → R and g: R → R, given by
f (x) = 2 x – 3 and g (x) = x3 + 5 respectively, are is the set of all negative real numbers i.e. (- ∞, 0)
bijections, therefore f – 1 and g – 1 exist. 4. Let f (x) = g (x) + h (x) + u (x),
We have, f (x) = 2x – 3 where g (x) = 1/x, h (x) = 2sin-1 x and
∴ f (x) = y ⇒ 2 x – 3 = y ⇒ x = (y + 3)/2 u (x) = 1
⇒ f – 1 (y) = (y + 3)/2 x2
Thus, f – 1 is given by f – 1 (x) = (x + 3)/2 for all Domain of g (x) is the set of all real numbers other
x∈R than zero i.e., R – {0}, domain of h (x) is the set
Similarly, g – 1 (x) = (x – 5)1/3 for all x ∈ R. [-1, 1] and the domain of u (x) is the set of all real
Now, (fog) – 1 (x) = (g – 1 o f – 1) (x) = g – 1 (f – 1 (x)) numbers greater than 2. i.e. (2, ∞)
Therefore, domain of f (x) is
= g – 1 x 3 x 3 5
1/ 3
x7
1/ 3
R – {0} ∩ [-1, 1] ∩ (2, ∞) = ø
2 2 2 5. We have f (x) = log (x+ ( x 2 1) )
12. Since f (x) is a periodic function with period 2π/5.
Therefore, f is not injective. ∴ f (-x) + f (x)
The function f is not surjective as its range is [-1,1] = log (x + ( x 2 1) ) + log (-x + ( x 2 1) )
which is a proper subset of its co-domain R. = log (- x2 + x2 + 1) = log 1 = 0 for all x
Hence, none of these.
⇒ f (-x) = - f (x) for all x
13. Since f: A → B and g: B → A are bijections,
⇒ f (x) is an odd function
therefore fog: B → B is a bijection.
Since g (x) is the inverse of function f (x), therefore
6. Let g (x) = cos x and h (x) = log x x 2 1
fog is the identity function on B. Now, h (-x) + h (x)
Hence fog = IB
Let f(x) = y. Then y = (3x + 2)/(5x – 3) = log x x 2 1 + log x x 2
1
14.
So, x = (3y + 2)/(5y – 3) 2 2
= log (- x + x + 1) = log 1 = 0 for all x
So, f –1 (y) = (3y + 2)/(5y – 3) ⇒ h (- x) = - h (x) for all x ⇒ f (x) is an odd
Hence, f –1 (x) = (3x + 2)/(5x – 3) = f (x) function.
15. 5x x 2 exists for But g (x) = cos x is an even function for all x
The function f(x) = log
Therefore, the function
4
(5x – x2)/4 ≥ 1 ⇒ 5x – x2 ≥ 4 g o h (x) = cos (log (x + ( x 2 1) ) is an even
⇒ x2 – 5x + 4 ≤ 0 function.
Hence, x ∈ [1, 4] 7. Since cos(sin x) exists for all x ∈ R and
HM - 05 (Functions)
sin – 1 1 x exists for x = ± 1, therefore
2
1. The function f (x) = 1/(2 – cos 3x) is defined for all 2x
x ∈ R. Therefore, domain of f (x) is R.
Let f(x) = y = 1/(2 – cos 3x) cos(sinx) + sin – 1 1 x
2
f(x) =
⇒ 2 – cos 3x = 1/y ⇒ cos 3x = (2y – 1)/y 2x
⇒ x = 1/3 cos-1 (2y – 1)/y is defined for x ∈ {-1, 1}
Now, x ∈ R if -1 ≤ (2y – 1)/y ≤ 1
⇒ 1/3 ≤ y ≤ 1
8. We have f (x) = cos x= + 1 cos 2x
2
2. The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
Since cos x is periodic with period 2π
Since, f: R → A is a surjection, therefore A is the
Therefore, f (x) is periodic with period 2π/2 = π
range of f (x).
9. Sine f(x) is defined for x ∈ [0, 1] therefore
Let f(x) = y = x2/(x2 + 1)
f (2x + 3) exists if 0 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 1
Solving, x = [y/(1 – y)]1/2
Now, x ∈ R if [y/(1 – y)]1/2 is real ⇒ 3 x 1 x 3 ,1
⇒ y/(1 – y) ≥ 0 2 2
⇒0≤y<1 10. We have
∴ Range of f (x) is [0,1). f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
Hence, A = [0,1) = (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2 sin2 x cos2x
Explanations 73
1 1 1 cos 4x 3 1 3
= log 1 x 3 log 1 x 3f ( x ).
1 (sin 2x ) 2 1 4 4 cos 4x
2 2 2 1 x 1 x
Since cos x is periodic with period 2π, therefore cos HM - 06 (Trigonometry)
4x is periodic with period 2π/4 1. c 0
Hence, f(x) is periodic with period π/2 3 180 3
c 180 0 108
0
11. Since f o f (x) = f (f (x)) = f 1 x 5 5
1 x 2.
5
c c
1 x 180 0 c 150 0 150
1 180 6
= 1 x x , for all x
1 x 3. Clearly, lies in 3rd quadrant and in this quadrant
1 sec is negative. So, cos is negative.
1 x
∴ for this function f -1 is f itself. 144
cos 1 sin 2 1
12. Let g (x) = sin x and h (x) = log (x+ ( x 2 1) ) 169
Both are odd functions 25 5
Therefore, f (x) = g o h (x) is also an odd function. 169 13
13.
f(x) = 3 sin x 2 exists for x 2 0.
2 2 13
Hence, sec = -
16 16 5
4. Clearly, x lies in 4th quadrant, where cosec x is
or x . negative and therefore sin x is negative.
4 4
1 1
The least value of x 2 is 0 for x = and the sin x 1 cos2 x 1
2
16 4 2 2
greatest value is for x = 0. cosec x = - 2
2
16 5. In 4th quadrant, cos x is positive.
Therefore, the greatest value of f (x) occurs at x = 0 1 3
cos x 1 sin 2 x 1
and the least value occurs at x = . 4 2
4
Thus, greatest value of 6. 1 8
Sec2 = (1 + tan2) = 1
2 7 7
f(x) = 3 sin = 3 sin 3
16 4 2 cosec = (1 + cot ) = (1 + 7) = 8
2 2
8
Least value of f(x) = 3 sin 0 = 0 8
cos ec sec
2 2
7 48 7 3
Hence, the values of f(x) lie in the interval 0, 3
8 7 64 4
2 cos ec sec
2 2
8
7
We have f (x) = x 1
14.
x 1 7. 9 5 4
Applying Componendo – Dividendo, Cosec = 1 sin
16 4 5
f (x) 1
⇒ f ( x ) 1 2x ⇒ x 4
f (x) 1 2 1 f (x) 1
1 sin 5 15 1
Now, f (2x) =
f (x) 1 1 sin 4 5 9 3
2 1 1
2x 1 1 f ( x ) 3f ( x ) 1 5
2x 1 f (x) 1 f (x) 3 8. sin 3 3
2 1 3 cos = 5 sin tan
1 f (x) cos 5 5
Dividing the Numerator and Denominator of the
We have f (x) = log 1 x and g ( x ) 3x x
15. 3
given expression by cos, we get:
1 x 1 3x 2
5 tan 2 sec 4 2
Therefor fog (x) = f(g(x)) = f 3x x
3
1 3x 2 5 tan 2 sec 4 2
Given Exp.
5 tan 2( 1 tan 2 ) 2 2
3x x 3
1
= log 1 3x 2
log (1 x )
3 2
5 tan 2 1 tan 2 2
3x x 3
(1 x )
3
1
1 3x 2
74 Higher Math
2 20.
3 9 1156 Apply C and D formulas in numerator and
5 21 2 3 2 2
5 25 625 denominator, we get:
3 9
2 1156 2 sin 45 sin 25
5 21 2 3 2 2 625 1
5 25 2 cos45 sin 25
3125 2312 625 813 271 HM - 07 (Trigonometry)
=
625 625 2312 2937 979
1. sin 2 310 sin 2 590 sin 2 310 cos2 310 1
9. 1 sin A
1 sin A 1 sin A [ sin 59° = sin (90° - 31°) = cos 31°]
1 sin A 1 sin A 1 sin A 2. sin 43° cos47° + cos 43° sin 47°
1 sin A 1 sin A 1 sin A = sin2 43° + cos2 43° = 1
cos A cos A cos A cos 47 0 cos (900 430 )
1 sin 2 A
sec A tan A [ sin 430 & sin 47 0 cos 430 ]
10. 1 sin 2 7 cos 2 3. cot 75° = cot (90° - 15°) = tan 15°.
Given Exp. = cot 2
1 cos sin
2 2 8 Similarly,
11.
1 cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x cot 74° = tan 16°
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x cot 73° = tan 17°
…
1 cos x cot 45° = tan 45°
1 cos x 2
Given Expression
1 cos x 1 cos x = (cot 15° cot 75°) (cot 16° cot 74°) …..
cos ecx cot x
sin x sin x sin x (cot 45° cot 45°)
12. sec 4 A sec 2 A sec 2 A(sec2 A 1) = (cot 15° tan 15°) (cot 16° tan 16°) …..
(cot 45° tan 45°) = (1 × 1 × …… × 1 × 1) = 1
(1 tan 2 A) tan 2 A tan 2 A tan 4 A
4. cos (180° - ) = - cos.
13. Using (a-b)2 + (a + b)2 = 2(a2 + b2), we get:
(1-tan )2 + (1+tan )2 = 2(1 + tan2) = 2 sec2 cos 160° = cos (180° - 20°) = - cos 20°.
14. sin sin (1 cos ) Similarly,
1 cos (1 cos )(1 cos ) cos 140° = - cos 40°
sin (1 cos ) sin (1 cos ) 1 cos cos 120° = - cos 60°
(1 cos2 ) sin 2 sin cos 100° = - cos 80°
15. sec2 600 – 1 = (2)2 – 1 = (4 – 1) = 3 Given Expression
16. sin2 300 + 4 cot2 450 – sec2 600 = = (cos 20° + cos 160°) + (cos 40° + cos 140°) +
2
1 (cos 60° + cos 120°) + (cos 80° + cos 100°) +
4 1 2
2 2 1
2 4 cos 180°
17. 3 cos 60 + 2 cot 30 – 5 sin2 450
2 0 2 0
= (cos 20° – cos 20°) + (cos 40° – cos 40°) +
3
2
1
2
1 2 (cos 60° – cos 60°) + (cos 80° – cos 80°) + cos 180°
3 2 5
2 2 = cos 180° = - 1
3 5 17 5. We have:
6
4 2 4 cos (90° + ) = - sin , sec (360° - ) = sec ;
18. tan x = 3 cot x tan2 x = 3 tan x = 3 tan (180° - ) = - tan ; sec ( - ) = sec ,
x = 600 cot (- ) = - cot etc.
19. Given Exp =
cos2 cos4 sin 4 sin 4
4 6 6 3 ( sin ) . sec . ( tan )
= cos 45 – cos430 + sin4 30 + sin4 60 sec (720 ) sin (5400 ) [ cot (90 0 )]
0
2
2 4 4
1 3 1 4 3 1 1 9 tan 2
2 2 2 2 16 16 0
2 = sec . sin[(180 3 ) ] tan
Explanations 75
tan2 tan2 1 1 1
o o
1
1
sec .sin . tan tan2 2 Sin 7 cos 37
2 2 2 2
6. cos 40° is clearly + ve, cos (-40°) = cos 40° > 0;
1 1 1 1
cos 320° = cos (360° - 40°) = cos 40° > 0 sin 7 37 sin 7 37
And, cos 140° = cos (180° - 40°) = - cos 40° < 0.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1
7.
sin150 0 sin (180 0 30 0 ) sin 30 0
1 sin 45o sin 30o .
2 2 2 2
4
2
19. sin x cos x
8. 9 7
cos 2x 1 2 sin 2 x 1 2
25 25 1 1
2 sin x cos x
9. 64 225 15 2 2
sin x = 1 cos 2 x 1
289 289 17 2 sin (45 o x)
15 8 240 Since the minimum value of sin (45° + x) is –1, so
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x = 2
17 17 289 minimum value of (sin x + cos x) is – 2 .
10. 25 20. We know that cos θ ≥ –1 and cos θ ≤ 1.
1 cos 2x ≥ – 1 1 + cos 2x ≤ 2.
1 tan2 x 144 = 119 144 119
cos 2x So, minimum value of 1 + cos 2x is 0 and the
1 tan x 1 25
2 144 169 169
144 maximum value of (1+ cos 2 x) is 2
11. sin 15° = sin (45° - 30°) 21. 1 1
= sin 45°cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° cos 3θ + sin 3θ = 2 cos3 sin3
2 2
1 3 1 1 3 1 ° °
. . = 2 (sin 45 cos 3 + cos 45 sin 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 sin (45°+3)
12. sin 75° = sin (45° + 30°) The maximum value occurs when sin (45° + 3) = 1,
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° i.e., 3 = 45° or = 15°.
1 3 1 1 3 1 22.
10 2 5
= . . Cos 18°= 1 sin2 180
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
13. sin 105° = sin (60° + 45°) 23.
10 2 5
3 1 Sin 36° = 1 cos2 360
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° = 4
2 2
24. 5 1
14. tan 15° = tan (45° – 30°) Sin 54° = sin (90° - 36°) = cos 36° =
4
1
1 HM - 08 (Trigonometry)
tan 45 o tan 30 o 3 3 1
. 1. sin3 (1 + cot) + cos3 (1 + tan)
1 tan 45 tan 30
o o
1
1 3 1 Cos Sin
3 = Sin3 + Sin3 + Cos3 + Cos3
Sin Cos
15. Using cos2A – sin2B = cos (A + B) cos (A – B), we = Sin3 + Sin2 Cos + Cos3 + Cos2 Sin
get,
= Sin2 [ Sin + Cos ] + Cos2 [Cos + Sin ]
cos2 48° – sin2 12° = cos (48° + 12°) cos (48° – 12°)
= [Sin +Cos ] [Sin2 + Cos2]
1 1 5 1 5 1
cos36o . = (Sin + Cos) × 1
2 2 4 8 = Sin + Cos
2. We have Sin6 + Cos6 + 3Sin2 Cos2
16. 2 cos 75° cos 15° = cos (75° + 15°) + cos
= Sin6 + Cos6 + 3Sin2 Cos2[Sin2 + Cos2]
(75° - 15°)
= [(Sin2)3 + (Cos2)3 + 3 Sin2 Cos2]
1 1
⇒ cos 90° + cos 60° = 0 . (Sin2 + Cos2)
2 2 = (Sin2 + Cos2)3
17. Using 4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ = cos 3θ, we get, = (1)3 = 1
4 cos3 15° – 3 cos 15° = cos (3 × 15°) 3. We have tan2x - 2 tan x + 1 = 0
= cos 45° =
1
. (tan x - 1)2 = 0
2 tan x - 1 = 0
18. Using 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B), tan x = 1
we get, x = 45o (as 0o x 90o)
76 Higher Math
4. The maximum and minimum values of Cos x are 1 10. (Cos Sin ) 4 (Cos Sin ) 4
and -1 respectively.
Cos Sin
Hence the extreme values of Cos x are -1 and 1.
5. We know that Cos -1 or Cos 1 [(Cos Sin ) 2 ]2 [(Cos Sin ) 2 ]2
Sec -1 or Sec 1 Cos Sin
Hence, the value of Sec never lie between -1 & 1.
[Cos 2 Sin 2 2Sin Cos]2
6. We have
1 Sinx (1 Sinx ) (1 Sinx ) [Cos 2 Sin 2 2Sin Cos]2
Cos Sin
1 Sinx (1 Sinx )(1 Sinx )
(1 2Sin Cos) 2 (1 2 sin Cos) 2
(1 Sinx ) 2
Cos Sin
1 Sin x
2
1 4Sin 2 Cos 2 4Sin Cos
(1 Sinx ) 2 (1 4 Sin 2 Cos 2 4 Sin Cos)
Cos 2 x Cos Sin
1 Sinx 1 Sinx
Secx tan x. 8Sin Cos
Cosx Cosx Cosx 8
Cos Sin
7. We have
11. We have
cos Cos 1
1 Sin 1 Sin Sec
x = r Cos Cos, y = r Cos Sin, z = r Sin
x2 + y2 + z2
Cos Cos Sin Cos Cos Sin 1 = (r Cos Cos)2 + (r + Cos Sin)2 + (r Sin)2
= r2 Cos2 Cos2 + r2 Cos2 Sin2 + r2 Sin2
1 Sin 2 Sec
= r2 Cos2 [Cos2 + Sin2] + r2 Sin2
2Cos = r2 Cos2 + r2 Sin2
Cos 2
Cos 2 = r2 (Cos2 + Sin2)
8. We have = r2
(Cosec - Sin)(Sec - Cos) (tan + Cot) 12. We have
1 1 Sin Cos Sin2 Cos2 + Cos2 Sin2 + Sin2 Sin2 +
Sin Cos
Sin Cos Cos Sin Cos2 Cos2
1 Sin 2 1 Cos 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 = Sin2 Cos2 + Sin2 Sin2 + Cos2 Sin2 +
Cos2 Cos2
Sin Cos Cos Sin
= Sin2 (Cos2 + Sin2) + Cos2 (Sin2 + Cos2).
2
Cos Sin 2 1
= (Sin2 + Cos2) (Sin2 + Cos2)
= 1×1 = 1
Sin Cos Cos Sin
13. We have
Cos 2 Sin 2 Sin 1 Cos
1 Sin
Sin 2 Cos 2 1 Cos Sin
9. We have Sin 2 (1 Cos) 2
Sin
Sin 3 Cos3 Cos3 Sin 3 Sin (1 Cos)
Sin Cos Cos Sin
Sin 2 1 Cos 2 2Cos
Sin
(Sin Cos)(Sin 2 Sin Cos Cos 2) Sin (1 Cos)
(Sin Cos) 2 2Cos 2(1 Cos)
Sin 2
(Cos Sin )(Cos 2 Cos Sin Sin 2 Sin (1 Cos) 1 Cos
14. We have
(Cos Sin )
Sin Cos 1
= 1 - Sin Cos + 1 + Cos Sin = 2 (1 Sin )
Sin Cos 1
(Sin Cos ) 1 (Sin Cos ) 1
(1 Sin )
(Sin Cos ) 1 (Sin Cos ) 1
[Sin 2 Cos 2 Sin Cos Sin Cos 1]
1 Sin
(Sin Cos) 2 1
Explanations 77
(Sin 2 Cos 2 2Sin 1)(1 Sin ) 18. We have tan + Cot = 2
Sin Cos 2Sin Cos 1
2 2 Sin Cos Sin 2 Cos 2
2 2
(Sin 2 Cos 2 2Sin Sin 2 Cos 2)(1 Sin ) Cos Sin Sin Cos
1
1 2Sin Cos 1 2
Sin Cos
( 2Sin 2 2Sin )(1 Sin )
2 Sin Cos = 1 Sin 2 = 1
2Sin Cos
2 = 90o
2Sin (Sin 1)(1 Sin ) = 45o
2Sin Cos
1
(1 Sin )(1 Sin ) Hence Sin = Sin45o =
2
Cos
19. We have, (1 - Sin A + Cos A)2 = 1 + Sin2A +
1 Sin 2
Cos2A - 2 SinA - 2 SinA CosA + 2 CosA
Cos = 2 - 2 SinA - 2SinA Cos A + 2CosA
Cos 2 = 2 (1-SinA) +2 Cos A (1-SinA)
Cos.
Cos = 2 (1+CosA) (1-SinA).
15. We have 20. We have,
2 Sinx Sinx
Sec Tan 1 4
1 Cosx 1 Cosx
Tan Sec 1
Sinx Sinx Cosx Sinx Sinx Cosx
1 Sin Cos
2
(1 Cos ) Sin
2 4
1 Cos 2 x
Sin 1 Cos Sin (1 Cos ) 2Sinx
2
4
2
2 Sin 2 x
2Sin 2 2Sin 2 Cos 2 Sin Sin Cos
2 2 2 1 1
2 Sinx
2Sin Cos 2Sin 2 Sinx 2
2 2Sin 2 Cos 2 Sin 2
2 2 x 30 o
HM - 09 (Trigonometry)
2
Sin Cos Sin 2 Cos 2 2Sin Cos
2 2
2 2 2 2 1. We have,
2 2
2
Cos Sin 2Sin Cos 1 Sin 1 Sin
Cos Sin 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 Sin 1 Sin
1 Sin
. (1 Sin ) 2 (1 Sin ) 2
1 Sin
(1 Sin )(1 Sin ) (1 Sin )(1 Sin )
16. We have
(1 Sin ) 2 (1 Sin ) 2
Cot Co sec 1
1 Sin 2 1 Sin 2
Cot Co sec 1
Cot Co sec (Co sec 2 Cot 2 )
1 Sin 2 (1 Sin ) 2
Cot Co sec 1 Cos 2
Cos 2
sec Cot) 1 sin (1 Sin )
Cot Co sec ( Co sec Cot )(Co
Cot Co sec 1 Cos Cos
(Cot Co sec )(1 Co sec Cot) 1 Sin 1 Sin
Cot Co sec 1 Cos
(Cot Co sec )(Cot Co sec 1) 2Tan 2Tan
Cot Co sec 1 [ lies in 2nd quad & Tan is vein 2nd quad]
Co sec Cot 2. We have,
17. We have, 1 Cos 1 Cos
Sin + Cosec = 2
1 Cos 1 Cot
Squaring both sides, we get
(Sin + Cosec)2 = 4 On Rationalizing, we get
Sin2 + Cosec2 + 2 Sin Cosec = 4 (1 Cos ) 2 (1 Cos ) 2
Sin2 + Cosec2 + 2 = 4 1 Cos 2 1 Cos 2
Sin2 + Cosec2 = 2
78 Higher Math
1 Cos 1 Cos 37
cosec
Sin Sin 12
1 Cos 1 Cos 2 Substituting value of sec ϴ in eqn. (1), we get
cot Ө = 35/12
Sin Sin
2Cosec = -2 Cosec 7. We have 7Sin2 + 3Cos2 = 4
3 7Sin2 + 3(1-Sin2) = 4
[ and Cosec is -ve in 3rd quadrant] 7Sin2 + 3-3Sin2 = 4
2
4Sin2 = 1
3. We have,
1
b Sin2 =
a tan = b tan = 4
a 1
bSin aCos Cos[b tan a ] Sin =
Now 2
bSin a cos Cos[b tan a ] = 30 or 210
b 1
b a tan =
b tan a a b2 a 2
2 3
b tan a
b a b a
b 2
8. We have tan2x = (1 - e2)
a
Now sec x + tan3 x cosec x
4. 4
We have 5 Cot = 4 Cot = 1 sin 3 x 1
5 =
5Sin 3Cos Sin ( 5 3 cot ) 5 3Cot cos x cos3 x sin x
Now
Sin 2Cos Sin ( 1 2 cot ) 1 2Cot 1 sin 2 x cos2 x Sin 2 x 1
4
5 3 cos x cos3 x 3
Cos x Cos 3 x
5 25 12 13
1 3
4 58 13
1 2 sec 3 x 1 tan 2 x
5
5. We have, 3
2
(sec tan ) 1 tan 2 x 2
3 …….(1)
As, we know that 3
sec2Ө – tan2Ө = 1 2
1 1 e 2
(sec Ө – tan Ө) (sec Ө + tan Ө) = 1
2 3
(sec tan ) 1
3 2 e 2 2
3
(sec tan )
2 …….(2) 9. We have Sin + Sin2 = 1
Adding (1) and (2), we get Sin = 1-Sin2
13 Sin = Cos2 ………………… (1)
2 sec Now, Cos2 + Cos4 = Sin + Sin2 (Using (1))
6
13 Cos2 + Cos4 = 1
sec 10. We have,
12
4
Substituting valueof sec in eqn.(1), we get (sec tan ) …….(1)
5
5
tan As we know that
12 sec2Ө – tan2Ө = 1
6. We have, (sec Ө – tan Ө) (sec Ө + tan Ө) = 1
cosec Ө + cot Ө = 6 ………………. (1) 4
(sec tan ) 1
As we know that 5
cosec2Ө – cot2Ө = 1 5
(cosec Ө – cot Ө) (cosec Ө + cot Ө) = 1 (sec tan ) …….(2)
4
(cosec Ө – cotӨ)6 = 1
Adding (1) and (2), we get
1
(cos ec cot ) ………………. (2) 41
6 2 sec
20
Adding (1) and (2), we get
41
37 sec
2 cosec 40
6
Explanations 79
cos
40 Cos 2
41 Cos 2
2
Sin
9
Thus, sin 1 1 Sin 2
41 Cos 2 1 Cos 2
2 2
11. We have Cosec + Cot = m Sin Sin
1 Cos
m Cos 2
Sin Sin mn Cos 2
(1+Cos) = m Sin Sin 2
Squaring both sides, we get
mn cos 2 cot 2
(1+Cos)2 = m2 Sin2
1+ Cos2 + 2 Cos = m2 (1-Cos2) cot cos mn
(1+m2) Cos2 + 2 Cos + (1-m2) = 0 Substitute this value in (3)
(1+m2) Cos2 + (1+m2) Cos + (1-m2) Cos + We get,
(1 - m2) = 0 m 2 n 2 4 mn
(1+m2) Cos [Cos + 1] + (1-m2) [Cos + 1] = 0 15. We have tan + sin = m …………(1)
(Cos + 1) [(1 + m2) Cos + (1-m2)] = 0 tan - sin = n …………………(2)
Cos +1 = 0 or (1+m2) Cos + (1 -m2) = 0 Squaring and subtracting (1) & (2), we get
But Cos + 1 = 0 is not possible as in this case 4 tan sin = m2 - n2 …………(3)
= 180o and the given equation is not satisfied at Now mn = (tan + sin) (tan - sin)
= 180o. = tan2 - sin2
(1+m2) Cos + (1-m2) = 0 1
Sin 2
(1+m2) Cos = m2 - 1 Sin 2 Sin 2 1
2 2
Cos Cos
m2 1
Cos = 1 Cos 2
m2 1 Sin 2
2
12. We have, Cos
Cos + Sin = 2 Cos
Sin 2
(Cos + Sin)2 = 2 Cos2 mn Sin 2
Cos2 + Sin2 + 2 Sin Cos = 2 Cos2 Cos 2
1 + 2 Sin Cos = 2 Cos2 mn sin 2 tan2
2 Sin Cos = 2 Cos2 - 1 …………..(1)
Now, sin tan mn
(Cos - Sin)2 = Cos2 + Sin2 - 2Sin Cos Substitute this in (3), we get
= 1 - (2 Cos2 - 1)
m n 4 mn
2 2
= 1 - 2 Cos2 + 1
= 2 -2 Cos2 16. We have m Cos2 + n Sin2 = p
= 2 (1- Cos2) m Cos2 + n Sin2 = p (Cos2 + Sin2)
(Cos - Sin)2 = 2 Sin2 m Cos2 + n Sin2 = p Cos2 + p Sin2
Cos - Sin = 2 Sin. (m - p) Cos2 = (p- n) Sin2
13. We have a Cos + b Sin = 3 ……………….(1) pn
Cot2 = .
a Sin - b Cos = 4 …………………(2) m p
Squaring and adding (1) & (2), we get 17. We have x = a Cos3 and y = b Sin3
a2 Cos2 + b2 Sin2 + 2ab Cos Sin + a2 Sin2 + b2 1
Cos2 - 2 ab Sin Cos = 25 x 3
Cos = …………… (1)
a2 (Cos2 + Sin2) + b2 (Sin2 + Cos2) = 25 a
a2 + b2 = 25 1
14. We have Cot +Cos = m …………….(1) y 3
and Sin = …………….(2)
Cot - Cos = n ……………….(2) b
Squaring and subtracting (1) and (2), we get
Squaring and adding (1) & (2), We get
4 Cot Cos = m2 - n2 ………………(3) 2 2
Now mn = (Cot + Cos) (Cot - Cos) x 3 y 3
= Cot2 - Cos2 = Cos2 + Sin2
a b
2 2
x 3 y 3
1
a b
80 Higher Math
18. We have x = a Cos4 and y = b Sin4 HM - 10 (Trigonometry)
x 1. We have,
Cos2 = ---------(1) = tan 15° tan 25° tan 45° tan 65° tan 75°
a
= tan15° tan25° tan45° tan(90° - 25°) tan(90° - 15°)
y = tan 15° tan 25° tan 45° × Cot25° Cot15° = 1
and Sin2 = ---------(2)
b 2. We have,
Adding (1) & (2), we get = Cos1° Cos2° Cos3° ------ Cos178° Cos179°
x y = Cos1° Cos2° …. Cos90°…. Cos178° Cos179°
= = Cos2+ Sin2 = 0 [∵Cos 90° = 0]
a b
3. We have,
x y Sin 10° + Sin 20° + Sin 30° + ------ + Sin 360°
1
a b = Sin 10° + Sin 20° + Sin 30° + ---+ Sin 180° +
19. We have x = h + p Sec Sin 190° ---+ Sin 330° + Sin 340° + Sin 350° +
xh Sin 360°
= Sec = = Sin (360 – 350)° + Sin (360 – 340)° +
p Sin (360 – 330)° + ------+ Sin 330° + Sin 340° +
p Sin 350° + Sin 360°
Cos = …………… (1)
xh = - Sin 350°- Sin 340° - Sin 330° - Sin 190° +
and y = k + q Cosec Sin 180° + Sin 190° ------+ Sin 330° + Sin 340° +
Sin 350° + Sin 360°
yk q
Cosec = Sin = ……….(2) = Sin 180° + Sin 360°
q yk =0
Squaring and adding (1) & (2), we get 4. We have,
= tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ------- tan 89°
p2 q2
= Cos2 + Sin2 = 1 = tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ------ tan 45° tan 46° tan 47° --
( x h )2 ( y k )2 ---- tan 89°
20. We have = tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ------ tan 45° tan (90 – 44) ×
a Cos3ϴ + 3a Cosϴ Sin2ϴ = m ----(1) tan (90 – 43) – tan (90 – 1)
a Sin3ϴ + 3a Cos2ϴ Sinϴ = n ----(2) = tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ------ tan 44° tan 45° Cot 44°
Adding (1) & (2), we get Cot 43° ----- Cot 1° = 1
a[Cos3ϴ+Sin3ϴ]+3a Cosϴ Sinϴ [Cosϴ+Sinϴ] = m+n. 5. We have,
⇒ a (Cosϴ + sinϴ) × 3 5 7 9
[Cos2ϴ - Cosϴ Sinϴ + Sin2ϴ + 3 Cosϴ Sinϴ] = m+n tan tan tan tan tan
⇒ a (Cosϴ + Sinϴ) × 20 20 20 20 20
(Cos2ϴ + Sin2ϴ + 2 Cosϴ Sinϴ)2 = m + n 3 3
tan tan tan tan tan
⇒ a (Cosϴ + Sinϴ) (Cosϴ + Sinϴ)2 = m + n 20 20 4 2 20 2 20
⇒ a (Cosϴ + Sinϴ)3 = m + n. 3 3
mn tan tan tan Cot Cot 1
⇒ (Cosϴ + Sinϴ)3 = 20 20 4 20 20
a 6. We have,
1/ 3
m n tan 20° + tan 40° + tan 60° + ----- + tan 180°
⇒ (Cosϴ + Sinϴ) = ------ (3) = tan 20° + tan 40° + tan 60° + tan 80° + tan (180 –
a
Subtracting (1) & (2), we get,
80) + tan (180 – 60) + tan (180 – 40) + tan (180 –
a(Cos3ϴ - Sin3ϴ) + 3a Cosϴ Sinϴ [Sinϴ - Cosϴ]=m-n 20) + 0.
⇒ a (Cosϴ – Sinϴ) × = tan 20° + tan 40° + tan 60° + tan 80° - tan 80°
[Cos2ϴ + Cosϴ Sinϴ + Sin2ϴ - 3 Cosϴ Sinϴ) = m - n - tan 60° - tan 40° - tan 20° = 0
⇒a (Cosϴ - Sinϴ) (Cos2ϴ+Sin2ϴ-2Cosϴ Sinϴ)=m - n 7. We have,
⇒ a (Cosϴ - Sinϴ) (Cosϴ - Sinϴ)2 = m – n Sin25° + Sin210° + Sin215° + ------ + Sin285° +
⇒ a (Cosϴ - Sinϴ)3 = m – n Sin290°
1/ 3 = Sin25° + Sin210° + Sin215°+ ------ + Sin240 +
mn Sin245° + Sin250 + ------ Sin285° + 1
⇒ Cosϴ - Sinϴ = ------ (4)
a 1
Squaring and adding (3) & (4), we get = Sin25° + Sin210° + Sin215° + ---- + Sin240° + +
2
2/3 2/3 Sin2(90 - 40) + ------ + Sin2(90 – 5) + 1
mn mn
2 (Cos2ϴ + Sin2ϴ) = 1
a a = Sin25° + Sin210° + Sin215° + ---- + Sin240° + +
⇒ (m + n) + (m – n) = 2 a
2/3 2/3 2/3 2
Cos2 40° + Cos2 35° + ----- + Cos2 5 + 1
= (Sin25° + Cos25°) + (Sin2 10° + Cos2 10°) + (Sin2
15° + Cos2 15°) + (Sin2 20° + Cos2 20°) + (Sin2 25°
Explanations 81
+ Cos2 25°) + (Sin2 30° + Cos2 30°) + (Sin2 35° + Cos (180 45) Co sec( 360 45) Cos (360 150)
Cos2 35°) + (Sin2 40° + Cos2 40°) + 3/2
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3/2
Sin 2 360 60 tan(360 3 30) Sec (360 60
= 8 + 3/2 = 9 ½ Cos45(Co sec 45)Cos150
8. We have, Sin 60 tan30 Sec 60
7 4
Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2 Cos 45 Co sec 45 Cos 180 30
18 9 18 9
Sin 60 tan 30 Sec 60
Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2
18 9 2 9 2 18
Cos 45 Co sec 45 Cos 30
Sin 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 Cos 2
18 9 9 18 Sin 60 tan 30Sec 60
Sin 2 Cos 2 Sin 2 Cos 2
18 18 9 9
1
2 3
2 2 1 3
=1+1=2 3 1 2 2
We have, 2
9. 2 3
Cos 24° + Cos 55° + Cos 125° + Cos 204° + 3
Cos 300° 14. We have,
= Cos 24° + Cos 55° + Cos (180 – 55)° + Sin 300 tan 240 Sec (390)
Cos (180 + 24)° + Cos (360 – 60)° Cos210 Cot 135Co sec 315
= Cos 24° + Cos 55° - Cos 55° - Cos 24° + Cos 60°
= Cos 60° Sin 300 tan 240Sec (390)
1 Cos210 Cot135Co sec 315
= Sin (360 60) tan(180 60)Sec (360 30)
2
We have, Cos180 30 Cot 180 45 Co sec360 45
10.
Cos 330° + Sin 660° + Sin 150° + Cos 120°
Sin 60tan 60Sec 30
= Cos (360° – 30°) + Sin (720° – 60°) + Cos30Cot 45Co sec 45
Sin (180° – 30°) + Cos (180° – 60°)
= Cos 30° – Sin 60° + Sin 30° – Cos 60° 3 3 2
2
3
3 3 1 1 2
= 0
2 2 2 2 3 1 2
2
11. We have,
Cos 510° Cos 330° + Sin 390° Cos 120° 15. We have,
= Cos (360° + 150°) Cos (360° – 30°) + Cos90 Sec tan180
Sin (360° + 30°) Cos (180° – 60°)
= - Cos 30° Cos 30° - Sin 30° Cos 60° Sec 360 Sin 180 Cot 90
(Sin) Sec tan
3 3 1 1 3 1 4 1
1 Sec Sin tan
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 16. We have,
Sin 180 Cos 90
12. We have,
Sin 150 5 Cos300 7 tan 225
Sin 360 Cos 360
tan135 3Sin 210
Sin 180 30 5Cos360 60 7 tan180 45
tan 270 Cot 360
tan180 45 3Sin 180 30 Co sec Sin 270
( Sin ) Sin
1 5
7
Sin 30 5Cos60 7 tan 45 2 2
Sin Cos
tan 45 3 Sin 30
1
3
Cot Cot
2 Co sec Cos
27 5 2
2 1
5 5
17. We have,
2
3
13. We have, Sin Cos tan Cot 2
Cos 225 Co sec 315 Cos 510 2 2
Sin 2 Cos 2 3
Sin 660 tan 1050 Sec 420 Co sec Sin
2
82 Higher Math
Sin Sin Cot Cot 2. Let A and B be two aeroplanes, A at a height of
1
Sin Cos Co sec Cos 3,000m from C then angle ADC = 60° and BDC =
45°
18. We have Let DC = x m
Cos2 Co sec2 tan 2
A
Sin 2 Co sec Cot
Cos Co sec Cot
1 B
Cos Co sec Cot
3000 m
19. We have (a2 – 1) Sin ϴ = (a2 + 1) Cos ϴ
a2 1 2
2 a4 1
⇒ tan 2 a +1
a 1 11 60
a 1
2
sin
45
ϴ C D
2 a4 1 2 In ∆ ACD
a -1
AC 3,000
20. We have Sin x + Sin2x = 1 ⇒ Sin x = 1 – Sin2x. tan 60° =
CD x
⇒ Sinx = Cos2x
3,000
Now, x ……(i)
Cos8x + 2Cos6x + Cos4x = Sin4x + 2 Sin3x + Sin2x 3
= (Sin x + Sin2x)2 Again, in ∆ BCD
= (1)2 BC 3,000 y
=1 tan 45° = 1
CD x
HM - 11 (Trigonometry) x = 3000-y .....(ii)
1. Let AB and CD be two poles = xm and P the point
on the road. Combing (i) and (ii) we get
3,000
A C 3,000 y
3
1 3,000 0.732
y 3,0001 1268m
3 1.732
3. C is the point on the ground and the length of the
15 15
string CA = 102m and tan , so, sin
60° 30 8 17
B 120-y D A
y P
120m
Let BP = y m; then PD = (120-y)m
In ∆ ABP
AB x
tan 60° = x y 3 …(i)
BP y
In ∆ CDP
CD x
tan 30° = x 3 120 y …(ii) C
DP 120 y B
Combing equations (i) and (ii), we get In ∆ ABC
y 3 3 120 y Sin
3y = 120-y y=30m AB 15 15
AB AC 102 90m
So, from equation (i), x y 3 30 3 52 m AC 17 17
Explanations 83
4. Let the height of the vertical pole AB be h m. 6. Let AB, the height of a cliff = 200m
So, the length of the shadow BC h 3 m and A
M N
angle ACB = 30° 60°
A
300 600
P Q
C B Y B 120-y
In ∆ ABC
AB h 1 In ∆ ABP
tan AB 1 200
BC h 3 3 tan 30° =
BP 3 BP
tan tan 30°
= 30° BP = 200 3m ..... (i)
5. Let AB, the height of the lighthouse = x m Again, in ABQ
Since MN PQ AB 200
tan 60° 3
angle MAP = angle APB = 30° and angle NAQ = BP BQ
angle AQB = 45° 200
Let the length between P and B be y m. BQ m ..... (ii)
So, the length between B and Q is (120-y) m. 3
A distance between the two boats = PB+BQ
M N 200
30 45 200 3 460m
3
7. Let be the angle of elevation
And PQ the length of tower 200 3 m
x P
45
P 30 Q 200 3
y B 120-y
120m
In ∆ ABP
AB 1 x
tan 30° =
BP 3 y Q R
200m
y x 3....( i)
In ∆ PQR
Again, in ∆ ABQ
PQ 200 3
AB x tan 3
tan 45° 1 QR 200
BQ 120 y
tan = tan60°
x=120 - y .....(ii)
= 60°
Combing equations (i) and (ii), we get
8. Let QR, the height of tower = H
120
x 120 x 3 or, x (1 3 ) 120 x 44m And PQ, the height of flagstaff = h
1 3
84 Higher Math
P 10. E A
30°
45°
h
Q 125
m
H 30° 45°
C B
D
In ∆ABD
AB
R S tan 45 0
DB
In ∆ QRS
125
QR H 1
tan DB
RS RS BD = 125m
H
RS .....(i) Also,
tan
Again, in ∆ PRS In ∆ ABC
PQ QR (h H) tan tan 30 0
AB
1
125
tan = .......[from(i)] CB
RS H 3 CB
or, H tan = h tan + H tan CB 125 3m
h tan
H CD CB DB 125 3 125
tan tan
9. Let PQ, the height of building = h 125( 3 1)m
And RS, the height of tower = H HM - 12 (Binomial Expansion)
R 1. a5
Coefficient of x-7 = 11C6
b6
a6
and coefficient of x7 = 11C5
P M b5
H a6 a5
h by the given condition,11C5 = 11C6
b5 b6
a 1
Q
S ab = 1
1 b
In ∆ RMP 2. Putting x = 1 and -1, we get
RM H h 1 = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 +….+a2n
tan
PM PM And 3n = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 +….+a2n
Hh Adding, we get
PM ......( i) 1 + 3n = 2(a0 + a2 + a4 +….+a2n)
tan
Again, in ∆ RSQ 3n 1
a0 + a2 + a4 +…..+ a2n =
RS H tan 2
tan [from(i)] 2n
C1, 2nC2, 2nC3 are in A.P.
SQ Hh 3.
After solving, we get, 2 2nC2 = 2nC1 + 2nC3
2n2 – 9n + 7 = 0
h tan 4. Coefficients of xn in (1 + x)2n and (1 + x) 2n-1
are
H 2n
Cn and 2n – 1Cn respectively.
tan tan
2n
Cn (2n )! n!(n 1)! 2n
Now . 2
2n 1 n! n! (2n 1)! n
Cn
C2 :
2n 2n - 1
Cn = 2 : 1
Explanations 85
5. r So the coefficient of x4 is 5 + 3 + 8 = 16
3 (a + b + c)n = an + C(n,1) an-1(b+c) +
6
Tr+1 = Cr (x ) 5/2 6 - r
3/ 2 15.
x C(n,2) an-2(b+c)2 + ..............+ C(n,n) (b+c)n
5 r 3r On expanding we note that first term consist of 1
15
= Cr 3 x
6 r
= 6Cr 3r x15 – 4r
2 2 term, second consists of 2, third consists of 3 & so
on. So we have total number of terms
15 – 4r = 3 or r = 3
Tr + 1 = T3 + 1 = 6C3 (3)3 x15 – 4(3) n2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + … (n+1) = (n+1)
= 20 × 27 × x3 = 540 x3. 2
Coefficient of x3 = 540. HM - 13 (Coordinate Geometry)
6. n r We have,
x n n–r x 1.
Tr + 1 in 2 = Cr 2
AB (at 2 at1 ) 2 (2at 2 2at1 ) 2
2 2
3 3
2n r
= nCr xr a 2 ( t 2 t1 ) 2 ( t 2 t1 ) 2 4a 2 ( t 2 t1 ) 2
r
3
2n r a (t 2 t1 ) (t 2 t1 ) 2 4
Coefficient of x = Cr r n
3r 2. Let three given points be
A = (x1, y1) = (k,2 - 2k),
n 2n 7 n 2 n 8 B = (x2,y2) = (-k + 1, 2k) and
C7 . C8 .
37 38 C = (x3, y3) = (-4 - k, 6- 2k) if the given points are
collinear, then
2 1
n 7 48 n = 55. x1(y2 - y3) + x2(y3 - y1) + x3(y1 - y2) = 0
n 7 83 k(2k - 6 + 2k) + (-k + 1) (6 - 2k - 2 + 2k) +
7. Tp = T(p-1)+1 = 6Cp-1 (2x)6-(p-1) 3p-1 (-4 - k) (2 -2k - 2k) = 0
= 6Cp-1 27- p 3p – 1 x7 – p k(4k-6) - 4 (k -1 ) + (4 + k) (4k - 2) = 0
Coefficient of Tp = 6Cp-1 27-p 3p-1 = 4860 (Given) 4k2 - 6k - 4k + 4 + 4k2 + 14k - 8 = 0
Clearly p = 5 is the solution. 8k2 + 4k - 4 = 0
8. In (1 + x2)n .x = C0 x + C1x3 + C2x5 +….+Cnx2n+1, 2k2 + k - 1 = 0 (2k -1) (k+1) = 0
differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, and putting x = k = 1/2 or k = -1
1,we get: (n + 1) .2n = C0 + 3C1 + 5C2 + ……… Hence, the given points are collinear for k = 1/2 or
+(2n + 1)Cn. k = -1.
9. Middle term = T26 3. Let θ be the angle between the given lines.
10. Coefficient of x2 = coefficient of x3 We have,
9C2 39-2 k2 = 9C3 39-3 k3 m1 = slope of the line joining (0,0) and (2,3) =
36 × 37 k2 = 84 × 36 k3 30 3
36 = 28k k = 9/7.
11. Given expansion is (45x - 49)4 20 2
To find the sum of the coefficients of all the terms m2 = slope of the line joining (2,-2) and(3,5) =
in the expansion, we have to put x = 1 in the 52
expansion. 7
Thus, required sum of coefficients = (45 - 49)4 3 2
= (- 4)4 = 256 m 2 m1
tan
12. (1 + x)n = nc0 + x . nc1 + x2 . nc2 + ……..+ xn . ncn 1 m1 m 2
Put x = 1 7 3/ 2 11/ 2 11
2n = nc0 + nc1 + nc2 +………+ ncn ……….(1)
1 7 (3 / 2 ) 23 / 2 23 .
Put x = -1
11
0n = nc0 - nc1 + nc2 +………. + (-1)n ncn ………… (2) tan1
(1) + (2) 23
2n = 2 [nc0 + nc2 + nc4 + ………] 4. Let the slope of the other line be m. it is given that
2n the angle between the two lines is 60.
n
c0 + nc2 + nc4 + ………= 2 n 1
2 m2
Given expansion is (1+x)n tan 60 =
13. 1 2m
Put x = 1, we get
Sum of coefficient = 2n. m2
3
14. Given expression can be written as 1 2m
(1-x)2 (1+x)-2 = (1 + x2 – 2x) m2
3
(1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + 5x4 - …. ) 1 2m
86 Higher Math
m- 2 = ± √3(1+2m) b
on solving we get and =3
2
2 3 2 3
m , a = 4 and b = 6.
2 3 1 2 3 1 Hence, the equation of the required line is
Substituting x1= 2, y1= 3 and the value of m in y-y1 x y
= m(x-x1), we obtain that the equation of the 1 3x + 2y = 12
required lines are 4 6
2 3
y-3 = - (x-2) 7. Let the equation of the line be
2 3 1 x y
and 1 .................(i)
a b
2 3 It passes through (3, -2).
y-3 = (x-2)
2 3 1 3 2
5. We have, 1 ...............................(ii)
a b
AB = (5 2) 2 (2 3) 2 10 The line (i) cuts the coordinate axes at A (a, 0) and
B (0,b).
And, AC = (5 6) 2 (2 5) 2 10 Let P (h, k) be the mid-point of the portion AB.
Then,
AB : AC = 10 : 10 = 1 : 1 a0 0b
h= ,k a = 2h and b = 2k
The internal bisector AD of BAC divides BC in 2 2
the Substituting the values of a and b in (ii), we get
ratio AB : AC i.e. 1:1.
3 2
So, coordinates of D are 1
2h 2k
2 6 3 5
, = (4, 4). A(5,2) y
2 2
Equation AD is
B(0,b)
42
y-2= (x-5)
45 P(h, k)
or,
2x + y – 12 = 0.
A(a,0)
B(2,3) D C(6,5) x
O
C(3-2)
6. x y
Let the equation of the line be 1 which
a b
meets the x and y axes at A (a, 0) and B (0, b) x y
respectively. Y 1
a b
Hence, Locus of P (h, k) is
3 1
= 1 or,
2x y
B 3y – 2x = 2xy
• (2, 3) 8. Here, = 75 and p = 32.
So the equation of the line is
X
A x cos 75° + y sin 75° = 3 2 ……….(i)
Now, cos 75 = cos (45 + 30)
a b
The coordinates of the mid-point of AB are , . = cos 45 cos 30 - sin 45 sin 30
2 2
1 3 1 1 3 1
a
2 2 2 2 2 2
Since the point, (2, 3) bisects AB. Therefore,
2 =2 Sin 75 = sin (45 + 30)
Explanations 87
= sin 45 cos 30 + cos 45 sin 30
1 3 1 1 3 1 Putting = -18 in (i), we get
2x+ 3y - 18 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 Hence, the equation of the required line is
Substitution these value in (i), we get 2x+3y - 18 = 0
3 1 3 1 11. The two lines are
x y 3 2 x(2 + 6k) + y (3 – k) + 4 + 12k = 0 ............(i)
2 2 2 2
and 7x + 5y – 4 = 0 .......................(ii)
Or, (3 -1) x + (3+1) y = 12 Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of (i) and (ii)
This is the equation of the required line. respectively. Then,
9. The equations of the lines are 2 6k 7
mx + (2m+3) y + m + 6 = 0 ......................(i) m1= , m2 =
3 k 5
(2m + 1) x+ (m-1) y + m - 9 = 0 ................(ii)
Since (i) and (ii) are perpendicular therefore,
Solving these two by cross- multiplication, we have
2 6k 7
x m1m2 = -1 = -1
(2m 3)(m 9) ( m 1)(m 6) 3 k 5
y 29
14 + 42k = - 15 + 5k k =
(2m 1)(m 6) m(m 9) .
37
1
12. The given line is x y 1,
m(m 1) ( 2m 1)(2m 3) a b
x y or bx + ay - ab = 0
Given, p = length of the perpendicular from the
m 2 20m 21 m 2 22m 6 origin to line bx + ay - ab = 0
1 b(0) a(0) ab ab
2 p
3(m 3m 1) b a
2 2
a b2
2
m 2 20 m 21 a 2b 2 1 a2 b2
x p2 2 2 2
3( m 3m 1)
2
a b
2 2
p a b
m 2 22 m 6 1
2 2 2
1 1
and y
3(m 2 3m 1) p a b
So, given lines intersect at point 13. Let p be the altitude of the given triangle and 'a' be
the length of each side.
m 2 20m 21 m 2 22m 6
, We have,
2 2 p = Length of perpendicular from (2, -1) on
3(m 3m 1) 3(m 3m 1 x + y -2 = 0
It lies on y-axis
2 1 2 1
m 2 20m 21 p A(2,-1)
0 12 12 2
3(m 2 3m 1)
In ABD, we have
m2 - 20m - 21 = 0, (m - 21) (m + 1) = 0 p
m = -1, 21 Sin 60 =
a
10. The equation of a line parallel to 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 is
2x+3y + = 0, is a constant
2p a a
a p
To find x-intercept of this line, we put y = 0 in its 3
equation. Putting y = 0 in (i), we get
2 1
2x+ = 0 x = -/2 a
So, x-intercept = -/2 3 2 60 D
To find y intercept of this line, we put x = 0 on its
2
equation, Putting x = 0 in (i), we get . B
x+y-2=0 C
3y+ = 0 y = -/3 3
So y-intercept = -/3 2
3a 2 3 2
It is given that the sum of the intercepts on the axes Area of the triangle =
is 15. 4 4 3
5
15 = 15 = -18
2 3 6
88 Higher Math
1 HM - 14 (Coordinate Geometry)
[Link] 1. The centre of the circle is (2, -3) and its radius is 5.
2 3 Hence its equation is (x – 2)2 + (y –(-3))2 = 52
14. Equation of any line parallel to 3x-4y-5 = 0 is 3x – (x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25
4y + = 0 .....................(i) x2 + 4 – 4x + y2 + 9 + 6y = 25
Putting x = -1 in 3x – 4y - 5 = 0, x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0
we get y = - 2 2. The equation of the lines is
Therefore, (-1, -2) is a point on 3x -2y – 1 = 0……(i)
3x – 4y – 5 = 0 and 4x + y – 27 = 0..….(ii)
Since the distance between the two lines is one unit. Solving these two equation,
Therefore, the length of the perpendicular from (-1, we get x = 5, y = 7,
-2) to 3x – 4y + = 0 is 1 so let the circle passes through A(5, 7)
Let C (2, -3) be the centre of the circle. Since it
3 1 4 2 passes through A(5, 7) so radius of circle is AC.
i.e. 1 Therefore
3 (4)
2 2
AC (5 2) 2 (7 3) 2
5
1 5+ = 5 5+ = 5 = 0 9 100 109 .
5 Hence the equation of the circle is
or - 10. (x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = (109)2
Substituting the values of in (i), we get x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 96 = 0.
3x – 4y = 0, 3x – 4y – 10 = 0. 3. The equations of the diameter are
These are the equations of the required lines. x- y = 5 ……….. (1)
ALITER Let the equation of a line parallel to 3x - 2x + y = 4 …….. (2)
4y - 5 = 0 be 3x - 4y + = 0 ........................(i) Solving (1) & (2), we get x = 3 & y = -2, so (3, -2)
It is given that the distance between the line 3x-4y-5 is the centre of the circle and radius of circle is 5.
= 0 and line (i) in 1 unit. Hence the equation of circle is
(x – 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 52
(5) x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0.
1
4. The equation of the diameters are
32 (4) 2 2x -3y + 12 = 0 ………….(1)
5 and x + 4y – 5 = 0 ………(2)
1 Solving (1) & (2), we get x = -3 and y = 2, so the
5 centre of circle is (-3, 2)
+ 5 = 5 + 5 = 5 = 0, -10 Now area of circle is 154 sq. units
Substituting the values of in (i), we get r2 = 154 ( 22/7) × r2 = 154
3x – 4y = 0, 3x – 4y – 10 = 0 as the equation of r=7
required lines. Hence the equation of circle is
15. The equation of any line through the intersection of (x + 3)2 + (y – 2)2 = 49
the given lines is x2 + y2 + 6x – 4y – 36 = 0
(4x-3y-1) + (2x-5y+3) = 0 5. As centre of the circle lies on x – axis so let the
Or, coordinates of the centre of the required circle be
x(2 + 4) - y (5+3) + 3 - 1 = 0 .......(i) C(a, 0)
Let m be the slope of this line. Then, Since it passes through A (2, 3), so its radius is AC
2 4 =5
m=
5 3 AC = (a 2) 2 (0 3) 2 5
As the line is equally inclined with the axes. (a – 2)2 + 9 = 25
2 4 (a- 2)2 = 16 a – 2 = 4
m=1 = 1 = -1 or 1/3
5 3 a = 6 or -2.
Putting the values of in (i), we obtain Hence the coordinates of centre are (6, 0) or (-2, 0).
x + y – 2 = 0 and x = y as the equation of the So the equation of circle are
required lines. (x – 6)2 + y2 = 52 and (x + 2)2 + y2 = 52
x2 + y2 – 12x + 11 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 4x – 21 = 0+
Explanations 89
6.
C
5 C D
3
1
A O (4, 0) 5 15
4
(-4, 0) A 10 B
So the coordinates of the centre of the circle in the
(i) new position are (5 + 10 , 5).
Radius of the circle in its new position is 5 units.
Hence its equation is
[x – (5 + 10 )]2 + (y – 5)2 = 25.
9. The equation of the given circle is
x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0
(x-1)2 + (y-2)2 = 52
(-4, 0) 4 O (4, 0) Its centre is O(1, 2) and radius 5.
A 3
5
C 5 5
O P (5, 5) O'
(ii) (1, 2) (a, b)
In both the above figures,
OA is 4, AC is 5 so OC = 3 This circle touches another circle of radius 5
Hence the centre of the circle are (0, 3) or (0, -3) externally at point P (5, 5). Let its centre is O ' (a, b).
Hence equation of the circles are Clearly P (5, 5) is the midpoint of OO '
(x – 0)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25 and
(x-0)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25 a 1 b2
∴ = 5 and = 5 a = 9, b = 8
x2 + y2 – 6y – 16 = 0 and 2 2
x2 + y2 + 6y – 16 = 0 Hence centre of the other circle is (9, 8) and its
7. We have OA = 3, OB = 4 equation is (x – 9)2 + (y – 8)2 = 52
∴ OL = 3/2 and CL = 2 10. The equation of the circle
In ∆ OLC, x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0
OC2 = OL2 + LC2 (x-3)2 + (y+2)2 = 52
OC2 = (3/2)2 + 22 The centre of the circle is O (3, -2).
OC2 = 9/4 + 4 = 25/4 Therefore, the required circle passes through the
OC = 5/2 point O (3, -2) and has its centre at
O’ (4, 5). So its radius is OO’
B
2 2
∴ OO’ = (4 3) (5 2) 50
Hence the equation of the circle is
(3/2, 2) (x – 4)2 + (y – 5)2 = (50)2
4 C
x2 + y2 – 8x – 10y – 9 = 0
2 11. Let the required equation for the circle is
3/2 L x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …………(1)
O A It passes through (5, –8), (2, -9) and (2, 1), therefore
we have
Thus the centre of the circle is (3/2, 2) and its radius 89 + 10g – 16f + c = 0 ………… (2)
is 5/2. 85 +4g – 18f + c = 0 ……………(3)
Hence the equation of the circle is 5 + 4g + 2f + c = 0 ………………(4)
(x – 3/2)2 + (y – 2)2 = (5/2)2 Subtracting (3) from (2), we get
8. Let C and D be the centers of the circle in its initial 4 +6g + 2f = 0
and final positions. The coordinates of C are (5, 5). 2 + 3g+ f = 0……………. (5)
In making one complete roll-on x-axis, the centre C Subtracting (4) from (3), we get
moves through the distance. 80 – 20f = 0 f = 4.
CD = AB = circumference of the circle = 10 Put f = 4 in (5), we get g = -2.
90 Higher Math
Put f = 4, g = -2 in 4, we get 5 – 8 + 8 + c = 0 15. The line 2x+ 3y = 6
c = -5 x y
Put the values of f, g, c in (1), we get the equation 1,
of the circle as 3 2
x2 + y2 – 4x + 8y – 5 = 0 cuts x –axis and y-axis at A (3, 0) and
12. Let the equation of the circle is B (0, 2) respectively.
x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0 ……….. (1) Now AB is the diameter of the circle.
x y Hence equation of the circle is
The straight line 1, cuts the coordinates (x- x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
a b (x-3) (x – 0) + (y – 0) (y-2) = 0
axes at A (a, 0) and B (0, b). x2 + y2 -3x – 2y = 0
Circle (1) passes through O (0, 0), A (a, 0) and B (0,
b)
HM - 15 (3D - Geometry)
Then 0 + 0 + 0 + 0+ 0 + c = 0 1. By distance formula,
c = 0……….. (2) ( x 2 x 1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z 1 ) 2
a2 +2g a + c = 0 …………(3) = Distance
b2 + 2f b + c = 0 …………. (4) Given OA = AB
Solving (2), (3) & (4) (p-0)2 + (q-0)2 + (r-0)2 = (3-p)2 + (-2-q)2 + (5-r)2
a b O = 9 - 6p + 4 + 4q + 25 - 10r
We get g = , f = , c = 0.
2 2 6p - 4q + 10r = 38
Put these values in (1), the equation of circle is 2. Sixth Octant
x2 + y2 - ax - by = 0 3. By using distance formula we have:
13. Let the equation of the required circle is AB 2 = (10-3)2 + (20-6)2 + (30-9)2 = 686.
x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0 ……….. (1) BC2 = (25 -10)2 + (-41-20)2 + (k-30)2
It passes through A (1, 0) and B (0, 1) = 225 + 3721 + (k-30)2 = 3946 + (k-30)2 = k2 +
∴ 1 + 2g + c = 0 & 1 + 2f + c = 0 4846 – 60 k.
CA2 = (3-25)2 + (6+41)2 + (9-K)2
c 1 c 1 = 484 + 2209 + 81 +K2 - 18k
g = & f =
2 2 = K2 - 18k + 2774.
Let r be the radius of circle (i), then Now, CA2 + AB2 = BC2
⇒ K2 - 18k + 2774 + 686 = k2 + 4846 – 60 k.
r g2 f 2 c ⇒ k = 33.
2 2 4. By using distance formula we get
c 1 c 1
r c PQ = (4 1) 2 (1 3) 2 (2 4) 2
2 2
= 25 16 4
c2 1
r = 45 = 3 5 Units
2
5. We know the formula for Mid Point
c2 1 x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 z 1 z 2
r2 2 , ,
2 2 2
Now r is minimum when c = 0 & minimum value of
3 5 4 2 9 7
1 2 , 2 , 2
r is .
2 (4, 3, -1)
1 1 6. Centroid of a triangle is given by
For c = 0, we have g = &f= .
2 2 x1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y3 z1 z 2 z3
Substitution the values of g, f and c in (1), , ,
3 3 3
we get x2 + y2 – x – y = 0 as the required equation
of the circle. 2a 4 8 4 3b 14 12 10 2c
, ,
14. We know that the equation of the circle having 3 3 3
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as end points of diameter is = (0, 0, 0)
(x- x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
2a 4 3b 18 2 2c
Here x1 = -1, x2 = 4, y1 = 2, y2 = -3 , , (0,0,0)
∴ Equation of circle is 3 3 3
(x+1) (x – 4) + (y -2) (y + 3) = 0 i.e. a = -2, b = -6, c = -1.
x2 + y2 – 3x + y – 10 = 0 7. Let the coordinates of C be (x, y, z) and the
coordinates of the centroid G be (1, 1, Then
Explanations 91
x 4 12 y 20 z HM – 16 (Statistics)
, , (1,1,1) 1. Sum of first four tests = 4n
3 3 3
Score in fifth test = n + 20
Hence x = -1; y = -9 and z = -17 Sum of score of five tests
= 4n + n + 20 = 5n + 20
8. Clearly we know the section formula as Required average = (5n + 20)/5 = n + 4
m1x 2 m 2 x1 m1 y 2 m 2 y1 m1z 2 m 2 z1 2. In case the difference between the consecutive
, , numbers is same, mean = median
m1 m 2 m1 m 2 m1 m 2 Hence, the required difference = 0
3(2) 2(1) 3(1) 2(4) 3(3) 2(6) 3. After rearranging, set S = {-7, -5, -4, 0, 3, 5}
3 2 , 3 2 , 3 2 Median of the set S = (-4 + 0)/2 = -2
Among options, 1st option after arranging
8 11 3 {-9, -6, -5, 1, 4, 1, 7}
5 , 5 , 5 Median = (-5 + 1)/2 = -2
4. List Y : 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 20
9. The mid point of the diagonal AC will be
Mean = 57/8
11 3 2 9 5 Median = 8
, ,
2 2 2 For list Z, we require,
Mean = Median = Mode = 8
1 To make mode 8, we require one more 8
(0, , 2)
2 And to make mean = 8, sum = 56
We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect So, 9 must be replaced with 8
each other. So, Mid-point of AC = Mid- point of 5. Going by options, 2nd option
BD. Sum = 0 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 = 24
4p q2 6r 1 Mean = 24/8 = 3, Median = (2 + 4)/2 = 3 and Mode
, , 0, ,2 = 2 satisfies
2 2 2 2
6. List A : 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, x, y
4p Mode = 5, so among x and y one value must be 5
So 0
2 Since x > y and Median = 4, so among x and y, one
q2 1 value has to be greater than 4 and one to be less
than 4
2 2 hence, x = 5 and y (greatest) = 3
6r 7. Integers ranges from 25 to 48 inclusive
2
2 Total integers = 24
p = -4, q=2, r=-1 Each Octile group contains = 24/8 = 3 integers
10. Clearly B will act as the mid-point of the line Sixth Octile group would be {40, 41, 42}
formed by the point A(3, 1, 6) and the required Median of 6th Octile group = 41
point C (p, q, r) 8. Given, (6 + 21 + x + y)/4 = 13
3 p ⇒ x + y = 25
So 6 p 15 Also, x × y = 100
2 ⇒ x = 20 or 5
1 q Given, 7 ≤ (6 + 8 + 10 + x)/4 ≤ 11
4q 7 9.
2 ⇒ 28 ≤ (24 + x) ≤ 44
6r ⇒ 4 ≤ x ≤ 20
19 r 44 Hence, the difference between the greatest and least
2
value of x = 20 – 4 = 16
11. Let the coordinates of the third vertex be (p, q, r).
10. Even integers in Set A = {2, 2, 6, 8}
1 2 p 5 8 q 9 3 r x = median = (2 + 6)/2 = 4
So , , = (0, 0, 0)
3 3 3 Prime numbers in set A = {2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 13}
p = -3, q = 3, r = - 6 y = median = (3 + 5)/2 = 4
12. m = tan θ z = median (1 + 15)/2 = 8
13. Required mean = (x + y + 2z)/3
x y z
The intercept form of equation is 1 = (4 + 4 + 2 × 8)/3 = 24/3 = 8
a b c 11. Interval one standard deviation from the mean
14. Both direction ratios and direction cosines give = (39 – 8) to (39 + 8)
direction of a line. = 31 to 47
15. a 12. Increasing the largest number only does not affect
Slope m= the median.
b
92 Higher Math
13. 5 consecutive integers starting with s are Therefore, its maximum value is ½
s, s + 1, s + 2, s + 3, s + 4 10. xa b c
Mean, a = s + 2
Mean of 9 consecutive integers that starts with s + 2 ∆= a xb c =0
=s+6=a+4 a b xc
14. We know, Standard Deviation ≤ Range/2 Applying C1→ C1 + C2 + C3.
⇒ Standard Deviation ≤ 10/2 = 5
Hence, it cannot be 6 x abc b c
15. There is no effect of addition or subtraction in each a x bc xb c =0
of the value on standard deviation, but on
multiplication, it gets multiplied ab x c b xc
Hence, required standard deviation = 60 1 b c
HM - 17 (Matrices & Determinants)
( x a b c) 1 xb c =0
1. A3=A3= - 27 ⇒ A = - 3
2. By using AA-1 = I, we get (2,3) element of the 1 b xc
product as 2 + 2y = 0 and (3,2) element as Applying, R2→R2 – R1 and R3→R3 – R1
-3 + 3x = 0, so x = 1 and y = -1. 1 b c
3. A is a skew symmetric matrix. Using, A = - A', we
get A + 2A' = - A.
( x a b c) 0 x a c =0
4. Taking, At = 0 we get t = 2 and -3. 0 0 x
5. A2 = I
( x a b c)(x 2 ) 0
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and bc + ca + ab = 0
Also, A2= 1 ⇒A= 1. x 0, (a b c)
But A = 3abc – (a3 + b3 +c3) 11. Use C1→ C1 - C2,
= - (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab) sec 2 tan 2 tan 2 1
= - (a + b + c)
As a + b + c > 0, we get A = -1. tan sec
2 2
sec 2
1
∴ a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc +1 = 6 + 1 = 7. 12 10 10 2
6. 0 b c
1 tan 2 1
Let A = b 0 a , then tr (A2) = 0 ⇒
c a 0 1 sec 2
1
2 10 2
-2 (a2 + b2 + c2) = 0
⇒a=b=c=0 we get C1 = C3 . Therefore, determinant = 0.
∴A=O 12. a 2b 0
7. i 0 i 2 ∆ 0 a 2b = 0
X+ = - X
3 i 3 4 i 2b 0 a
i 2 i 0 ∆ = - a3 + (2b)3 = 0, so 8 = (a/b)3
2X = 3 4 i - 3 i HM - 18 (Matrices & Determinants)
1. A nilpotent matrix is a square matrix A such that for
a c 0 2 some positive integer m, A, then Am = O. Here m is
2
b d 0 4 2i called the index of matrix A.
As we can see, A2 = O, We can say A is nilpotent
a c 0 1 and its index is 2.
X |A| = 1 for every x, so A-1 exists for all real x.
b d 0 2 i 2.
3. A2 = O.
8. Using matrix multiplication and addition we get,
4. If A = O, tr(A) = 0. Suppose A ≠ O and A =
AB+BA= O
9. Apply C2→C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – C1 to obtain a b 2
c d then A = O ⇒ a + d = 0
1 0 0
So, tr(A) = 0.
∆ 1 sin 0 = Sin θ Cos θ 5. a b
A=
1 0 cos c d
Sin 2
2
A – (a +d) A = O
Multiplying and divide by 2, we get .
2
Explanations 93
a ba b a b 9. 1 1 i i
= c d (a d ) c d 0
d ∆ = 1 i i 1
c i 1 1 i
a bc ab bd
2
a b Applying C1→ C1 + C2 + C3
=
2
( a b) 0 2(1 i) 1 i
ac cd bc d c d
i
∆ = 2(1 i) i 1
= ac2 + bc – a2 – ad = 0 2(1 i) 1 1 i
= ad – bc = 0 1 1 i i
= det(A) = 0 ∆ = 2(1 i) 1 i 1
-1
Therefore, A does not exists 1 1 1 i
6. 3 2 Applying R2→R2 – R1 and R3→R3 – R1
A= 1 1 i i
0 1 ∆ = 2(1 i) 0 1 1 i
1 2 i
A 3 and adj.A 0 1
0 3
On expanding, we get ∆ = - 2 + 2i
1 1 2 10. 1 1
Using, A-1= 0 3 1 ab
3 a b
Now, A-3 = (A-1)3 ∆ 1 bc
1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 b c
1 1
27 0 3 0 3 0 3 1 ca
c a
1 1 26
1
27 0 27 Apply C2 → C2
abc
7. By the property of Skew Hermitian matrices that 1 1 1
the diagonal of a Skew- Hermitian matrix are either 1
c a b
purely imaginary or zero
1 1 1
8. 1 2 1 ∆1
a b c
A = 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
b c a
1 2 1 1 2 1 4 3 0 Applying C3→ C3 + C2
A2 = 0 1 1
0 1 1
3 2 2 1
1 1
3 1 1 3 1 1 6 4 5 c
1 1 1 1
4 3 0 1 2 1 ∆ 1 1
A3 = 3 2 2 0 1 1
a b c a
1
6 4 5 3 1 1 1 1
b
4 11 1 This makes first and third column same having each
9 2 7 entry as 1. So, ∆ = 0
21 11 7 11. log a (abc) log a b log a c
3 2
A – 3A – A + 9I
∆ log b (abc) 1 log b c
4 11 1 4 3 0
log c (abc) log c b 1
9 2 7 3 3 2 2
21 11 7 6 4 5 Applying C1→ C1 - C2 - C3
1 2 1 1 0 0 1 log a b log a c
∆ log b a
0 1 1 90 1 0 1 log b c
3 1 1 0 0 1 log c a log c b 1
0 0 0 Now solving this determinant we get 0.
0 0 0 12. log a p 1
0 0 0
∆ log b q 1
log c r 1
94 Higher Math
Use a = ARP-1 ⇒ log a = log A + (p – 1) log R 7. Augmented matrix is
b = AR q-1 ⇒ log b = log A + (q – 1) log R 1 2 3 1
c = AR r – 1 ⇒ log c = log A + (r – 1) log R 0 0 p2 3
log A ( p 1) log R p 1 0 2p 1 1 2
∆ log A (q ) log R q 1 Interchanging R2 and R3 gives
log A (r 1) log R r 1 1 2 3 1
0 2 p 1 1 2
Applying R1→R1 – R3 and R2→R2 – R3
0 p2 3
( p r ) log R pr 0 0
gives system is inconsistent if p + 2 = 0
∆ (q r ) log R qr 0 Therefore, p = -2
log A (r 1) log R r 1 8. Since, the system has unique solution so
determinant ≠ 0
∆=(p - r) log R(q - r) - (p - r) (q - r) log R - 0 + 0 = 0
1 1 1
HM - 19 (Matrices & Determinants) 0 2 1 1
1. Since, A = ω B.
3 2 k
Also, B2 =2B, so B9 = 28 B = 256 B.
Thus, A9 = 256 B. Applying C1 → C1 – C2 and C2 → C2 – C3
3i i 0 0 1
2. 2
1 2 1 0
A = 3 i 5 7 i
i 1 2k k
7i e
On expanding, we get 2 – k – 2 ≠ 0
2 3i i k≠0
A = 3 i 5 7i So the system of equations will have a unique
i 7i e
solution if k is not equal to zero.
9. 4 x 2
2 3i i 2x 3 x 1
A=
A (A)' = 3 i 5 7i
i 7i e
|A| = - 2x2 + 3x +10 which is not zero at any of the
given values.
Hence, it is a Hermitian matrix. 10. b 2 ab b c bc ac
3. Binomial theorem is applicable for matrices iff
AB = BA. ab a 2
ab b 2 ab
For example, if we consider m = 2
bc ac c a ab a 2
(A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B) = A2 + AB + BA + B2 ∆
= A2 + 2AB + B2 (If AB = BA). Take b – a common form C1 and C3
4. cos sin 0 b bc c
sin cos 0 (b a )(b a ) a a b b
0 1
A (θ) =
0 c ca a
∆
cos(0) sin(0) 0 Now, C2→ C2 – C1 + C3
sin(0) cos(0) 0 b 0 c
0 1 (b a )(b a ) a 0 b 0
A (0) =
0
c 0 a
1 0 0 ∆
0 1 0 11. 7i 5i 1
0 0 1 5i 1
A (0) = 8
5. Given, AB = C 33 5 i
= x + iy
|AB| = |C|
Taking (- 5 i) common form C2
⇒ |A| |B| = |C|
7i 1 1
C
(5i) 8 1 1
A
Therefore, B= 33 i i
6. From the last two equations, we get x = 1, y = 1 and =x+iy
by substituting this in first equation we get, Since, C2 and C3 are same, so determinant is equal
a = 2. to zero.
Explanations 95
x+iy=0 HM - 20 (Matrices & Determinants)
x + i y = 0 + 0i 1. Given
x = 0 and y = 0
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n 1
12. b c 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 . . ....
z b 0 a
c a 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 n 1
....
z is a skew symmetric matrix of order 3 and we 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
know that the determinant of a skew symmetric
matrix of odd order is 0. hence determinant is zero. 1 1 2 3 1 4 1 n 1
0 1....0 1
13. sin x sin 2 x sin 3x sin 2 x sin 3x 0 1
3 4 sin x 3 4 sin x 1 1 2 3 ...... ( n 1)
1 sin x sin x 1 0 1
f(x)
Use C1→ C1 – C2 – C3 to obtain f(x) = sin 3x. n (n 1)
1 n (n 1)
sin x sin 2x sin 3x 2 66 n 12
2
0 3 4 sin x 0 1
0 sin x 1 2. |5B| = 53 |B|3 = 56
f(x)
f ( x ) sin x (3 4 sin 2 x )
So, | 5 adj (| 5 B | B | 5 adj 5
2
6
B2
3 sin x 4 sin 3 x sin 3x 5 512 adj B 2
| adj B
/ 2
cos 3x
3
/ 2
/ 2 513 2
|
0
f ( x )dx
0
Sin 3x
3 5 | B |
39 3 2 2
0
= 539 54
1
= 543
The integration becomes 3 . 3. 13 9
14. pa b c |A| = - 16 + 12 = - 4 & A2 = 3 2
a qb c 0
Now
a b rc
∆ A 216 2A 215 A 214 | A 214 (A 2 2A I) |
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we
get
Now A2 - 2A – I
pa b c
13 9 4 3 1 0
p q 0 0 2
p 0 r 3 2 1 1 0 1
13 8 1 9 6 0
⇒ p q c + [q(p + a) + b p] r = 0
a b c 3 2 0 2 2 1
1
Dividing by p q r , we get p q r 20 15
15. 5 4 1 5 5
2 3 1 20 15
So, A
216
2A 215 A 214
Let ∆
1 5 5
Apply R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 to get = - 100 + 75 = - 25
5 4 0 4. |x| = w2k (w4k – wk) – 1 (w3k – 1) + wk (w2k – w2k)
= w2k (wk – wk) – 1 (1 – 1) + wk (0) = 0
2 3 0
5. log (a ar) log( ar ar 2 ) log( ar 2 ar 3 )
1
Expanding along C3 | x | log( ar 3 ar 4 ) log( ar 4 ar 5 ) log( ar 5 ar 6 )
∆ = 15 – 8 = 7 ≠ 0 log( ar 6 a r 7 ) log( ar 7 ar 8 ) log (ar 8 ar 9 )
96 Higher Math
log (a 2 r ) log( a 2 r 3 ) log( a 2 r 5 ) 1 7 56
log( a 2 r 7 ) log (a 2 r 9 ) log( a 2 r 11 ) 0 1 16
0 1 18
log( a 2 r 13 ) log( a 2 r 15 ) log( a 2 r 17 )
= 18 – 16 = 2
2 log a log r 2 log a 3 log r 2 log a 5 log r Now | adj (adj (2A)) | = |2A| (n – 1)3
2 log a 7 log r 2 log a 9 log r 2 log a 11 log r 23 8
2A 2A
2 log a 13 log 2 log a 15 log r 2 log a 17 log r = (23|A|)8
C2 C2 – C1 and C3 C3 – C2 = 224 . 28 = 232
10. 1 1 1
2 log a log r
x 1 1 1
2 log r 2 log r
2 log a 7 log r 2 log r 2 log r = 0 1 1 1
2 log a 13 log r 2 log r 2 log r
|x| = 1 (1 – 1) + 1( - 1 + 1) + 1 (1 – 1) = 0
6. We know that |adj A| = |A|n-1 Hence |3 adj (2x) = 0
Hence |adj| (12 B)|2 = |3 adj (2B)|2 HM - 21 (Differentiation)
|adj| (12B)| = |3 adj (2B)| 1. We have,
(12)3 |B| = 33 |adj(2B) = 33 |2B|2 h (x) = {f (x)}2 + {g(x)}2
(12)3 |B| = 33 (23 . |B|)2 ∴ h’ (x) = 2 f(x) f ’ (x) + 2g (x) g’ (x)
123 |B| = 33 26 |B|2 = - 2g (x) g’ (x) + 2g (x) g’ (x) = 0,
123 33 2 6 [∵ f’ (x) = g (x) and f” (x) = - f (x) .
| B | 1 Also, f” (x) = g’ (x) ⇒ - f (x) = g’ (x)]
33 2 6 33 2 6 ∴ h (x) = constant for all x, but h (5) = 11.
7. [ t 3] [ t 2] [ t 1] Hence h (x) = 11 for all x.
fog = I
| x | [ t 4] [ t 1] [ t 1] 2.
⇒ fog (x) = x for all x
[ t 4] [ t 2] [t] ⇒ f ’ [g (x)] g’ (x) = 1 for all x
Applying R1 R1 3; R2 R2 1 1
3
⇒ f ’ (g (a)) = f ’(b) =
g ' (a ) 2
1 0 1
0 1 1
3.
ax b,
2
x 1
f (x) 2 b0,
[ t 4 ] [ t 2] [ t ]
bx ax c, x 1
= 1[t ] [t 2] [t 4] (0 1) Since f (x) is continuous at x = 1, therefore
= [t] + [t] – 2 + [t] – 4 Lim f (x) = Lim f (x)
x 1 x 1
3 [t] – 6 = 192
⇒a+b=b+a+c
3 [t] = 198 [t] = 66
⇒c=0
66 t < 67
|x| = (1 + sin2) – sin ( - sin + sin ) + (sin2 + 2ax , x 1
8. f ' (x)
1) 2bx a, x 1
= 2 (1 + sin2)
As f (x) is differentiable at x = 1, then
Since
2 2 (LHD at x = 1) = (RHD at x = 1)
0 sin2 < 1 ⇒ 2 a + 0 = 2b + a + 0 ⇒ a = 2b.
2 2(1 + sin2) < 4 Hence a = 2b, c = 0.
4.
9. 1 7 56 2x 2 4f ' ( x ) 0
(6 ! 7! 8! We have, Lim form
| A | 1 8 72 x 2 x2 0
6! 7! 8!
1 9 90 4x 4f ' ' (x )
Lim
R 2 R 2 R1 x 2 1
= 8 – 4 f” (2) = 8 – 4 = 4
R3 R3 R2 5. 1 1
If f (x) = sin and g (x) = ,
x x
Explanations 97
Lim Lim dy 2x 3 d 2x 3
then both f (x) and g (x) do not exit Therefore f ' .
x 0 x 0 dx 3 2x dx 3 2x
f (x) 2x 3 12
but Lim 0 exists. = sin log
x 0 g ( x ) 3 2x
(3 2x ) 2
6. Since f (x) is a even function, therefore (∵ f’ (x) = sin (log x))
f (-x) = f (x) for all x 13. f (x) = ex g (x) ⇒ f’ (x) = ex g (x) + ex g’ (x)
Differentiating both sides of above, we get ⇒ f’ (x) = ex [g (x) + g’ (x)]
⇒ (-1) f ’ (-x) = f ’ (x) for all x ⇒ f’ (0) = e0 [g(0) + g’ (0)] = 2 + 1 = 3
⇒ f ’ (-x) = - f ’ (x) for all x 14.
x2
⇒ f ’ (x) is an odd function. We have, f ( x ) 3e
7. Since f (x) is a odd function, therefore Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f (-x) = - f (x) for all x
x2
Differentiating both sides of above, we get f ‘(x) = 6 xe
⇒ (-1) f ’ (-x) = - f ’ (x) for all x f(0) = 3 and f’ (0) = 0
⇒ f ’ (-x) = f ’ (x) for all x 1
⇒ f ’ (x) is an even function. ⇒ f’(x) – 2x f (x) + f(0) – f’(0)
8. x ...
3
xy
or y a
xa
We have y a x 2 1
(3) 0 1
= 6 xe 6 xe +
2
x
Taking log on both sides, we get 3
log y = xy log a 15. x
Again taking log on both sides, we get
⇒ log (log y) = y log x + log (log a) Diff. y = ce x a w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 dy dy y x
. log x
dy (a ) ay
log y y dx dx x
. ce x a .
dx (x a ) 2 (x a ) 2
dy y 2 log y
dx x (1 y log x log y) 16. dx dx
We have xy = ex – y Slope of the normal = 0 ⇒ 0 0.
9. dy dy
Taking log on both sides, we have
x HM - 22 (Differentiation)
⇒ y log x = (x – y) ⇒ y = .
1 log x 1. dy dy
We have 2e 2x . Therefore 2.
x dx dx (0,1)
Differentiating y = w.r.t. x, we get
1 log x The equation of the tangent at (0, 1) is
dy 1 log x 1 log x y – 1 = 2 (x – 0) or 2x – y + 1 =0
= y = 2x + 1
dx (1 log x ) 2 (1 log x ) 2 Now, the tangent of the curve meets at x-axis, So y
10. We have y = and u = log x . =0
-1 = 2x, x = -1/2
Therefore
1
Thus, this meets x-axis at ,0
dy 2
dy e sin 1
x du 1
1
dy dx xesin x
2. Let x1, x2∈ R such that x1 < x2.
dx dx x du du
1 x 2 1 x 2 Then, x1 < x2
dx ⇒ f (x1) < f (x2 (∵ f is an increasing function)
11. We have xp yq = (x + y)p +q ⇒ g (f (x1)) < g (f (x2)) (∵ g is an increasing
Taking log on both sides, we get function)
⇒ p log x + q log y = ( p+ q) log (x + y) ⇒ gof (x1) < gof (x2)
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get Hence gof is an increasing function
p q dy p q dy 3. Let x1, x2 ∈ R such that x1 < x2. Then
1 x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) > f (x2) (∵ f is a decreasing
x y dx x y dx
function )
dy q pq pq p dy y ⇒g (f (x1)) < g (f (x2))(∵ g is a decreasing function)
⇒ .
dx y x y x y x dx x ⇒ gof (x1) < gof (x2)
12. 2x 3 Hence gof is an increasing function
We have f ’ (x) = sin (log x) and y = f 4. We have,
3 2x
y = x2 e –x.
Differentiating w.r.t .x, we get
98 Higher Math
dy 8. Since y = a logx + bx2 + x has its extremum at
2xe x x 2e x dy
dx x = - 1 and x = 2, therefore = 0 at x = - 1, 2.
dx
For y to be increasing,
dy a
dy We have 2bx 1.
0 e x ( x 2 2x ) 0 dx x
dx dy
⇒ 0<x<2 =0
dx at x 1
⇒ x ∈ (0,2)
Hence y is increasing on (0,2) ⇒ - a – 2 b + 1 = 0 ________ (1) and
5. Since f (x) = sin x – bx + c is decreasing on dy
(- ∞, ∞), therefore f ‘ (x) = cos x – b < 0 for all =0
x ∈ R ⇒ cos x < b for all x ∈ R ⇒ b > 1 dx x 2
(∵ cos x ≤ 1) a
6. f (x) = x100 + sin x – 1 ⇒ 4b 1 0 ________ (2)
2
⇒ f’ (x) = 100 x99 + cos x. Solving these two equations,
1
For 0, we get a = 2, b =
2 2
9. Since f (x) = 2x3 – 9 ax2 + 12a2x + 1 attains max.
If 0 < x , then f’ (x) > 0, therefore f (x) is and min. at p and q, respectively, therefore
2 f ’(p) = 0, f ’ (q) = 0, f ’’ (p) < 0 and f ’’ (q) > 0
Now, f’ (p) = 0,f’ (q) = 0
increasing on 0, . ⇒ 6p2 – 18 a p + 12a2 = 0 & 6q2 - 18 aq +12a2 = 0
2 ⇒ p2 – 3ap + 2 a2 = 0 and q2 -3aq + 2a2=0
For (0, 1) ⇒ p = a, 2a and q = a, 2 a. …(1)
If 0 < x < 1, then 100x99 > 0 and cos x > 0 Now, f ’’ (p) < 0 ⇒ 2p -3a < 0
(∵ x lies between 0 and 1 radian) 3
⇒ f’ (x) = 100x99 + cosx > 0 ⇒p< a ………(2)
2
⇒ f (x) is increasing on (0,1). and f ’’ (q) > 0 ⇒ 2q – 3a > 0
3
For , ⇒q> a ……..(3)
2 2
From (1),(2) and (3), we get p = a, q = 2a.
If < x < π, then 100 x99 > 100 Now p2 = q ⇒ a2 = 2a ⇒ a = 0, 2.
2 But for a = 0, f (x) = 2x3 + 1 which does not attain a
(∵ x > 1 ∴ x99 > 1) max. or min. for any value of x.
∴ 100x99 + cosx > 0 Hence a = 2.
(∵ cos x ≥ - 1 ∴ 100x99 + cos x > 99) 10. Let (x, y) be the point on the curve 2x2+y2 -2x = 0
⇒ f’ (x) > 0 Then its distance from (a, 0) is
⇒ f’ (x) is increasing on , . S= (x a )2 y2
2
7. We have, ⇒ S2 = x2 – 2ax + a2 +2x – 2x2
f (x) = x3 – 3x (Using 2x2 + y2 – 2x = 0)
⇒ f’ (x) = 3x2 – 3 Or S2 = -x2 + 2x (1 – a) + a2 . . . . . . . . .(1)
For f (x) to be increasing : ds
f’ (x) ≥ 0 ⇒ 2S = - 2x + 2 (1 –a)
dx
⇒ 3x2 – 3 > 0 ds
⇒ x2 – 1 >0 For S to be maximum, =0
dx
⇒ x ∊ ( - ∞, - 1 ) ∪ (1, ∞)
⇒ - 2x + 2 (1 – a) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 – a
For f (x) to be decreasing :
f’ (x) < 0 d 2S
It can be easily verified that < 0 for
⇒ 3x2 – 3 < 0 dx 2
⇒ x2 – 1 < 0 x = 1 – a.
⇒ x < - 1 or x > 1 Hence, S is max for x = 1 – a.
Hence, f (x) is increasing on (- ∞, - 1) ∪ (1, ∞) and 2
decreasing on (- 1, 1). Putting x = 1 – a in (1), we get S 1 2a 2a
Explanations 99
11. We have,
Angle BAC = 2 θ, AD = a + a cos 2θ and
d2y
= - 12 × 1 – 6 < 0.
BC = 2 BD = 2 a sin 2θ. dx 2
Therefore area of the triangle ABC Thus, y attains max. at x = - 1 and min. at x = 2
1 2 Now,
∆ = BC. AD = a2 ( sin 2θ + sin 2θ cos 2θ) y = 1 for x = - 2 , y = 12 for x = - 1
2 2 A y = - 15 for x =2 and y = 37 for x = 4.
2 1 2
= a sin 2θ + a sin 4θ Hence y attains its largest value at x = 4.
2 14. Since f (x) = x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 attains it maximum
at x = 1, therefor f’ (x) = 0 at x = 1.
This implies that
2θ f ’ (x) = 4x3 – 124x + a = 0, at x = 1
⇒ 4 – 124 + a = 0 ⇒ a = 120.
B D
0
C
HM - 23 (Differentiation)
d 1. 2 2
= 2a2 cos 2θ + 2a2 cos 4θ
Lim f (3 h ) f (3 h )
∴
d h 0
⇒ cos 2θ = - cos 4θ 2h 2
2 Applying L’ Hospital’s Rule, we get
d
⇒ θ = . For this value of , 2 0 f ' (3 h 2 ) 2h f ' (3) (2h )
6 d = Lim
h 0 4h
Hence, ∆ is maximum for = Lim
2f ' (3)
2
6 h 0 2
12. We have y = - x3 + 3x2 + 2x – 27 2. 1 2 log x 3 2 log x
dy y = tan – 1 tan 1
∴ = - 3x2 + 6x + 2 l 2 log x 1 6 log x
dx
dy = - tan -1 (2 log x) + tan – 1 3 + tan – 1 (2 log x)
Let Z = = - 3x2 + 6x + 2. 4
dx
dZ
= + tan -1 3
Then = - 6x + 6. 4
dx
dZ dy d2y
For max or min Z, 0 ⇒ x = 1. Since y is a constant, = 0 and similarly 2 is
dx dx dx
also zero.
d2Z 3. tan x sec x 1
Now, =-6<0 f (x)
dx 2 tan x sec x 1
Thus, Z is max for x = 1 and the max value of Z is (tan x sec x ) (sec 2 x tan2 x )
given by f (x) =
tan x sec x 1
Z = - 3x2 + 6x + 2 for x = 1.
(sec x tan x )[1 sec x tan x ]
i.e. Z = - 3 + 6 +2 = 5. f (x)
13. Let y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 5. tan x sec x 1
f ( x ) sec x tan x
dy
Then = 6x2 – 6x – 12 Thus, f ' ( x ) secx. tan x sec2 x
dx
For y to be maximum, secx (tan x secx)
dy 4. Taking log on both sides and then differentiating
= 0 ⇒ 6x2 – 6x – 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, -1
dx we get,
1
d2y log f (x) = log x
Now, = 12x – 6. x
dx 2 Differentiating both sides, we have
For x = 2, f ' (x) 1 log x
d2y f (x) x 2 x2
= 24 – 6 > 0 and
dx 2 1 log x
f ' (x) f (x)
For x = - 1, x2
Differentiating again both sides, we get
100 Higher Math
1 log x 9. x
f ' ' (x) f ' (x) +
x 2
f (x)
{1 1 t }dt x2
x 2 (1 / x ) (1 log x )2x 0
f (x) 5x 7 x2
x4
x
As, f(x) = x 1/x
For x > 2, Let y {1 1 t }dt as x 2
f(e) = e1/e 0
1 x
f’ (e) = 0
e 0
f ' ' (e) e1 / e 4
y (1 1 t ) dt t dt
e 0 1
Thus f ' ' (e) e (1/ e)3 1 2
( x 1)
y 2
5. 3x 4 2 2
y=f and f ’(x) = tan x2
5x 6 x2
y 1
dy 3x 4 d 3x 4 2
f '
dx 5x 6 dx 5x 6 x2
2 Thus, f(x) 1 2 x2
3x 4 2 5x 7
tan
x2
5x 6 (5x 6) 2
4
2 Lim f(x) = 1 + = 3 f(2) Lim f (x ) 10 7 3
3x 4 1 x 2 2 x 2
2 tan .
5x 6 (5x 6) 2 1 {(1 / 2)(2 h ) 2 } 3
f’ (2+) = Lim
6. h(x) = [f 2(x) + g2(x)] h 0 h
h’(x) = 2[f(x) f’(x) + g(x) g’ (x)] (1 / 2)h 2h2
h’(x) = 2[f(x) g(x) – g (x) f (x) ] = 0 = Lim 2,
x 0 h
Hence h(x) = f 2(x) + g2(x) is constant.
Thus, f 2(16) + g2(16) 5(2 h) 7 3
= f 2 (2) + g2 (2) = f 2 (2) + (f ’(2))2 = 16 + 16 = 32. f’(2-)= Lim 5
h 0 h
7. Hence f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 2
2 sin 2 x / 2
y = tan–1 , = tan–1 [tan (x/2)] = x/2. 10. Since g (x) = x is continuous but not
2 cos 2 x / 2 differentiable at x = 0, so f is continuous but not
dy 1 differentiable for log10 x = 0 i.e., for x = 1.
Hence, Alternatively,
dx 2
Given, f (x) = log10x
8. Since g (x) = x is a continuous function and
log10 x x 1
Lim f (x) = 3 = Lim f (x) = f (1), so f is a f (x)
log10 x x 1
h 1 h 1
continuous function at x = 1.
So, f is continuous at x = 1 and x = 4. f is clearly For continuity, f(1) = log10(1) = 0
not differentiable at x = 4 . Since g (x) = x is not R.H.L:
differentiable at x = 0. Now Lim log10 x log10 (1) 0
x 1
f (1 h ) f (1)
f’ (1 +) = Lim L.H.L:
h 1 h Lim log10 x log10 (1) 0
3 h 3 x 1
= Lim 1,
h 0 h Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 1, Now
f’ (1-) = 1
log10 x 1
1
2 1 h 1 h 31 h 2 f 1 5
3 2 1 f ' (x) x
Lim . 1 log10 x 1
x
h 0 h 2
Hence f is not differentiable at x = 1. R.H.D:
Lim log10 x log10(1) 0
x 1
Explanations 101
1 HM - 24 (Practice Exercise)
Lim log10 log10 1. Given, p(m) + q(p(m)) = 29/10
x 1 x Also, p(m) = |m + |m||
L.H.D: ⇒ q(p(m) = 1/|m + |m|| = 1/p(m)
1 ⇒ p(m) + 1/p(m) = 29/10
Lim f ' ( x ) Lim log10 log10 Let p(m) = r
x 1 x 1 x ⇒ r + 1/r = 29/10
L.H.D ≠ R.H.D Solving
10r2 – 29r + 10 = 0
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable.
10r2 – 25r – 4r + 10 = 0
11. 2f (x) 3f (2x) f (4x) (5r – 2)(2r – 5) = 0
Lim
x 0 x2 ⇒ r = 2/5 or r = 5/2
Applying L’ Hospital’s Rule, we get r = p(m) = |m + |m|| = 2/5 or 5/2
Now m cannot be negative as LHS becomes zero
2f ' (x) 6f ' (2x) 4f ' (4x)
Lim 2m = 2/5 ⇒ m = 1/5
x 0 2x p(q(m)) = |1/m + |1/m|| = 10
Again applying L’ Hospital’s Rule, we get 2m = 5/2 ⇒ m = 5/4
2f " ( x ) 12f " (2 x ) 16f " (4 x ) p(q(m)) = |1/m + |1/m|| = 8/5
= Lim Hence, the minimum possible value of p(q(m))
x 0 2
2f " (0) 12f " (0) 16f " (0) = 8/5
12 2. P(x) P(y) = P(xy + 4) + 4 P(y + x) – 4 P(x) + 9x
2
Putting x = y = 0
12. 1 2x+1 [P(0)]2 = P(4) + 4 P(0) – 4 P(0) + 9 × 0
f(x) = 5
2 P(4) = [P(0)]2
1 2x+1 Putting x = 0
f ' (x) = 5 (log5)(2) = log 5 × 52x+1
2 P(0) P(y) = P(4) + 4 P(y + 0) – 4 P(0) + 9 × 0
Also g’ (x) = 5x log 5 +4 log 5. P(0) P(y) = P(4) + 4 P(y) – 4 P(0)
So, { x: f ’(x) > g’(x)} P(0) P(y) – P(4) = 4 [P(y) – P(0)]
= {x: log 5 × 52x+1 > log 5 × 5x + 4 log5} Substituting, P(4) = [P(0)]2
= {x : 5 2x+1 > 5x + 4} P(0) [P(y) – P(0)] = 4 [P(y) – P(0)]
= {t : 5t2 – t – 4 > 0} (taking t = 5x) Either P(0) = 4 or P(y) = P(0)
= {t = 5x : (5t + 4) (t- 1) > 0} Since, all functions can’t have the same value, so
= {t = 5x : t > 1 or t < -4/5} P(0) = 4
= {t = 5x : t > 1} = (0, ∞) Putting x = 4 and y = 0
13. f (1 h ) f (1) P(4) P(0) = P(4) + 4 P(0 + 4) – 4 P(4) + 9 × 4
f '(1) = Lim 4 P(4) = P(4) + 4 P(4) – 4 P(4) + 36
h 0 h 3 P(4) = 36
f (1 h ) ⇒ P(4) = 12
But f (1) = Lim f (1 h ) = Lim h Putting x = 8 and y = 0
h 0 h 0 h
= (0) (5) = 0 P(8) P(0) = P(4) + 4 P(8) – 4 P(8) + 9 × 8
4 P(8) = 12 + 72 = 84
f (1 h) 0
Hence f’ (1) = Lim =5 ⇒ P(8) = 21
h 0 h 3. Let the ladder, AB = 7.6 m standing against a wall
14. f (x h) f (x) OA
f ' (x) = Lim
h 0 h The base of ladder, OB = 6.4 m as shown
f (x) f (h) xh f (x) Top of ladder A slips to A’
f ' (x) = Lim AA’ = 1.2 m (given)
h 0 h
Let OA’ = h meters
1 ⇒ OA = h + 1.2
f ' (x) = Lim f(h) + x = 3 + x
h 0 h Let the foot of ladder B shifts to B’
Hence f (x) = 3x + x2/2 + C. Let BB’ = x meters
Putting x = y = 0 in the given equation, we have ⇒ OB’ = 6.4 + x
f (0) = f (0 + 0) = f (0) + f (0) + 0 ⇒ f (0) = 0. And A’B’ = 7.6 m (ladder)
Thus C = 0 and f(x) = 3x + x2/2. In right angled triangle AOB,
OA2 + OB2 = AB2
⇒ (h + 1.2)2 + 6.42 = 7.62
⇒ (h + 1.2)2 = 16.8
⇒ h ≈ 4.1 – 1.2 = 2.9 m
102 Higher Math
A ⇒ OB = 210/√3 ≈ 121 m
A
1.2 m
A’
210 m
7.6 m
h
60° 45°
O B C
Also, in right angled triangle AOC,
x tan 45° = OA/OC
O B B’ ⇒ OC = 210 m
6.4 m ⇒ BC = OC – OB ≈ 210 – 121 = 89 m
Now speed of boat = 3 km/hr
Now, in right angled triangle A’OB’, = (3 × 1000)/60 m/min = 50 m/min
OA’2 + OB’2 = A’B’2 Time taken to change the angle
⇒ (2.9)2 + (6.4 + x)2 = 7.62 = 89/50 = 1.7 min
⇒ (6.4 + x)2 = 49.35 7. cotA cotB cotA cotB tanA tanB
⇒ x ≈ 7 – 6.4 = 0.6 m
Hence, foot of the ladder shifts by 0.6 m (approx.)
1
1
1
1
1 tanA1 tanB
4. Equation of given circle, tanA tanB
x2 + y2 – 14x + 16y + 64 = 0 1
x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 + 16y + 64 = 49
(x – 7)2 + (y + 8)2 = 49 = 72
1 tanA1 tanB
Thus, center of the circle is at (7, -8) and radius, r = tanA tanB
Now we know that tan(A+B) =
7 1 tanAtanB
Now length of the tangent from the point (0, 0) to So we have A + B = 225o
the given circle, Apply tan on both sides we get tan(A+B) = tan 225 o
L = √[02 + (0)2 – 14 × 0 + 16 × 0 + 64] tan A tan B
L = √64 = 8 =1
Also, if θ is the angle between the pair of tangents 1 tan A tan B
tan (θ/2) = r/L = 7/8 tan A + tan B = 1 – tan A tan B
Now, tan θ = (2 tan (θ/2)) / (1 – tan2 (θ/2)) tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1
tan θ = (2 × 7/8) / (1 – 49/64) Add 1 on both sides
tan θ = 7/4 × 64/15 tan A + tan B + tan A tan B + 1 = 2
tan θ = 112/15 tan A (1 + tan B) + 1(1 + tan B) = 2
(1+ tan A)(1+ tan B) = 2
5. The slope of line 5x + 12y = 60 is -5/12
Also, the line 24y + 10x = 107, which can be 1 1
Therefore, =
rewritten as 1 tanA1 tanB 2
5x + 12y = 53.5 has slope -5/12 8. Let us outline the diagram. Anyone who does Maths
So, these two given lines are opposite sides of the does Physics also.
square
The perpendicular distance between them = side of
Physics
the square (s)
60 53.5 6.5
s 1.5
5 12
2 2 13
Area of the square = 2.25 sq. units
6. Let the cliff OA = 210 m high
Let the initial position of boat is at B making angle
= 60°
Maths
In right angled triangle AOB,
tan 60° = OA/OB
Explanations 103
Maths is a subset of Physics. Now, let us build on p2 + q2 – 2pq = 29 – 20
this. (p – q)2 = 32
No one does Maths and Chemistry, 16 do Physics p–q= 3
and Chemistry. Using, (p – q)3 = p3 – q3 – 3pq (p – q)
p3 – q3 = (p – q)3 + 3pq (p – q)
Physics The maximum value of p3 – q3 occurs when p – q =
3
a p3 – q3 = 33 + 3 (18) 3 = 33 (1 + 6) = 27 × 7 = 189
b The minimum value of p3 – q3 occurs when p – q = -
16
3
c p3 – q3 = (-3)3 + 3 (18) (-3) = -189
The required difference = 189 – (-189) = 2 (189) =
Maths 378
Chemis
try
11. n 2 7 n 12
Number outside is 0 as all the students do at least n 2 n 12
one of the three subjects
(n 2 n 12) (8n 24) (8n 24)
So, a + b + c + 16 = 60 ⇒ a + b + c = 44 1
Physics n n 12
2
n 2 n 12
(8n 24) 8(n 3)
1 2 1
a n n 12 (n 4)(n 3)
b n cannot be -3
16 8
has to be an integer
( n 4)
c And this value has to be equal to 1, for n to be high
Chemistry 8
Maths So, 1
(n 4)
8=n–4
n = 12
The number of people who do exactly one of the
12. Sum of coefficient in the expansion of (1 – 3x +
three is more than the number who do more than
10x2)n then A = ( 1 – 3 + 10)n = 8n (put x = 1) and
one of the three
sum of coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x2)n = B
⇒ a + b > c + 16
Then B = (1 + 1)n = 2n
So, we have a + b + c = 44 and a + b > c + 16
A = B3
We need to find the maximum and minimum
13. The standard deviation represents how far the data
possible values of b
points are from the mean
Let us start with the minimum. Let b = 0, a + c = 44
During the 5-day period, mean temperature of city
a > c + 16. We could have, a = 40, c = 4. So, b can
A = (73 + 75 + 77 + 71 + 69)/5 = 73 °F
be 0
Deviations from the mean (0, 2, 4, 2, 4)
Now, thinking about the maximum value. b = 44, a
B = (80 + 82 + 82 + 80 + 81)/5 = 81 °F
= c = 0 also works
Deviations from the mean (1, 1, 1, 1, 0)
So, minimum value = 0, maximum value = 44.
C = (62 + 68 + 63 + 67 + 65)/5 = 65 °F
9. Let a be the number who watch only one channel, b
Deviations from the mean (3, 3, 2, 2, 0)
be the number who watch only 2 channels and c be
D = (55 + 58 + 52 + 50 + 50)/5 = 53 °F
the number who watch all channels
Deviations from the mean (2, 5, 1, 3, 3)
Given, a + b + c = 100
Since, the numbers of observations are same in each
Also, a + 2b + 3c = 80 + 22 + 15 = 117
case; hence the standard deviation is lowest in case
Subtracting both equations,
of city B, having least deviations from the mean.
⇒ b + 2c = 117 – 100 = 17
14. Median = 170 ⟹ 125, a, b, 170, 190, 210, 230
Maximum c occurs when b = 0
Mean deviation about Median
2c = 17
0 45 60 20 40 170 a 170 b 205
c = 8.5 %
10. p2 + q2 – 29 = 2pq – 20 = 52 – 2pq 7 7
2pq – 20 = 52 – 2pq ⇒ a + b = 300
4pq = 72 Mean
⇒ pq = 18 170 125 230 190 210 a b
p2 + q2 – 29 = 2pq – 20 175
7
104 Higher Math
Mean Deviation about mean HM - 25 (Practice Exercise)
50 175 a 175 b 5 15 35 55 1. Given, f(x) = x2/|x|
30 For x > 0
7
15. A[Adj (A)] = 10 I f(x) = x2/x = x
⇒ |A [Adj (A)]| = |A| I and |Adj (A)| = |A|n-1 x can take any value from (0, ∞)
So, |A| = 10 and |Adj(A)| = 102 = 100 So, f(x) can take any value from (0, ∞)
For x < 0
1
| Adj(A) | 4 f(x) = x2/(-x) = -x
25 x can take any value from (-∞, 0)
16. Area of triangle with three given points as vertices So, f(x) can take any value from (0, ∞)
2 3 1 2. f(x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c|
The minimum value of f(x) lies at median value of
should be zero 1 10
a, b and c
0 4 1 Since, a < b < c < 0
⟹ 2 (–1 – 4) + 3(λ) +1 (4λ) = 0 So, f(x) is minimum at x = b
⟹ –10 + 7λ = 0 Substituting,
⟹ λ = 10/7 f(x) = |b – a| + |b – b| + |b – c|
17. Let the shortest distance of (1, 2, 3) from x, y, z Since, b > a and b < c
axes respectively is a, b, c then f(x) = b – a + 0 + c – b
Minimum value of f(x) = c – a
a (1 1) 2 (2 0) 2 (3 0) 2 3. Given, on one side AB = 8 m high
4 9 13 D
b (1 0) 2 (2 2) 2 (3 0) 2
1 9 10 A
c (1 0) (2 0) (3 3)
2 2 2
13
m 12
1 4 5 13
m
8m m
18. 9 9
fog gof
2 2
= fog (–4.5) – gof (–4.5) C
B O
= f (–5) – g (4.5)
= 5–4 Also, length of ladder OA = 13 m
=1 So, length OB on the one side of the street
19. 1 0 1 0 = √(132 – 82) ≈ 10.2 m
A2 1 1 Again, on the other side CD = 12 m
1 1 Length of the ladder OD = 13 m
25 25 So, length OC on the other side of the street
= √(132 – 122) = 5 m
1 0 Hence, width of the street
A2 2
= OB + OC
1
25 = 10.2 + 5
= 15.2 m
1 0 4. Let 3x2 + axy + 4y2 = 0 is represented as
A3 3 (mx + ny) (px + qy) = 0
1 ⇒ mpx2 + (mq + np) xy + nqy2 = 0
25
Comparing, mp = 3, nq = 4 and mq + np = a
1 0 Considering one of the line coincides and the other
A125 125 1 0
1
perpendicular
1 5 Let 3x2 + bxy – 4y2 = 0 is represented as
25
(mx + ny) (qx – py) = 0
20. x (– x2 – 1) – sin𝜃 (–x sin𝜃 – cos𝜃) + cos𝜃 (– sin𝜃 + ⇒ mqx2 + (nq – mp) xy - npy2 = 0
x cos𝜃) Comparing, mq = 3, np = 4 and nq – mp = b
= – x3 – x + x sin2𝜃 + sin𝜃 cos𝜃 – sin𝜃 cos𝜃 + x Substituting and solving,
cos2 𝜃 a = mq + np = 3 + 4 = 7 and b = nq – mp = 4 – 3 = 1
= –x3 Hence, a2 + b2 = 72 + 12 = 50
Explanations 105
5. Plotting the lines on the graph as shown ( x 3) 2 1
Required Area
3 x 3 x
( x 3) (3 x ) 2
2
(3 x ) 2 1
3 x 3 x
1
3 x
3 x
Since x < 3, 3 – x is positive.
Let k = 3 – x
Since K is Positive, the minimum value of
1
k is 2
k
= Area trapezium OABC 10. The problem asks for the sum of the coefficients of
= 1/2 × (AB + OC) × OA three consecutive terms in the binomial expansion
= 1/2 × (4 + 6) × 2 of (1 + x)n + 2, which are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5.
= 10 Given that the ratios or the coefficients are 1 : 3 : 5,
6. Solution: We know that sin Q ϵ [-1 , 1] we let the terms be Tr, Tr + 1, and Tr + 2. The
So, sin2 Q ϵ [0 , 1] coefficients of these terms are n + 2Cr – 1, n + 2Cr and n +
Y = 3 + 4 Sin2Q 2
Cr + 1, respectively.
⇒3≤Y≤ 7 Tr 1 n2
Cr n 2 r 1 n 3 r
So, the range of 3 + 4 Sin2Q = [3, 7] n 2
3
7. Let n, s, d and t be the number of students who likes Tr C r 1 r r
none of the drinks, exactly one drink, exactly 2 n – 4r + 3 = 0 ….(1)
n 2
drinks and all three drinks, respectively. Tr 2 C r 1 (n 2) (r 1) 1
It is given, n 2
n + s + d + t = 100 ...... (1) Tr 1 Cr r 1
s + 2d + 3t = 73 + 80 + 52 nr2 5
s + 2d + 3t = 205 ...... (2)
(2) – (1), we get
r 1 3
3n – 8r + 1 = 8 …(2)
d + 2t - n = 105
By Solving (1) and (2), we get
Maximum value t can take is 52, i.e. t = 52, d = 1
⟹ n = 5, r = 2
and n = 0
Tr + Tr+1 + Tr+2 = 7C1 + 7C2 + 7C3
Minimum value t can take is 5, i.e. t = 5, d = 95 and
= 7 + 21 + 35 = 63
n=0
11. 20
(This also satisfies equation (1))
Difference = 52 – 5 = 47 (
k 0
20
Ck )
2
8. f(x + 1) = (x + 1)2 + a(x + 1) + b
= (20C0)2 +(20C1)2 + (20C2)2 + … + (20C20)2
f(x – 1) = (x – 1)2 + a(x – 1) + b
= 40C20
g(x) =
Using the formula
(x + 1)2 + a(x + 1) + b – (x – 1)2 – a(x – 1) – b
(nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + (nC2)2 + … + (nCn)2 = 2nCn
= 4x + 2a
12. Sum of variables A = 22 + 24 × 2 + 26 × 3 + 28 × 4
g(20) = 72 = 4(20) + 2a
+ 30 × 5 + 32 × 6 + 34 × 7 = 840
a=-4
Total frequency of A = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 =
x2 – 4x + b ≥ 0
28
(x – 2)2 + b – 4 ≥ 0
Mean of variable A = 840/28 = 30
Smallest value of b = 4
Median of variable A = (14th value + 15th value)/2
9. x 2 6x 10 Both 14th and 15th value = 30
3 x So, median of variable A = 30
So, mean = median for variable A
x 6x 9 1
2
For variable B and C, both the data are
3 z symmetrically distributed about the middle value
x 6x 9
2
1 So, for variable B and C as well, mean = median
Hence, for all the frequency distributions A, B and
3 x 3 x C, mean = median
106 Higher Math
13. Arranging the 8 values in ascending order HM - 26 (Practice Exercise)
12, 18, 18, 25, 37, 44, 52, 73 1. |f(x) + g(x)| = |f(x)| – |g(x)|
Now mode of this data = 18 (highest frequency) |5x – 3 + 9 – 5x| = |f(x)| – |g(x)|
The absolute difference between the mode and the |f(x)| – |g(x)| = 6
median value = 10 |5x – 3| – |9 – 5x| = 6
So, median is either 18 – 10 = 8 (not possible as it is Checking the critical points (x = 3/5 and 9/5) and
not a middle value) using the options x ≥ 9/5 satisfies
Or median = 18 + 10 = 28 (possible as it is the 2. Let the height of other building CD = h meters
middle value)
Hence, the value of p = median = 28 A
14. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1;
60 – h
(A + B)–1 ≠ B–1 + A–1;
1 adjA
A 30°
| A| X D
x
1
A1
| A| 60 m
⇒ A, C and D are true and B is false
15. Area of Triangle h h
x1 ( y 2 y3 ) x 2 ( y3 y1 ) x 3 ( y1 y2 )
1
2
sq. unit. 60°
1(3 2) 2(2 0) 3(0 3) sq. units.
1 B x C
2
1 In right angled triangle ABC,
[1 4 9] sq. units. tan 60° = 60/x
2 ⇒ x = 60/√3 = 20√3 m
= 2 sq. units Now as shown in figure,
fog (x) 2 x 3
16. BCDX becomes a rectangle such that
BX = CD = h and XD = BC = x
So the required domain is 2x – 3 ≥ 0 Now in right angled triangle AXD,
⇒ x ≥ 3/2 AX = AB – BX = 60 – h
⇒ x = [3/2, ∞) tan 30° = AX/XD = (60 – h)/x
17. (A + B) (A – B) 60 – h = x/√3 = 20√3/√3 = 20 m
= A2 – AB + BA – B2 ⇒ h = 60 – 20 = 40 m
= A2 – B2 + BA – AB Hence, the height of other building = 40 m
18. (–K + 6) – K ( –3 + 4) + 3 (9 – 2K) = 33 3. Let the co-ordinates of the circumcentre be (x, y)
⟹ 6 – K + 3K – 4K + 27 – 6K = 33 Distance from this point (x, y) to the co-ordinates of
⟹ – 8K = 0 the vertices of triangle will be equal (Radius)
⟹K=0 (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = (x – 4)2 + (y – 0)2
19. n(A) = 2 x2 = x2 – 8x + 16, x = 2
n(B) = 4 (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y – 9)2
⟹ n(A × B) = 8 4 + y2 = 1 + y2 – 18y + 81, y = 78/18 = 13/3
Total number of relations from A to B = 2 8 Radius2 = (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = 4 + 169/9 = 205/9
20. By using distance formula we get Area = π radius2 = 205π/9
PQ = (2 1) 2 (1 2) 2 (3 3) 2 = 2 units
Explanations 107
4. positive.
Hence the range should be -5 < x < -2 and 3 < x < 9
7. Dividing by x on both numerator and denominator
H 20 c E
a 1 1
1 x
4
1
x
2
10 2 2
d x x
b
1
2
x2 2
0 x
1
[ 2 x2 ] 2
x
x
P ≤ 1/√2
1 x4)
Let us draw a three set Venn diagram from values 8. 5
given 3 1
Since its given that n(H) = n(E) and n(only P) = 0 Given, 2 x 2
a + b + 20 + 10 = c + d + 20 + 10
3x
a+b=c+d General terms,
(2)5 r
r
As N = 74, a + b + 20 + 10 + c + d = 74 3 5 r 1 5
2 (a + b) = 44 ⇒ a + b = 22 Tr 1 Cr (2x )
5
2 Cr (x)155r
3x (3) r
n(H) = a + b + 20 + 10 = 22 + 20 +10 = 52
5. Let E0, E1, E2, E3 and E4 represents the number of ∴ 15 – 5r = 5
students who have taken exactly zero, one, two, ∴r=2
three and four specializations 8
T3 10 x 5
E0 + E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 = 100 9
E1 + 2 E2 + 3 E3 + 4 E4 = 95 + 80 + 84 + 90 = 349
Subtracting, E2 + 2 E3 + 3 E4 – E0 = 249 80
So, coefficient is .
To maximize E4, minimize E2 = E3 = E0 = 0 9
⇒ 3 E4 = 249 ⇒ E4 (maximum) = 83% 9. The total number of employees = 127
But only 80% students have chosen Finance, The median (m) value must lie at (127 + 1)/2 = 64 th
So maximum value of E4 possible = 80% place
Again, E2 + 2 E3 + 3 E4 – E0 = 249 Number of employees till range 139 pounds = 12 +
Now to minimize E4, make E3 maximum taking E2 20 + 35 = 67
= E4 = E0 = 0 So, 64th place must range from 130 - 139
⇒ 2 E3 = 249 ⇒ E3 = 124.5 (not possible) Hence, 130 ≤ m ≤ 139
If even 100% students take E3,49% students have to 10. 10
k
take the 4th specialization x 2
So, E4 (minimum) = 49% x
6. x 2 2 x 15 rth terms of the expansion
f (x) 2 r
x 7 x 18 k
Tr 1 10 C r ( x )10 r 2
( x 5)(x 3) x
f (x) 10 r
( x 9)(x 2)
Cr x
10 2
(k ) r x 2 r
-5, -2, 3, 9 are the roots of the function f(x).
10 5 r
Keeping these roots on the number line and
checking for the range where f(x) becomes 10 Cr x 2
(k ) r
negative. 10 5r
For the numbers below -5, f(x) is positive. If it is constant term then 0
2
For the numbers between -5 and -2, the value f(x) is
⟹r=2
negative.
T3 = 10C2. (–k)2 = 405
For the numbers between -2 and 3, the value of f(x)
405
is positive. k2 9
For the numbers between 3 and 9, the value of f(x) 45
is negative. ⟹k=±3
For the numbers above 9, the value of f(x) is ⟹ |k| = 3
108 Higher Math
11. |AB| = |A| |B| = 83|I| = 512 20. As shown in the figure
Now, |A| = 1 (–6 + 2) + 1(3 + 4) + (1 + 4)
R
=–4+7+5=8
512
| B | 64
8 p
12. 1 a bc
D1 b ca B
1 c ab
R1 → R1 – R2 & R2 → R2 – R3
0 ab ba
q
D 0 bc cb
1 c ab
ø
= (a – b) (c – b) – (b – a) (b – c)
= (a – b) (c – b) – (a – b) (c – b) θ
=0 O V
13. Sum of absolute value of the difference in the
stock’s closing price for each pair of consecutive Let V is the point where Vijay is standing
days in the week = |15 – 19| + |19 – 18| + |18 – 24| + Let the height of building = OB = q
|24 – 17| + |17 – 12| = 4 + 1 + 6 + 7 + 5 = 23 Let the height of electric rod = BR = p
Volatility = Average (Arithmetic Mean) In right angled BOV, angle BVO = θ
= 23/5 = 4.6 tan θ = q/OV
14. Area of parallelogram ⇒ OV = q/tan θ
x 1 ( y 2 y 3 ) x 2 ( y 3 y1 ) x 3 ( y1 y 2 ) In right angled ROV, angle RVO = ø
= |2(–6) -1 (3) + 4 (3)| tan ø = (p + q)/OV
= |–12 – 3 + 12| ⇒ OV = (p + q)/tan ø
= 3 sq. units. So, q/tan θ = (p + q)/tan ø
15. 1 ⇒ q tan ø = p tan θ + q tan θ
gof ( x) (27 x 3 ) 3 3x Height of the building,
16. Given
p tan
q=
A2×3, B3×4, C3×4 tan tan
Order of AB = 2×4 Height of the electric rod,
Order of CT = 4 × 3 q tan tan
⟹ Order of ABCT = 2 × 3 p=
17. Using the formula of mid-point, we get: tan
x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 z 1 z 2
2 , 2 , 2 = (6, 3, 7)
18. n(A) = 3
n(B) = 4
n(A × B) = 12
Total number of relations from A to B = 2 12
Suppose there are two sets ‘A’ and ‘B’ containing
‘n’ and ‘m’ number of elements respectively. Then
the number of function from set ‘A’ to ‘B’ is mn
Total number of functions from A to B = 4 3 = 26
26 1
The required probability 12
6
2 2
19. The domain of log (x2 – 4) is
x2 – 4 > 0
⟹ x2 > 4
⟹ x > 2 or x < – 2
⟹ (–∞, –2) ∪ (2, ∞)
You might also like
- Set Theory Lecture Notes for A-Level MathNo ratings yetSet Theory Lecture Notes for A-Level Math12 pages
- Sets and Matrices: A Comprehensive GuideNo ratings yetSets and Matrices: A Comprehensive Guide166 pages
- Set Theory Worksheet for Algebra StudentsNo ratings yetSet Theory Worksheet for Algebra Students12 pages
- Understanding Discrete Mathematics ConceptsNo ratings yetUnderstanding Discrete Mathematics Concepts75 pages
- Discrete Mathematics: Sets and RelationsNo ratings yetDiscrete Mathematics: Sets and Relations85 pages
- Discrete Math: Sets and Operations GuideNo ratings yetDiscrete Math: Sets and Operations Guide151 pages
- VO - S1 - MCA - U2 - Mathamatical Foundations and Computer ApplicationsNo ratings yetVO - S1 - MCA - U2 - Mathamatical Foundations and Computer Applications19 pages
- Understanding Sets and Their PropertiesNo ratings yetUnderstanding Sets and Their Properties16 pages
- Discrete Mathematics: Set Theory BasicsNo ratings yetDiscrete Mathematics: Set Theory Basics38 pages
- Higher Math: Sets, Functions, InequalitiesNo ratings yetHigher Math: Sets, Functions, Inequalities29 pages
- Sets, Functions, and Quadratics OverviewNo ratings yetSets, Functions, and Quadratics Overview27 pages
- ? Unit II Notes - Compiling and Executing Java Programs (BlueJ)No ratings yet? Unit II Notes - Compiling and Executing Java Programs (BlueJ)10 pages
- AAA v. BBB: Jurisdiction in RA 9262 CaseNo ratings yetAAA v. BBB: Jurisdiction in RA 9262 Case12 pages
- Marketing Effectiveness of Button MushroomsNo ratings yetMarketing Effectiveness of Button Mushrooms9 pages
- GramConnect: E-Governance for TransparencyNo ratings yetGramConnect: E-Governance for Transparency8 pages
- 2024 Admission Guidelines & Verification ScheduleNo ratings yet2024 Admission Guidelines & Verification Schedule2 pages
- Overview of Clause 49 in Corporate GovernanceNo ratings yetOverview of Clause 49 in Corporate Governance18 pages
- VB Projects for Basic Calculator FunctionsNo ratings yetVB Projects for Basic Calculator Functions30 pages